PROCEEDINGS OF THE 30 th YEAR ANNIVERSARY SYMPOSIUM OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY DEEP FOUNDATIONS, EXCAVATIONS, GROUND IMPROVEMENTS & TUNNELLING Bangkok, THAILAND 03 — 07 November 1997 Sponsored by Asian Institute of Technology Southeast Asian Geotechnical SocietyPROCEEDINGS OF THE 30 th YEAR ANNIVERSARY SYMPOSIUM OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN GEOTECHNICAL SOCIETY DEEP FOUNDATIONS, EXCAVATIONS, GROUND IMPROVEMENTS & TUNNELLING Bangkok, Thailand 03 — 07 November 1997 Sponsored by The Southeast Asian Gectechnical Society (SEAGS ) ‘The Asian Institute of Technology ( AIT )ALTERNATIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR PILED RAFT FOUNDATIONS by H. G. Poulos Senior Principal, Coffey Partners International Pty Ltd. and Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia ABSTRACT Piled rafts can be an economical alternative to conventional pile foundations in circumstances where the raft or foundation slab is capable of providing significant load capacity but on its own, may setle excessively. This paper reiterates the basic philosophy of design of piled raft foundations, ‘utines the circumstances which are favourable for their use, and then reviews varius available methods of analysis of such foundations. ‘A two-siage desigh procedure is presented, and its application to 2 proposed residential development is described. An evaluation is made of the relative economy of three alterative design strategies: 4) the conventional srategy for design, in which the piles are designed to eary ll the load 5) an approach in which allowance is made forthe effect of the raft in carrying load and reducing setlement, but the piles are required to have a fator of safety greater than unity ©) a sategy in which allowance is made forthe effect of the raft in carrying load and reducing settlement, the piles are allowed to operate ata factor of safety of unity, ad piles of different length or stiffness are used. It is demonstrated that strategy (6) can lead 10 a significant saving in ping costs, with relatively lite saerifice in performance of the overall foundation system.1. INTRODUCTION “Theis an increasing appreition by foundation designer th the we filed ale ‘hay rode a comefeive foundation sion when selements orient) lene pend tobe rfc. A muber of example of he sucesso ich ‘aunt ave been poe (ep, Hooper, 197; Cooke eta 1981: Sommer et 13,1985; Price and Wardle, 1986; Fronke, 1981. Dept tee experines, hres sil some flee in he mins of many designers 10 dope tis form of ‘and, fo he follwing reasons: Tre ase of plein fodation imple th hey shuld be degnd to cary sil edi ons. 2, thos esping pl raf reno welLesablices, dite he emergence Of mb of mera ways in ot Jes theres incomplae understanding f the neracon betwen arf and ples ‘Ddhow hs terion my be usd advange rece meen oly soba. “Tie paper diss te ccusancesfvounble fo pled rats, nd then pees ‘herve eign eps which maybe apted to develop preininry dion. ‘Avalibe mebods of sali of plea interaction ae revicwed, td shown ‘tat ach eal can be aod fo develop ial eign. Final, the application of ‘he ple aft eign pilesophy Yo wpa sittin i eerie, ad it wil Be ‘lenceatted that the se of liad number of ple ember micory erformmce 1 be nebeved wih eonsdeble een. 2. CIRCUMSTANCES FAVOURABLE FOR PILED RAFT FOUNDATIONS “The moa ffatvesppliation of the piled af foundation acc when 3 ra provi scope Dearing cape ut the setlement oiler selene’ fhe {AR aloe exconds the alloable alee.” Unde such ceemstane, pls may Be ‘ied ae "etlent ruc (e,Belznd et 1977; Haat 1984 Long, 1983) "Ter primary incon fo provide aoa! ills, rar ha ton oad capac, Poulos (1991) bas examined s number of ical bet spel, soil pois to ‘rane maton which yb fourble fried. The following statont inry be favour IC” sl profile consstng of lively si ays 2 pole coming of realy dese sands {ered poi awe of or loose vers reno present Benth he i Teaming depth ofthe is, Conary, the flaming stains ae key to be unfovourabe fer led aft: 1a profile coming restive 208 lye ner the rice 2, 2:0 pole conaining relive loose sands na he artce 3 silos which we aly to andergo consldaion or sling movements (eo exer ense, In ef wo cae, he raf aloe may not provide sun lad capacity andor sian In he lat ese, sient ational ley be inde tele eens of the sol moving ney fom, o towards, thera. |. DESIGN PROCESS FOR PILED RAFTS 1s arsed at roa dg proces filed af incis no as ‘Trinny stage to eam the numer of piles which ay be rege 0 Sy dsiga epee 2. Ae ang to esr he optimum muber, loction sod oniursion ofthe piesa eluate be ead ribo of sctlemen, ening moment {bd tear nthe foundion yen. ‘The rliminry sage involves relatively spe altos which cane efomed vidos he i fs computer The elle sage wil generally demand the we of {Teompete pop which secon fa treo! manner forthe plefso intrncton. The eft ofthe mpemacare may aka feed to Be considered. Each {ge wil be acued fa more del Below 4 PRELIMINARY DESIGN STAGE-ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES Inthe stiinay design uate, necery to onier Fin the petrmance of ‘feral etme maybe ad via convenonal etnies hat ‘Bera alone as adequate ney adequate brit epeiy, but does Pa Ss) the seamen o differential eset eter then shee piles inated A prliminary estimate of he required number of ples may be obsned by ssaming thar ifthe pls cary 3 propoion othe desig fond hey should have 8 ‘petilied factor of ley, Foner he Gig lod. The eximated our of ies rei, N, hen N Ph @ Pa wre = propio of en oa ey ies B= fol dig od on fda > spied ac of ty fr pls vd vgn oe P= Smead cpsay of spe pe 3 T popetcacy aoe Asai pronation, § may be exited fm matic aay of ile ot Intacton ain and Lee (1978) and Lee (193) have ebnine seul slutons ‘thick reread in Figure 1. The dimensiole arters eed inthe Higure $5,150 =v) ee o 07 + Proportion of al Load taken by Pes 2 vox ctioK,) acat— oor art To K, (© Retivety Compe le (Ky = 10?) 1 10 os os Proportion of Tal Load taken by Pes be Spaciagamese aio (2) Moderately tif Pies (K p= 10°) ‘nn and Lee, 17) [10.1 ELASTIC SOLUTIONS FOR PROPORTION OF LOAD. (CARRIED BY PILES IN A PILE-RAFT SYSTEMYoung's mds of aft ‘hermes of rat wih of leagh of at ‘Younes modal of ol (assumed cost) Poison’ rato of si ‘suvlent Young’ modulus of lt where pemcarmn [Alva sisthe average cet ocr spacing of the ile, an ithe le ame, 1 must be copied ht § wil int depend on te pile pacing ands the somal OF should sy be ae erive proces. However, fo the porpors tt prctninary desi itis pobelyadogteto make a ouph eine ong, Fgue as vise ‘Asin atthe piesa sey wey spaced that "lock ile does ot (eer, vel Far of sly, , agains lee ofthe fundaton system is fee ° Fe wher B= bearing capacity of tet ae of at, uae | maybe pid othe complet raf if it ireatvel ii rt een leaded eto ofthe fit eetvety Deb Cleary he ge the chose Valo fF the lager wl be he required umber fl. “Te sree sree which could be adopted indesign inca the flowing ee Me fatto fn F hen to be a vahe of uch 21250 3,9 that he [atc are roped fo Sere with s conventional dsgn tro sey E's tatento bea va nich a 15 eet han iy, at es han he eventos! afer fcr. 3, Ertan fo be 19, so that he piles we tld to hei il apc, ant ‘Eat ole isco being setlemnt ede ae thn fourdaton ‘ones howe rine pupae i 10 provide ato ad easy. ew te denonstted later inthe paper thatthe secondo hid srtegies can be ‘Sosesly employed ia dsign, thot une einen ee on he foundation erfrmmee Cure $= ratonly clement excessive) Curve | = aft with ile designed for Sun nie cor cere? = ltwith piles exigne for lower sate ter CCume3 = ati piles designed for fa ulanion of saps, 1102 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES FOR PILED RAFTS Figure 2 ilarte, conceal, the loabsetement etavou of pied alts Cisignedsccording tthe above tree suteicn. Curve shows te behavior of the nf alone, which sts excessively tthe design lad. Carve epee he Fist sity for hich the behviur fhe ileal syste is eset es, the ples ke the prea majority of he lad. Carve 2 represents he seond sate, for which the behaviour itl ally Let bu tera aes reser ropoion ofthe loa For the third srteny (Curve 3) the piles a lied 1 tee fll, ‘Gomuy, ab that atthe design loathe lod-sefementespone fas became ‘oie bt the stem en Sl 2a the espn euienent wih an ese ‘Svea ctor of fey, 1c considered thatthe hind stey isthe most cstv md satistory Aesign tery. The Key oaoping thi appreach 10 set he isimer ember of pes required to saishy bah the scement and atime load capacity reiemens. ‘An example ofthe application of he aerate strategie, and ofthe comparative perfomance of the foundation designs, wil be reseed le in he pe. DETAILED DESIGN STAGE-ANALYSIS OF PILE-RAFT INTERACTION (nce an estimate ofthe ere umber fps has been made, is neces 12 tale the perfomance of the ple rat sytem in dealin eer to ases8 the trad setlenent dition snd ecde opon the optimum configrstion 2nd Stringent of te plex Sich an analysis maya provide he bending moments tu sews reed forthe otra design of te raf. Sever methods of nang pled raf bebavioar have ben developed, These my ‘brody divided mt te flowing eateries Tr implied hand callin methods volving the use of heel ouins fern raf ad for pile group nan asi oatinuam ep, David and Poulos, 1982; Radoph, 198) smodied sn of sip or plate o sll mas, in which th piles ae ‘pest by apres (eg, Hongladaromp et a 1973; Brown etl, 1975; Polen, 199; oun 1994 Clancy nd Randolph, 193) 5. boundary element anlar in which he rat and piles ae diectied and [teraction beween the piles and raf considered by ue of appropcne ‘slo om the teary of stip Brown and Wiesner, 1985; Wiser {nd Brown, 1976) 4, Tie clamet analyse, inwhich he rai represented a lta the ples tremolo via bouncy slenest epeseaton (sin and Lex, 1978) criss seres of equtalensconoai ng ep Hooper 1973: Navn and oops 1976), 5. fll beedimensions online fite ment nay Zhang e198 Les 1995) tn is paper use imac fhe mead desi by Polos (194) which als ito the second eatpory of analysis The aft repeated ata plats which analysed byte ites, while th ples re represented by ings which ave a lsc ‘ifs sedan una load pacity i bots eson and compare, Allowance ‘Sade forte four somone ofneacton (ata, apie, pleat, pile). “The amps is ted on ela tery, at makes a mumber of sumpions which Mow i fo model inporant netic fares ofthe Toonéxion sytem. In Summary. the mali rable te following facts be allowed for. 1 iting presres elow the raft (in both compression td teen) 2 Timing pil oad epacy is both comprenion and tesion 5. pen of eileen ifs ane ld apc within he system 4. omnomogenou o need spoils 5. Tpled loadings consisting of concentrated lon, moment, and areas of ‘vforly distibted london 6. heels f reid vera sol movements, sch those ising from ‘enalidtion and tweling 1, hecay atersin f tection and numbers of pile blow the af “The aay isimplemented