In the anchorage zone or the end block of a post-tensioned prestressed concrete ele- ‘meat, the state of stress-distribution is complex and three-dimensional in nature. In ‘most post-tensioned members, the prestressing wires are introduced in cable holes or ‘ducts, pre-formed in the members, and then stressed and anchored at the end faces. As ‘a result of this, large forces, concentrated over relatively small areas, are applied on ‘the end blocks. These highly discontinuous forces which are applied at the end, while ‘changing progressively to continuous linear distribution, develop transverse and shear stresses. According to St. Venant’s principle, the stress distribution at a distance far away ‘from the loaded face (normally at a distance equal to or greater than the depth of the ‘beam) can be computed from the simple bending theory. The zone between the end of the beam and the section where only longitudinal stress exists is generally referred to ‘as the anchorage zone or end block. ‘The transverse stresses developed in the anchorage zone are tensile in nature over ‘large length and since concrete is weak in tension, adequate reinforcement should be provided to resist this tension. Hence, from the point of view of the designer, it is essential to have a good knowledge of the distribution of stresses in the anchorage :zone, $o that he can provide an adequate amount of steel, properly distributed to sus- tain the transverse tensile stresses. ‘The forces on the end block of a post-tensioned prestressed conerete member is shown in Fig. 10.1 (a). A physical concept of the state of stress in the transverse direction, thatis, normal to planes parallel with the top and bottom surfaces of the beam, may be DOWNEQAPER FROM annacivil bloasnot in266 (ai Presiessed Concrete Yo Far =| | 2p SE 2 £ + = + 2vo >| Uniform stress (@) Single anchor plate I i yo Uniform stress b-— Mes —| (b) Double anchor plate Fig. 10.1 Transmission of Forcas in End Block obtained by considering these lines of force as individual fibres acting as curved stuts inserted between end force 2 P and the main body of the beam. The curvature of the struts, being convex towards the centre line of the block, induces compressive stresses in zoneA, Inzone B, the curvature is reversed in direction and the struts tend to deflect outwards, separating from each other and consequently developing transverse tensile stresses. In zone C, the struts are straight and parallel so that no transverse stresses are induced: only longitudinal stresses develop in this zone. In Fig. 10.1(b) the same end-block is subjected to the same total load applied through two zones symmetrically disposed in the upper and lower halves of the beam. Since the lines of force follow the same pattem with half the radius of curvature, the Jength DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members ill 267 of the anchorage zone is halved. The transverse tension developed is also proportion- ately reduced, In a similar way, the greater the number of points of application of the prestressing force on the end block, the more uniform is the stress distribution. ‘The idealised stress distribution in an end block with the compressive and tensile stress paths is shown in Fig. 10.2 (a). The effect of transverse tensile stress is to de- velop a zone of bursting tension in a direction perpendicular to the anchorage force, resulting in horizontal cracking as shown in Fig. 10,2 (b). Since concrete is weak in tension, suitable reinforcements are generally provided in the transverse direction to resist the bursting tension. Compressive _—Tensile-stress. stress path path ‘Gompressive stress. distribution fa) Bursting tension Tensile stress distribution Splitting crack ) Fig. 10.2. End Blocks of Post-Tensioned Beams (a) idealized Stress Paths (b) Burst- ing Tension and Splitting Cracks ‘The distribution of transverse stresses in the anchorage zone subjected to a sym- metrically placed prestressing force, which is distributed over a small area for increas- ing ratio of y,./y, Varying from zero to 0.50, has been investigated by Guyon’. The results are shown in Fig. 10.3. The lines of equal transverse tensile stress are termed as isobars. The figure shows the influence of the height of the anchor plate on the distri- DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members ia 269 bution of compressive and tensile stresses in the transverse direction. The ratio of transverse tensile stress to the average compressive stress gradually decreases with the increase in the ratio of the depth of anchor plate to that of the end block. 10.5 INVESTIGATIONS ON ANCHORAGE ZONE-SRESSGS) A number of investigators have studied the stress distribution in the anchorage zone using empirical equations or theoretical solutions based on two or three-dimensional elasticity or experimental techniques. The important investigations were those done by Magnel*, Guyon’, Iyengar’, Zielinski and Rowe°, Yettram and Robbins’ and ‘Chandrasekhara et al®. The main aim of stress analysis in the anchorage zone is to obtain the transverse tensile stress distribution in the end block from. which the total transverse bursting tension could be computed. ‘A concise description of the methods of Magnel, Guyon, Zielinski and Rowe is presented to highlight the results of theoretical and experimental investigations. 