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Phone : +91-79-2686 8681, Fax : +91-79-2686 8687 email: enquiry @zydusahi.com, URL: www.zydusahlcomThe North East VETERINARIAN Sena iNT im ‘Advisory Board Dr. M.Narayana Bhat, Professor & Head, Department of Veterinary Cinical Complex, Veletinary Colege, KVAFSU, Hebbal Bangalore - 560 024,Kamataka © Dr Narayana Pile Usha, Professor & Head, Dep. of Circa Vternery Meine, Ethics & Jurisprudence, College of Vetemnary ard Animal Scenes, Pookode, Wiayenad ~ 673 578,Kerala @ Or. SK. Rastogi Professor, Departrent of Velernary Physiogy & Biocheristry, Colege \eesnary ad Anal Scenes, GBPUAT, Pantnge. 2945 Utariterd (© Dred stam, Prt, Depit of Veinary Parasia, Cokge of \esnay Scarce, krarapara, Guwatal:2 Asam © DrPKumerasamy Professor and Head, Depatrert of Bort Cnt & ANS Ca Department of Bioinformatics Centre & ARIS Cell, Madras Veterinary College CChennal- 600 007, Teminadu, ‘© D.Goutam Nonda, Sr Scent, Animal ‘Nuston Dision, Natal Dairy Research Institute, Kamal 132001 Haryana (© Dr. R. Thomas, Sr Scientist, ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig Rani,Guwahat-781131,Assam Technical Editor : Dr. Paresh Ch. Sarma Ph.D {Hony) Editor : Dr. Nayanjt Deka (Hony) Associate Editors : DrAnil Kumar Sarma (Hony) Dr Jahan Ara Begum (Hony) ‘Special Associates : ‘Dr. Dipek Kr. Sarma ‘Dr. Jagannath Kalita, Dr. PC. Kalita, Dr. Parag Bhooya ‘Dr. Abdul Hafiz Dr H. Kyla State Members = Dr. Sunfohendra U (Kamataka) Dr. Madhavan Unny.N (Kerala) Dr. G. Kamalokar (Anite Predest) ‘Dr. M. Kannadhasan (Tamil Nadu) ‘Dr. Mohd. Rashid (Jammu & Kashmir) Abroad Member : ‘Dr. Pushpendra Jha (Mauritius) DIP & Layout ‘Sf Ratul Ch. Das Cover up Kr. Mishra IN THIS ISSUE Role of Livestock in doubling the farmer's income 36 Marker Assisted Selection in Livestock Breeding 740 Herbal dewormer: A way and mean to combat Anthelminticresistence 11-14 Ageat first calving ofjersey, holstein riesian and their crosses 15.17 Sharp Teeth induced conjunctivitis and otis in acow 18 Ageand Sex related heamatological and biochemical Studies in Aseel 19:24 Salmonellosis: The major world health concem 22-24 Therapeutic Management of Winter Coccidiosisin Cattle calves 25-28 Microfiloriasis in dairy cattle - cinical profle 29-30 Massive parallel sequencing : 31-33 Marker Vaccines and theiruse in animal disease 437 Management of Dystocia 38-39 Some medical prefixes/ sufixes wth meaning 40 ABSTRACTED AND INDEXED BY CAB INTERNATIONAL, UK INDEXED AND ABSTRACTED BY EBSCO PUBLISHING INC., MASSACHUSETTS, USA NAS RATINGS : 2.61 Publication impact Factor (PIF) - 5.485 for the year 2017 (2OR) plir 120) 120RRS DOUBLING FARMER’S INCOME ROLE OF THE SECTORS Central Government as well as State Government has been emphasizing on doubling farmer's income by 2022.hs a very good endeavour on the part ofthe Govemments, but the responsibilty are on the respective sectoral head to implement different schemes and programmes successfully to achieve the goal. ‘tis often said thatthe farmers are not geting ight price oftheir produces, though the Govt. of India use to fix minimum suppor price for some agricultural produces time to time but whether it has made them happy or nat, jt is a big question. To achieve the goal as desired, famers will have to get inputs in time, timely delivery of services, credit linkage, marketing avenues as well as right price of produces, Simultaneously, establishment of processing unit will be the need of the hour to fetch right price of their produces. ‘Assam scenario is samehaw different fram the other states af the country as fload is a regular feature of our state. Therefore, the strategies to be mooted must be specific district to district. Itis strongly advocated that crop farming alone cannot increase farmer's income unless livestock or poultry rearing are taken up as subsidiary income. These animal husbandry activities can be carried out by farmers with small land holdings to generate additional income. The huge gap between production and demand of milk, meatand egg in the state is well known. Each and every farmers of the state shalll be encouraged to rear cross bred cattle, goats and low input technology bird i.e. Vanaraja etc for back yard farming. These will suppose to meet the family’s demand of milk as well as egg, while female member ofthe family are more involved in household poultry and goatery rearing ,hus full women ‘empowermen itself. ‘The mega project Chief Minister's Gramya Unnayan Yojana is a bold step towards ‘doubling the farmer's income by 2022.In this project, each component under agriculture and allied sectorhas been taken seriously withthe objectives to enhance productivity, marketing, food processing of agricultural produces as a whole.Distribution of agricultural and allied ‘sector's inputs will not ensure the enhanced productivity ,but proactive role of field officers. can facilitate farmers to act accordingly so that he or she can eam more income .Secondly, ‘each farmer willhave totake up livestock, poultry or fishery activities besides crop farming to enhance his household income under this mega project.n this regard, female members of the family shall be encouraged in small poultry /goatery unit as they are usually looking after this activityin a household. Enhancing the farmers income in single source of livelihood is a big task Hence, it ‘may be said in conclusion that multisectoral intervention may be @ major force to achieve the goal of doubling farmers income subject to dedicated efforts of officials and field staff of respective sector and co-operation from farmers. AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV!ISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : §.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page ROLE OF LIVESTOCK IN DOUBLING THE FARMER'S INCOME - NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AND THE WAY FORWARD Sheikh Firdous Ahmad, Amandeep Singh, Richa Arora, and Gurpreet Kour* ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India INTRODUCTION Livestock forms a pivotal component of agriculture in any country, whether developed or developing. On the similar lines, the livestock sector forms an integral part of Indian economy. Being the primary sector of the economy, it supports the livelihood of more than two-thirds of the rural Indian population. They produce nutrient-rich and balanced food products mainly in terms of milk, meat and eggs to the human populations. Besides the food uses, the non food uses mainly include that from the draught power, dung, hides, skin, ornamental, medicinal and several others uses. Draught power is immensely helpful in Indian conditions being economical and eco-friendly to the farmers while as the dung is used as organic manure for agricultural fields and production of biomass. Bones and horns are used for the production of ornaments meant for the beautification of our homes and are also an apt source of important minerals for the soil. Each and every part of their body (before and after death) gets used for the welfare of human and environment. CURRENT PERSPECTIVE With 512 million total livestock population in India, the resource base is immense and proper utilization of this resource will yield the wonderful results. Furthermore, the growth in various livestock produces is also note-worthy. According to National Dairy Development Board (NDDB, 2016) livestock sector contributes about 4.5 per cent share to the national GVA. According to FAO, the value output contribution from Indian Livestock sector to the GDP of the country was about 40.6% of total contribution from Agriculture and allied sector. BO de ae dd Driven by the structural changes in agriculture and food consumption patterns, the utility of livestock has been undergoing a steady transformation. The non-food functions of livestock are becoming stronger each passing day. Though the importance of livestock as a source of ‘draught power’ has declined to some extent due to mechanization, but the other uses are rapidly rising. Poultry manure is optimum for agricultural uses giving optimum fertility to the soll. Numerous products from livestock and poultry species are used for medicinal uses. Dependence on livestock sector About 20.5 million people depend upon livestock for their livelihood. Livestock contributed 16% to the income of small farm households as against an average of 14% for all rural households. Livestock provides livelihood to two-third of rural community. It also provides employment to about 8.8 % of the population in India With conversion of agricultural land for industrial/housing purposes and the changing food habits of youth towards the animal based diets, the scenario is bound to change. All this will pose a bigger challenge in near future for the livestock sector for its own sustenance and of human societies too. Food security is becoming increasingly important given the population explosion (world population is expected to swell from 7 billion to 9 billion people by 2050). with increasing land conversion pressure, animals are a regular source of cash income for rural households erupting as a major source. Livestock emerges as natural capital source, which can be easily reproduced to act as a living bank with offspring as interest, and an insurance against income shocks of crop failure and natural W LC Braecalamities. in nutshell, livestock sector may be the only hope for the farming community in the Indian nation. There has been an impressive trend going with different livestock production aspects and ‘the same are highly encouraging when compared to that of food grain production from the agriculture field. Milk, egg, meat and fish showed impressive growth rates of 5 to 10%. However, as revealed by the government figures, doubling the farmers’ incomes would be “a miracle of miracles”, keeping in view the needs of the same. It would need a compound growth rate of 12% per annum. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES AND THE WAY FORWARD With tremendous resource base and investment done into the livestock sector, there need of perseverance, dedication and sacrifice of persons from various sectors to attain the goal of doubling the income of farmers. Though there can be umpteen numbers of ways to achieve target, but there is need of a focused effort to deliver the results to the real stakeholders at the earliest possible time. Keeping all this in view, the authors put forth their views about the probable way forward. Need of another revolution: There is need to repeat the wonders of technologies like artificial insemination, semen freezing, synchronization techniques and lots more to exemplify. Artificial insemination and operation flood have long ago set out high standards and brilliant precedents for the present generation. The penetrance of these ‘technologies and revolutions was immense and these set a paradigm shift and unparalleled precedent for generations to come. There is no inherent ceiling effect associated with revolutions and technologies concerning livestock due to the abundant resource base and vast diversity, especially in india. Nine out of ten times, it is the livestock sector that buffers the losses of agriculture sector for farmers. Need of sustenance in changing trends: The population is increasing, so is the income. TSA wever, to its negative side, the climate patterns are also changing. The global warming is likely to cause a loss of 1.6 million tons milk production by 2020 and 15 million tons by 2050 from current levels in India. The decline in yield may vary from 10-30% in first lactation, and 5-20% in second and third lactations. A rise of 2-6°C due to global warming between 2050s and 2080s is projected tonegatively impact growth, puberty and maturity of crossbred animals and buffaloes. Therefore, farmer earnings dependent primarily on animal husbandry becomes vulnerable when heat stress conditions prevail. Currently the policies are focusing more on promoting hardier, robust and climate resilient indigenous breeds, wi potential to produce equivalent amounts of milk as crossbreds. To be food secure, any nationneeds to have a climate-smart agriculture and livestock basements. Diversification of farmers’ avenues: ‘ation of high-value livestock will require an immense effort from the human side; be it from the farmers or the veterinarians as well as from the government. It will require avalue chain approach taking all the sectors along with. Though the different farming activities and ventures may yield different results but they are highly inter-dependent. Mixed farming incorporating different ventures will indeed give a boost to the farming economy and help in doubling the income. Furthermore, encouraging the processing and building value-chains would help create non-farm jobs in rural areas. This directly or indirectly is aimed at improving the farmers’ income levels. ‘Attracting youth towards livestock farming: Generally the livestock farming is undertaken as part-time work by older people with little involvement of the young generation. Thus there is need to create awareness about the benefits of rearing livestock and taking it as a profession. The market demand is tremendous with the meagre supply. ICAR has also launched ARYA (Attracting Rural Youth in Agriculture) for achieving the said objectives.Meticulous use of resources: Indiaisa vast nation possessing the most diverse and largest inventory of livestock. india is divided into 15 agro-climatic zones, each with its own peculiarities and livestock diversity & rearing patterns. Each species/breed has its own importance for the farmer. Keeping in view the low productivity per animal, there is need to formulate effective plans for different animal husbandry practices so that the indigenous germplasm is used and exploited to the maximum not in terms of milk production but in those uses where they perform the best. The draught and dual purpose bovine animals are equally important as the dairy animals and should be judged by their own best abilities not by milk producing parameter only. Access to markets: Access of livestock farmers to the markets is critical for the income generation of livestock farmers. All in all, the abundant output is available in various forms; be it milk, meat, eggs or others. However, many a times, it becomes problematic for the farmers to market their produce at the right time to the right places and customers. Middle men are also blamed at many times. The easy perishability and small shelf life of livestock produce complexes the problem of livestock farmers. To curb this, there is an urgent need for effective initiatives from the government side by embarking the process of providing a platform (offline and online portals) immediately to the farmers. E-Pashuhaat is a nice example to follow at all fronts. Consequently, the farmers will be directly receiving their share of benefit. Continuing on the same concept, there is an urgent need to establish cooperative societies at village and block levels. Through cooperative society concept, farmers can work in groups and they share their income or losses (if any) and can work independently. Upgrading the livestock sector as the primary sector: Unfortunately, after focussing all the positive energy on the agriculture and allied sectors during first five-year plans, the trend was a Ly ruptly changed. currently, at the ground level, the situation of farmer remains grim. The animal husbandry sector should once again be the focus of economic development in India. Providing adequate support in terms of investment, avenues, infrastructure and others will help to reduce the extra burden on farmers and this will eventually help in attaining the goal of doubling the farmers’ income in the nearest possible time. Connecting science and farmers: There is an urgent need to connect the science to the farmer. The lab findings seldom reach to the actual livestock owner and this is the virtual loss of the national income and income of the farmers. The laboratory findings that are meant for better performance of livestock resources, when inaccessible, are the waste of resources. Breeders need to be connected to the farmers and lab science needs to be implemented at the ground level. Extension workers have a lot of scope for helping connect farmers and scientists and in turn connecting the lab with the livestock farm. Technology Transfer: Technology transfer is the process of transferring (disseminating) technology from the places and in groups of its origination to wider distrib among more people and places. For increasing the income of the farmers, it is mandatory to get them acquaint with the newly developed technologies which will directly enhance their productivity. New technologies and concepts like precision farming, easy diagnosis through diagnostic strips like strip test for detecting pregnancy, Mastistrip for detection of mastitis, feeding area specific mineral mixture, timely deworming of the animals is of great importance for enhancing the productivity. Proper utilization of Animal Waste: The word livestock farming generally provide a picture of production of milk, meat, eggs, wool, fibre etc. However, the waste generated from the animals can also be converted into wealth. The dung or wastes arising from poultry farming etc. can be composted and used into the fields cutting the cost of fertilizers to create better fertility of PL Braethe soil, enhance soil health and enhance farm economy in organic way. New horizons like Organic Farming, Contract Farming: Newly emerging concepts in agriculture and allied sectors should be tapped to earn profit from them. Practicing organic agriculture in field lead to enhanced soil health and reduces the amount of chemicals entering into the human food chain. The organic products are sold at better prices than the non-organic ones. Contract farming is increasing day by day and the small farmers can come into a contract with the dustry and other large farmers for obtaining supplies and other inputs required for farming. Policy Revival: There is a strong need for making exhaustive policies exclusively for livestock sector keeping iew the demands of the sector. Although National Livestock Mission has done very well in ‘the recent years but huge paperwork related with the sanctioning of loan is breaking the morale of the farmers. Therefore, there is a strong need of reviving and revising policies time to time and coming up new policies favouring the farmers. CONCLUSION The Indian nation is naturally bestowed with best livestock resources and abundant livestock inventory. The topography of whole Indian nation is so suitable for livestock farming that with a coherent approach and positive mind-set, doubling the farmers’ come will be a realisation soon. There are certain tough measures to be taken from all communities be it farmers, scientists, field veterinarians or others. All the stakeholders as well as the government need to study all the aspects of livestock farming and provide ample support to this sector for its flourishing. *GADVASU, Ludhiana, India, Corresponding author Email: firdousa61@gmail.com E-mai CONTRIBUTE - SUBSCRIBE- ADVERTISE The North East VETERINARIAN A Quarterly Journal on Animal Health Care & Livestock Production since 2001 Sankar Madhav Namghar Kshetra, Namghar Upapath Durgasarobor, Guwahati-781009, Assam, India : d_nayanjit@rediffinail.com drpareshS9@gmail.com Phone : 9508168858 / 9435552590 AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV!ISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page : 7-10 MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION IN LIVESTOCK BREEDING Malarmathi M and G. Kalaiselvi Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding. Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, TANUVAS. Livestock plays significant role by providing food security as well as one of the main income generating resource for poor people in our country. It is necessary to enhance and sustain the production efficiency of livestock species to feed a large growing population, Therefore it is important to adopt different strategies to increase production efficiency of livestock. Traditionally, for many years the efforts of animal breeders have been directed by the selective breeding of individuals with superior phenotypes, towards an improvement of traits concerning productive performances, such as growth, milk yield and feeding efficiency. During the last five decades, genetic improvements have tremendously increased the economic importance of many domestic animals, mainly due to the consequent application of the principles and means of quantitative genetics and statistics. Surprisingly animal geneticists embarked into genomics to obtain and to use molecular genetic information by using biotechnological tools in selection programs later than plant breeders and human medical geneticists. ‘Sax genetic theory Although the Idea for marker-assisted selection dates back to 1923, it is a young field of science in animal breeding. Sax in 1923 observed an association between seed color (monogenic trait) and seed weight (polygenic, quantitatively inherited trait) in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and drew the conclusion that the THE NORTH-EAST VETE! BOGE) single gene controlling seed color must be linked to one or more of the polygenes controlling seed size. Sax genetic theory had developed that traits with continuous distributions were controlled by individual Mendelian genes, and that the effects of these genes could be detected with the aid of genetic Markers. An array of new markers has been developed to carry out the genetic variation studies at DNA level. Classification of Marker In the last decade, advances in molecular genetics have made it possible to dissect the genetic variability of complex traits into quantitative trait loci. ‘Marker’ can be defined as any stable and inherited variant(s) that is detectable and measurable by a suitable method. It can be used to detect or identify the presence of a specific genotypes or phenotypes other then itself, which is very difficult to detect. Such variants