via computer program GARP (Gece Anyi oF Rats with Pe Despite te splitenion made in he aay, hasbeen demonstrated 10 give Satotcory agement wih erative analy and ko wit he rests of ld Imenuement An example ofthe comparison between ery eaeown in Figure 3 fra cx describe by Kaki cal (1987), volving ark ‘Sopot by vest pp pies Both be setiement nd popertin of ad caed ‘SPbe pile te protic wel byte GARD ans sing the parame developed Kaka “Ta simplify he anit ther foundation was hen to be ectmgulat, 7.5m by Sm. and the quarorrah was vied io 92 sade The Toning on the foundation was ssa to casera eran ine 0.75 inside he boundary ofthe raf, with an tensity of 121 13 2 Mesa (Kaku ta 195) calvin vin ARP Average Settee (2) Seateneat 103 COMPARISON BETWEEN THEORETICAL AND MEASURED ‘SISS-GEHAVIOUROFFILED RAFTFOUNDATION = Low) (2) Load cared by ils 6 EXAMPLE OF DESIGN APPROACH “Te fregsing wo-stage design gprs, lslgakemaive dein seis, ha ‘he pled tothe desig tthe he proposed Akaka commercial big in te ‘iy of Sao Pal Bras The tiling coms ofa mulistorey cendoniiom ‘SEE crying total ecg orpit of #43 By 28.750. The founixon ‘uct nvlves ihe us of india footings below each elu, with piles under ‘Secure bevy loaded elu In order to ede een seterent Figse ‘Tlaowra plan of he cola layout td the design lens Of parr tres i ‘Seteanly onde funtion SP- which supports teen cae fhe struct ‘Reza il be Sos in hs paper onthe dsin of his parler component fe fondant. “Te ction ofthe bole aid ut for the grt nvesignton aso ‘Bown in Figue fhe Fgwe § shows 4 bpicd torboe log and revels ined ayers fly esd, vertying a dense and ayer ata depth of sovt [Dim SPT don fom fv bros ae sumer’ in in Fig, an can be 22S gar tere ft pend increase in SPT wih depih below the proposed (Geni level oF Ref A his evel he aver SPT Is bow 1, ing 0 3 @aror Dm ean conditions appeared oe avout for a pled if fondo, and ‘Biopon was upped oy foundation designs was propored ose pce ‘need covert pies 520m i ameter and it ws planed 1 fod be piles ‘STi soc ta each ple wold develop an le petcial pc of oat 25000. te exiting the stim gesecial capacity ofthe piley, we was made of (eelaions developed by Deco (1999) or Brain rest ot, The aime ‘in Son (wes exited a LN 9 3tre noua o ware N = uncorected SPT rave, “Te imate end ewig 6 was estimate fy + B12N, Mee fr clos anf, = AN, MPa for sands 0) 0) bce Ny + average SPT value within 6 diameters of ip nhs sis it wating of stout 2. woul be egies ‘Slow founduion level hat the le ip level weld be abot RLS, “Toe poginn CARP wat wed for the foundation dein for SPI 10 aes te Jrtconar of te foundation nyt fr Siren sin Stes, ore it ‘Er taat scent (oder tov Tong) f0 30min The opportunity ws sho {Seno perfor wlimied parece sy nore Yo vestigate effet al "Beka td pil length on aundation performance. GB aay 2 | gaat. i oS Gigfe = (] id q@ W a ns Somat Lacon ‘nos FOUNDATION PLAN FOR EIFICIO AKASAKA SH PAULO ser 0 10 20 30 40 50 69 70 80 90 100 L130 ; Ef rene seco os 28 Scan |) 38 ite a hades st || S05 a icy 12 forming ee! gnfffonesm pm, sinawcny | ashy) ay Fe-ns Sele tech | ome Gay or Den Sed of ecieies a as HO.S TYPICAL GEOTECHNICAL PROEILE AND, ‘SUMMARY OF SPT DATA rained Young's Modules _ EOP, oa ” «= 0 nm i F1G6 SIMPLIFIED GEOTECHNICAL MODEL ‘ADOPTED FOR ANALYSES.‘Tae pote was simplified a he layer system a sown in Fie 6, wits Your's modules values eaimated ax JN MPa where N = vege SPT ve ‘np. Below thera theultimate bearing apcy ws estima ob tou 0087 NUD were N = average SPT valve within the oe offence of hea (ken See be), The ine cet oft 1m gles ware be 00 Fare ea alone, the fcr of sflry wat fod t0 be 157, which was not cersered 0 be adequate, sd te computed setement exceeded $0 mim. These ff ps as threlore considered ena For he preliminary scent ofthe tombe of ils required, Equa I as wed, For simpy, a aie of of 1 ‘eases while the group effcieny factor was sso sumed tobe 1.0. Table {Baws the reured amber of pls fr eifecet vals of fr of sty for the les andthe overall face of sey F resenting the ae eign sec ulna in Seon 4 Figure Titer the various ile conigtiont crrpending othe desig i Table I. "oes sees (oui nae ones? a) Nay uae ofr owe 2 pst yen sow se $a as der oe le Loswne Sisto. Tele: nal Assesment of Remred Number of Pils for Foundation SPI} Fac of SafeyF | Required rd amber of Pie [own | rnc Fics any al oad 2 a 2 Fic operate at lower ‘am anal tor ofiey |__ 145 30 3 wlan fl czy 10 2s s_ | a wld vo lt aac low ove 10 2 4 Say iar For the cited son sage analyses wee cared ot ofthe configuration shown in Figure Tsing tne program GARP. Figures # and 9 sammarce he computed Fecformance of th pd aft ystems a fintion af he member of pile THE Following ebarcerates ae poaye: 2, atimum momen (ieulng torsional moment) 5. repent of lad then by pies 4 Fenage wilson of imate capacity fil “Thee dient rf hicks have been assed, 0m, 0.78 and 1.0m 7 ——— | aaa oe ‘The flowing observations my be mae from Figures # and: 1° bematimim setlenent decrees api wth increasing number of piles wp {0 about pilen, bu thereat, there sly 2 arial decree atthe ruber of pies sind 2 thera hikes as lately He insenc on the matin setlenent 5. themaximum moments doaeae wi increasing unter of ie, but become moe of ess constant fr mare than abot 13 es 4. emanimam moments denen with nce nmbe of il, bt become ‘oreo ler conzant for mae thn bat 13 pee 5. the proportion of land eared bythe pls iene 8 the number of piles ingress however, even when Spl Weed aout 85% fhe dsp oad iscaried by te ples 6. the capacity ofthe ile fly o alas ly wild whe 8 ile or less teed Inconr when 23 ples are eed ony abot 36% fhe avalble Pile capaciy is ed. ‘On he bss fue anlaea, i was decided o employ eign sing only 6 piles and 305m thick a8. Sacha Toution stem sad the desis cin of 30, rim maximum seement 2 eed the fll apc ofthe pies to be uid ‘hc ving an degre vel ator oso abut 225 dere design on Tie comldcred thatthe eof 25 pe rather tan 6 ple. while aig to same Inprovenet In pertormance, woul ot uy he igiicanly need os1 7 ivf “T exe ne i ameuncianmeyne laminin 1. CONCLUSIONS. “This pyr tnd an aprosch tthe design of piled rat oundion systems involving oo-sage proses OTeciiaay deign place 19 obi an approximate scsment of the raped munber of pies le design pet reine the design and ass the deed pling epremens in oder to ms be design ere 2 _Aterae setgis for desing the lea hve been discus, ad it i rnd ‘Gat ete ed ficient fomation dain an be chewed by signing the pls So tat ber ape ly wien. The conventional aprsch of suming that {he ll sbuld ‘be cared bythe ples an lead to an overconseratve and ‘economical desi. ‘An examples deserted of he spliation of i approach oa ulin in Dri, iis doensred tain hen, stitciery prormnce cn be achive by ‘Sing ant conjuction il nly nost one-quarter of he ple tht would Be (epote i @c conventional appronch io designing ples wes nope, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. “The mtx rately acknowledges M Omar Gyo, te egies esposibl fo onto th Aka bul. ft his permission to preset he tal ven ine pp nd ProflsorL, Derr, President of Luciano Decor Eng. Cont {ida fo providing the eth i be port tobe invelved with he poe. REFERENCES Brown, PT, Poulos H. G, and Wieoer, . J. (1973). “ied Raft Foundation ‘Daigo Symp on Raf Foundations, Peth CSIRO, pp 13:21 Brown, T and Wise, T1975) “The Behavior of Unifomly Loaded Pied Snip Fosngs"Soll and Foundsons, Vol. 15, No 4, pp 1321 Burland J. 8, roms B. B. and De Mello, V. FB. (1977. "Behaviour of Pounds and Sacre. Poe, FICSMFE, Tokyo, Vol. 2 pp 495-346 Clancy, and Randolph, M. F (1983) “Anyi and Design of Pied Rat Foundation” To spear ni, Nom. Aaa. Methods in Geomechanics ‘Cac, RW. ryde-Sith, D. W. Gooeh, M. Nand Silt. D.F (1981). "Some ‘Oberon of the Foundation Loding nd Setleent of Muli Storey Baling ‘on Pled Raft Foundation in Londen Cay. Po. ns. Civ. Engrs M1. Yl. 0, Davin, Hand Polos, H.G. (1972). “The Analysis of Pile Raft Systems". AUS (Gromecis, inl Vl. G2, No, pp 2127 Decoat L (1999, “SPTSute ofthe Art Rep. Proe. 12 ICSMFE, Rio de Sane, Vol 4 Franks, € (1991) “Measrenents Beneath Plt Rai, Keynote ec, ENPC Canton Dry Foundations, Pus sia $ J and Le, 1K (1978) “The Analysis of Flexible RoBi Systems" (Geoteinigue Vo 28, No.1 3p 65-83 Hansto, 5. (19H), Foundations on Friction Creep Pie in Soft Cys" Proc. st Ine Cot on Case Hire in Geo. Eng St Loi pp 914915 Hongatwomp, T, Chen, N- 1 and Lee, S. L (197). “Load Distibtions Rectangular aigs in ile” Got Eng: Vol. & No.2 9 7-90, Hooper A (1973), *Obertins on he Beaviour f Piled- Rat Founion on andon Cy Poe Inn. Cv. Eogm, Vol. $8, No.2, pp 835477 Kakari My Yamashita KandTomono, M (1987). “Satlanen Behaviour Pied Raf Feundsionon Sofi Ground, Poe Bh Asn Rep Cont SM. 7 FE, Vol 1, ppsT3376 Lee LK. (W999. “Ansys and Performance of Raf and Rate Syston” Keynote Lest int Con, Cate Hin Gen ng St Loui (50 Res. Rep No IGS, Aas Def, Fre Acadony, Uni. NSW, Atsala) Long P.0.(1992) "Footings wih Setlenent Reding Pls in Now-Coesive Sor PRD thei, Chalmers Univ. Technology, Gotha, Sweden ‘Naylor, and Hooper, A. (1978). "An Effective Suess Fate Element Analysis {ordi te Shor an Long Tem Behaviour af Ple- Raf Founain on London {hay Poe Coton Set of Stuctues, Cambridge, pp 398-402 Poul HG (1991), “Anan of Filed Sip Foundations. Comp. Metis an ‘Advance in Gromer Ed. G. Bow, Jc R. Booker so JP. Cate, AA Baleema, Rovere, VI, p 193-191 Poulos H.G.(1990, “An Approximate NsrelAralysiof Pilea Interaction" To'be pbc i nt Jo. Num aed Atal. Metods in Geomechanics, Price, G. and Wardle, 1. F. (1986). “Quen Elimbeth Il Conference Cente Monitoring of Land Sharing Getveen Pils ad Ra Proc. ns Civ. Engr. Vol: 80, pp 150-1518 Randolph, MF. (199) "Desig filed Raf Founduons”. Cambie Uni Eng. Dept Rex Rep Seis TRIS ‘Sommer, H,Wienana,P. and Ripper P. (1985. "Pld Raft Pounaion ofa Tall Boiling in Faker lay" Proc 10h ICSMFE, San Francie, Vol, 9p 2253 ms Wieser TJ. and Brown, P1976). “Betaviour af ile Sip Footings Subject. to Conentted Laas", Aust Geomeeh. Jal, VoL G8, No.1. po 15 runny, G. My Lae, 1K. and Zao, X. H. (1991), “nerve Anais of Eehavou of Rate Foundtone roe. GooCan 91, Yokohama, Vol 2, 3p 759.764.COMPARISON OF SOME METHODS FOR ANALYSES OF PILED RAFTS UNE COMPARAISON DES METHODS POUR L’ANALYSES DES RADIERS SUR PIEUX by H. G. Poulos J.C. Small L.D.TA J. Sinha L. Chen Department of Civil Engineering, Sydney University, Australia AESTRACT. This paper reviews 2 number of methods for anavsing ani designing piled rit foundations. The methods fll into thee Ns: slmptifed hand calculation methods. approximate computer-based methods. and more ngoraus numerical methods. These methods [Sen applies to to cases: a) a hypothetical case ba published case study. It is demonstrated that there can be considerable differences 500g the precicted pile-rart responses from the methods considered, especially When the capacity of some Of the pues i fully uized. and ‘ne oue:settlement behaviour is nonlinear. RESUME: Cet ante preseme plusieurs méthodes permesant 'anaivser et deffectuer des fondations radierspieux. Les méthodes se divisent S08 calégores es methodes de ealeul manuel es méthodes informatiques approximatives, et les méthodes numengues plus igoureuses (Css méthodes sont appliquées & dew cas (a) un cas hypothéique :b) une étude d'un eas publig. Il est démonte quily a des dfiéences 1.6. “14 chy orn Fig. Method of Tchebotariaf (1973) Figure 2 illustrates the principles involved in the approach, The sof layer is assumed fo exert a uniform pressure pon the pile, and the value of py is given by: ah ° whece 7, = unit weight of embankment hy ‘equivalent height ofthe embankment f fac.r defined as aot 5 ane i where} * apparent angle of fiction of layer in which Docizontal deformations wil occur (in radians) « angle defined in Figure 2 (in radians) ‘The equivalent height of the embankment is defined as o setval embankment eight nit weight of embankment where % Once py is computed ftom equation (5), the nxsxinnam bending soment in the pile is computed from the simple beam bending ‘equation, usually assuming pinned supports a the top and bottom of the deforming layer, 9 illustrated in Figure 24, ieA Comparison of Some Methods forthe Design of Piles Through Ezmbankments we © w_ BE where d= diameter or width of pile hy = thickness of deforming layer. Where more than one sft layer exists, the procedure ilustrated in Fipwe 2e ean be used. @ @ Fig.2 Method of De Beer and Wallys (1972) 2.3 Seat etal, (1992) Ox the basis of dais ffom centrifuge tess on model piles, Stewart et al. (1992) have developed empirical design charts allowing an assessment of maximum pile bending moment and pile head deflection, as function of relative pile-soil stiffness and currex loading level. Figure 3 ilusrates the procedure. for eveisping the maximum moment or deflection as a function of embackment foading, and shows a change in gradient once the embarkment loading exceeds a “threshold” value of 3ey, where 6, = lundsSned shear strength of clay. Figure 4 shows the ranges of pre- thestold and posttrestold dimensionless gradients. (My for ‘maxisum bending moment, y, for pile head deflection), as a funsson ofthe relative stiffness Ky. Ky i defined as: ® where Bt, = pile bending stiffness E,= representative Young's modulus of clay layer thickness of clay layer et] he inerement of maximum moment is then computed as: AM, = Aadl?M, (0) ‘nd the corresponding increment in ple head deflection is ap ay = sadly s(G, where aq = a - ho inerement in embankment loading pile width or diameter ‘equivalent pile leng 1, depends on the head fixity condition, as follows, and may range between 0.6L for a pinned head to 1.3L fora free head, where Lis the length of the piles from the pile head to the base of the clay statu, 1 will be noted thatthe ordinates in Figure 4 are plotted on a logarithmic scale; hence, the range of valves of M, and yy, for a particular value of Ky, are quite lage. Also, only the lateral response of the pile (and not the axial response) is considered, {1 is very important also to note that the method of Stewart eta iy assumes thatthe ples are installed prior to embeskment construction, Consequently, it may be expected to overpredict maximum moments and displacements for cases in which the piles are installed ater the embankment is in place. ‘Moment or Deletion Embankment fad Fig. Construction of Design Envelopes oa the basis of Epica Relationships. (Stewart tal, 192) 5-15‘A Comparison of Some Mets forthe Design of Piles Through Embankments Postthrsbolt EEO oa Relive Sines Kn) 100 Boe ear _—«O Relative Sifass (Kx) Prestreold w Centifege daa -Posthreseld 5 edna Springman + Fed da Fig Non-imensonal Change in Maximum Bending Moment & Pile Head Deflection (Stewat et, 1992) 24 RTA Approach ‘The NSW Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) have adopted an approach whereby the embankment is assumed to apply a foading 10 the pile head, and the consequent effects on the pile are computed ‘by means ofa structural analysis in whil the piles are represented 8 an equivalent frame. Figure 5 illstates the principles of the approach. Four variations are considered, as described in Table 1, depending on the width over which the active pressure is assumed to act, and the istnoe above the clay surface 24 where the active earth pressure ceases 1 at (see Figure 5) TABLE |. Variants ofthe RTA Method Metiou Over Which Di Pressure Aets (See at a n a tin a aM ° m2 a tw 1m applying the RTA method inthis paper, the pile head has been assumed to be fixed against rotation, and the piles in the soft clay hhave been analyzed as laterally loaded piles within an elastic nth Pressure Esme k, sof chy h, Pite Cross-section t ‘Method A Active Pressure acts over with ‘Method A: Active Pressure ats over width 28 Fig Assumptions i RTA Method 25 Simplified Downdeag Analysis The precedi is desirable that consideration be given also to axial response, via a methods concentrate on fteral pile response, bat it[A Comngariion of Some Meo forthe Design of Piles Through Embankinents implied analysis of pile dovndrag. It is assumed thot ill slip ‘occurs between the pile and the sof clay and overlying embankment 50 that the aegative skin Irctionf, inthe embankment is estimated 18 Follows a where y= unit weight of embankment 2 © distance below top of embankment. I the cay, the negative skin tition is assume to be equal to posiive skin friction, which is related to the undrsined shear strengih ofthe elay ¢, 98 (3) where a = adhesion fctor, which depends on cy 1 typically varies from 1.0 for soft clays (¢, < 40 KPa) 10 about 0.25 for very stiff clays (c, 2 200 KPa). ‘The ail pile head movement is estimated asthe sum of the pile shaft compression, due to the applied axial load and the induced downdag fore, and the setlement ofthe length of the pile below the soft chy. Elastic theory can be used for this later calculation (eg. as described by Poulos and Davis, 1980), 26 Design Charts Design charts have been developed by the suthor (Poulos, 1994) Which provide values of maximum positive and negative bending moments, ateral pile head defection, axial force and axial pile head deflection of a pile within an ‘embankment. These are refered 10 hrereafler as the “CP! Chars", Four pile positions within the ‘embankment are considered: the toe, the erst, mid-slope, and the “corer* of the embankment. The various design parameters are Plotted as a function of undrsined shear stength <, for various thicknesses of soft clay (h). Graph are presented for two. ‘embankment heights (4m and 8m) and for three pile sizes (400mm square, 550mm octagonal, 1000nm circular) shown in Figures 6109. “Typical charts are Ie is important to note that, in the CPI charts, the piles are assumed to be installed ale the embankment has been constructed, ‘The benfizg moments and deflections developed in such ay he subssrally less than these developed in ples which ae installed before the embankment i conscucted 3 APPLICATION OF METHODS OF IDEALIZED HYPO: THETICAL Cast In ere 10 avoid some of the dilietesinisent in enxlling al cases and assigning appropriate soll parameters, an idealized well-detne! hypothetical ease has been considered first. Figure 10 shows this cise and the embankment, clay amd pile parameters selected, Table 2 summarizes the computed values of mxiawm being moment, lateral pile deflection, axial pile force an asia pile heal fiovemcnt, ‘The flowing observations are made 1. the Deflesr and Wallays method gives a very large value of even though itis assumed that the factor of stety is in excess of 1.6. 2, the range of values of bending moment and deflection given by the approach of Stewart etal. is very large: in particular, the detletions appear to be extremely large, although this may be lve to the fet shat the piles are assumed to be installed ioe to embankment constrction 2 2 1% a s z z z 3 7” tad 777 bse 2/4 5 2 14 2 so & 0 2 2 g € 5 z g & 2% Sm a0 2% ta Undesied Sher tens (AP) @) Marion Positive Moment (&) Maximum Negative Moment 29) 100] wo sco o Pile Top Destin 9, i °% 700, 200 ees é i _ Unusined Sheae Stengel (At) (a) Stacia (ey Vert Pie Heal Moverent Fig6 Design Chan for 40m Danser Pl ot Coes of "Enhankment in hh‘A Comparison of Some Methods forthe Design of Piles Through Embankinents ao 2D Uniried Shear Strength (Ps) (2) Matimum Positive Moment 8 "ep Deletion Pa & oan, 30, Undine Snes Seng Ea) (9) Lata Pie Top Deflection a E oo| 2 50] i bao i i 2 ix 5a 2 a 22 € 2 & Z10 3 3 i % 700) "200 700 05 Uniaied Shear Steagih (KP) (@ Maximom Downdg Force Fig? Design Chars for 400mm Diameter fe t Crest of nbankment fn bigh (b) Maximum Negative Moment (©) Verical Pile Head Movement 1 rs 2 fx ra i 3 BP). neon 4 asim 2 ; 4 5 3 ‘ i i j i i : alan " i000 2 se io, 20. Se Undriaed Shea Strength (APS) (@) Marinus Positive Moment) Maximum Negative Moment 19) 100] eo) o 0 ao Pile Top Deflection py, Se i 30 Undies Shear Seng RP) (@) Lateral Fle Top Defecion = Es a a Pe ve . ca < oo 2s Hele : Q & 000 310 ee : 4 : 5 °% 100) 200 °% 100 200 Undine Shear Srengih (APS) (@Maximum Downdrag Force () VricalTile Head Moveme Fig8 Design Chan for 550mm Diameter Pie at Crest of "Embankment ¢mbigh‘A Comparison of Some Methods forthe Design of Piles Though Embank:ments z Eis a z z . F to $1000 i sco z z 3 relic z 3 sm so 5 § é z a 3 a a 300, Unie Sher Seng (KP) (2) Maximum Positive Moment (0) Matimum Negative Moment 129) ss "9 700, 200 perce Pile ep Deflection p,m) g (a) 5 Maximum Downdeog Forse P, 08) Vera! Head Movement, (rr ‘105 200 ° 00 0 ‘Undrined Shear Steng (kPa) (@) Maximum Dowadrag Force (€ Vrical File Head Movement Fig. Design Chars for 1000 Dinnetr File ot Crest of Taken dn high, 3. the onder of magnitude of maximum bending moment and lateral ellection given by the RTA methods is consistent with that ‘baad from the CPI charts 4, the simplified dovndrag analysis gives a comparable maximum downdray force 10 the CPI design charts, but a larger axial pile heal movement fn summary, this idealized hypothetical ease illustrates the wide varety of predictions of lteral response that ean be derived from tte existing methods of analysis, even when the soil parameters snd problem yeometry are well-defined, Driven 550mm PC. Pie eres) E> aN = Oe U2 Slope he=tn) ve03 gaat y= 20 kN B= 40K So 72M 010 ma 100 Ps 03 Fig. 10 ldeatized Hyposhetical Case TABLE 2. Summary of Results for Ideslied Hypothetical Case Meo Largest Laval Pile Max Axia Pile DIM. Head Displ, Downing. Head Fore Disp Nm mm Nom Techebotarott sm : : Delleer& Wallays 965 : : Stewart eta 330-1400 200-2980 RTA- Matted At x o 5 : Method A2 9 3 : : Method BI 4st i Method B2 399 tos : ‘Simplified : - ‘40 (269) Downdag Analysis CPI Design Chats 330 "4 1550 4S 4 LACHLAN RIVER BRIDGE Figure 11 illustrates the typical subsoil conditions near the southern abutment (A) of the bridge over the Lachlan River at Forbes, NSW. The abutinent is supported by ten reinforce eo piles arranged in two rows of five, At the pile e3p, the rows are spaced 13m spar, and the piles within each row are spaced 2.4750 centre to centre. The piles are 450me square section driven prec ceonerete piles, and are located neue the crest of the eabankinen ‘The height of the embankment is about Go, and the pile tength blow the hase of the embankment is about 4m The dept of compeesible sol appears to be about {n,|A Comparison of Some Methous forthe Design of Piles Though Embankments ued on the avaible SPT data, he average wine shear TABLED. Summary of Ress fo Lachlan River Dig sregh of the compresibl sls has been ase to be 30 Ka For Tachebotaiof's method, K, has been assumed to be 0.5. The yet Largest Lateral Pile Max. Axil Pte corpeed factor of safety opanst unisined fale of the ee embankment on elay is about Displ dog Force Disp Bim mA am Calin: fave been cared owt Or the vet pile, assming {for the CTT chr) tit the ples oe ised afer Taito? > > tnsknent constuction as en compl Dae ms Tle 3 summarizes the computed late and axial responses Walls from We vaious mets Examination of tis ible inte 8 numberof similarities wih the idealized hypothetical exe. For Sewweal 10338 cxanpte: A 1. the DeBeer and Wallays method, and Tschebotarioff's method, Method As 3 3B - give a relatively high bending moment. Method A2 78 uy 7 7 2. te ange of aes gh by te appoach of Stat eal is Mead eM : : ‘expe, and the deflections are again very large, hea ne ” 7 7 3, te tending momens gen by RTA methts BI and 82 re - : senlr wo those fom ie CP chars, sou he defesion are RTA Fame ale 4A, te aah expenses computed tm the snpliled dovndog - SuneceurigenmihthowfonbeCHame femilel == tie ser cP Degas OC 0 10 20 30 40 Chas, o 5 Underside ERGs a TF ET HT 2 ° ‘Abutment sGYlorinn | 6 5 BRIDGE OVER BRUMMAGEN CREEK ‘ eee ee ee : . eben ofthe ge over Brummagen Creck ner Dubbo, NSW. i. ‘A elaively shallow layer of compressible soil ovis avery dense sand and qravel depot which overs retsonably fm deposits of si ly, sad ad ly “The abutments ported by two sows of five pike, te rows 450mm Piles being 1.7m centre to cen athe underside of the ple xp andthe (Svea ples in eth big seed 211m coer The pis 50mm stare scion precast iven ples and ae ested et the Fig-1 Typical Geotechacal Profile at Abutment A (Lachlan River Bridge, Forbes) crest of the embankment, whichis about 8m high. The piles extend bout 9 below the base of the embankment. For the calculations, a depth of compressible layer of 4m has been adopted, and the average undesined shear strength has been assessed to be 75 kPa, The drained Young's modulus has been taken to be 12 MPa, and the coefficient of earth pressure at rest (K,) hag been assumed to be 0.8 since the clay is moderately siA Comparison of Some Methous fr the Design of Piles‘Hxough Embankinents ‘The calculated responses from the various methods ae show in Table 4 for the vertical piles. In this eas the RTA methods give uch larger bending moments than the CPI chars, while the DeDeer and Wallays approach gives a very low bering moment ste. 0 0 40 | 4500 Pites 2 P rows or TADLE 4. Summary of Result for Bridge Over Brummagen Creek Chay with Loam Sand lo yaa Le Mas agst Later Pile May. As Pile a BM. ead sph Downe Hee Sand & Gravel re AN an hag Force isp. ne 20 with some Chay pe kN £ — Siiy Cy ° “Techebotriol? ” : Sand, some Cs "fo. Deller & 25 7 \s Popes Watlys Stewat cra, 223R NSN : » RTA Method At rn 0 Fig. 12 Typical Geotechnical Profile t Northern Abutnien Method A2 169 “4 Brummagea Ccek Bridge, neue Dubbo Method BL ae ” Method 02 ae rs RTA Frame aT Coulton ‘Simplified : Bo 2 Downdeng Analysis (CPI Design » bo 760 70 Chons ° Note: Above values are fr verti piles Pin Oy. sit Sky Cay tt S ee) ge Corton ont, 1H seg aah eealy 6 BRIDGE OVER BYRON CREEK Hier Figure 15 shows typical subsurface profiles near the southern [iy ay, em = sbutment of the bridge over Byron Creck near Ballina, NSW. AS is, vt seg aah Veg for the Brummagen Creck ease, the layer of compressible clay is relatively shallow anal overlies basalt ith some interbedded clay layers at depth mre The abutment is supported by 2 row of five piles, whieh are allemately raked at 1:8, The embonkivent is about 10a high, ant . 2 the piles are lorated near the embankment crest. Two of the piles Bin BIE ane inclined oysards the body of the embankinent, sand ace approximately 17m in length, while the thece piles inclined towards 3 Typical Geotechnical Profiles at Somer Abutment the toe of the embankment are about 15.8m long, The piles are Byron Creek Bridge, neae Ballina costinsity concrete piles, having a diameter of 750mm, andComparison of Some Methods for the Design of Piles Through Embankments Socket imo the bast below the clay layer. Consideration here is concned to the longer piles. In the CPI method, allowanee is made for ke eakng of the piles. available information does not provide quantitative data on the sagineering properies of the silty clay o¢ the basalt, and hence parancters have been selected on the bast of experience, tempered ‘wih caution, It has been assumed thatthe average undraned shear strength of the sily clay is 120 kPa, and that the modulus of the ‘bas is 1000 MPa, This value is very eoaservative, and allows for the eects of weathering. The depth of the compressible clay layer thas heen taken 35 3m. Tuble 5 summarizes tbe computed lateral and axial responses from the various methods considered. Once again, the RTA ‘metbols and that of Stewart et al give very large values of bending ‘moment, while DeBeer and Wallays give a very low moment Table 6 summarizes the mean ratios of maximum moment and lateral deflection, and the ranges of these ratios. For the Stewart et Al. (1992) method, only the lower bound values are considered (the upper bound values appear 10 be extremely lange, a noted previously). It is abundantly clear that the divenity oF predicted values of deflection is far geeater than of maximum moment, and that, on average, all methods tend t0 overprediet both maximum ‘moment and deflection, as compared with the CP! predictions (On the basis of the above comparisons, it is conclude that none of the previously available methods appears to provide a consistent means of estimating the Intel response of piles through embankments, The Stewart et a, method (using the lower bound lines) appear to provide a reasonable estimate of the order of ‘maximum ending moment, but produces deflections which are generally moch larger than any of the other methods. The other methods appear to give results which vary, depending on the thickness ofthe clay layér and the height of the embankment, TABLE 5, Summary of Resubs for Brie Over Byron Creck TABLE 6. Summary of Comparative Lateral Response Predictions Mel tagst Latent Max AN Bs. Pile bed Down. file Rai of Max Rai of Detetono Na Disp dng Fore Head Mathod Moment to Mex. Defleton vin CPt Disp Moment via CP Chats iN Chas Teseonill 30 5 — Men Range Mean Range Dede Walls 82 : : Sanaa [ue mae Ticlebowrio 129 OGDISE RTA Dede & Wallye 122 043-292 : Meso At “se - Matod 02 Ea 3 : Stood etal MOR «OTOL 13209 Mado 91 eeu : : aay Matos D2 1216 : RTA Fane 65 5 RTA 056215 201 Catsetions = =e oT Lok OTE LTR (024367 Singita ; : ner _Downdag Analyst RTA-AD 2ae A294) a6.825 CriDaignChons NSC aos RTA-Ad 216094080357 049733 7 OFERVIEW OF COMPARISONS BTA-Fame 142 nsta7e In onder fo provide an overview of the ability of the various methods 10 prediet the Iniral cesponse ofthe piles in the foregoing four ses, the computed maximum moments and pile head sions have been normalized by dividing them by the value rom the CPI siz charts, It should he mote thatthe CF se “eorncet™ values, but the CDI eb anpesr 10 have the saurcsst theoretical basis of the methods conscered, and therefore san serve as a useful benchmark for CONCLUSIONS: This paper has reviewed a number of available methods for computing the lateral and axial responses of piles within cinbankmients, These methods, together with the CPL design veloped by the author, have been applied to four cases, one hypothetical and thee actual eases supplied by the RTA. The computed responses have been compared, and it ss been concluded‘A Comparison of Some Meus forthe Design of Pile Thigh Eanbankinents that none of the previously available methods give results which agree soasistently wit the CPT results One ofthe factors which may contibue tothe lack of consistent, agreement hetween the salable methods and the CPI ehaes is that the later assume that he piles are installed after the embanks constructed. Most of the other methods can not consider the effect of delay of pile installation, while the Stewart et al. approach, Aerived frm centrifuge test dala implicitly assumes hat the piles are installed hefore the embankment is constructed. Foe lateral responses, the Tschebotario and DeBeer and Wallays methals tend 10 give higher maximum moments for deeper soil layers and lower maximum moments for shallow soil layers. The so-called "RTA" methods show the reverse trend. Overall, for maximum moment, the method of Stewart et al (using the lower ‘bound values) gives the closest overall agreement with the CPI design charts, For pile head deflection, however, the Stewart et a approach appears to give gross overpredictions, The "RTA* rmethods tend to underpeeict deflections for deeper sol layers and grossly overprodiet deflections for shallow soil layers. The variability of the predicted deflections is far greater than that of the maximum moments, It is concluded that none of the previously availble methods appears 10 provide a consistent means of estimating the lateral response of piles though embankments For axial response, simple ealeuations based on the assumptions fof maximum downdrag in the ple, eppear to provide a reasonable estimate of the order of magnitude of the maximum axial force and axial pile head deflection ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author yratefily acknowledges the permission of the Roos ‘nd Traffic Authority of NSW to publish this paper. The project ‘vas initiated by J, Zavesky and W. Ariyarane REFERENCES DeBeer, EE. and Wallays, M. (1972)."Forces Induced in Piles by Unsymmetrcat Surcharges on the Soil Around the Piles."Proe. Sth ECSMPE, Madd, Vol. 1, pp 325-332 Magnan, J.P, Lepidas I and Prank, R. (1987), Interaction Sol-Piew au Bord des Sole Compressibles: Analyse Numerique et Absques", Pros. Conf. on Soil erations, Pars, Presses Ponts et Chaussees, pp, 283-290, Remblais sue Structure Marche, R. and Lacrois, Y. (1972). "Stille des Culées de Ponts Eioblies sue des Piewe Teaversant une Couche Molle". Can, Geot, Jol, 9, pp 12, HG. Poulos (1994), “Analysis and Design of Piles ‘Through Fivbankmen's", Proc. Int. Conf, on Des. and Const. of Deep Foualas, FIIWA, Orlando, Florida, Vol. 3, pp 1403-1421 Poulos, 1.G., and Davis, E11, (1980) *Pite Foundation Analysis and Design”. John Wiley and Sons, New York Stewart, DP RJ al Randolph, M.P, (1992).Desipn of Pied Bridge Abulmeats on Soft Clay for Loading sim Lateral Soil Movements’, Res, Rep, No, G1056, Dept. Civil & Em Eng. Univ, of Western Aust ewe Tschebotavioll, GP. (1973) "Foundations, Retaining and Farh Structures” 2nd Ed, MeGraw Hill, New York 23PILE RESPONSE DUE TO EXCAVATIO} SOIL MOVEMENT DUCED LATERAL by H.G. Poulos Fellow, ASCE, Senior Principal, Coffey Partners Imernational Pty Ltd, Professor, Dept. of Civil Engincering, Sydney, Australia L.T. Chen Senior Principal, Coffey Partners International Pry Ltd, Australia Senior Research Associate, School of Civiland Mining Engineering, Sydney, Austratiw ABSTRACT: In this paper, a two-stage analysis involving the finite element method and the boundary element method are used to study pile response due to excavation - induced lateral soil movements, attention being focused on braced excavations in clay layers. Influences of various parameters on pile response are investigated and design charts for estimating pile bending moments and deflections are presented. These may be used by practicing engineers to assess the behaviour of existing piles due to the excavation, The application of the charts is demonstrated via a study of two published historical cases. Comparisons are presented between measured pile behaviour and that predicted both from the chart solutions and the computer analyses. It is found that the chart solutions may be extended approximately to cover other soil types, but are not applicable to the case of unsupported excavations. Key Words: analysis, bending moment, boundary element, deflection, design, excavation, finite element, pile, soil movement. INTRODUCTION There are several examples where piled foundations have been affected or damaged by excavation-induced lateral soil movements, for example, Finno et al (1991), Amirsoleymani (1991), Chu (1994). It is thus important for practicing engineers to be able to estimate the construction impact on adjacent piles before and/or during excavation. In principle, a finite element analysis may be used to make such an * ‘Senior Principal, Coffey Partners International Pty Ltd, 12 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, Australia 2113, and Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney. Geotechnical Engincer, Coffey Partners International Pty Ltd, and Senior Research Associate, ‘School of Civil and Mining Engineering, University of Sydney.estimation and indeed this has been shown to be 2 powerful method, for example, as demonstrated by, Finno et al (1991) and Hara et al (1991). However, in many cases, there is a lack of detailed site or geotechnical information, and a finite element analysis. is neither warranted nor feasible, In such cases, the use of soundly - based but simplified design charts may be more appropriate, and the development of such charts forms the primary purpose of the present study. Although an excavation will cause both vertical and lateral soil movements, the latter component is considered to be more critical for adjacent piles as piles are often not designed to sustain significant lateral loadings. Therefore, in the present study piles are considered to be affected only by excavation - induced lateral soil movements, and their response is analyzed by the combination of a finite element method and a boundary element method. The finite element method is used firstly to simulate the excavation procedure and to generate free-field soil movements - that is the soil movements which would occur without the presence of the pile. These generated lateral soil movements are then used as input into a boundary element program to analyze pile response. Solutions for pile response (bending mement and deflection) are presented in chart form which may readily be used in practice. Two published case histories are then analyzed to demonstrate the applicability of the present method. PROBLEM ANALYZED The problem analyzed is shown in Fig. 1, where an existing single pile is situated near an excavation. As excavation proceeds, the surrounding soils will move towards the excavation and their movement will induce bending moments and deflections in the pile. Key factors influencing the response of a single pile may include excavationdimensions, excavation support conditions, construction procedures, soil properties and pile properties. To avoid undue complication, the soil is assumed to be ¢ uniform clay layer and to be under undrained conditions during excavation, The perameters selected are shown in Fig. 1 and are considered to be typical of a clay soil. The excavation is assumed to be sufficiently long that a two dimensional plane strain analysis is applicable. In the following analyses, a ‘standard’ problem with constant ‘standard’ parameters is analyzed first, and then some key parameters are varied to investigate their influence on pile response. The parameters defining the ‘standard’ problem are shown in Fig. 1, and are as follows: B = half width of excavation, H = total thickness of soil layer, X = distance from excavation face, hax = maximum depth of excavation, Ely = stiffness of wall, s = strut stiffness, c,= undrained shear strength of soil, E,= soil Young’s modulus, ie = unit weight of soil and wall, Li= length of wall, ile length, d = pile diameter, E,= pile Young's modulus, FINITE ELEMENT AND BOUNDARY ELEMENT ANALYSES ‘A two-dimensional finite element program was used to simulate the plane-strain excavation without the presence of the pile, The finite element program used was named AVPULL (Analysis of Vertical Piles Under Lateral Loading) and has been described elsewhere (see Chen & Poulos, 1993; Chen & Poulos, 1994; Chen, 1994). The program was originally developed to analyze pile groups subjected to either lateral loadings or lateral soil movements, and was modified to also accommodate excavation analyses, In the program, eight-node isoparametric elements are used to model the soils and the supporting wall, while Goodman-type interface elements are used to model the interaction between the soil and the wall. In the present study, the interface 5-26between the soil and the wall was assumed to be rough, i.e. no slip occurred. Struts were modelled as springs whose stiffness was assigned to an element node corresponding to the strut position. The soil and the interface elements were modelled as elasto-plastic materials, obeying the Tresca failure criterion and a non-associated flow rule, The wall was modelled as a linear elastic material The finite element mesh used for analyzing the ‘standard’ problem is shown in Fig. 2 Only half of the excavation was simulated because of symmetry. In the finite element simulation, the wall was assumed to be installed prior to excavation and to have no effect on surrounding soils. The excavation was carried out from top to bottom in ten steps, with each step involving removal of a 1m thick layer. Four levels of struts were simulated, the first being placed after the first excavation step and the remaining three at steps 4, 7 and 10. ‘The computed lateral soil movements from the finite element analysis were then used a input into a boundary element program for pile response analyses. The boundary element program used was named PALLAS (Piles And Lateral Loading AnalysiS ) and has been described elsewhere (Poulos et al, 1995). PALLAS uses a simplified form of boundary element analysis in which the pile is idealized as an elastic beam and the soil as an elastic continuum, but with limiting pressures at the pile-soil interface to allow considerations of local failure of the soil adjacent to the pile. The program can consider both a single pile and a group of non-identical piles. The input parameters for the piles consist of the bending stiffness, and the diameter and length of each individual pile within the group. The soil model requires specification of the Poisson’s ratio (although this generally has litte influence) and the distributions with depth of Young’s modulus, ultimate pile-soil pressure and limiting pile-soil “mismatch” value. For the presentanalyses, a limiting pile-soil mismatch value of 0.1 mm (constant with depth) was chosen, representing an essentially elastic-plastic response for the pile-soil interface pressure changing from the yield stress to the ultimate stress Although in principle the ultimate lateral pile - soil contact pressure, p., could have been obtained by performing finite element analyses as described by Chen & Poulos (1994), in the present study p, was assumed to be 9c, (cy is undrained shear strength of soil) for simplicity. This assumption may be conservative for the case of X less than about four pile diameters, especially when excavation support conditions are very flexible, because an excavation or cut has been found to tend to reduce py, as shown by Poulos (1976) and Chen & Poulos (1994). The effect of p, on pile response has been examined by Chen (1994). RESULTS FOR ‘STANDARD’ PROBLEM Fig. 3 shows the computed wall movement profiles and soil movement profiles at different distances from the excavation face, for four stages of excavation, It can be seen that both the wall and soil movements increase with increasing excavation depth, h, and that the rate of increase is much more rapid as the soil approaches failure. The soil movement profiles are seen to be ‘smoother’ away from the excavation face than at or near the wall. It is worth noting that the wall movement profiles shown in Fig, 3(@) are similar in nature to those predicted by other researchers, e.g. Hashash & Whittle (1992) The maximum lateral soil movement, ymax, corresponding to different excavation depths is plotted against distance, X, in Fig. 4. As would be expected, Yaux decreases with increasing X, especially for larger excavation depths. 28Solutions for pile response due to the free-field soil movements at X=1m (as shown in Fig. 3(b)) are presented in Fig. 5 for the ‘standard’ pile shown in Fig. 1. The pile deflections are very close to the free-field soil movements, reflecting the fact that the pile is relatively flexible. Pile bending moment profiles are shown in Fig. 5(b) and are found to exhibit a ‘double’ curvature, with the maximum values increasing with increasing depth of excavation. The rate of increase of bending moment with depth of excavation increases rapidly at larger depths when the soils approach failure. It was also found that pile deflections follow soil movements closely at all distances from the excavation face and therefore the maximum pile deflections can be taken to be equal to the soil movements shown in Fig. 4. The pile bending moment profiles at various distances, X, are quite similar in shape, but the maximum value decreases with increasing distance X, as shown in Fig. 6. PARAMETRIC STUDIES AND DESIGN CHARTS In order to investigate the influence of key parameters on pile response, a number of different cases were studied in which the following parameters were varied: undrained shear strength cy, wall stiffness El., strut stiffness k, strut spacing s and pile diameter 4. The soil Young’s modulus was assumed to be 400c, The parametric studies revealed that: 1) pile response (bending moment and deflection) decreases with increasing ¢, (and E,) because a stiffer clay results in smaller soil movements, 2) pile response increases with depth of excavation. It has been found convenient to reflect the depth of excavation by the well - known stability factor Ne which is expressed as follows:Ne a @ a 3) pile response decreases with stiffer excavation support conditions (i.e. larger wall stiffness El, and strut stiffness k, and smaller strut spacing s) because such support conditions result in smaller soil movements; 4) pile bending moment increases with increasing pile diameter, due to its larger stiffness (for a solid pile); pile deflection tends to decrease slightly with pile diameter but generally follows the soil movement unless the pile is very stiff (e.g. d>1.0m) Based on the above parametric studies, it has been found that the maximum pile bending moment and deflection may be approximated as follows: M auc = Me Kew ka fic: hee ba he (22) (2b) where Maa: = maximum bending moment, KN.m; max = maximum deflection, mm; M,, po = basic bending moment and deflection, respectively, for the ‘standard? case shown in Fig. 1, kes, ket = correction factors for undrained shear strength; kg, ke! = correction factors for pile diameter; ye, ky =correction factors for depth of excavation; kis, kexw = correction factors for wall stiffness; kk, kx’ = correction factors for strut stiffness; k,, ky = correction factors for strut spacing. Both My and py values and all the correction factors are shown in Figs. 7-10. The variations of My and py with X, as shown in Figs. 7 and 9, respectively, are extracted 5-30from the results presented in Figs. 6 and 4, respectively, corresponding to N.=3, and all the correction factors are based on the ‘standard’ problem, also corresponding to N.=3. Therefore, each correction factor is unity if the parameter it corrects for is the same as that adopted for the ‘standard’ problem, In order to use Eqs. (2) and minimize the number of charts, there is inevitably some discrepancy between values calculated from Eqs. (2) and those computed directly from the boundary element program. However, the discrepancy is within 15%, and in most cases itis below 10% unless the clay is very soft (€.g, cys less than about 20 kPa). It should be noted that Eqs. (2) compute only the additional response of the pile, assuming that the pile has zero initial bending moment and deflection prior to the excavation. If this is not the case, then the existing bending moment and deflection may be increased or decreased due to excavation construction, To avoid undue complication, Eqs. (2) do not cover the case of unsupported excavations, although such a case may be analyzed in a similar way. In fact, a limited study has shown that the pile response is quite different for the case of unsupported excavations, and therefore it is considered to be more appropriate to present separate chart solutions for this case. Due to space limitations, such chart solutions are not presented in the present paper. APPLICATION TO CASE STUDIES In order to examine the ability of the present method to predict pile response, two published cases were studied and are described briefly below. In each case, site-specific analyses were carried out using the finite element program AVPULL to estimate soil movements and the program PALLAS to compute pile response, and Eqs. (2) were ealso used to compute the maximum pile bending moment and deflection for the first case. Case 1: Finno et al (1991) have described a case where a large excavation was carried out inside a framed structure. The structure was supported by groups of capped step- tapered piles which were very close to the excavation face. Although the excavation was provided with temporary tie-back supports during the excavation, the piles had moved greatly towards the excavation by the time the extraction of the sheet-pile wall ‘was about to begin. The excavation procedure was divided into a number of stages and deflections of the sheet-pile walls and piles were measured for all stages except the first one. Fig. 11 shows the finite element mesh used for the present study to generate free-field soil movements. In the present simulation of the excavation, the tie-backs were simulated with four levels of supports whose stifinesses were so chosen as to match the computed wall movements with those measured. The excavation was simulated by AVPULL in four steps (without simulating the extraction of the sheet pile wall), each level of struts being placed immediately after the excavation step. The generated lateral soil movement was input into PALLAS to analyze the response of a single pile representative of those closest to the excavation face, the pile being 1.5m from the excavation face and the head being restrained from rotation. The step-tapered pile was simulated as a uniform pile, having an average diameter of 327mm and a length of 25m, Soil parameters were chosen on the basis of the available information and are shown in Fig. 11 Fig. 12 shows the predicted pile deflection profiles for two excavation steps, together with those measured, It can be seen that the predicted and the measured profiles agreequite well. The predicted bending moment profiles from the present study and those by the original authors are shown in Fig. 13 for the same excavation steps. Although there are some differences in shape, the maximum magnitudes for the two cases are fairly close and are all within the estimated moment capacity. The maximum pile bending moment and deflection were also predicted by Eqs. (2), assuming the soil to be the equivalent of a stiff clay layer with c.=100kPa, The computed results for the first stage are shown as follows: Basic values: for X=1.5m, My=37KN.m from Fig. 7, and from Fig. 9, p=14mm; From Figs. 8 and 10, the correction factors are as follows: for c.=100kPa, ka=1.4 from Fig. 8, and from Fig. 10, ka, 95; for N=1.1 (=19x6/100), ky.=0.5 from Fig. 8, and from Fig. 10, ky'=0.75; for d=0.327m, ky=0.2 from Fig. 8, and from Fig. 10, ka’=1.0; for EL=11x10‘kN.m?, ke=1.30 from Fig. 8, and from Fig. 10, key! =1.06; for keIx1 N/mm, k,=1.3 from Fig. 8, and from Fig. 10, ky’=1.5; for s=5m, k=1.45 from Fig. 8, and from Fig. 10, k,'=1.2. From Eq. 2(@): Mpax = 37x1.4x0.5x0.2x1.3x1.3x1.45 = 13KN.m; From Eq, 2(b): Pay = 14x1.95x0.75x1.0x1.06x1.5x1.2 = 39mm. For the fourth stage, Ne=2.9 (=19x15/100), ky.=1.0 from Fig, 8, and from Fig. 10, kyd =1.0, while the basic values and other correction factors are the same, From Eq, 2(a): Myax = 37x1.4x1.0x0.2x1.3x1.3x1.45 = 25kN.m; From Eq. 2(b): pmax = 14x1.95x1.Ox1.0x1.06x1.5x1.2 = S2mm, These computed results are comparable to those shown in Figs, 12 and 13. Case 2; Chu (1994) has reported a case where some mortar piles, 400mm in diameter and 30m in length, suffered significant deflections due to a nearby large excavation. The construction site was composed mainly of soft clay layers. The excavation wasabout 130m x 100m in plan and was carried out in a number of stages, each stage involving a portion of the total area, The average maximum depth of the excavation was about 12.8m. Due to the complexity of the construction, only part of the excavation at early stages was simulated by AVPULL in the present study, and the response of a single pile, 3m from the excavation face, was analyzed by PALLAS. Parameters used for the theoretical analyses are shown in Table 1 and were chosen on the basis of the available information and previous experience. Fairly good agreement was found between the predicted and measured pile deflections, as shown in Fig. 14(a). The predicted bending moment profile is also shown in Fig. 140), although it was not measured in the field. As mentioned previously, Eqs. (2) are applicable to the case of braced excavations, and it was not found possible to successfully apply these results to an unsupported excavation. The actual deflections are significantly greater than those predicted from the design charts. CONCLUSIONS This paper presents 2 method for analyzing the response of piles due to excavation- induced lateral soil movement, focusing on braced excavations in clay layers. Key factors influencing the response of a single pile are found to include excavation depth, excavation support conditions, soil properties and pile properties. Maximum pile bending moment end deflection are presented in chart form which may readily be used in practice. The presented chart solutions are derived for typical clay soils, but can also be extended to cover other type of soils in an approximate way, as demonstrated in the study of Case 1, However, they are not applicable to the case of unsupported‘excavations, although such cases may be analyzed in principle by the present method, as shown in the study of Case 2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work described in this paper forms part of a project on “The Effects of Construction-Induced movements on Existing Pile Foundations” which is supported by a grant from The Australian Research Council. The authors acknowledge the contribution of T.S. Hull with some of the computational aspects of the project. APPENDIX I. REFERENCES Amirsoleymani, T. (1991). “Elimination of excessive differential settlement by different methods.” Proc, Ninth Asian Regional Conf. on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engrg. Vol. 2, 351-354. Chen, L. and Poulos, H.G. (1993). “Analysis of pile-soil interaction under lateral loading using infinite and finite elements.” Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 15, 189- 220, Chen, L. and Poulos, H.G. (1994). “A method of pile-soil interaction analysis for piles subjected to lateral soil movement.” Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, 2311-2316. Chen, L. (1994), “Effect of lateral soil movements on pile foundations.” PhD Thesis, University of Sydney. Chu, Y.K, (1994). “A failure case study of island method excavation in soft clay.” Proc. Int. Conf. on Design and Construction of Deep Foundations, Vol. Ill, 1216- 1230, - 35Finno, RJ., Lawrence, $.A., Allawh, NF. and Harahap, 1S. (1991). “Analysis of performance of pile groups adjacent to deep excavation.” J. Geotech, Engrg. Div., ASCE, 117(6), 934-955. Hara, M,, Tani, M,, Tsuda, K. and Taguchi, Y. (1991). “Great depth excavation - behaviour simulation of steel pipe sheet pile.” Geo-Coast’91, 187-192. Hashash, Y.M.A. and Whittle, AJ. (1992). “Analysis of braced diaphragm walls in deep deposits of clay.” Research Report R92-19, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Poulos, H.G. (1976). “Behaviour of laterally loaded piles near a cut or slope.” Australian Geomechanics Journal. Vol. 1, 6-12. Poulos, H.G., Chen, L. and Hull, T.H. (1995). “Tests on single model piles subjected to lateral soil movement.” To be published in Soils and Foundations. APPENDIX I. NOTATION B = half width of excavation; H = total thickness of soil layer, X= distance from excavation face; h= depth of excavation; bbaax= maximum depth of excavation; El, = stiffness of wall, s= strut stiffness, y= undrained shear strength of soil, E,= soil Young’s modulus; ‘y= unit weight of soil and wall; Ly= length of wall;L,= pile length; d= pile diameter, E,= pile Young’s modulus; 2 seabitity number, o Ne ‘Max = maximum bending moment; Pmax = maximum deflection; M,, ps = basic bending moment and deflection, respectively, for the ‘standard’ case shown in Fig. 1; ik, kes = correction factors for undrained shear strength; ka, kd = correction factors for pile diameter, kye, ke correction factors for depth of excavation; ex, kew = correction factors for wall stiffness; he, ke sorrection factors for strut stiffness; k,, k, = correction factors for strut spacing.LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. ‘Standard’ Problem Analyzed Figure 2. Finite Element Mesh for ‘Standard’ Problem Simulation Figure 3. Computed Lateral Wall and Soil Movement Figure 4. Maximum Lateral Soil Movement vs Distance Figure 5. Pile Response for ‘Standard’ Problem Figure 6. Maximum Bending Moment vs Distance for ‘Standard’ Problem Figure 7. Basic Bending Moment vs Distance Figure 8, Correction Factors for Bending Moment Figure 9. Basic Deflection vs Distance Figure 10. Correction Factors for Deflection Figure 11, Finite Element Mesh Used for Case 1 Figure 12. Pile Deflection Profile for Case 1 Figure 13, Pile Bending Moment Profile for Case 1 Figure 14. Pile Response for Case 2Table 1. Soil Parameters Adopted For Case 2 [__Depth (m) Soil Type Gu (kPa) E, (MPa) (kNim’) 0.0- 2.0 back fill 20.0 6.0 178 2.0-11.0 clay 25.0 15 18.4 11.0- 22.0 clay 35.0 10.5 176 22.0-31.0 clay 50.0 15.0 18.0 31.0- 59.0 cla 90.0 27.0 18.9Ho =22m Bo 24m hmax = 10m Ly =13m | Elw =22x10*kNm? cu =40kPa | | E, = 400cy=16MPa Bt Y 20kN/m ? | | fe 4 \ | Ep Fig.l _’ Standard’ Problem AnalyzedFig. 2 Finite Element Mesh for ‘Standard’ Problem Simulation -4tLateral wall movernent,y ren) Lateral oil movement, y (en) (b) Xe1m (©) X=5m Fig. 3 Computed Lateral Wall and Soil MovementYmax (mm) 10 15 20 x(m) Fig. 4 Maximum Lateral Soil Movement vs Distance ° 0 ° Deflection (ren) Bending moment (kN) 2 0 4 $0 0 70 ° "00 200 E00 £ Bis AV = . 5 ys 300 (@) Deflection profile (©) Bending moment profile Fig. 5 Pile Response for ‘Standard’ Problem40 Me (KN.m) 8 10 ° 4 8 2 16 2» Distance from excavation face, X (rm) Fig. 7 Basic Bending Moment vs Distance 18 80 60 14 sso 10 20 8 00 0 3 10 02 FTC rH 4 10, 100 El, x 10° (kN) Xam 120 K waa} 47 =a 1.310 aa 2 } 4.00 = 080 oy = 07 080 a O os 1 15 2 28 3 a8 8 kx 10° (kimi) sim) Fig. 8 Correction Factors for Bending Moment 5-44° 4 8 2 16 20 Distance from excavation face, X (m) Fig. 9 Basic Deflection vs Distance 50 40 aoe 30 2 20 10 oo let | 070 02 42 42 ‘Cy (KPa) 10 1 T LT im | 1 16 | a os 7 ‘ al | Sm na | I | 4 th TT 2 | | 3 | Ui A o7 12 Hi rt Hil 06 | - ae i | | Tl 0s oF oO o4 08 12 16 2 os 100 d(m) 7 7 uf TI | 32 1 | waa _ 1 1.0 Lad os 0 05 1 15 2 28 8 35 8, F Kx 408 (kN/m/m) Fig. 10 Correction Factors for Deflection[sab tet Be Fig. 11 Finite Element Mesh Used for Case 1 Bending moment {kN.m) Deflection (mm) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ~40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 oO oO we SS 10 10 E = g E = 5 020 g20 é 30 [ —#— Present method (step 4 | —o— Present method (step 4) 30 {| —e—Present method (step 1) | —2— Present method (step 4) =H -Measured (sept) | | — x= - Finno et al (1991) (step 1) =o Measured (step 4) | |__—-0-- Finno et al (1991) (step 4) a TT) Fig. 12 Pile Deflection Profile for Case 1 Fig. 13 Pile Bending Moment Profile for Case 1Deflection (mm) Bending moment (kN.m) “300-200-100 «= «0-200 -100 0) 100-200 0 10 Depth (m) 20 30 ° zz” = 3 8 20 redicted | x_Measured | & 30 (@) Deflection profile (0) Bending moment profile Fig. 14 Pile Response for Case 2VALUE ENGINEERING IN FOUNDATION AND GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN : SOME MALAYSIAN EXPERIENCES by Hong Lee Pee Pilecon Berhad, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Tony J Barry Evalue Engineering Sdn Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Introduction ‘The rapid growth in construction in Malaysia, and the region generally, has been accompanied by demands for ever quicker completion. In this situation there are many opportunities for the application of Value Engineering, particularly in the geotechnical, foundation an infrastructure fields The benefits of Value Engineering are further enhanced since this rapid growth has frequently resulted in a shortage of experienced engineers in the design process, and with the employment of foreign consultants who may not be familiar with the local conditions. Value Engineering involves review of the design, and of the construction methods, to address the fundamental questions: Where can it be made easier, and quicker, to build? Changes brought about by this process achieve the ultimate goal of more economic construction. The paper describes Value Engineering in this context, and gives examples of its application, and the benefits obtained, over the last ten to fifteen years. The Background: Value Engineering Value Engineering is not a new science. It was first developed in the 1940s, and was adopted enthusiastically in the 1950"s by the Defence Ministries in the United States, where the need to control costs of their major development projects had become urgent. It was during this time that the term Value Engineering was adopted, and it subsequently spread around the world. Many of the techniques developed by the early practitioners have been incorporated into other areas which civil engineers are more familiar with, for example «project management * construction management © quality assurance ‘© risk assessment This last area has become a separate area of study in recent years because of the very high costs and risks associated particularly with the nuclear power plants, offshore oil platforms, chemical plants and so on. Value and risk are really two elements of the same analysis. Use can be made of value engineering at a number of stages in the development process (as well as being an ongoing part of the project development): a) at concept stage, when the broad requirements are defined, and some fundamental decisions made on the solutions, b) after design, when a detailed analysis can be undertaken of each element, identifying its function and what alternatives would provide the same function, or even whether the function is actually required.©) construction stage, when the options for producing the finished product are identified, and changes in the design can increase these options. : ‘The opportunities for Value Engineering can be seen from some figures, which are taken from US studies (Stewart, 1993), but they are no doubt good indicators for other parts of the world: up to 77% of all failures are attributed to errors occurring during the construction stage many failures might have been averted had error control measures been adequate the cost of construction errors is 5% of total construction costs in the US the annual risk of cost over-run due to structural failure is 4.8% ‘These figures show that application of Value Engineering into this one area alone provides considerable potential for cost savings. In the remainder of this paper we provide a variety of examples of pragmatic Value Engineering which has produced simple and cost effective designs and construction techniques. Condominium Development, Kuala Lumpur A developer proposed to build a series of buildings including a thirty storey tower at the top of a hill in the KL area, The underlying ground consisted of the Kenny Hills formation Since a number of the following examples deal with buildings on this formation, a brief description of the general properties of the Kenny Hills Formation is in order. ‘The Kenny Hills formation consists of interbedded sandstones, shales and mudstones which have been partly metamorphosed to form quartzite and phyllite. The bedding varies from thin to massive and this, together with the folding and faulting, results in a complex weathering sequence. A profile from one site is shown on Figure 1. A useful summary of the properties of the Kenny Hills Formation is provided by Balakrishnan (1994), At the site of this development the Kenny Hills Formation consisted of moderately to highly weathered sandstone, with the potential to provide a high bearing capacity. However, as shown on Figure 2, the development was to take place on a hillside, which also overlooked existing buildings close by. There was therefore concem that the foundation loads from the development would affect the stability of the hillside, and put the buildings at the foot of the hill at risk. Asa result use of a raft foundation was not acceptable. Driven piles were also ruled out as the loads from the upper part of the piles would also affect the hillside stability. For some time the development was shelved because of the difficult nature of the site, However eventually a scheme was developed which provided the necessary support to the development without adversely affecting the hill slope. ‘The solution combined a number of existing technologies to provide a novel foundation system, as shown on Figure 3. A bored piling rig was used to form a hole, and the basal part was concreted up. A steel column was lowered into the hole and embedded into the fresh concrete of the base pile. This column was slip coated with a bitumen layer. The void around the steel column was grouted with @ mix of quarry dust and cement. Thus the building loads were carried down the steel column to be carried by the bored pile at the base, and the slip coating ensured no load was transferred into the hillside soil. This combination of technologies includes * use of a plunging column in a pile bore, as used in top-down construction«use of slip coating, as used for driven piles in soft compressible clays ‘© use of a quarry dus/cement grout as a weak backfill, as had been used in the Positive Pile system, ‘One additional refinement was the use of soft soil backfill under the pile cap to avoid load transfer to the near surface soils, as shown on Figure 3. Retail Development, Kuala Lumpur This site in central Kuala Lumpur was an early development of medium and three basements. . with ten storeys The geology of central Kuala Lumpur consists of a bedrock of limestone overlain by the Kenny Hills formation. The top of the limestone is very irregular, with pinnacles and overhangs, and the body of the bedrock contains caverns, as has been reported in a number of published papers. The development of these solution features has resulted in a weak zone of the Kenny Hills formation which is sometimes identified overlying the limestone. By the late 1980s sufficient development of taller buildings had taken place for a relatively standard foundation system to be developed to deal with these conditions. Large diameter bored piles would be installed through the Kenny Hills formation down to bedrock, and these would then be underpinned by micropiles into the limestone. Examples of this technique include the Pan Pacific Hotel (Mitchell, 1985; Chan & Hong, 1985). In the present example where the limestone was at 50m depth the designers had adopted this proven technique. However an alternative design was put forward which substantially reduced the depth of the bored piles and did away with the need for micropiles. The basement slab was designed as a raft to carry the full load of the structure, with the ability, to spread the load and bridge across any voids or softer areas in the basal layers of the Kenny Hills formation. This provided the foundation stability but there remained some concern that overall settlement of the building would be unacceptably high. Therefore in order to control settlement short bored piles were installed in the Kenny Hills formation, in the very compact material at the higher level. ‘A schematic of the design is shown on Figure 4. Bank Building, Kuala Lumpur A new bank headquarters was to be built in Kuala Lumpur, and the site was close to the Gombak River. ‘The ground conditions consisted of some 8 to 10m of decomposed Kenny Hills formation of silty sand, with SPT N values of 100 to 200. This was underlain by weathered sandstone of the same formation, with a TCR of 50 to 80%. The design provided was for the installation of sheet piles to allow basement construction to commence, and the Client had procured the sheet piles, which were very heavy section FSP SL There was an immediate concer that these sheet piles could no be driven through these very compact sands. Some idea of the problem can be gained from the fact that the foundation excavation required a D9 bulldozer with a ripper to loosen the material. An alternative approach to the wall installation was looked for. 3The solution adopted was to use bored piling equipment to predrill along the line of the sheet pile wall. A secant piling layout was adopted, as shown on Figure 5. The arisings from the boring work were used to backfill the pile bore. This overlapping wall of loosely placed silty sand then provided an easy conditions in which to drive the sheet piling Road Project, East Malaysia The development of over 140km of new road and upgrade of existing gravel roads in East Malaysia involved a considerable amount of design refinement during the construction phase, since only limited investigations had been possible through the natural forest and oil palm plantation along the route prior to that. In order to protect against flooding the road required to cross numerous swamp areas on embankments up to 4m high. Ground conditions were poor with soft clay and peat to depths of 5 to 10m, and embankments with wide side berms were developed to deal with these conditions economically. However along one section of the route a 2m diameter water supply pipeline was being laid under another contract, and it was discovered that a section had been laid in a swamp area very close to the edge of the proposed road. The routine embankment redesign for such ground conditions would have covered the pie, and both lateral and vertical movements - acceptable as part of the construction phase of the road - would have caused severe distress to the pipe. Alternative designs considered were staged construetion * bakau timber piling of the road embankment # bakau piling of area around pipe * use of geogrids beneath road embankment However the amount of movement which would occur with these options was difficult to predict, particularly since the ground conditions in the relatively remote area had been identified only with a power auger. Since the existing gravel road at this section was essentially at grade and through plantation land, there was no significant value in the existing alignment. Also, the construction programme did not put this section of the work on the critical path. It was therefore possible to obtain additional land, and to reroute some 500m of the road so that the crossing of the swamp area was relocated away from the pipeline. In this case a narrow review of the geotechnical information was insufficient to provide the most satisfactory solution Suntec Ci The site is underlain by over 30m of soft marine clay which is underlain by cemented sand of the Old Alluvium. The total building load was some 2.4 million tonnes with column loads up to 1400 tonnes. Singapore The original foundation design for this major development used steel H piles. It was seen that this design would have a number of disadvantages to the construction, namely the large pile groups required meant that top-down construction would not be practical‘© The piling could not be done until the basement construction was complete or * there would be considerable wastage from the cut-offs above basement level, if piling were carried out from the surface. Whilst bored piling had been considered by the designers, it had been ruled out on the grounds that there was a limited number of skilled contractors capable of installing bored piles to the required depth through such soft material, and therefore it might be that tendered prices would not be reasonable. An alternative design was proposed, using bored piles. The details of the design of these piles have been published elsewhere (Chan & Lee, 1990). In order to make the alternative acceptable the alternative option was accompanied by two further proposals: * the pile bases would be tested using the IFP penetrometer © the tendered price would be a fixed price The alternative design was accepted, at a saving of some $$30 million, and the piles were successfully installed without any special difficulties The IFP penetrometer had been developed as a result of earlier identification of inefficiencies in the bored piling industry. Typically bored piles are installed to predetermined depths, assessed following a site investigation. Since the amount of ground investigated by a routine investigation is quite small it is generally the case that quite conservative values are adopted for design. Full scale pile tests are then specified, and the results in most cases clearly demonstrate that factors of safety substantially greater than those originally designed for have been achieved, or, more commonly, the piles are not tested to a sufficient load to identify their ultimate capacity. ‘The IFP penetrometer was developed to allow the ground conditions at the proposed pile base level to be confirmed on site quickly. This minimises any need to be overly conservative in design, and allows confirmation of pile base level on site without the need for very experienced engineers to attempt to assess the base conditions from limited data such as spoil samples, rate of penetration and so on. The penetrometer consists of a 3 tonne weight of 17” diameter and a 10cm? area cone similar to the Dutch Cone. The assembly is lowered down the pile bore and allowed to penetrate the formation. A non return scale slider on the side records the amount of penetration. A schematic of the system is shown on Figure 7, ‘The readings have been compared with dynamic and static sounding tests of a number of soils, and found to provide reliable comparative data, as shown on Figure 8, More details of this system are provided by Chan (1985). Conclusions This paper has provided a very brief introduction to Value Engineering, and the examples cover only a small part of the engineer's range of activities. This diversity is in part the challenge to the success of Value Engineering, However the move worldwide to the ‘design and construct’, or ‘design-construet-operate” forms of development have had the effect of concentrating engineers’ attention on workingtogether to achieve these objectives, which bodes well for the future of the construction industry, as well as for future development, both in Malaysia and elsewhere. References Balakrishnan, 1994 Chan, 1985 Chan & Hong, 1985 Chan & Lee, 1990 Mitchell, 1985 Stewart, 1993 Balakrishnan, E G, Performance of bored piles in Kenny Hill Formation, Thesis No GT-93-4, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, 1994 Chan Sin Fatt, The IFP Penetrometer as a construction control tool for bored piles, Panel discussion in Open Forum on Geotechnical Problems in Southeast Asia, Proc 8" Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 1985. Pile foundations in limestone areas of Malaysia, Proc 8" South East Asian Geotechnical Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 1985. Chan, $ F & Lee, C'S, The design of foundations for Suntec City, Singapore, Conference on Deep Foundation Practice, Singapore, October 1990. Foundations of the Pan Pacific Hotel on pinnacled and cavernous limestone, Proc 8" South East Asian Geotechnical Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 1985. Stewart, M G. Human error and human reliability for building construction tasks, in Probabilistic Risk and Hazard Assessment, R E Melchers and M G Stewart (eds), Balkema, 1993.Figure 1: Kenny Hills Formation SPT N Values in Kenny Hills Formation Pressuremeter Tests E0 (Mpa) | 10 : ot 2 ' - + - | . “ | : ;- . : . . : x ox x* | ex | 2 Ba : . : ; / - . . « AJB/ab/P133/d:\docs\work\projects\paperisi xisquowidojaaoq wnturwopuo, JO MOIA [RIOUDD 17 ONSFigure 3: Condominium Foundation Pile Cap 150 looge soil " Bore size varies r ~ 685 and 840 dia 10 quarry dust/ | ||| | cement grout / | | | 2x H-piles 356 x 368 x 109kg/m bitumen slip coating 3mm thick i I, ~~ H piles uncoated ~~ Grade 25 concrete ASBlabIP 133i olects!paperlcondo.cuolqe@Wo4 SI|IH Auuay Sa\l4 pasog nea JaAa7] Punoc) quouidoyaaag [lejoy Joj node] UONepuNo :p o1nBIypafoid\ wom s00RV/EEld j@luaqew ||y9eq O4ul sajid 4a94s aaug ¢ ab21G wyoeq pue said aqelpaua4qul a10g gz 9be1G Neuss cs OOD OO @ SSI pue 44, SUIP[INg Yue JO} Sul[Ig wedVg :¢ oINSI