Precipitation hardening:

Involves 3 important steps:

1. Ageing
2. Solution treatment
3. Quenching.
- SS is exposed to elevated temperature, TS increases- this is called ageing process, exposing
SS to elevated temperature for a long time will decrease hardness ultimately- this is called
over-ageing.
- Precipitation hardening is intended to increase strength, toughness & corrosion resistance
for SS.
- Precipitation hardening is mostly done for metallic alloys that contains Al, Ni, Cr, etc.
- Ageing temperature: 480-620C (below A1 line:727C)

Duplex SS: have nearly balanced amounts of ferrite & austenite; composition: 17-30% Cr, 3-13%
Ni,Mo, ferrite stabilizer.

Non-ferrous Alloys:

1. Cu & Cu alloys (Bronze and Brass)

- High thermal conductivity & high electrical, good corrosion resistance, machinability,
strength, and easy fabrication
- Brass: Cu-Zn Alloy; Brasses for cold work(alpha-brasses), brasses for hot work (Beta brasses)
- Alpha Brasses: i. Yellow brasses: these contain 20-36%Zn, ii Red brasses: 5-20% Zn
- Bronze: Cu-Tin Alloy; principal alloy element: 12%
- Tn-bronze, Si Bronzes, Al bronzes
- Cupronickels: 70-30 Cu-Ni. Broad application in marine/sea water. Widely used for
condenser, distiller, evaporator, and heat exchanger tubes for naval vessels and coastal
power plants.
2. Al & Al alloys: Aluminum and its alloys possess light weight, high thermal, high electrical
conductivity, high reflective, high strength with good ductility and easy fabrication.
3. Al & Al alloys
-
4. Mg & Mg alloys
5. Ni & Ni alloys
6. Tin & tin alloys
7. Zn & Zn alloys