may be morphological or anatomical in origin (E.g. Ongole breed cattle has black pigmentation around eye - resistant to eye cancer) called as Classical marker. Certain chromosomal abnormalities serves as marker called Chromosomal marker. A gene that encodes a protein that can be extracted and observed in the form of macromolecules present in body fluids (urine, blood, saliva, tears) and tissues, are detectable by immunological method (E.g. Blood group, MHC molecules) and electrophoresis method (Milk protein, Blood protein). These macromolecules are serves as Biochemical marker. On other hand‘Genomic marker or Molecular marker can detect genetic variation at DNA level. It can be identified bya range of molecular techniques such as RFLPS (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism), RAPDs (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA), AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism), microsatellites etc. Aparticular DNA segment contains gene or genes which led to be the variation between animals for a particular trait. Association between the particular segment obtained by the animal and its performances can be established. Based on the location of markers are classified into two types. Linked Markers- Molecular markers that are located very close to major genes of interest. The molecular marker is said to be linked to that gene. Linked markers are only near the gene of interest on the chromosome and are not part a gene of interest. Direct Markers -Molecular marker is one that is part of the gene of interest. Direct markers are easier to work with after they are found, but they often are more difficult to find than linked markers. Examples of molecular markers Milk yield and composition -— QTL, GRH (Growth hormone — Releasing Hormone Rene), k-Casein in dairy cattle Gene mapping Evi identified ge: individuals ina tion ef associations of with econamtic waits integration of phenogpic and genopic data in statistical methods to estimate breeding values of and genetic markers breeding population MAS Using olecular genetic information ro speed up selection and mating programmes Fig-1 Steps involved in Marker Asisted Selecction Peed AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV! Do Apr-May-Junimilk quality ~4-lacto globulin, k-Casein, FMo3 (Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase 3) in Dairy cattle. Age At First Egg in poultry - ODC, GH, NPY (Neuropeptide Y) Double yolked egg in poultry - GNRHR (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor) Disease resistance — Prp (Prion protein) in sheep, TLRA (Toll like receptor 4) and B blood group in chicken, MHC (Major histocompatiblity complex). Growth ~ GH (Growth hormone), GHR (Growth hormone receptor), IGF(Insulin- like growth factor), LEP (Leptin), MSTN. (Myostatin) ~ Meat quality — RYR (Ryanodine Receptor) in pigs. ODC (Ornithine decarboxylase), These markers plays major role in finding the genetic variability and to characterization of germplasm. It helps in identification and fingerprinting of genotypes and to estimate the genetic distances between population, Identification and sequencing of useful candidate genes, detection of monogenic and quantitative trait loci (QTL). These marker are utilized in molecular breeding of livestock and plant Marker Assisted Selection The MAS is a form of indirect selection of superior breeding stock. MAS depends on identifying associations between genetic Boat ut Pale THE NORTH-EAST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XVIII, NO. 1 Porenul Geseranee Teme t) mioecat Apr-May-Jun/18markers and linked QTL (quantitative trait loci) with useful effects. The association between the markers and the QTL depends on the distance between the markers and target trait. The genetic marker for a trait is a DNA segment associated with the trait of interest, segregates in a predictable fashion and helps the tagging of individual genes or small chromosome segment influencing the trait of interest. The genome is screened for genes with large effect on trait through linkage analysis. The procedure of selection for a trait by genetic marker is called the MAS. The word “assisted” implies that the selection is also influenced by other sources of information. such as PTAs (predicted transmitting ability) and Net Merit. Steps involved in Marker Assisted Selection are shown in fig-1 Advantages of marker assisted selection over the phenotypicselection method The MAS is more efficient for traits of low heritability (reproductive traits), sex-limited traits and that are difficult to measure and are expressed later stage of life (carcass, survival rate and body composition traits). Can be used in early age and hence reduces the generations terval. There is no need to maintain large number of animals for lager period. Time requirement for this type of selection is less as compared to other methods like progeny testing. ‘The rate of genetic gain is high over a period of time, by increasing accuracy of selection. MAS is able to select for recessive alleles or masked traits. Fast method to select the vidual as a parent to the next generation and to improve the trait of interest (once identified the reliable markers). The MAS has the prospects of selection for traits which cannot be improved by conventional method viz. resistance to disease etc. Obstacle for marker assisted selection This is very costly screening methods compared to phenotypic selection. Size and complexity of genetic formulation of the livestock also affects progress from MAS. First, one has to calculate which gene is linked with QTL and secondly location of QTL. This is very difficult and complex work and the statistical methodology i.e. maximum likelihood method and other statistical tool are very complex to use. Sometimes False negative (if recombination occurs) result comes due to crossing over and recombination of chromosomes during gamete formation. The availability of limited number of markers is also the limitation of this methodology. As the total genomic map is not established, it is difficult to know the position and structure of genes in chromosomes. The requirement of large number of offspring for linkage analysis is one of the limitations of MAS. Future of MAS in animal breeding It is believed that despite the relatively small adoption of markers in livestock breeding ‘to date, there will be a greater level of adoption within the next decade and there will be establishment of facilities for marker genotyping and staff training in animal breeding institutes using the currently available data on genes/QTls controlling traits and the identification of tightly- linked markers, development of effective strategies for using markers in breeding. Generating new markers from DNA sequence data arising from animal genome sequencing and research in functional genomics. * Present address Department of Veterinary Microbiology, VCRI, TANUVAS, Namakkal-637001 AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV!ISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page : 11-14 HERBAL DEWORMER: AWAY AND MEAN TO COMBAT ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE H. A. Ahmad?, K. H. Bulbul", A. H. Akand' and N. Ahmed” + Faculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry ? KVK, Budgam SKUAST-K, Shuhama, Srinagar 190006 Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites infected animals have lower growth rates, reduced reproductive performance, and have higher rates of iliness and death. Therefore anti-parasitic drugs are used to control the parasitic diseases. Unfortunately, GI parasites have become increasingly resistant to many of the anthelmintics. Anthelmintic resistance (AR) is a threatening problem to livestock industry posing very coercion to the future welfare and production of livestock in worldwide. The regular usage of the same group of anthelmintic, use of anthel in sub-optimal doses, prophylactic mass treatment of domestic animals and frequent and continuous use of a single drug have contributed to the widespread development of AR in helminthes. Alternative methods of GI parasite control for animals raised primarily on forages are vital for the sustainability and profitability of livestock farms. Consequently, alternative, sustainable, and affordable methods of parasitic control may be plant-based alternatives to control internal parasitic disease in livestock, The condensed tannins available in plats have both direct and indirect effects over the gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants. The livestock production may be a more sustainable and low-cost enterprise by mitigating internal RO de ae ad parasites and coccidian infections of grazing animals, thus enhancing overall meat and milk production, protecting animal and human health, increasing producer profits, and providing a stable and safe food supply. Tannin in plants act as a dewormers: The plant kingdom is known to provide a rich source of herbal anthelmintics, antibacterials and insecticides (Satyavati et ol, 1976). A number of medicinal plants have been used to treat parasitic infections in man and animals. There are many plants which have been reported in the literature for their anthelmintic importance. Among the most common medicinal plants which have anthelmintic effect are Allium sativum, Nigella sativa, Artemisia spp., Balanites aegyptiaca, Acacia spp., cucurbile (pumpkin seeds), Commiphora molmol (Myrth), Calendula micrantha officinalis, Peganum harmala and Tumeric (curcumina) (Akhtar et a/., 2000; Shalaby et al., 2009; Shalaby et al., 2010. Shalaby et al, 2012; Massoud et al. 2012) Additionally, tanniferous plants have also been investigated various pasture for potential effect against either incoming parasite larvae and/or already established worms (Niezen et ai., 1996). It has been postulated that the beneficial effects of tanniferous plants W 1,NO.1 Ap rate‘Ahmad, ot. against internal parasites could be due to one, or a combination, of the following factors: Tanniferous plants increase the supply and absorption of digestible protein by animals. This is achieved by tannins forming non-biodegradable complexes with protein in the rumen, which dissociate at low pH in the abomasums to release more protein for metabolism in the small intestine of ruminants ~ in other words, “natures protected protein.” This indirectly improves host resistance and resilience to nematode parasite infections. : Tannins have a direct anthelmintic effect ‘on resident worm populations in animals. . Tannins and/or metabolites in dung have a direct effect on the viability of the free-living stages (development of eggs to infective larval stages). Therefore tannin producing plants can be a promising future for the control of worms which had previously shown resistance to synthetic drugs. Plants used to feed animals can affect their health not only as an alimentary source but also as a source of certain antiparasitic substances. It is well known that tannins can produce this effect; however, similar results can be obtained with a variety of