‘Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles ‘The na change of entopy of any retigorant in any eel always zero. In Example I, the change in entropy ofthe refigerte space i 125750 20.5 KIK and that ofthe atmosphere is 3S, — 125! SWIK. The net change in entropy of the ole sem is ‘The Camot eyele in Figure 7 shows a process in which heat is taded and rejected at constant pressure im the two-phase region of fa refrigerant. Saturated ligud at state 3 expands isentzopically tothe low temperature and pressure ofthe cyele at sate d, Heats added iso- thermally and isobaically by evaporating the liquid-phase reftiger- ant from state dto state I. The cold saturated vapor at state | is ‘compressed isentropiclly tothe high temperature in the cyele at state 'b, However, the pressure at state b i beiow the saturation pressure corresponding to the high temperature in the eycle, The compression process is completed by an isothermal compression process from state bio state c. The cycles completed by an igothermal and isobaric heat rejection or condensing process from state¢ to sate 3 ‘Applying the energy equation for a mass of refigerant m yields (all work and heat transfer are positive) j= mls hyd 1H = meh — Ay) W.= T{S,—S,)—m(y— A) y= my hy) = Area ded Fig. 6 Temperature-Entropy Diagram for Carnot Refrigeration Cyele of Example 1 Fig. 7 Carnot Vapor Compression Cycle 27 ‘The net work forthe eyele is Wha = Wo po 3W= Area dt beSd -& Te and cor = 97 = THEORETICAL SINGLE-STAGE CYCLE USING A PURE REFRIGERANT OR AZEOTROPIC MIXTURE ‘A system designed to approach the ideal model show in Figure is desirable. A pure refrigerant orazeotropic mixture ean be used to maintain constant temperature during phase chenges by mai ‘wining constant pressure. Because of concerns such as high intial ‘cost and increased maintenance requirements, a practical machine thas one compressor instead of two and the expander (engine or tur bine) is replaced by & simple expansion valve, which throties refrigerant from high to low pressure. Figure 8 shows the theoret- ieal single-stage cycle used as a model for actual ystems ‘Applying the energy equation for a mass m of refrigerant yields y= mh) (39) a= mig hy) 69) 20)= igh) 390) yoke 638) CConstantenthalpy throtling assumes no heat transferor change in potential or kinetic energy through the expansion valve. ‘The coefficient of performance is a Wh, cor = 40) ‘The theoretical compressor displacement CD (at 100% volumet- tic efficiency) is CD = sayy ay 2% ONDER S{ exenrsion vaive X Fig.8 Theoretical Single-Stage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle