‘Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles Figure 11 isa schematic ofa Lorenz cycle, Note that thiseycle does not operate between to fixed temperature limits. Heat is added othe reffigerant fom state 4 to tate 1. This process is assumed to be linear on F-s coordinates, which represents aMuid with constant heat capac- ity. The refrigerant temperature is increased in isentropic compression from state It sate 2, Process 2-3 is «hea ejection process in which, the refhigerant temperature decreases linearly with heat transfer. The cyele ends with isenvopic expansion between states 3 and 4. ‘The heat addition and heat rejection processes are parallel so the entire cycle is drawn as parallelogram on /-s coordinates. A (Carnot refrigeration cycle operating between Ty and Ty would lie between states 1, 3, and bs the Lorenz cycle has smaller refrig- erating effect and requires more work, but this eyele is a more practical reference when a refrigeration system operates between {wo single-phase fluids such as ar or water ‘The energy transfers in & Lorenz refrigeration eycle are es fol- lows, where AT is the temperature change of the rerigerant during cach of the two heat exchange processes, Q, = (Tp AP2VS,-Sy) , = (Ty-AT OVS, - 89) Wr = Qo~ On ‘Ths by Equation (15), Tp AT2XS;-S3) = Te47/2) COP = T=, TAT (a2) Example’. Detennie the entropy change, work require, and COP forthe Lorenz evel shown in Figure 17 when the temperate of the refiger sed spaces T, ~250 K, ambient temperatures Ty = 300K, AT of the refrigerate i 8K, and eiigertion loads 125 Satin: 80, 2 125, as EP rary ars Oats Te *(AT/DIAS = (300-25)05051 = 152.781 0,-q ~ 182.78-125 ~ 27.78 Ty (AT/2) _ 250-(5/2) _ 2075 3S 450 [Note that the entropy change for the Lorenz cycle is larger shan forthe Camot cycle when both operate between the same two tem perature reservoirs and have the same capacity (ee Example |). That 4s, both the heat rejection and work requirement are larger for the Fig. Processes of Lorenz Refrigerati 29 Lorenz eyele. This difference is caused by the finite temperature dif ference between tite working fluid in the eyele compared to the ‘bounding temperature reservoirs, However, 2 discussed previously, ‘the assumption of eonstant-temperature heat reservoirs isnot neces ‘satilya good representation ofan actual refrigeration system because ‘of the temperature changes that occu inthe heat exchangers. ‘THEORETICAL SINGLE-STAGE CYCLE USING ZEOTROPIC REFRIGERANT MIXTURE, A practiel method to approximate the Lorenz refrigeration eyele isto use a fuid mixture asthe refrigerant and te four system com- ‘ponents shown in Figure 8. When the mixture is not azcotropic and the phase change occurs at constant pressure, the temperatures change during evaporation and condensation and the theoretical single stage eycle can be shown on T's coordinates asin Figure 12 In comparison, Figure 10 shows the system operating with a pore simple substance or an azeotropic mixture as the refrigerant. Ea tions (14), (15), 39), (40), and (41) apply to ths cycle and to cor ‘ventional eycies with constant phase chenge temperatures. Equation, (42) should be used as the reversible cyele COP in Equation (17) For zeotropic mixtures, the concept of constant saturation tem= peratures does not exist. For example, in the eveporator, the refrigerant enters at Ty and exits at a higher temperature 7). The ‘temperature of saturated liquid at a given pressure isthe bubble point and the temperature of saturated vapor ata given pressure is called the dew point. The temperature 7; in Figure 12 is at the ‘bubble point atthe condensing pressure and 7, isa the dew point atthe evaporating pressure, ‘Areas on a Fs diagram representing additonal work and re= duced refrigerating effec: from a Lorenz cycle operating between the same two temperatures 7; and T; with the sare value for AT can ‘be analyzed. Tho eycle matches the Lorena eycle most closely when, ‘counterflow heat exchangers are used for both the condenser and ‘evaporator, Ina cycle that has heat exchangers with finite thermal resistances and finite extemal fluid capacity rates, Kuehn and Gronseth (1986) showed that a eyele using a refrigerant mixture hes a higher coef- cient of performance than one using a simple pure substance as & refrigerant. However, the improvement in COP is usually small. Per- formance ofa mixture canbe improved futher by reducing the heat ‘exchangers’ thermal resistance and passing fuids through them in ‘counterflow arrangement Fig. 12 Areas on Ts Diagram Representing Refrigerating Effect and Work Supplied for Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Mixture as Refi