10.3.1 Magnel’s Method In this method, the end block is considered as a deep beam subjected to concentrated loads due to anchorages on one side and to normal and tangential distributed loads from the linear direct stress and shear stress distribution from the other side. The forces acting on the end block and the stresses acting on any point on the horizontal axis parallel to the beam are shown in Fig. 10.4, with the following notations: eo A | Centre of | Direct sess & t ate ‘ itress distribution the AL ata y fe Fig. 10.4 Forces Acting on the End Block DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in= 20 a Prestressed Concrete M = bending moment H = direct force (vertical) (directions shown in the figure are +ve) V-= shear force (horizontal) Ff, = Vertical stress (at point A shown in the figure) The stress distribution across the section can be approximated by the following equa- tions: M H f «(f)* nlf) _ ve t elf) _P e? Ke Feng) Constants Ky, Kz, and K; are shown in Table 10.1 for varying distance from the end. face of the beam. Table 10.1 Goeficients tor Stresses in End Blocks (Magnel} Distance from far end, x/h K, R, Ky 0 20.00 =2.000 0.000 0.10 970 0.000: 1.458 0.20 2.560 1.280 2.048 0.30 -1.960 1.960 2.058 0.40 4320 2.160 1.728 0.50 5.000 2,000 1.250 0.60 4.480 1.600 0.768 0.70 3.240 1.080 0.378 0.80 1.760 0.560 0.128 0.90 0.520 0.160 0018 1.00 0 0 0 ‘The direct stress, is computed by assuming that the concentrated load disperses at 45° and considering the depth of the section intercepted between the dispersion lines at the required point on the horizontal axis. “The principal stresses acting at the point are computed by the general equations: Sows fin = (44) tH irae 2r wm20= (25) ‘The bursting tension is computed from the distribution of principal tensile stress on the required axis and suitable reinforcements are designed to take up this tension. ‘The application of Magnel's method is illustrated with the help of the following twoexamples. DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members i on ‘The end block of a prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in sec tion, is 100 mm wide and 200 mm deep. The prestressing force of 100 KN is transmit- ted to concrete by a distribution plate, 100 mm wide and 50 mm deep, concentrically located at the ends. Calculate the position and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on the horizontal section through the cenire and edge of the anchor plate. Com- pute the bursting tension on these horizontal planes, Given P= 100kN h=200 mm b= 100mm . 10010? ; Direct stress, s- (B25) =5 Nimm’ Normally, the vertical stress f, and the principal tensile stress are critical atx =0.5 h. Referring to Fig. 10.5, 100 mm, ¥ Wh, sop wa pa Fig 10.5 Forces Acting on the End Block For section XX At 7, =05 from Table 10.1l 22 Prestressed Concrete Ky =2.00 Ky= 1.25 =| sx100x100(2%)-(100%42" 0] = 1875 x 10° Nimm V=0andH=0 1875 x10" os 4=-s( eae] fy = +5 Nim? The principal tensile stress (acting at 0.5 h= 100 mm from the end) is given by, i. (8 =p35) (5 +235) +0 =-2.35 Nim? ‘Therefore, the total splitting tension, assurning parabolic distribution of stress as shown in Fig. 10.6, is given by, Fou = [QB X 150% 2.35)100] = 23500 N = -2.35. Nimm? heh x Gompression —|— Tension |. $100 mm ———+| Fig. 10.8. Distribution of Tensile Stress For section Y¥ (passing through edge of plate) Stresses at x=0.5h = 100 mm from end M = (100% 75 x5 x 75/2) = 14 10° N mm V =~(100x 75 x 5) =—37500 N (acting towards the end of beam) H=0 5(14x10°_) , 5 100 x 2007 DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in -1.75 Nimm? heAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members i r=125| (woe) =-2.35 N/mm? 100 x 200 Ay =4+5 Nim? Principal tensile stress a ( 3 at ) -} (05+ 1.75)? + 4(-2.35)? =-2.475 Nim? Angle of inclination of the plane of principal stress with respect to the vertical plane is, rl 26=35° and @=175° Tensile stress component in the vertical direction = 2475 x sec 17.5°= 2.6 Némm* Bursting tension, Fg = (2/3 x 150 x 2.6)100 = 26000 N (on axis ¥¥) SES SANEAAOR) tre end biock of a prestressed concrete beam, 100 mm wide and 200 mm deep, supports an eccentrie prestressing force of 100 KN, the line of action of which coincides with the bottom kern of the section. The depth of the anchor plate is ‘50: mm. Estimate the magnitude and position of the principal tensile stress on a hori zontal plane passing through the centre of the anchorage plate, Referring to Fig. 10.7, 100 mm—>] ‘23m | << 200 mm———>} 500 Fig. 10.7 Forces Acting on the End Block Stresses on XX i [t x 6.66 x 133.3 x 100) v3 x 1333] = [(50 x 10°) 12.5] = 1345 x 10° N mm DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.ina Presvessed Concrete Vs [G % 6.66 x 133.3% 100} — (50.109) =-5612N H=0 At x =0.5h= 100 mm from end face fy = 46.666 N/mm? 1345 x 10° oi ae 2 Le [eee - 1.66 Némm’ =-0.35 Nimm? Principal tensile stress, Sain = (S43'") ~ £16666 + 1.667 +4(-0357 =-1.7 Nim? Assuming the magnitude of the tensile stress in the vertical direction also as 1.7 Nimm?, bursting tension Frag = (203 x 150 x 1.7)100-= 17000 N 10.3.2 Guyon’s Method ‘Guyon has developed design tables? for the computation of bursting tension in end blocks which are based on his earlier mathematical investigations* concerning the distribution of stresses in end blocks subjected to concentrated loads. The concept of symmetrical or equivalent prism for eccentric cables, and the method of partitioning for the analysis of stresses developed due to multiple cables have been introduced by Guyon, ‘The distribution of forces at the ends are treated under the catagories of force evenly distributed and forces not evenly distributed. 1, Forces evenly distributed When the forces are arranged such that the resultant of the stress distribution at a distance equal to the depth of the end block coincides with the line of action of the force as shown in Fig, 10.8, then the forces are considered to be evenly distributed. For eccentric forces and multiple cables, the symmetric prism method may be used. Bursting tension Stress — distribution Fig. 10.8 Eventy Distributed Force System (Guyon) DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.Anchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members i xs This consists of a prism of concrete of side equal to twice the distance of the prestressing force from the nearest free edge as shown in Fig. 10.9. Pp, pf te Bae \ , , Fig. 10.9 Evenly Distributed Force System with Equivalent Prisms ‘The position of zero stress, maximum transverse stress and its magnitude for the forces which are evenly distributed are computed by using the coefficients given in. Table 10.2 under the category of distributed axial forces. According to Guyon, the bursting tension is expressed as, Frat = 0.3L ~ (ip) v0) where = anchorage force distribution ratio where depth of the anchorage plate 2y = depth of the equivalent prism 2. Forces not evenly distributed When it is not possible to arrange the end forces evenly, Guyon recommends that transverse tensile stresses be investigated along successive resultants, such as (a) re- sultant ofall forces, (b) resultant of smaller groups of forces, and (c) lines of action of individual forces. The line of action of the resultant force is taken as the axis of an equivalent prism of length and depth equal to twice the distance of axis from the free edge or the adjoin- ing equivalent prism. The transverse stress distribution is computed by using the coef- ficients given in Table 10.2, under the category of concentrated eccentric force and eccentric shear force. Since the coefficients are applicable for forces at intervals of DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in26 ll Prestressed Concrete Table 10.2 Vertical Stresses Along Axis at Ends of Prestressed Beams (Guyon) (Ratios of local stress to average stress across whole section) += compression; ~ = tension (a) Distributed axial force Distribution ratio Position of zero Position of maximum — Ratio: of maximum tensile Yeo stress x/2y, stress x12). stress to average stress 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.50 0.10 0.09 024 0.43 0.20 0.14 0.30 036 0.30 0.16 0.36 0.33 0.40 0.18 0.39 0.27 050 0.20 043 023 0.60 022 04s 018 9.70 023 045 O13 0.80 0.24 0.46 0.09 (b) Concentrated eccentric force Eccentricity of Distance of stress from end of beam, 2y, force (c) Eccentric shear force Eccentricity of Distance of stress from end of beam, x/2y, force ely, oO WZ 16 iA 3 I va 42 — o 0 o o 0 o +38 45.06 42:96 4087 40:19 005-014-007 +14 +4.00 43.10 +152 40.44 0.22 0.20 0.10 +18 +5.66 +296 +087 +019 0.05 O14 0.07 -0 - oO 0 oO 0 o 0 V8 5.66 2.96 0.87 O19 40.05 40.14 +0.07 “ls 4.00 3.10 =l52 044 40.22 40.20 40.10 38 5.66 2.96 0.87 O18 40.05 40.14 40.07 -V2 — o o Qa o a o DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members ill 277 ‘one-eighth of the prism depth, the end forces have to be replaced by a statically, equiva- lent system of normal and shear forces acting at these regular intervals as shown in Fig. 10.10. Eccentric Eccentric normal lia shearforess “Thy forces iY 3 i 3 1 >| ot — Fig. 10.10 Distribution of Normal and Shear Forces Stress analysis is considerably simplified by the use of influence lines presented by Evans and Bennett”, Suitable reinforcements are designed to resist bursting tension over the region where the tensile stress exceeds the permissible tensile strength of concrete as outlined in Sec. 10.3, ‘The application of Guyon's method is illustrated by the following three numerical examples. Using Guyon’s method, compute the position and magnitude of maximum tensile stress and bursting tension for the end block concentric anchor force of 100 KN as detailed in Example 10.1. P= 100KN 2ypo = 50mm 2y, = 200mm <. Distribution ratio YpoV = 0.25 From Table 10.2, Position of zero stress from the end face = 0.15(2y,) = 30 mm Position of maximum stress = 9.33(2y,) = 66 mm ir 7 100 x 10° Maximum tensile stress = 0.345(P/A) = 0.345 eee | 1.725 Nim? Bursting tension, Fg = 0.3PL — Opel ¥g) 4] 1.3 x 100 x 10°f1 - (0.25)°*] = 16575 N Ifthe yield stress in mild steel = 260 N/mm?, then 16575 [was X 260) Area of steel required ] =a" DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inoe | Prestressed Concrete For the rectangular end block with an eccentric anchor force of in Example 10.2, compute the maximum tensile stress and the total splitting tension using Guyon’s method. Depth of the symmetric prism 2, Distribution ratio y,.Jy, = (50/133) = 0.375 Position of zero stress Position of maximum stress , es te 100 x 10° Maximum tensile stress = (0.285P/A) = 0.285 x (ass) “Total splitting tension Fg = 0.3 PL - Opo/y)°] = 10.3 x 100.x 10°{1 - (0.375)°**] = 13015 N However, using the approximate formula for the area of stress diagram, Bursting ten- i (213 x 110 x 2.13) 100 = 15600 N ‘An end block of a prestressed conerete girder, 200 mm wide and 320 mm deep, is subjected to two concentrated anchorage forces of 100 and 120 kN as shown in Fig. 10.11. Analyse using Guyon’s method (or vertical tensile stress dis- tribution due to the loads for axis 11 and 22. }<-200 mm 100 KN a 320 mm 40mm sin = 0.1 + 1 . et ‘Axis 120 kN a - 40mm = L Fig. 10.11 Forces Acting on the End Block For axes 11 and 22, the statically equivalent forces acting at one-eighth points of the corresponding equivalent prisms are detailed in Fig. 10.12. The vertical stress, distribution over