DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Student Name: Syed Suleman Ayub

Registration Number: 19pwmct0678

Lab No. 1:

Criteria (Taxonomy Excellent (4) Proficient (3) Basic (2) Below Basic (1) Student’s
Level) Score
Report is mostly Report is Sections/Step
To organize the lab Report is as per as per the guidelines disorganized and s are not
report and practice the guidelines. All and most follows some ordered and
the writing skills as sections/steps are sections/steps are guidelines but Report is not as
per the guidelines clearly organized ordered well but most of the per the
in a logical order. requires minor guidelines are guidelines
Improvements. missing
The report
completely
discusses the The report The report The report is
required discusses the discusses the totally
To discuss the actual experiment/lab required experiment/lab irrelevant to the
experiment/task work in own words experiment/lab work work but have experiment/lab
with some relevant irrelevant work
additional information
information
Calculations and
Calculations and data analysis were Most data and
data analyses were performed observations were
To perform performed clearly, accurately, but recorded Calculations
calculations concisely, and minor errors were adequately, but and data
and data analysis accurately, with made both in with several analyses of lab
correct units. calculations and in significant errors were missing
applying correct or omissions.
units
To present results in Graphs, if Graphs, if Graphs, if Major
the necessary, were necessary, were necessary, were components of
form of graphs drawn accurately drawn adequately drawn but lab were
and neatly and inadequately. missing
were clearly
labelled.

Comments:

Course Instructor: Engr. Wahad Ur Rahman

 DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR
MtE-222L Mechanics of material LAB, 4th Semester

Lab No: 01
Title: Introduction to Mechanics of material lab

Objectives of this lab course:

a. To have theoretical knowledge of structure mechanics
b. To study analytical method for solving different types of mechanics problem
c. On the basis of analytical modelling, analyze the structure
d. Basic knowledge of simulation software for structure analysis
a. To know about different type of test performed on UTM
b. Practical skill for performing tests on UTM
c. Practical skill of other equipment for performing MOM related experiments
d. To know about the sensor for measuring stress, strain, bending etc.
e. To develop a Real-time structure mechanics example and perform different type of analysis on it

Theory:
First we will discuss the objectives of this lab course, that is, what will we have achieved at the end of
this course. The objectives of this lab course are given below.
In this lab course we will try to gain as much knowledge as possible about the universal testing machine
(UTM) and what its usage. We understand the different types of tests that we can perform using UTM
and also perform different test with it practically. We should be able to perform different experiments
related this lab course and have the basic knowledge of the equipment we will be using in this lab. We
will also be studying sensors for measuring stress, strain and bending of materials. We will develop a
Real-time structure mechanics example and perform different type of analysis on it.

Introduction:
Now we will define some terms and have a brief discussion about them.

Stress:
Whenever an external force is applied on a body then a resisting force is induced in the body. This
resisting force acting per unit area of the body is called stress. Under equilibrium condition this resisting
force is equal to the applied load. So the stress is also defined as the ratio of applied force to the cross
sectional area on which this external force is applied. The force applied on the body is called load.
Stress = (resisting force)/(cross sectional area) = R/A
Types of stress:
We will the following types of stresses in the lab course.
a. Normal Stress
b. Shearing Stress
c. Double Shear
d. Bearing Stress

Normal Stress:
A normal stress is a stress that occurs when a member is loaded by an axial force. The value of
the normal force for any prismatic section is simply the force divided by the cross sectional area.
A normal stress will occur when a member is placed in tension or compression.

Tensile Stress:
The stress-induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and opposite pulls is called tensile stress.
Due to the tensile stress there is an increase in the length of the body and decrease in the cross section
area of the body. Tensile stress is a type of normal stress, so it acts at 90 degree to the area.

Compressive Stress:
The stress which induced in a body when it is subjected to two equal and opposite pushes is called
compressive stress. Due to the compressive stress, there is a decrease in the length and increase in the
cross section area of the body. Compressive stress is also a type of normal stress and so it also acts at 90
degree to the area.

Figure 1.1: Tensile and Compressive stress

Shearing Stress:
The process of parallel layers sliding past each other is known as shearing. When an external force acts
on an object, it undergoes deformation. If the direction of the force is parallel to the plane of the object.
The deformation will be along that plane. The stress experienced by the object here is shear stress or
tangential stress. It is denoted by the Greek alphabet: τ. The SI unit of shear stress is N/m2 or Pa.

Figure 1.2: Shear Stress

Double Shear:
When there are simultaneous shear across two usually parallel planes, then it is known as double shear.