other substances. Xylopia aethiopica, a tree found in Nigeria, is an example of this. An extract of its seeds is used as a vermifuge of round worms. Tannins are found in many of the plants and when used in different concentration in animals as feed/fodder can affect the parasite EDO ee SL Enc RE population. Their concentration ranges from S to 50% of the dry matter in some tropical leguminous and other plants. These substances are related to the plants’ defenses against insects and herbivores, and can cause either beneficial or undesirable effects on those animals that feed on them. The major benefit of the tannins of the plants is the protection of proteins against the ruminal degradation, enabling the digestion and absorption in the abomasum and intestine. They are usually divided into hydrolysable and condensed tannins (CT), although there are other types. The CT, the most frequent type of tannin found in leguminous and trees are relatively stable in the digestive tract of the animals and they rarely have toxic effects and are, therefore, used to control parasite populations. Condensed tannins (CT) are a diverse group of plant secondary metabolites usually found in leaves, roots, nuts and fruits from a wide-range of different plant sources in both tropical and temperate areas (Jansman, 1993). Condensed tannins are formed by the polymerisation of monomeric flavan-3-ols. The structure of CT can vary considerably according to the degree of polymerisation, and the nature of the monomeric flavan-3-ol units; these being either catechin (C) and its cis isomer epicatechin (EC) which make up procyanidins, or gallocatechin (GC) and epigallocatechin (EGC), which make up The tannins bind themselves to prodelphinic proteins and other compounds in a reversible way in relation to the pH. They can form DCRR ee aecomplexes with proteins, polysaccharides, nuclear acids and minerals. Although they interact with carbohydrates, particularly with starch, their affinity for carbohydrates is lower than for proteins. The complexes with proteins are influenced by the pH and the molecular weight of both. They bind to proteins in a pH close to neutrality, which is the case of the rumen, dissociating themselves in the acid pH of the abomasum to be digested. The complexes also dissociate in the intestine due to the bile acids that act as surfactants. This reaction can be used the rumen without reducing the microbial protein synthesized. The tannins in Lotus corniculatus and Hedysarum coronarium can be used to increase the absorption of essential amino acids in the intestine. Condensed tannins are well-known for their antimicrobial properties (Cowan, 1993), with reports of potent effects against, amongst others, Candida albicans (Ishida et al. 2006), Trypanosoma brucei (Kubata et al. , 2005), and Leishmania donovani (Kolodziej and Kiderlen, 2005). Inaddition, a number of studies conducted with nematode parasites of ruminant livestock have demonstrated direct anthelmintic effects of extracts from tannin-containing plants in in vitro assays, with in vivo verification of these results being reported in some studies (Hosteetal., 2012). Haemonchus contortus infection in livestock have been found to be influenced by tannin structure (Brunet et al., 2008) obtained from the diverse nature of CT in different plant sources. Re a LOT The tannins have both direct and indirect effects over the gastrointestinal parasites in ruminants. The direct effects could be caused by the tannin-parasite interaction, affecting the parasite’s physiology. The tannins extracted from several forages reduce the total nematode burden, the migration, the viability of the larvae and the egg per gram (EPG) count. They can also interfere with the hatching of the eggs and the development of infective larval stages. The CT of Quebracho had a direct anthelmin effect against 7. colubriformis infection in sheep. A reduction in the adult parasite burden, in the EPG count and in the parasite females’ fecundity ic per capita may be found Indirectly, tannins improve the protein nutrition by binding themselves to the proteins of the plants in the rumen and preventing the microbial degradation, thus increasing the offer of amino acids to the duodenum. The administration of quebracho extract reduces the EPG count, the adult burden and the fecundity of, T. colubriformis. Recent experiments suggest that the addition of quebracho tannins to diets with low protein levels can improve the diet quality and reduce the consequences of parasitism. References: Akhtar, M.S., labal, Z., Khan, M. N. and Lateef, M. (2000). Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with particular reference to their use in animals in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent. ‘Small Ruminant Res., 38: 99-107. Brunet, S., Jackson, F. and Hoste, H. (2008). Effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis vicifolia) extract and PL BraeA. Ahmad, ot. al ia monomers of condensed tannins on the association of abomasal nematode larvae with fundic explants. Int. J. Parasitol., 38: 783- 790. Cowan, M.M. (1999). Antimicrobial Agents. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 12: 564-582. Plant Products as Hoste, H., Martinez-Ortiz-De-Montellano, C., Manolaraki, F,, Brunet, S. and Ojeda-Robertos, N. (2012) Direct and indirect effects of bioactive tannin-rich tropical and temperate legumes against nematode infections. Veterinary Parasitology 186: 18-27. Ishida, K.,de Mello, J.C. B, Cortez, D. A. G., Filho, B. P. D, and Ueda-Nakamura, T. (2006). Influence of tannins from Stryphnodendron adstringens on growth and virulence factors of Candida albicans. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 58: 942-949. Jansman, A. J. M. (1993). Tannins in Feedstufts for Simple-Stomached Animals. Nutrition Research Reviews 6: 209-236. Kolodzie} , H. and Kiderlen, A. F. (2005). Antileishmanial activity and immune modulatory effects of tannins and related compounds on Leishmania parasitised RAW 264.7 cells. Phytochemistry, 66: 2056-2071. Kubata, B. K., Nagamune, K., Murakami, N., Merkel, P. and Kabututu, Z.. (2005) Kola acuminata proanthocyanidins: a class of anti- trypanosomal compounds effective against ‘Trypanosoma brucel. int. J. Parasitol, 35: 91- 103. Massoud, A. M., Shalaby, H. A., El Khateeb, R. M., Mahmoud, M. S. and Kutkat, M. A. (2012). Effects of Mirazid and myrrh volatile oil on adult Fasciola gigantic under laboratory conditions. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Biomed., 2: 875. Niezen, J. H., Charleston, W. A. G., Hodgson, J., Mackay, A. D., Leathwick, D. M. (1996) Controlling internal parasites in grazing ruminants without recourse to anthelmintics: approaches, experiences and prospects. ft. J. Parasitol., 26:983-992. Satyavati, GV, Raina, M. K., Sharma, M. (1976). Medicinal Plants of India. Indian Council of Meds. Res. |. New Delhi; pp. 201-206. Shalaby, H. A., EI Namaky, A. Hand Kamel, R. 0. A. (2009). in vitro effect of artemether and triclabendazole on adult Fasciola gigantica . Vet. Parasitol., 60: 76-82. Shalaby, H. A., El Namaky, A. H., Khalil, FA. and Kandil, 0. M. (2012). Efficacy of methanolic extract of Balanites cegyptiaca fruit on Toxocara vitulorum. Vet. Parasitol., 183: 386- 392 Shalaby, H.A., EINamaky, A.H., Kamel, R. O. A. and Derbala, A. A. (2010). Tegumental surface adult microbothrium (Fischoeder 1901) following in changes in Paramphistomum vitro administration of artemether. J. Helminthol., 85:115-122. Corresponding author-email: animaldr2@gmail.com AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV!ISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Pago :15-17 AGE AT FIRST CALVING OF JERSEY, HOLSTEIN FRIESIAN AND THEIR CROSSES WITH LOCAL CATTLE OF ASSAMUNDER ORGANIZED FARM CONDITION Purabi Kaushik*, D.Das, S Laskar and RN Goswami. *Department of Instructional Livestock Farm Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022, India ABSTRACT The least square means of age at first calving for Jersey x local Cattle (50:50), Jersey, Holstein Friesian x Local cattle (50:50) and Assam Local Cattle under field condition were 854,279.66 days, 840.19 49.80 days, 872.84418.53 days and 869.84423.25 days respectively. Effect of genetic group on this trait was non significant. The Jersey cows had significantly lowest age at first calving than the Jersey x Assam Local, Holstein x Assam local and Assam local cows. The least square analysis of variance revealed that season of birth had no significant influence on Age at first calving. The least squares means of AFC for different seasons were 852.26+10.60, 844.5729.27, 856.25410.10 and 853.67£10.91 days respectively in seasons $1 (Summer Monsoon season), $2 (South West monsoon season), $3 (Post monsoon season) and S4 (winter season). The estimates of heritability for age at first calving were high 0.24 + 0.12 and the phenotypic correlations of age at first calving with lactation milk yield and gestation length considered in the study were negative and very low but with the first lactation length , first dry period, first service period and first inter calving period were positive. Unlike phenotypic correlations the genetic correlations of age at first calving were negative only with first lactation milk yield and first gestation length, while it was high and positive with first service period (0.80+0.13), first inter calving period (0.7840.17) and first dry period (0.6940.22), BN dC ae Key words: Age at first calving, Jersey cross, Holstein Friesian cross and Assam local cows. Age at first calving is an important economic trait of cattle and buffaloes having bearing on life time production, generation interval and geneticgain. Early age at first calving may increase the productivity of the particular animal which will increase protit, reduce generation interval and help in enhancing genetic gain per unit of time. However, too early age at first calving may be detrimental for growth, development and overall productivity of an animal. The information regarding the age at first calving of cows is scanty. The present investigation under report attempts to estimate the age at first calving of Jersey x Local cows, Jersey, Holstein x Local cows and Local cattle of ‘Assam under organized farm condition of Assam. Data pertaining to 292 lactations of Jersey x Local, Jersey, Holstein Friesian X Assam Local and Assam Local were utilized for the present study. The cows were maintained in private farms of the areas covered under Intensive Cattle Development Programme of Kamrup, Marigaon and Nagaon district of Assam, India. The study involved 4 genetic groups of cattle viz., Jersey x Assam Local (61), Jersey (G2), Holstein Friesian x Assam Local (G3) and Assam local cattle (G4) respectively. The whole year was conventionally divided into four seasons according to the prevailing climatic conditions viz., Summer Monsoon seasons- March to May VA CM MN ee ee edPurabi Kaushi (S21), South West monsoon season- June to September (S2), Post Monsoon Season- October ‘to November (3) and Winter season —December to February (54). The data