axes 11 and 22 is computed by considering the direct and shear forces, as shown in Table 10.3, by using the coefficients of Table 10.2. DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.ini 29 Anchorage Zone Siresses in Post-Tensioned Members may 0000€ wI- 00009 oO 0000E wt ‘sean0d OI sPrY Suopy ssang feonsap, (9) (2) pur () 205 (OL, ost ‘00st os a wt %z sous. tw) (hae) SE pus woss suv aiviaay a 2aiog uowssog uworssaiduioo = + ‘uorsuat = - (CAZ) gid) = sans aBvsaAY ‘LE OOOH = CZ) (ND BDI0 = g "UHM QZE = °Az “UNE QOZ = 4 “LL sixy Suory sang Peoria (7) uonnquisig sseng esrensuel, EO} S1GEL, DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in280 il Prestressed Concrete 12.5 | 25 10 KN 75.0 = 100 KN 128, } 25 ~ Jlojejo gia je jejeje Fig. 10.12 Statically Equivalent Force System in End Block From the stress distribution diagrams, the bursting tension acting over axes 11 and 22.can be computed by approximate formulae or by numerical integration. For axis 22, Total splitting tension = (2/3 x 140 x 1.20)200 = 24080 N = 24.08 KN 10.3.5 Zielinski and Kowe’s Method Experimental investigations on concrete prismatic specimens were conducted by Zielinski and Rowe’ using the technique of surface-strain measurements. The con- crete prisms simulated the end blocks and the parameters investigated include the ratio of loaded to cross-sectional area, the cable duct or hole, type of anchorages and the, cracking and ultimate load, The studies revealed that the distribution of transverse stress and ultimate load of the end block is not significantly affected by, 1. The anchorage being either embedded or external, 2. ‘The material of the anchorage, and 3, The method of anchoring the wires, Empirical relations have been developed by Zielinski and Rowe to compute the maximum transverse tensile stress and the bursting tension’: Referring to Fig. 10.13, where an end block is subjected to a concentrated load at the end face, the distribution of transverse stress is found to be maximum at a distance equal to 0.5y., Using the following notations, 2y, = side of the surrounding prism (similar to the equivalent prism of Guyon’s method) ide of loaded or punching area tio of sides of loaded to bearing area of the prism ransverse tensile stress 2p Yeo fe DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in“Anchorage Zone Smvesses in Past-Tensioned Members Wi 281 Surrounding prism Loaded Tensile stross x 08¥. O5Yo Ye Fig. 10.13 Tensile Stress Distribution in End Block (Zielinski-Rowe) J, = average compressive stress in the prism P, = applied compressive force on the end block (tendon jacking force) Fg = bursting tension Sioux) = Maximum transverse tensile stress The recommended equations are, Tensile stress, fumes) =h [ass 7: ors()] valid for ratio of ( yp) = 0.3 to 0.7 and Bursting Tension, Fy, = 7 [oss -04(3 Pe J ‘If allowance is made for tension taken by concrete, the corrected value of the bursting tension is given by ran Pademeet) =u (7 “ ) eax) where j,= permissible tensile strength of concrete ‘The reinforcement required to resist the bursting tension is to be arranged between 0.2y, and 2y, where the intensity of stress is maximum. The application of Zielinski and Rowe’s method is illustrated by the following two examples, DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in232 a Prestressed Concrete 10.6] Estimate the position and magnitude of the maximum transverse tensile stress and bursting tension for the end block with a concentric anchor force of 100 KN, as detailed in Example 10. 1, using Rowe's method, (0.98 - 0.825 (p/¥)] }0[0.98 — 0.825 (0.5)] = 5.68 N/mm? acting at a distance equal to (0.5% 50) = 25 mm from the end face. Bursting tension is given by, Fax = (100 x 10°)[(0.48 = 0.4 x 0.5)] = 28000 N I the permissible tensile stress in concrete is assumed as 2 Némm?, the corrected value of the bursting tension is, 2 2 Frreiocretd) = aaa) (525) | = 24500 N 10:7] The end block of a prestressed. beam, 200 mm wide and 300 mm_ deep, has two Freyssinet anchorages (100 mm diameter) with their centres at 75 mm. from the top and bottom of the beam. The force transmitted by each anchorage being, 200 KN, estimate the maximum tensile stress and the bursting tension developed. Anchorage diameter Equivalent side of square 2). Side of the surrounding prism 2y, = 150 mm 22 _ 9.593 ‘Average compressive stress. f= (mx) =8.9Nimm? Tensile stress Fam) = 8.9 [0.98 ~ 0.825(0.593) Transverse tension Fa = 200 x 10°(0.48 - 0.4(0,593)] = 10.3.4 British Code Provisions ‘The British code of practice, BS; 8110 provides a table of the design values of the bursting force, which is expressed as a fraction of the axial force applied by a tendon toa square concrete end block. The bursting tension varies with the ratio of loaded to bearing area of the end block and the codified provisions are compiled in Fig. 10.14. DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members i 23 Fro O.2y0 eae = Tee 03 [04 | 05 | 06 | 07 FralPy os 023 | 020] O17 | O14 | O1i Fig. 10.14 Design Bursting Tension in End Blocks (British Code BS: 8110 - 1985) The experimental investigations of Zielinski and Rowe form the basis of the British code provisions. The ratio of punching to bearing area, varying from 0.3 to0.7, covers the range of values generally encountered in the use of various patented commercial anchorages, In the case of large bridge girders with massive end-block supporting multiple anchorages, the end block is divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms for the computation of the bursting tension. The design of bursting tension as provided by the