Bearing Stress:
The stresses developed when two elastic bodies are forced together are termed bearing stresses. They are
localized on the surface of the material and may be very high due to the small areas in contact. Bearing
stress is a contact pressure between separate bodies. It differs from compressive stress because
compressive stress is the internal stress caused by a compressive force.

Figure 1.3: Bearing stress

Strain:
When an external force is applied on the body then some change in dimension of the body takes place.
The ratio of this change in the dimension of the body to the original dimension is called strain. Strain is
a dimensional less quantity as it is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension. The strain
is denoted by the letter ‘e’.
Strain = change in dimension/ original dimension
Strains may be divided into normal strains and shear strains on the basis of the forces that cause the
deformation.

Normal Strain:
A normal strain is caused by forces perpendicular to planes or cross-sectional areas of the material, such
as in a volume that is under pressure on all sides or in a rod that is pulled or compressed lengthwise.

Figure 1.4: Strain

Shear Strain:
A shear strain is caused by forces that are parallel to, and lie in, planes or cross-sectional areas, such as
in a short metal tube that is twisted about its longitudinal axis.
 Figure 1.5: Shear Strain

Stress Strain diagram:

Stress strain curves visually display the material's deformation in response to a tensile, compressive, or
torsional load. Depending on the material being tested, a stress strain curve can indicate key properties
of the material including its elastic region, plastic region, yield point, and ultimate tensile strength.

Figure 1.6: Stress Strain Curve

Hooke’s Law:
Hooke’s law, law of elasticity discovered by the English scientist Robert Hooke in 1660, which states
that, for relatively small deformations of an object, the displacement or size of the deformation is
directly proportional to the deforming force or load. Under these conditions the object returns to its
original shape and size upon removal of the load.

Torsion:
Torsion occurs when an object, such as a bar with a cylindrical or square cross section is twisted. The
twisting force acting on the object is known as torque, and the resulting stress is known as Shear stress.
If the object undergoes deformation as a result of and in the direction of the application of the force, the
resulting deflection is known as Strain. Twisting a simple piece of blackboard chalk between ones
fingers until it snaps is an example of a torsional force in action. A common example of torsion in
engineering is when a transmission drive shaft receives a turning force from its power source

Figure 1.7: Torsion in block

Angle of twist:
For a shaft under torsional loading, the angle through which fixed end of a shaft rotates with respect to
the free end is called the angle of twist.

Bending:
Bending is a process by which metal can be deformed by plastically deforming the material and
changing its shape. The material is stressed beyond the yield strength but below the ultimate tensile
strength. The surface area of the material does not change much. Bending usually refers to deformation
about one axis. Bending is a flexible process by which many different shapes can be produced. Standard
die sets are used to produce a wide variety of shapes.

Air Bending:
Air Bending is done with the punch touching the workpiece and the workpiece, not bottoming in the
lower cavity. This is called air bending. As the punch is released, the workpiece ends up with less bend
than that on the punch

Bottoming:
Bottoming or Coining is the bending process where the punch and the workpiece bottom on the die. This
makes for a controlled angle with very little spring back.

Figure 1.8: Air bending and bottoming

Deflection of beam:
Deflection, in structural engineering terms, refers to the movement of a beam or node from its original
position due to the forces and loads being applied to the member. It is also known as displacement and
can occur from externally applied loads or from the weight of the structure itself, and the force of
gravity in which this applies. The deflection is measured from the original neutral surface of the beam to
the neutral surface of the deformed beam. Deflection can occur in beams, trusses, frames, and basically
any other structure.

Figure 1.9: Deflection of beam

In-Lab Task:
Write a short note on the following equipment (definition, working principle, label picture etc.)
1. Torsion testing machine
2. Strain gauge trainer
3. Shearing force and bending moment apparatus
4. Reaction of beams apparatus
5. Universal testing machine
6. Extension of spring apparatus
7. Compression of spring apparatus.
8. Rubber in shear apparatus.

Torsion Testing Machine:

Torsional testing machines are used to simulate real life service conditions and to check product quality
for products such as drill tool bit tips and medical devices, screws and other fasteners, wire, and much
more. Torque test machines measure the torsional strength, stiffness and stress-strain properties of
materials and products which are the ideal solution for biomedical, automotive, and aerospace
applications.

Figure 1.10: Torsion testing machine

Working Principle:
Torsion tests twist a material or test component to a specified degree, with a specified force, or until the
material fails in torsion. The twisting force of a torsion test is applied to the test sample by anchoring
one end so that it cannot move or rotate and applying a moment to the other end so that the sample is
rotated about its axis. The rotating moment may also be applied to both ends of the sample but the ends
must be rotated in opposite directions. The forces and mechanics found in this test are similar to those
found in a piece of string that has one end held in a hand and the other end twisted by the other.