were subjected to least square analysis of variance techniques as suggested by Harvey (1975) and pair wise comparison of means was done by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) as modified by Kramer (1957). The least squares means (i) for age at first calving (AFC) was found to be 851.6945.94 days. The average AFC was the longest in Holstein Friesian x Assam Local cattle ( 872.84418.53 days) followed by Assam Local cattle (869.84123.25days,) Jersey x Assam Local ( 854.2749.66 days) and Jersey ( 840.19#19.98 days) respectively. The present investigation was closer to the report of Misra et al (2001) in Jersey cross and similar to the report of Sarmah et al ( 2001) in case of Local cows, Gogoi (1991) and Hussain et al (2010) . In contrary to the present findings age at first calving was found to be less by Choudhury (1980), Prasad et al (1991) and Das et al (2001) in case of Local, Hositein Friesian crosses an Jersey crosses respectively. On the other hand Chaudhury et al (1995) observe much more age at first calving in Indigenous cattle. The least square analysis of variance revealed ‘that the genetic group had non significant effect on age at first calving. Choudhury (1980) reported highly significant difference between Assam local and Jersey x Assam Local half bred where Assam local achieved significantly age at first calving than half bred. Age at first calving in Jersey x Local half bred was intermediate between the two purebreds. This could be possibly due to the heterotic effects of two genetically different populations which could possibly reduce age at first calving in the half bred, when exposed to Poa AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV! better manage mental conditions. The least square analysis of variance revealed that season of birth had no significant influence on age at first calving. The least square means of AFC for different seasons were 852.2610.60, 844,5749.27, 856.25 #10.10 and 853.67410.91 days respectively in seasons $1, 52, S3 and S4. Seasons of calving had non- significant effect on age at first calving which was also reported by ‘Arora and Sharma (1983a), Sadana and Tripathi (21986), Roy et al (1987) and Laskar (1996) in Jersey cattle, On the contrary Das et al (1986), Dhangar and Patel (1992) and Hussain et al (2010) observed significant effect of season on age at first calving. The estimates of heritability for age at first calving were high 0.24 + 0.12 and the phenotypic correlations of age at first calving with lactation milk yield and gestation length considered in the study were negative and very low but with the first lactation length , first dry period, first service period and first inter-calving period were positive. Unlike phenotypic correlations the genetic correlations of age at first calving were negative only with first lactation milk yield and first gestation length, while it was high and positive with first service period (0.8040.13), first inter calving period (0.78+0.17) and first dry period (0.6940.22). Similar to the present findings Das et al (1995) also observed low and negative correlation between age at first calving and lactation milk yield. Similar findings were also reported by Singh et al (1920) and Katoch and Yadav (1990). The genetic correlation of age at first calving with first lactation length and first inter-calving period were found to be positive which is comparable with the findings of Das (1995). The heritability estimates was in agreement with the findings of Sengar et al (1987) in Jersey cattle. Relatively higher values for age CE eT)Purabi Kaushik, et, al at first calving as observed by Panic (1982) in Holstein Friesian {0.53#0.24), Gogoi (1991) inJersey (0,4740.31), Das (1994) in Jersey (0.544014). The estimated heritability obtained in the present cated that little amount /e genetic variance is available for the improvement of this trait. The present investigation revealed that under field condition of Assam the age at first calving of Jersey and their crosses was lower than that of 1 and Assatr Local [Genetic group [Seasons of birth Winter ($4) Holbein Fries cattle, which might be due to better adaptability of cross bred cows. The higher age at first calving in Hositein Friesian and their crosses due to less adaptability and in Assam local cattle its due to poor genetic make up. The lowest age at first calving in $2 season might be due to feeding of ad libitum green fodder during the season, REFERENCES Arora, D.N. and Sharma , J.S. (1983) Factors affecting some of the economic traits in Jersey cattle , Indian Vet. J. 60: 992-995. Choudhury, R. K. (1980). M. V. Se. Thesis Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Ghuwahati-781022. Chaudhury, C. S., Tripathi, V. N. and Gupta, A. K. (1995). indian J. Dairy Sci., 48: 444. Das G.C.; Das D and Aziz A ( 1986) Age at first calving of Jersey cows in Assam. J. Vetcol 24: 7-10. Das D (1994) Evaluation of Indigenous , Jersey and crossbred cattle in hot humid tro Das, G. C,; Das, D.; Roy,T. C.; Goswami, R. N. and Deka, N. N. (2001). Indian Vet.J., 78: 123. Dhangar , M.R. and Patel, J.M. (1992) Influence of non ~ genetic factors on first lactation milk ee a Table 1: Least Square means of age at first calving in days according, to genetic groups and seasons of birth. Sub-class description Hersey x Assam Local Cattle Holstein Friesian x Assam Local Cattle [Assam Local cattle summer monsoon (S1) [South West monsoon (52) Post monsoon ($3) N.B. figures In the parenthesis indicate number of observation. LOY }851.69+5.94 (292) yield and first service period crossbred cows . Indian vet. J, 69: 801-804 Harvey, W. R. (1975). Agric. Research Service 20, U.S.D.A., Beltsvile, Maryland. Kramer, C. ¥. (1957). Biometrics, 13: 13. Jakir Hussain, R, Roychoudhury, G.C. Das, D.C. Mili and R.N. Goswami(2010) Age At First Calving Of Assam Local Cattle And Their Crosses With Jersey And Holstein Friesian Under Field Condition. Indian J. Anim. Res., 45 (1): 70-72, 2011. Laskar (1996) Construction of Selection Indices for jersey cattle located in Assam and Meghalaya. PhD Thesis, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati- Prasad, V. S.; Rao, G. N.; Satyanarayana, A.; Rao, M. R. and Jayaramkrishna, V. (1991). Indian J. Dairy Seiad: 194 Sadana D.K. and Tripathi, V.N. (1986) Age at first calving in Jersey cows. Indian J. Dairy Scio. 39; 311-313. Sarmah, B. K.; Dutta, D. J. ; Dutta, A. and Sarmah, B.C, (2003). Indian VetJ., 78: 1167 Jersey x Kankrej CeeISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Rating 2.61 Page :18 SHARP TEETH INDUCED CONJUNCTIVITIS AND OTITISIN ACOW G.Kalaiselvi Central University Laboratory, Madhawaram Milk Colony, TANUVAS, Chennai-51 Sharp teeth commonly met with cattle and horses. The sharpness is seen in the outer border of upper premolar and inner border of lower molar teeth (Venugopalan.A2004) Case history and clinical examination: ‘A seven years old high milk yielding HF crossbred cow was brought as private case with ‘the case history of severe purulent conjunctivitis on left eye and severe pus discharge from left ear, frequent shaking of head and excess salivation, anorexia and reduced milk production from past one month. Physical examination revealed that cow become very weak and emaciated, excess lacrymation noticed from left eye and the animal was in head downward position. Clinical examination of mouth revealed that partially chewed feed materials accumulated between cheek and molar teeth, uneven wearing of upper molar and lower molar becoming extra sharp, injuries seen on the left side cheek and tongue and difficulty noticed on the lateral movement of jaws. Examination of eye and ear revealed that severe inflammation of conjunctiva with purulent discharge, swelling and pus discharge noticed on the left ear frequent shaking of head noticed and the body temperature was 40°C. Treatment and discussion: With mouth restraining using a mouth speculum, the sharp border of the teeth were rasped. Oral cavity was cleaned with 2% KMINO4 solution. Left eye was cleaned with warm normal saline and 2% boric acid solution then inj.Dexamethasone Iml (4mg) was given subconjunctivally and TSA subsequently ciprofloxacin eye and ear drop was prescribed. The affected left ear was cleaned with hydrogen peroxide and 2% KMNO, solution and equal part of zinc ointment and Sulphur ointment mixed and applied on the left ear. Inj Dexamethasone 40 mg,i/M, inj.Meloxicam 10 ml I/M inj. Cefatoxime 500mg I/M. were given and Ciprofloxacin -DX eye and ear drop where prescribed. The treatment was continued for four days, after a week animal recovered and started to take teed properly. Sharp teeth commonly met with cattle and horse as their upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw. The outer border of the upper molar and the inner border of the lower molar extend beyond the tables of the opposing teeth (Venugopalan.A 2004). The sharp teeth injures the tongue and cheek leading to infection of teeth and tongue, this infection may spread to eye and ear of the affected side leading to severe conjunctivitis and atitis problem followed by anorexia and quitting of feed materials. Periodical rasping of sharp teeth and cleaning the mouth cavity with 2% KMNO4 will prevent the recurrence. (Dean A 2007). References: Dean A. Hendrickson, A.Simon Turner (2007). Techniques in large Animal Surgery, 3" edition. Blackwell publishing professional usa Venugopalan, A. (2004).Essential of Veterinary Surgery, 8° ed. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. LtdISSN No. 1973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page 9-21 AGE AND SEX RELATED HEAMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN ASEEL BIRD S.K. Brijpuria, J.R. Khan, Mohan Singh, G.K. Dutta, O.P. Dinani, Sudhir Kumar J wal" College of Veterinary Science and A.H. Anjora, Durg, Chhattisgarh-(491001), India Abstract For studying the sex related haematological and biochemical characters in Aseel birds, a total of 32 birds were divided into 4 equal groups. Group A and B contain adult male and female birds respectively. Group C and D contain grower male and female birds respectively. Result indicated that the mean cloting time is highest in adult female and lowest in grower male. The ESR values of adult male were found to be lowest and those grower male were highest. Haemoglobulin was found to highest in male adult and lowest in grower females. PCV was highest in adult male and lowest in grower females. TEC values were highest in adult male and lowest in grower female. TLC values were highest in adult females and lowest in grower female. The MCH index was highest for grower female and lowest in grower males. The MCHC value was highest in adult female and lowest in grower female. The blood glucose was lowest in grower females and highest in adult males. Total protein values was highest in adult female and lowest in grower male and albumin value was lowest in grower males and highest in adult males and globulin level was lowest in grower males and highest in adult females. Introduction: Aseel is the popular game birds of tribal people. The breed is distributed in Bastar, Dantewada and Kanker Districts of Chhattisgarh, Bhadrachalam, Guntur, Dist of A.P. Jeypore, Koraput district of Orissa State. These birds mostly utilized for frightening and slaughtering in different occasions. As blood parameters are RO de ae ad indices of internal environment of living body, clinical haematology can be a valuable tool in differential diagnosis and monitoring the course of disease. Age is found to play a significant role in affecting the haematological parameters and sex may also affect them. The haematological picture and chemistry of blood alter during different stages of growth and development (Schaffer 1981). Age before laying i.e. 4-6 month of age, after start laying i.e. 12-16 month of age as well as sex of poultry are the main different stages of poultry and hence the present study is aims to rule out normal haematological and biochemical values of these birds. Material and methods : Aseel flock maintained at the poultry house of College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg (C.G.) under standard managerial condition in intensive system. For the study 32 birds are chosen at random and dividing them into 4 groups. Group A and B contain adult birds, age ranging from 12-16 month of male and female respectively. Group C and D contain grower birds, age ranging from 4-6 month of male and female respectively. Blood samples were taken from each group and studied for different parameters. Haemoglobin concentration in the blood was estimated by Sahils acid hematin method and packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by wintrobe haematocrit tube method as well as microhaematocrit tube method. The total erythrocyte count (TEC) and total leukocyte count (TLC) were determined by the method of Natt and Herric. Clotting time was determined by capillaryBrijpuria, ‘tube method. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was determined by Westergren and Wintrobe graduated tube. Differential leukocyte count was performed after staining the slide with Leishmans stain. The erythrocyte indices such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration were (MCHC) calculated from the values of PVC, TEC and haemoglobin concentration. For biochemical parameters, blood sugar was determined from deproteinized blood by copper reduction method as described by Nelson and Somogyi. Total protein was estimated from blood plasma by biuret method suing modified biuret reagent of total protein estimation kit from Dr. Reddy laboratory. Albumin was estimated from blood plasma by Bromocresol Green macro method using the albumin reagent of Dr. Reddy laboratory. Result and Discussion : The average values and their standard errors of hematological parameters and blood biochemical parameters for adult and grower male female were presented in Table-1 and Table-2 respectively. Heamatological parameters: A perusal of table-1 revealed that the mean clotting time is highest in adult female and lowest in grower male. This may due to higher fibrinogen or free calcium ionic concentration in young and as age advanced ‘these contents is reduced. In guinea fowl clotting ‘time was highest in 3 month male and lowest in day old chick (Kundu, et a/.,1993). These findings are similar with regard to increase of clotting time, as the age advances. The ESR values of adult male were found to be lowest and those grower male were highest. These values show an agreement with finding in guinea fowl by Kundu et al., (1993). The ESR value in ducks of Chara and Chembali reported by Mahant and Jalaluddin (1999) are 2.52+0.13 for Chara adult male, TSA 2.4020.16 for Chara adult female 2.1220.12 for Chembali adult male 2.4440.15 and for adult Chemblai female. Hence, compared to duck, Assel bird’s shows lower ESR. Haemoglobulin was found to be highest in male adult and lowest in grower females. It may be due to the stimulatory effects of androgen secretion on the haemoglobin content. These findings are in conformity with Kundu et al., (1993), and Mahanta & Jalaluddin (1999). However, haemoglobin percentage was found to be lower in Aseel birds as compared to ducks and guinea fowl. PVC was highest in adult male and lowest in grower females. The values in adult male are higher than adult female. PVC values in grower males and females are found to be nearly the same. Higher PVC values of grower females than that of adult females supports the view of Nirmalan (1973) that female sex hormone inhibits erythropoesis. TEC values were highest in adult male and lowest in grower female. Again the value of TEC shows the sex difference and age difference. Values are higher in males than female and higher in adult than grower. These values are higher than the values found in guinea fowl by Kundu et al., (1993) and values in ducks reported by Mahanta and Jallalludin (1999). TLC values were highest in adult females and lowest in grower female. The values in grower males are higher than grower females and in adult females were higher than the adult males. The values are higher than the values reported in guinea fowl (kundu et a/., 1993) and lower than ducks (Mahanta and Jalalluddin 1999). Blood biochemical parameters : In blood biochemical parameters, glucose was lowest in grower females and highest in adult males. The values suggest that glucose level increase as age advances. Total protein values was highest in adult female and lowest in grower male andpur albumin value was lowest in grower males and highest in adult males and globulin level was lowest in grower males and highest in adult females. All the levels of protein, albumin and globulin were nearest to values reported for RIR chickens by Paul and Sangeetha (2000). Conclusion : This study provides the basic physiological status of blood of purebred indigenous fowl Aseel. These data will be useful for the applied Parameters Clotting time (sec) ESR -1 hrs (mm) ESR -2 hrs (mm) Hemoglobin (%) PCV (36), [TEC million/eumm cv (fl) IMCH (pe) MCHC (grn/al) Parameters |Glucose (mg/100m!) One i 7 [Albumin (rng/100mI) ealae Samatological | ecoulin (me/i00m) studies. Reference Flora P, and Sangeetha R. 2000. Influence of growth stages and gender on serum glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein in RIR chicken. Ind. J. Poul. Sci. 35 (1): 45-46. Kundu AK, Mohanty BP, Mishhra SC and Mishra MS. 1993. Age related changes in the haematological of guinea fowl. Ind 1. Poul Sci. 28(3): 200-207. Mahanta J D. and Jalaludeen A. 1999. Studies on certain haematological constituent of native duck of Kerala. Ind. J. Poul. Sci. 34 (2): 248-250. [Table no.1: Haematological parameters of Ase! bird fic mousana/eumn 247.2316.2 ‘Table no.2: Biochemical parameters of Aseel bird oat Pron re/00n] Natl MP. and Herric CA. 1952. New blood diluents for counting erythrocytes and leucocytes of chicken. Poult. Sci. 31: 735-38. Nelson N, 1944. In: clinical methods manual, ‘Spectronic - 20, Bausch and Lomb. J. Bio. Chem. 153: 375-380. Schafer Al.1981. Bleeding and thrombosis in the myeloproliferative disorders. Blood. 64: 1-12. Somogyi M. 1945. In: clinical methods manual, Spectronic ~ 20, Bausch and lomb. K. Biol. Chem. 160: 61-68. Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh- (243122), India “E-mail: sisudhirjaiswal009@gmail.com RO de aa adISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Rating 2.61 Pago : 22-24 SALMONELLOSIS: THE MAJOR WORLD HEALTH CONCERN Lal Sangpuii"’, Laltlant Divn. of Animal Bioche! i?, Lalrengpuii Sailo® and Lal Chamliani* ry, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, lzatnagar, Bareilly- U.P-243122 Introduction Salmonellosis is one of the most common and widely distributed food borne diseases caused by thea bacteria (salmonella). Salmonellae are Gram- and is negative rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic bacteria generally 2-5 microns long by 0.5-1.5 microns wide and are motile by peritrichous flagella. Salmonella genome sizes vary among serovars which ranges from 4460 to 4857 kb. belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae and are a medically Salmonellae important pathogen for both humans and animals (Grimont and Weill, 2007; Malorny et al, 2011). It is estimated that tens of millions of human cases occur worldwide every year and the disease results in more than hundred thousand deaths. For salmonella species, over 2,500 different strains (called “serotypes” or serovars”) have been identified to date. While all serotypes can cause disease in humans, a few are host specific and can reside in only one or a few animal species, for example, Salmonella dublin in cattle; and Salmonelia choleraesuis in pigs. When a particular serotypes cause disease in humans, it is often invasive and can be life-threatening. Typically, such strains cause gastroenteritis. This group features Salmonella enteritidis TSA and Salmonella typhimurium, the two most. important serotypes of transmitted from animals to humans in most salmonellosis parts of the world. ‘Types of Salmonellosis: Salmonellosi divided into two categories. generally a Non-typhoidal Sa/monella is the most common form, and is carried by both humans and animals. Most serotypes of Salmonella, such as Salmonella javiana, Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis cause non-typhoidal Salmonella 2 Typhoidal Salmonella, which causes typhoid fever, is rare, and is caused by Salmonella typhi, which is carried only by humans. Prevalence of Salmonella Salmonella bacteria are widely distributed in domestic and wild animals. They are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, pigs, cattle and in pets, including cats and dogs, birds and reptiles such as turtles. Salmonella can ass through the entire food chain from animal feed, primary production, and all the way to households or food-service establishments and institutions. Route of transmission of Salmonellain poultry Oral infection of Salmonetia in chickens is followed by its passage through crop andstomach, and colonization of small intestine (caecum) and ileocaecal junction. The next step is invasion into intestinal walls followed by phagocytosis of Salmonella by Macrophage cells and its drainage in to liver and spleen where it survives and multiplies within the macrophages of liver and spleen (Andino and Hanning, 2015). The major factor for intestinal penetration is encoded by the genes clustered in area on the chromosome designated = Salmonella Pathogenicity Istand (SPI). Many SPis have been lentified so far but SPI. and SPI2 remain crucial for infection of S. Typhimurium. SPI1 is required for bacterial entry and SPI2 is required for intracellular survival and replication (Mansen- Wester and Hensel, 2001). The infected hens become chronic carrier and lay contaminated ees. Salmonellosisin humans Salmonellosis in humans is generally contracted through the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin (mainly eggs, meat, poultry and milk), although other foods, including green vegetables contaminated by manure, have been implicated in its transmission, The disease is usually characterized by acute onset of fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. The onset of disease symptoms occurs 6 - /2 hours (usually 12-36 hours) after ingestion of salmonella, and illness lasts 2-7 days. Typhoid fever symptoms: Symptoms of typhoid fever appear between 8 and 14 days after eating contaminated food and last anywhere from 3 to RO de ae ad 60 days. They include a fever of 104 *F, weakness, lethargy, abdominal pain, coughing, nosebleeds, delirium, and enlarged organs. Typhoid fever is a serious illness that can result in death. Additional symptoms may include bloody diarrhea, vomiting, headache and body aches (Connor and Schwartz, 2005). Complications of Salmonella Complications of Salmonella poisoning are more likely to occur among young children and people age 65 or older. Possible complications include: Reactive Arthritis: Reactive arthritis is thought to occur in 2 to 15 percent of Salmonella patients. Symptoms include inflammation of the joints, eyes, or reproductive or urinary organs. On average, symptoms appear 18 days after Infection. Focal Infection: A focal infection occurs when Salmonelia bacteria takes root in body tissue and causes illnesses such as arth endocartitis. It is caused by typhoidal Salmonella only. Treatment of Salmonella Salmonella infections generally last 3 to 7 days and often do not require treatment. People with severe dehydration may need rehydration through an IV. Antibiotics are recommended for those at risk of invasive disease, including infants under three months old. Typhoid fever is treated with a 14-day course of antibiotics. Unfortunately, treatment of Salmonelia has become more difficult as it has become more resistant to antibiotics. Finding the right PL rateLal Sangpuii, et. al ies antibiotic for a case of Salmonella is crucial to ‘treating this bacterial infection. Prevention of Salmonella infection These safety prevent Salmonella poisoning: fl Washing hands before preparing food and after handling raw meats. 2. Cook meat and eggs thoroughly until measures can help ‘they reach an internal temperature of 160 °F (712¢). 3. Avoid cooking raw meat in the microwave, as it may not reach a high enough internal temperature to kill Salmonella bacteria and may be unevenly cooked. 4. Avoid bringing uncooked meat into contact with food that will not be cooked (i.e. salad). References Andino, A. and Hanning, |., (2015). Salmonella enterica: Survival, colonization and virulence differences among serovars. The Scientific World Journal. http://dx.doi.org/10,1155/ 2015/520179 Connor, B. A. and Schwartz, E., (2005). Typhoid and paratyphoid fever in travelers. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 5(10): 623-628. Food Safety Department WHO / Geneva foodsafety@ who int Grimont, P. A. and Weill, F. X. (2007). Antigenic formulae of the Salmonella Serovars, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France, 2007. Hansen-Wester, |., and M. Hensel., (2001). Salmonelia pathogenicity islands encoding ype III secretion systems. Microbes Infect 3(7): 549-559. Malorny, B., Hauser, E. and Dieckmann, R. (2011). New approaches in __subspecies- level Salmonella classification,” in Salmonella From Genome to Function, S. Porwollik, Ed., pp. 1-23, Academic Press, Norfolk, UK. Marler Clark Foodborne Illness 1301 Second Avenue, Suite 2800, Seattle, WA 98101 2Ph.D, *assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary sciences and A. H, Jalukie, Nagaland-797110 *Ph.D, Animal Genetics and Breeding, indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- U.P- 243122 “Scientist, LPT, ICAR-National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, Medziphema, Nagaland-797106 “Corresponding author email: docspee@gmail.com AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV!ISSN No. 1973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page : 25-28 THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF WINTER COCCIDIOSIS IN CATTLE CALVES OF MORIGAON, ASSAM A, Hazarika* and M. Das? Key Village Centre, Charaibahi, Morigaon, Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Department, Assam 2ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam, Meghalaya Abstract, Winter coccidiosis was observed in nine (9) non-descript cattle calves of about 4-10 months of age from Charaibahi village, Morigaon, Assam. Examination of fecal samples revealed presence of five species of Eimeria viz. E. bovis (88.88%), E. zvernii (66.66%), E. auburnensis (55.55%), E. ellipsoidalis (33.33%) and E. alabamensis (22.22%). The oocyst count per gram of feces ranged from 50 to 950 in infected calves. All the calves were treated successfully with Sulphadimidine @ 0.2g per kg b. wt. orally for 5 days, Paracetamol and Nimesulide @ 1 bolus per 100 kg b. wt. orally for 3 days and fluid therapy @ 500ml intravenously daily for 3 days. Multivitamin @ 250g per 100kg of feed was given daily as a supportive supplement for 1 month. After 5 days of treatment, the calves recovered gradually and started normal feeding. Keywords: Calves, Winter coccidiosis, Eimeria spp., Charaibahi, Assam Introduction Coccidiosis is one of the most pathogenic intestinal diseases caused by different species of Eimeria belonging to phylum- apicomplexa (Almeida et al., 2011). Generally, coccidiosis is seen in late summer as well as in winter months in In but, it may occur throughout the year. When it occurs in winter season then it is known as winter coccidiosis. In winter months the disease may occur due to environmental stress and limitation of host and parasite concentration due to shortage of water shed (Chakrabarti and Jha, 2016). Coccidiosis in cattle commonly occurs as subclinical disease causing great economic losses. Signs of clinical coccidiosis include RO de ae reduced appetite, reduced body weight, unthriftness, diarrhea, dysentery and anemia (Abebe et al., 2008). Coccidiosis in cattle is observed in all age groups but it is most common and important in young animals. They are responsible for huge economic losses to the livestock industry in terms of mortality and morbidity in young calves (Nalbantoglu et al., 2008; Nisar Khan et a/., 2013). The disease is particularly a problem of confined animals kept under intensive husbandry practices and is more common in housed animals than in those on pastures. In associations with other enteropathogens, coccidia have been indicated as an important cause of diarrhea in calves (Radostits et ai., 1994), The disease occurs in acute, subacute and chronic forms. Bloody diarrhea, dehydration, rough hair coat, reduced growth rate, anemia, weakness and weight loss are the signs of coccidiosis (Bastianetto et a/., 2007). Clinical coccidiosis in cattle mainly depends on factors like species of Eimeria, the age of the infected animal, the number of oocysts ingested, the presence of concurrent infections and management practices (Daugsc and Najdrowsk, 2005). Overcrowding and lack of sanitation increases the chance of infection. More than 13 species of Eimeria and one species of Isospora have been described to infect cattle. Eimeria bovis and Eimeria zuernii are the most pathogenic species and associated with clinical coccidiosis under the field conditions while other species have been shown to be mildly or moderately pathogenic. The major damageis due to the rapid multiplication of the parasite in the TA) BraeA Hazarika, ot. [26] restinal wall, and the subsequent rupture of the cMaster technique (MAFF, 1986). Sporulation cells of the intestinal lining. Several stages of multiplication occur before the final stage, the oocyst, is passed in the feces. Oocysts are extremely resistant to environmental stress and are difficult to completely remove from the environment. The disease is transmitted by ingestion of sporulated oocysts. Infection is acquired from the contaminated feed, water, soiled pastures or by licking contaminated hair coat. Case History and Clinical findings: Nine (9) non- descript cattle calves of about 4-10 months of age from Charaibahi village, Morigaon, Assam showed symptoms of anorexia, emaciation, rough hair coat, discharge of foul smelling diarrhea, smudging of the perineum and tail with dung as well as bottle jaw condition (Fig). Clinical examination of the calves revealed high temperature (103-104°F), increased pulse rate (100-105/min), normal respiratory rate (28-30/ min), sunken eye balls, rough hair coat and dehydration in animals. Diagnosis: For diagnosis fecal samples (about 3 gms) were collected directly from the rectum of the affected animals in marked plastic pouch/ vials and the samples meant for examination at a later date were preserved in 2.5% potassium dichromate solution and stored at refrigerated ‘temperature (4°C) until examination. The fecal samples were examined by direct flotation technique using saturated salt (specific gravity: 1.20) and sucrose (specific gravity: 1.27) solution (Pyziel and Demiaszkiewicz, 2013). Positive samples were then quantified to estimate the oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces by using modified of the oocyst was done by mixing positive fecal sample containing oocyst of Eimeria spp. with 2.5% potassium dichromate solution in a ratio of 1:5 volume as per the procedure described by Duszynski and Wilber (1997) and incubated at room temperature for 4-7 days, checked daily. Morphological characterization and measurement of oocysts was done as per the guidelines of Duszynski and Wilber (1997) and Soulsby (1986) by using an Olympus BX51 light microscope at x200 and x400 magnifications. Results: All the cattle calves were found to be infected with coccidia. Five species of Eimeria were identified viz. E. bovis (88.88%), E. zuernil (66.66%), Eimeria auburnensis (55.55%), Eimeria ellipsoidalis (33.33%) and Eimeria alabamensis (22.22%). The OPG of feces ranged from 50 to 950 in infected animals (Table 1). All the species of Eimeria were identified on the basis of their morphological characters (Fig. 2). The length x width (meantstandard error) of each species were E.ellipsoidalis (15.240.53x12.3+0.58 im), E, zuernii (15.440.41x13.340.29 Im), E. alabamensis (16.840.27%10.9+0.31 im), £. bovis (24.740.4919.240.67 im), E. auburnensis (35.240.31%20.940.37 im). ‘Treatment and Discussion Damage to the intestinal mucosa by the coccidia reduces calt’s ability to absorb fluids and nutrients from the intestine and thus infected calves become dehydrated. To prevent dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, parental treatment with fluid therapy (Intalyte, Intas PeedA ncaa, mo Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ahmedabad) @ S0OmI was _Since the infections in calves were observed in given intravenously once daily for 3 days. the month of December, so it may be considered Sulphadimidine (Pabadine tablet, Intas as sporadic cases of winter coccidiosis. This might be due to the non-administration of Table 1: Species of Eimeria inCattle calvesof | coccidiostat or coccidicidal drugs by the Charaibhai, Morigaon farmers during rainy season. Earlier coccidiosis Prevalence (%) [OPG of