British code is significantly higher than that of Yettram Robbin’s results but lower than that of Zielinski and Rowe's’, 10.5.5 Indian Code Provisions The provisions of the Indian standard code IS: 1343 for the computation of the burst- ing tensile foree in the end blocks is based on the work of Zielinski and Rowe and hence are similar to the British code provisions. ‘The bursting tensile force Fy is obtained from the expression, ow-m(2] Fr where P= tendon jacking force Yo Yo ‘The reinforcement is designed to sustain this bursting tension and it is assumed to act at its design strength of 0.87 f,. The stress, however, is limited to a value corre- sponding to a strain of 0.1 per cent when the concrete cover is less than 50 mm. The designed reinforcement is distributed in the zone of 0.2,y, to 2y, from the loaded face of the end block. If groups of anchorages are encountered, the end block is divided into a series of symmetrically loaded prisms and each prism is analysed for bursting tensile forces using the recommended expression, istribution ratio DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in24 halal Prestressed Concrete 10.4 Comparative Analysis ‘The distribution of transverse tensile stress in an end block is mainly influenced by the concentration ratio y,./yq. and a knowledge of the tensile stress distribution is essen- tial for computing the bursting tension and for the design of reinforcements in the end block. A comparative analysis of the salient results of some of the important investi- gations based on two-dimensional analysis is presented in Table 10 4, The maximum transverse (ensile stress is expressed as a fraction of the average compressive stress and the position of zero and maximum stresses are expressed in terms of the depth of the end block. Table 10.4 >< 0.26 -0.16 0.43 0.32 0.42 - 0.06 0.59 -0.07 0.48 - 0.05 ‘The large difference in the ratio of maximum to average stress as reported by inves- tigators, such as Magnel'?, Guyon?, Bleich'? and Morsch', is clearly noticeable in comparison with the exact solution of Iyengar'*. This difference is attributed to the simplifying approximations made by various investigators for the solution of the two- dimensional elasticity problem. In Table 10.5, the results of transverse tensile stress variation at the centre and surface of the end block, based on the three-dimensional analysis of the various authors, such as Rowe and Zielinski®, lyengar and Prabhakara’, ‘Yettram and Robbins’, Chandrashekara et af.* Krishan Raju, et ai,!4 are compiled. A comparison of the results presented in Tables 10.4 and 10.5 indicates that ideal- ising the end-block problem as a two-dimensional one can lead to erroneous results. ‘The surface transverse stresses obtained from the experimental investigation (Zielinski- Rowe, Chandrasckhara-Iyengat) are significantly greater than those obtained from the theoretical investigations (Iyengar-Prabhakara and Yettram-Robbins). The rea- sons for the discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental investigations are DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inlt 2s Anchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members Gro= sddenoponeny ‘SUIstig 3191900, ue yvreferearseg wo smoumadya 0F0-S90 Os0-zEO moot > _ — g0-10 vnley wugsiy, (sy0 = 1) suoned eBuahy pus qooes| “RSOAUT oNSETH-OIONd =—«-G}O-S9'0 OFO-O9D STO-ZIO sSeO-sso Os O-sO 0€0 STO-SOO —“BeNUSEpUEY Gcro=) Quswo1g oat) saggeU Ponsoy, § —ZO-FO OLO-LLO SEO-STO €10-950 F6O-SPO FO-ZO G6rO-WO Paw wrEEFIOA, (st'o=1) “oreeagitid UORnIog FIABWOMLL — 0°) - $70 seo %€0 €00-FIZ —-$60-ZO SF0-10 0-100 pur seBua4y Gro=” suistag 21210002) wo swoumadry wor 70-980 so co-8ro = = = PO- 10 smog pur rysuyerz, % °% °€ x ° %« % seouey oy & y =a % % ay sony anny 2onfeng Praeuey wowoagua2uey SISA(EUY /BUOISUBLYp-BaILL, :syNSELy JUBYOdWY BUDS Jo UOSUBdICD $°01 BIBL| Prestressed Concrete mainly due to the limitations regarding the idealised assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy for concrete in the theoretical investigations. In view of the widely varying results and heterogeneous nature of concrete, it is advisable to adopt the worst distribution of transverse tensile stress (as reported by Zielinski-Rowe) for computing the bursting tension and designing the end-block reinforcement. The British code provisions, containing design values of the bursting tension expressed as a fraction of the axial force, is by far the simplest to use in the design office. ‘The main reinforcement in the anchorage zone should be designed to withstand the bursting tension, which is determined by the transverse stress distribution on the eriti- cal axis, usually coinciding with the line of action of the largest individual force. For plate and embedded (Freyssinet) type of anchorages, the typical arrangement of rein- forcement in end blocks is shown in Fig. 10.15. Mats, helics, loops or links are gener- ally provided in perpendicular directions. Tests by Zielinski and Rowe have shown that helical reinforcement is more efficient than mat reinforcement, In view of the short available bond lengths, loops, hooks or right-angle bends are necessary, even with deformed bars. Links Hair-pin bars Loop reinforcement Freyssinet embedded anchorage Fig. 10.15 Arrangement of Reinforcement in End Blocks In cases where spalling or secondary tension develops at the comers, suitable stee! in the form of hair-pin bars should be provided to prevent the failure of corner zones. Suitable pockets are generally provided behind the anchorages so that the secondary DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members Willi 287 reinforcements can be bent as shown in Fig. 10.16, and the pocket filled with mortar after prestressing operations. There must always be enough space for the fixing and handling of the hydraulic jack, especially at the soffits of beams when using cap ca- bles, and this should be considered while designing the form work (Fig. 10.17). Mild stee! in tront of anchorage Frayssinet anchorage Fig. 10.16 Pockets Behind Anchorages Fig. 10.17 Provision for Jack at Soffit or Beam In the case of end blocks, where bearing plates are positioned close to the edges of block as shown in Fig. 10.18, the steel cage should be arranged so that the bearing plates do not overlap with it. This precaution is necessary to prevent the spalling of concrete at the comers during stressing due to the different elastic modulus of the plane containing the reinforcement. DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in233 a Prestressed Concrete 4 4 Wrong Right Fig. 10.18 Arrangement of Stee! Cage in Anchorage Zone According to Morice", it is always advisable to provide a little extra reinforce~ ment in doubtful situations, since the cost of the end anchorage steel is a very small. proportion of that of the entire structural member. ‘The designing and detailing of the anchorage zone reinforcement is illustrated by the following three examples. Zone of spalling {8 The end block of a post-tensioned prestressed concrete beam, 300 mm wide and 300 mm deep, is subjected to a concentric anchorage force of 832800 N by a Freyssinet anchorage of area 11720 mm”. Design and detail the anchorage rein- forcement for the end block. Prestressing force, P = 832800 N Average compressive stress, 332800.) _ 2 (#25) = 9.3 Nimm’ Anchorage diameter, . 123) _ Ratio, 13) =041 9.30.98 — 0.825(0.41)] = 6 N/mm? 832800{0.48 ~ 0.4(0.41)] = 264000 N 264 kN ‘Using 10 mm diameter mild steel links with yield stress of 260 N/mm?, 264000 . (0.87 x 260 x79) ~ ‘The reinforcement is to be arranged in the zone between 0.2y,(0.2 x 150) and y, = 150 mm, The arrangement of reinforcement in the two perpendicular direc- tions is shown in Fig. 10.19. ‘Tensile stress, Bursting tension, ‘Number of bars required = Is DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Srresses in PastTensioned Members Will 289 ~< pm i_ Nailed L_ reinforcements oo 10 mm dia. links in Y ind 2 directions -——2 (16 Nos. in each direction) «300 mm >} 323mm, L~-_—-300 mm——»! 30 40 40 40 mm lLiy Fig. 10.19 Arrangement of Anchorage Zone Reinforcement ° [Examece, ‘The end block of a post-tensioned prestressed member is 550 mm wide and 550 mm deep. Four cables, each made up of 7 wires of 12 mm diameter strands and carrying a force of 1000 KN, are anchored by plate anchorages, 150 mm by 150 mm, located with their cemtres at 125 mm from the edges of the end block, The cable duct is of $0 mm diameter. The 28-day cube strength of concrete ,, is 45.N/mm?. ‘The cube strength of concrete at transfer/,, is 25 N/mm?. Permissible bearing stresses behind anchorages should conform with IS: 1343. The characteristic yield stress in mild steel anchorage reinforcement is 260 N/mm”. Design suitable anchorages for the end block, P, = 1000 kN 2ypo = 150 mm 2y, = 250 mm YpolVo = 0.6 Area of the table duct -(22) 2000 mm? Net area of the surrounding prism — = [(250)* ~ (2000)] = 60500 mm? 1000 x 10° y Average compressive stress. =f, ( 010" 16.5 N mm? According to IS: 1343, the bearing stress shall not exceed 0.48 fi; ae or 0.8 Fs, whichever is smaller, where Age = bearing area Apan = Punching area ‘Ay, = 60500 mm? DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in290 ll Prestressed Concrete Apun = 22500 mm? a Ae 2270 Anan Bearing stress limited to = 048 x 25 x J 2,70 = 19.7 Nimm? or (0.8 x25) 20 N/mm? Actual bearing stress = 16.5 N/mm? Using Rowe~Zielinski method, F ginaxy = 16.5 [0.98 ~ 0.825 (0.6)] = 8 N/mm? Bursting tension Fry = 1000 (0.48 — 0.4(0.6)] = 240 kN Area of steel without considering the tensile strength of concrete, _ (24010) ** (260x087) Provide 10 bars of 12 mm diameter. | eae The end block of a post-tensioned beam is 80 mm wide and 160 mm deep. A prestressing wire, 7 mm in diameter, stressed to 1200 N/mm” has to be anchored against the end block at the centre. The. anchorage plate is 50 mm by 50 mm. The wire bears on the plate through a female cone of 20 mm diameter: Given the permissible stress in concrete at transfer, oy, a8 20 N/mm? and the permissible shear in steel as 94,5 N/mm?, determine the thickness of the anchorage plate. _ 385.1200) = 1060 mm? Force in wire aioooy = 46-2 KN 20 = 50 mm 2y, =80 mm 2! <0.605 Yo 46.2 x10? 2 Average stress, he (s250"] 25 Néan’ si ‘ 7 2 Permissible bearing pressure = 0.48 20, 555 = 15.36 Némmt or (0.8 x 20)= 16 Némm?, whichever is smaller. The actual bearing stress is only 7,25 N/mm*, Female cone diameter = 20 mm Punching circumference = # x 20= 62.86 mm If r=thickness of anchorage plate, (62.86 x 94.5 x 1) = 46.2 10° 1=78mm Use an anchorage plate of 8 mm thickness. DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Post-Tensioned Members Wilh 291 The solid end-block of a post-tensioned prestressed beam of 25 mspan, with three cables, cach of 7-15 mm strands, tensioned to 1200 KN is shown in Fig. 10.20. The anchorage plates are square with a side length of 180 mm. Design the end block for bursting forces and sketch the details of reinforcements according to the provisions of the Indian standard code IS: 1343 ~ 1980. i prism ‘Anchorage plates 180 x 180 400+] Le Fig. 10.20 End Block with Anchorages The end block has been divided into three equal