total A patentee shall have the exclusive right to make, use and sell the patented machine, article or

product for the purpose of industry or commerce, throughout the territory of the Philippines for the
term of the patent, and such making, using or selling by any person without the authorization of the
patentee, constitute infringement of patent. In order to infringe a patent, a machine or device must
perform the same function, or accomplish the same result by identical or substantially identical means
and the principles or mode of operation must be substantially the same. In determining infringement of
patent, two tests must have been established: (a) literal infringement; and (b) doctrine of equivalents
Question: Explain how these two (2) tests operate (a) LITERAL INFRINGEMENT, and (b) DOCTINE OF
EQUIVALENTS