Strain Gauge Trainer:

A Strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance varies with applied force. It converts force, pressure,
tension, weight, etc., into a change in electrical resistance which can then be measured.
 Figure 1.11: Strain Gauge Trainer

Working Principle:
A strain gauge works on the principle of electrical conductance and its dependence on the conductor’s
geometry. Whenever a conductor is stretched within the limits of its elasticity, it doesn’t break but, gets
narrower and longer. Similarly, when it is compressed, it gets shorter and broader, ultimately changing
its resistance.

Shearing force:
Shear Forces occurs when two parallel forces act out of alignment with each other. For example, in a
large boiler made from sections of sheet metal plate riveted together, there is an equal and opposite force
exerted on the rivets, owing to the expansion and contraction of the plates.

Bending Moments:
Bending Moments are rotational forces within the beam that cause bending. At any point within a beam,
the Bending Moment is the sum of: each external force multiplied by the distance that is perpendicular
to the direction of the force.

Figure 1.12: Shearing force and Bending Moments

Working Principle:
For measurement of shear force at a section in a beam. The beam has two parts with one part having ball
bearings travel on the flat vertical surface of the other part. An overhung adjustable spring balance
measures the shear force and an underhung adjustable spring balance is provided to resist bending
moment. The beam is supported on two end bearings, one with an adjustable height. Movable load
hangers that fit around the beam and a set of weights are also supplied. Includes base frame for table top.
Beams Apparatus:
A bench top frame with load cells and cantilevers for the study of deflection and forces on different
types of beams for a wide range of supports and loads; also demonstrates Young's modulus.

Reaction of Beams Apparatus:

A horizontal length of material with a vertical load system is called a beam. It is one of the most basic
engineering ways of supporting a load. External forces such as the applied loads and the beam support
reactions have to be in equilibrium. Given a loading system, the support reactions can be calculated from
force and moment equations.

Figure 1.13: Reaction of Beams Apparatus

Working Principle:
This apparatus is designed for simple experiments and demonstrations on simply supported beams. Two
force gauges act as supports and enable reactions to be read directly. Six movable load hangers allow
loads to be put in a number of positions. Levers can be investigated by suspending the beam from the
free standing frame, and holding.

Universal Testing Machine:

A Universal testing machine (UTM) is used to test the mechanical properties (tension, compression etc.)
of a given test specimen by exerting tensile, compressive or transverse stresses. The machine has been
named so because of the wide range of tests it can perform over different kind of materials.

Figure 1.14: Universal Testing Machine

Working Principle:
The computer system controls the servo motor to rotate through the controller through the speed control
system. After deceleration, the beam is driven by the lead screw to complete the ascending and
descending; the tensile, compression, bending and shearing tests are completed. Adding test attachments
can be widely used in metals, non-metals, materials, plastics and other industries.

Extension of Spring Apparatus:

It is a steel, powder coated wall housing has a spring support at its top and a through hole at its lower
end. A loop ended extension spring is hooked over the spring support and its remaining loop secured to
a Load hanger. It is used to test tension springs up to 200mm in length. The maximum spring diameter is
38mm.

Figure 1.15: Extension of Spring Apparatus

Working Principle:
Force is applied to the extension string which indicate loads by measuring spring deflections. They are
used in cars suspension where they absorb energy caused by wheel vertical movement due to potholes
and bumps.

Compression of Spring Apparatus:

It is a steel, powder coated wall housing is mounted to a rigid vertical support. A compression spring
with industry standard ground ends rests flat onto the lower inner horizontal surface of the housing. At
the upper end of the spring, rests a profiled boss attached to the Load hanger. The profiled boss has a
chamfered face thus ensure central location of the spring during loading and caters for other diameters of
springs also.

Figure 1.16: Compression of Spring Apparatus

Working Principle:
An integral compression scale is attached to the wall housing. This gives an accurate indication of the
compression being applied to the spring. A compression indicator is attached to the shaft of the Load
hanger. This has a horizontal reference line to ensure the compression can be read off the compression
scale. The indicator can be adjusted up and down the length of the Load hanger to adjust the start
position of compression and also to cater for different lengths of compression spring that may be used.

Rubber in Shear Apparatus:

Rubber blocks in shear force are often used on engine and in equipment mounting to isolate vibrations.
They do this by absorbing shock energy by deforming. This deformation leads to a decrease in cross-
section as the block lengthens, an effect described by Poisson's Ratio.

Figure 1.17: Rubber in Shear Apparatus

Post-Lab Task:
Write a detailed lab report.