areas, with one anchorage-located approximately at the centroid of each area. The sections of the equivalent prisms cor- responding toeach anchorage force are shown in Fig: 10.20, The bursting tension may now be calculated for each prism as follows: Bottom anchorage i Jee = (189) For vec bing toe, (28 - fa) = 93 rnfon-nf = 1200{0.32 - 0.3(0.3)] = 276 KN Resistance of 5 — 10 mm stirrups (100 mm centres) = (52% 79 x 0.87 x 415) = 285 kN For horizontal bursting force, (= ) (3) - =045 Fy = 1200[0.32 — 0.3(0.45)] = 222 KN Resistance of 4— 10 mm stirrups (100 mm centres) = (4% 2 x 79 x 0.87 415) = 228 KN DOWNLOADED EROM annacivil.blocsnot.iname 202 ai Prestressed Concrete Inthe same way, the bursting forces are evaluated for the centre and top anchorage and it is found that the required resistance can be provided by 10 mm stirrups at 100 mm centres. A possible arrangement of the stirrups in the end block is shown in Fig. 10.21. Since the bursting forces do not extend over the whole length of the end block, the spacing of the stirrups is increased from 100 mm to 200 mm at the end remote from the anchorages. 10mm stirrups a = sone throughout A o>] |< ——sso_—+| [+1300 (end block). Fig. 10.21 Details of End Block Reinforcement The end block of a post-tensioned bridge girder is 600 mm wide by 1200 mm deep. Two cables, each comprising 97 high-tensile wires of 7 mm diameter, are anchored using square anchor-plates of side length 410 mm with their centres Located at 600 mm from the top and bottom edges of the beam. The jacking force in each cable is 4500 KN. Design a suitable anchorage zone reinforcement using Fe-415 grade HYSD bars conforming to IS: 1343 code provisions. Depth of the anchor plate = 2yp.=410 mm Depth of the equivalent prism = 2y, = 600 mm Jacking force in each cable = P, = 4500 KN Ratio 2y,./2),) 410) = 0.683 i awl eo Bursting tension, Fig, = 81032 -0.3{ = 4500 (0.32 - 0.3(0.68)] = 517.5. kN k, = (ie Area of steel, An (aie) _ GITSx1P) _ F = aT xdis) = 434mm DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Stresses in Posi-Tensioned Members Gi on Using 10 mm diameter bars, Number of bars required = aa) =19 Adopt 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres in the horizontal and vertical direc- tions over a length of 600 mm from the end face of the beam, References 1. Guyon, ¥., Prestressed Concrete, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960, pp 127-174 2. Magnel, G., “Design af the ends of prestressed concrete beams,” Concrete and Con- structional Engineering, Vol. 44, No, 1949, pp 141-148, 3, Guyon, ¥,, “Contraintes dans les pieces prismatiques soumises a des forces appliquces sur leurs bases, au voisimage deces bases,” Publications of International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering, Vol. 11. 1951, pp 165-226. Iyengar, K.T.S., “Two-dimensional theories of anchorage zone stresses in post-tensioned beams,” Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Proceedings, Wol. 59, No. 10, 1962, pp 1443-1446. 5. Iyengar, K-TS., and M.K Prabhakara, “Anchor zone stresses in prestressed concrete beams," Journal of Structural Division, Proceedings of American Society of Civil Engi- neers, Vol. 97, No. ST3, 1971, pp 807-824. 6. Zielinski, ., and R.E. Rowe, “An investigation of the stress distribution in the: anchor- age zone of post-tensioned concrete members,” Research Report No. 9 Cement and Concrete Association, London, Sept. 1960. 7. Yetiram, A.L. and K Robbins, “Anchorage zone stresses in axially post-tensioned mem- ber of uniform rectangular section,” Magazine of Concrete Research, London, Vol. 21, No. 67, 1969, pp 103-112 8, Chandrashekara, K., Jacob Abraham and K.T.S. Iyengar, “Three-dimensional photo clastic analysis of anchorage zone stresses in post-tensioned concrete members,” Final Report, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, March 1974. 9. Guyon, ¥., Prestressed Concreete, Contractors Record Ltd, Chapter 6, London, 1953. 10. Evans, RH. and E.W. Bennett, Prestressed Concrete (Theory and Design), Chapman and Hall, London, 1958, pp 102-104, 11. Rowe, R.E,, “End block stresses in post-tensioned conerete beams,” Structural Engi- neer, London. Vol. 41, No. 2, 1963, pp 54-68. 12. Bleich. F.. “Der gerade stab mit rechteekquerschnitt als cbenes problem,” Der Bauingenieur (Berlin), No. 9, 1923, pp 255-259, and No. 10, 1923, pp 304-307. 13. Marsch, E., “Uber die berechnung der gelenkquader", Beton und Eisen, Berlin, No.12, 1924, pp 156-161. 14, Krishna Raju, N., B.S, Basavarajaiah, and P: Mahadevappa, “Experimental investiga- tions on anchorage zone stresses,” 17th Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Society of India, Ranchi, Dec. 1972. 15. Motice, PB. And E.H., Cooley., Prestressed Concrete—Theory and Practice, Pitman, London, 1958, pp 311-313. DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspo204 ie Prestressed Concrete Review Questions j 10.1 Explain the terms (a) End Block (b) Anchorage Zone and (c) Bursting Tension with reference to post-tensioned prestressed members. 10.2 Sketch the typical tensile stress distribution in an end block of a post-tensioned ‘beam with a single anchorage. 10.3 Explain with sketches the effect of varying the ratio of depth anchorage to the depth of end block on the distribution of bursting tension. 10.4 What are the various methods generally used for the investigation of anchor- age zone stresses? 10.5 Briefly outline the Magnel’s method of computing the horizontal and trans- verse stresses in end blocks subjected to concentrated force from anchorage. 10,6 How do you compute the bursting tension in an end block subjected to evenly distributed forces using Guyon's method? 10.7 Explain Guyon’s method of computing bursting tension in the case of end blocks subjected to forces not evenly distributed with multiple anchorages. 10.8 Explain with sketches the concept of equivalent or symmetric prism in end. blocks subjected to forces with multiple anchorages. 10.9 Explain the basis of the empirical relations developed by Zelinski and Rowe to compute the transverse tensile stress and bursting tension in end blocks. 10,10 Sketch the typical arrangement of reinforcements in end blocks of post- tensioned prestressed concrete beams with single and multiple anchorages. Exercises ) 1, The end block of a prestressed concrete beam, rectangular in section, is 120mm, wide and 300 mm deep. The prestressing force of 250 kN is transmitied to concrete by a distribution plate, 120 mm wide and 75 mm deep, concentrically located atthe ends, Calculate the position and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on the horizontal section through the centre of the end block using the methods of (a) Magne!, (b) Guyon, and (c) Rowe. Design the reinforcement for the end block for the maximum transverse tension. Yield stress in steel = 260 N/mm? {Ansz (a) 3.3 N/mm? (150 mm); (b) 2.415 N/mm? (99 mm); (c) 8 N/mm? (30 mm); 52 mm?) 2, A prestressing force of 250 kN is transmitted through a distribution plate 120 mm wide and 120 mm deep, the centre of which is located at 100 mm from the bottom of an end block having a section 120 mm wide and 300 mm deep. Evalu- ate the position and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on a horizontal section passing through the centre of the distribution plate using the methods of (a) Magnel, (6) Guyon, and (c) Rowe. Find the area of steel necessary to resist DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.inAnchorage Zone Swestes in Post-Tensioned Members ‘W295 the largest tensile force resulting from any of these methods. Yield stress in steel = 260 Nimm?, [Ans: (a) 1.72 N/mm? (150 mm), (b) 1.875 N/mm? (88 mm); (©) 5.04 Nimm? (50 mm); A, = 265 mm?] . The end block of a prestressed concrete beam, 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep, has two anchor plates, 200% 50 mm deep, at 80 mm from the top and 200 x 80 mm deep located 100 mm from the bottom of the beam, transmitting forces of 250 and 300 kN respectively. (a) Find the position and magnitude of the maximum tensile stress on a hori- zontal section passing through the centre of the beam using Guyon's method, () Evaluate the maximum tensile stress on sections passing through the larger and smaller prestressing forces using Guyon's and Rowe's method. (Ans: (9) 5.513 N/mm’; (b) 2.09 Nimen? section through larger force 4.9 N/mm?) The end block of a prestressed beam, 250 mm wide and 500 mm deep in sec- tion, is prestressed by two cables carrying forces of 450 kN each. One of the cables is parabolic, located 125 mm below the centre line at the centre of span (10:m) and anchored at a point 125 mm above the centre line at the ends. The second cable is straight and located 00 mm from the bottom of the beam. The distribution plates for the eables are 100 mm deep and 250 mm wide. Calculate the maximum tensile stress along the axis of the beam using Guyon’s method, ‘Also evaluate the maximum tensile stresss on horizontal sections passing through the centre of anchor plates using Guyon’s and Rowe's method. . A Freyssinet anchorage (125 mm diameter), carrying 12 wires of 7 mm diam- eter stressed to 950 N/mm?, is embedded concentrically in the web of an I- section beam at the ends, The thickness of the web is 225 mm. Evaluate the maximum tensile stress and the bursting tensile force in the end block using Rowe's method. Design the reinforcement for the end block. [Ans: 5 N/mm}; 125 KN; 550 mm?) 5. The end block of a prestressed beam 500 mm wide and 1050 mm deep contains 6 Freyssinet cables, each carrying a force of 266 kN anchored through 100 mm diameter anchorages, which are spaced 150 mm apart at the end of the beam. Calculate the maximum tensile stress and the bursting tension and design the reinforcement for the end block using Rowe's method. Adopt yield stress in mild stee! reinforcement as 260 Nimm?. [Ans: 11.8 Nimm?; 64.95 kN:A, = 290 mm?) . A high-tensile cable comprising 12 strands of 15 mm diameter (12 KIS of P, Freyssinet system) with an effective force of 2500 KN is anchored concentri- cally in an end block of a post-tensioned beam. The end block is 400 mm wide by 800 mm deep and the anchor plate is 200 mm wide by 260 mm deep. Design suitable anchorage zone reinforcements using Fe~415 grade HYSD bars using IS: 1343 code provisions. (Ans: Bursting tension = 425 KN, A, = 1177 mm?, 10 mm diameter bars spaced at 100 mm centres both ways over a length of 400 mm from the end face] DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in206 jai 8. The end block of a post-tensioned beam is 500 mm wide by 1000 mm deep. ‘Two cables, each comprising 55 numbers of 7 mm diameter high-tensile wires carrying a force of 2800 KN, are anchored using the B.B.R.Y. system square anchor-plate of side 305 mm. The anchor-plate centres are located symmetri- cally at 250 mm from the tap and bottom edges of the beam. Using Fe-415 grade high-yield bars, design suitable reinforcements in the end block using Indian standard code recommendations. (Ans; Bursting tension = 384 KN, Ay = 1063 mm?, 10 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres both ways over a length of S00 men} Prestressed Concrete DOWNLOADED FROM annacivil.blogspot.in