412 where 0 = 5.670 x 10-8 Wi(m?:K4) isthe Stefen-Boltzmann con- stant Energy is emitted in the form of photons or electromagnetic waves of many different frequencies or wavelengths. Planck showed that the spectral distribution ofthe energy radiated by blackbody is i) where Gy st ase i contre 3.42 «106 W a cond Planck's law constant = 0.018348 n'X ‘The blackbody’ spectral emissive power Wp, is the eneray emit pe unit time per unit surface area at wavelength? per unit wavelength band around that, the energy emied per unit time Derunit surface are in the wavelength band dis equl to Wa dh ‘The Sefan-Boltzmann law ean be abteined by integrating Equation (19) overall wavelengths Jrner= or= 7, Wien shone atte wavelength, which he monocro mative power ist maxenun it tbe maxim wae tegen by se? = 2898 ue K 2) Equation (20) is Wien's displacement law; the maximum spectral missive power shifts to shorter wavelengths as temperature in- creases, such that, at very high temperatures, significant emission ventuslly occurs over the entire visible spectrum as shorer wave- lengths beeome mote prominent. For additional details, see Inerop- erat al (2007). ‘Actual Radiation ‘The blackbody emissive power Mand blackbody spectral emis- sive power Hy, are the maxima at'a given surface temperature. ‘Actual surfaces emit less and are called nonblack. The emissive power I of a nonblack surface at temperature T radiating to the hemispherical region above itis piven by W=tor* an \where es the total emissivity. The spectral emissive power 1, oF a nonblack surface is given by = 6 2 Where 8 the speetral emissivity, and Wy, i¢ given by Equation (19). The relationship between e and e, is given by ino 7 rua enn fetinee (23) a Ife, does not depend on 2, then, from Equation (23), € =e), and the sutface is called gray. Gray surface characteristics are often assumed in calculations. Several classes of surfaces approximate 2009 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamentals (SI) this condition in some regions ofthe speceum. The simplicity is dssirabl,batuse care, especialy temperatures re high, Grayness {s sometimes assumed because ofthe absence of information relat ing 6 asa furetion of 5 Enisivity isa function ofthe materi its surite condition, and inssurfce temperate, Table lists selected values; Modest 2003) ang Siegel and Howell (2002) have more extensive lists. ‘When radiant ene teaches a surface, itis absorbed reflected, oc sransmitted though the material. Therefore, rom te fis aw of ‘hemodynamics, caper where ‘= absorptivity (rston of incident radiant energy absorbed) p= reflectivity (fraton of incident radians energy reflected) {T~ transminsiity (ration of ineient radiant energy ans) ‘This is also true for spectral values For an opaque surfece,t= Oand p+ a= I. Fora black surface, a 1, p=0, and =0. irchhof's law relates emissivity. and absorptivity of any ‘opaque surface from thermodynamic considerations; it states that, for any surface where incident radiation is independent of angle of where the surface emits ditfusely,e, = Ifthe surface is gray, or the ineident radiation is from a black surface atthe same tempers ture, then € = cas well, but many surfaces are not gray. Fer most sur faces listed in Table 8, the total absorptivity for solar radiation is different from the total emissivity for low-temperature radiation, ‘because e, and cy, vary with wavelength, Much solar radiation is short wavelengths. Most emissions ftom surfaces at moderate tem peratures are at longer wavelengths, Platinum black and gold black are almost perfectly black and have absorptivites of about 98% in the infrared region, A small ‘opening in a large cavity epproaches blackbody behavior because most of the incident energy entering the cavity is absorbed by. repeated reflection within it, and very ite eseapes the cavity. Thus, the absorptivity and therefore the emissivity ofthe opening are close tunity. Some far black paints also exhibit emissivities 098% over 1 wide range of conditions. They provide a much more durable surface than gold or platinum Black, and ae frequently used on ra ston insiruments and as standard reference in emissivity or reflec tance measurements. Example 7. In outer space, he solr energy fx on a susie is 1150 Win "Two surfaces are Being considered for an absorber plate to be used on she surface of a spacer: one is black andthe other Us specially coued for a solar sbsorpiviy of 094 and intared emissivity of 0. {Coola owing trough the tabes stacked othe ple maine the plate at 340K. The pate surface nonnl to te solar beam. For each Surface, doting the (I) het tafe ao tthe coolant po ui res (ofthe plat, and (2) temperate ofthe surface when there no cool fw, Solution: For the back surfie, p-o Absorbed energy Man ~ 1130 Win? ‘ALT, 340 K, emited energy Tx ~~ $67 » 105 x 3408 ~ 1517 Wit In space, tere sn convection oan energy blance onthe surface aber eat fox to coolant ~ Absorbed energy fox ~ Emited energy fx aso 757.7 392.3 Win For the special surface, use solar absorptivity 10 determine the soe energy fun, and lffzed emissivity to eles the emited nery fx Absorbed energy Mun = 0941180 1081 Win? Enited energy Mus 0.1» 757.7= 75.8 Win? Heat fue eooleat 1081 ~ 75.8 ~ 1008 Win?