feces in calf during winter season was reported by [Eimeria bovis __|8 (88.88) [50-950 __| Chakrabarti and Jha (2016) from Ranchi, (66.66) EOEDO Jharkhand. Among all the identified Eimeria species only three (E. bovis, E. zuernii and E. cimeriaelipsoidalis[3(33.33) [0-450 auburnensis) are associated with clinical Eimeria auburnensis_[5(55.55) [50-300 _| manifestation of disease in cattle, Geurden et (22.22) 50-150 ai. (2005) found that Eimeria zuernil is involved ‘with winter coccidiosis but, Eimeria bovis is also iemeetiat Ltd Anais @ 028 ee *8 common. Mostly young calves of one month age cntcolled with Pervestamol and Nineeatide t0.0ne Vear are affected (Chakrabarti and Jha, Paralain Ni Hols Peet te eitcare nee (ih a 2016). E. bovis and €. zuernif accounted for highest, Mciceal was given @ 1 bolus per 10Okg body PreV@lent species in the present study which isin ight for 3 deve: Multivitamin (ineressroree, conrormity with the findings of Heldari et al. eal ft , aaa nae na oan e@ Dor (2014) and Yu et al. (2011) from Iran and China, eee se 8 respectively. Borkakoty et al. (1984) and Das et per 100kg of feed was given daily as a supportive ; al. (2015) earlier reported prevalence of . bovis, Supplement for month. After days oftreatment yernji, €, quburnensis, E. ellipsoidalis, E. with Sulphadimidine and fluid therapy, the calves indica, £. bukidnonensis and E. subspherica in recovered gradually and started normal feeding. é‘A Hazarika, ot. [23] calves and adult cattle from Kamrup district of ‘Assam. The infection rate was observed higher in young calves which may be due to housing in overcrowded conditions and easy contact with adult animals. Priti et al. (2008) and Das et al. (2015) also observed higher prevalence in younger animals than adult and stated that immature immunity might be a critical factor for determining the clinical and subclinical infections in younger animals. Thus, we can conclude that the coccidiosis in cattle calves should not be neglected in field condition because this infection is opportunistic and may occur either as summer or winter coccidiosis. Conclusion Present communication reports the etiology and the therapeutic management of winter coccidiosis in cattle calves of Charaibahi, Morigaon, Assam References bebe R, Kumesa B, Wessene A (2008). Epidemiology of Eimeria infections in calves in Addis Ababa and DebreZeit Dairy Farms, Ethiopia. Inter J Appl Res Vet Med 6: 24-30. Almeida V.0.A, Magalhaes V.C.S, Muniz-Neta ES, Munhoz A.D (2011). Frequency of species of the genus Eimeria in naturally infected cattle in Southern Bahia, Northeast Brazil. Braz J Vet Parasitol 20:78-81. Borkakoty M.R, Das M.R, Gogol A.R (1984). Incidence of gastrointestinal parasitic infection in cattle in Kamrup district of Assam with special reference to the prevalent species of coccidia. Indian J Anim Health 23(1): 57-62. Bastianetto E, Filho E...F, Lana A.M.Q, Cunha AP, Telxeira Lv, Bello A.C.P, Teixeira C, Leite RC (2007). Epidemiology of Eimeria sp. infection in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) breed in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ital J Anim Sci 6: 911-914. Chakrabarti A, Jha B.K (2016). Winter coccidiosis in a calf — a case report. Int J Agric Sci Res 6 (1): 279-282. Daugschies A, Najdrowsk M (2005). Eimeriosis in cattle: Current understanding, J Vet Med 52: 417-427. Duszynski D.W, Wilber PG (1997). A guideline for the preparation of species description in the Eimeriidae. | Parasitol 83:333-336. Das M, Deka D.K, Sarmah PLC, Islam S, Sarma $ (2015). Diversity of Eimeria spp. in dairy cattle of Guwahati, Assam, India. Vet World 8(8): 941- 945. Geurden T, Claerebout E, Vercruysse J (2005). Protozoan infection causes diarthea in calves. Tijdschr Diergeneeskd 130: 734-737. Heidari H, Sadeghi-Dehkordi Z, Moayedi R, Gharekhani J (2014). Occurrence and diversity of Eimeria species in cattle in Hamedan province, Iran. Vet Med 59(6): 271-275. MAFF (1986) Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Manual of veterinary parasitological techniques, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Nalbantoglu S, Sari B, Cicek H, Karaer Z (2008). Prevalence of coccidian species in the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the province of Afyon, Turkey. Acta Vet Brno 77: 111-116. Nisar-Khan M, Rehman T, Salid M.S, Abbas R.2, Zaman M.R, Sikandar A, Riaz M (2013). Determinants influencing prevalence of coccidiosis in Pakistani buffaloes. Pak Vet J 33: 287-290. Priti M, Sinha S.R.P, Sucheta S, Verma S.B, Sharma S.K, Mandal K.G (2008). Prevalence of bovine coccidiosis at Patna. J Vet Parasitol 22: 5-12. Pyziel A.M, Demiaszkiewicz A.W (2013) Coccidia (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) of elk (Alces alces) in Poland, Parasitol Res 112: 2083-2085. Radostits O.M, Blood D.C, Gay C.C (1994). Veterinary Medicine. A Textbook of the Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Goats, and Horses. 8th ed. Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia. p1181-1199, Soulsby E.J.L (1986) Helminths, Arthropods and Protozoa of Domestic Animals. 7th ed, Deilliere, Tindall and Cassell, London, Yu S.k, Gao M, Huang N, Jia ¥.Q, Lin Q (2011). Prevalence of coccidial infection in cattle in shaanxi province, North Westem China. J Anim Vet Adv 10(20): 2716-2719. “Corresponding author’s Email: meenad3 @gmail.com AST VETERINARIAN, VOL. XV!ISSN No. 1973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page : 29-30 MICROFILORIASIS IN DAIRY CATTLE - CLINICAL PROFILE Mohanambal K, V. Kumar, P.K.Ramkumar, P.A.Enbavelan and R. Ramprabhu Department of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tirunelveli - 627 358 Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai Abstract A total of 12 cattle presented with the history of high temperature, inappetence, open mouth breathing and reduced water intake were presented to Large Animal Medicine section of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex were screened for microfilariosis. Out of 12 presented cases, 2 cattle found to harbour the microfilaria of seteria cervi based on the morphological character. Haematological examination revealed anaemia, lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. Serum biochemistry revealed hyperbilirubinaemia, hypoprotinemia and hyperglobulinaemia. The affected cattle therapeutically managed with subcutaneous injection of ivermectin @ 200 yg/ kg body weight. Blood samples were retested after 15 days to confirm the absence of microfilari Key words: seteria cervi, microfilariasis, ivermectin,anaemia, serum biochemistry Microfilariosis is a parasitic disease mainly caused by infection with round worm called Filaroidea group. Fi livestock constitutes a major health problem in josis in man and tropical countries.Commonly adult worm lies in the peritoneal cavity which will not be harmful. Detection of microfilaria in blood of infected animals plays a major role in control and eradication of filarial diseases. Setaria cervi, RO de ae ad Setaria digitata and Setaria labiatopappilosa are three species cause setariasis in cattle. These species will be differentiated by length and width of sheath, length of causal space, length of tail and length of cephalic space. Microfilariosis will spread by mosquitoes and horn fly. A total of 12 cattle with the history of high temperature, in appetence, open mouth breathing, bilateral nasal discharge, labored breathing and reduced water intake were screened for microfilariosis. Haematology, serum biochemistry, peripheral blood smear and wet blood were taken for examination on the day of presentation and 15 days after post treatment. Whole blood was collected by vein puncture (jugular vein), peripheral blood smear and wet blood film were taken from ear mar Resultand ussion The peripheral blood (Leishman-Giemsa Stain) and wet blood smear examination revealed positivity for microfilariae in 2 cattle, out of 12 cattle examined. In the affected animals haematology revealed anemia (Hb 4.2 g/dl, PCV 12%, TLC 4.5 X 103/uL), lymphocytosis (78%) and eosinophilia (4%) and macrocytic hypochromic anaemia and serum biochemistry revealed hyperbilirubinaemia (1.5 g/dl), hypoprotenimicMohanar fe (4.7 g/dl) and hypergiobulinaemia (4.5 g/dl). Quantification of Setaria sp. was done by Knotts ‘technique which reveals the presence of 32-35 microfilaria /ml of blood. All microfilariae observed had long and slender sheathed with blunt anterior and tapering posterior end (Bino Sundar and Ravindran, 2010) which confirmed the presence of Setaria sp. Among the Setaria sp the confirmatory diagnosis was made by morphological features and measurements of microfilaria based on length and width of the micrifilaria with or without sheath, length and width of cephalic and caudal space, length from anterior extremity to nerve ring, excretory pore, excretory cell, central viscus, first genital cell and anal pore, length of nerve ring, central viscus and length of tail. These finding of the present study is in agreement with earlier works of Singla (2014). Both reported cases were having sheathed microfilariae with the length 216 and 230 ym and width 5.72 and 5.8 um (anterior sheath) cephalic end to nerve ring 45 and 51. um; ring to anal pore 22.40 um; anal pore to excretory jerve pore (EP) 82.20 um; excretory pore to genital anlage (G) 12.0 um; genital anlage to tail tip (T) 41.40 and posterior sheath (PS) 9.40 um, respectively. On the basis of morphometric studies, the microfilariae could be attributed to the genus Setaria cervi, in which the length of the TSA microfilariae resides about 145 - 150 um. The affected cattle were treated with two doses of ivemectin @ 200 pg/kg body weight at 7 days interval (Rani et a/., 2009) along with oral haematonics. Wet film and peripheral blood smear examination 15 days after the post treatment was negative for microfilariae. Summary Out of 12 cases presented with the history of high temperature, in appetence, open mouth breathing and reduced water intake 2 cattle positive for Setaria cervi. Deer population near Western Ghats may contribute Une reason for tir ofilerivsis in Tirunelveli. References Bino Sundar, S. T. and Ravindran, R. (2010) Comparison of various methods for the detection of microfilaria of setariain the blood of cattle. Tamilnadu J. Veterinary & Animal Sciences. 6 (1): 45-48. Singla, L. D., Aman, D., Moudgil, Sood, N. K.,Deshmukh, S., Sujata, T. and Uppal, S. K. (2014). A unique case report on setaria species microfilariosis in adult cattle in punjab (India). international science journal.1: 1-3. Rani, N. L., Sundar, N. S., Jayabal, Land Devi, V. R (2009). Microfilariosis associated with epitaxis in a she buffalo. Buff. bull., 28: 170- 172.ISSN No. : 0973-2004, PIF : 5.465 NAAS Ratings : 2.61 Page : 31-33 MASSIVE PARALLEL SEQUENCING: REVOLUTION IN DNA SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE Purabi Thakuria", Satya Sarma* and Champak Barman? Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahatl-78022 Introduction: DNA sequencing is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides ie. A, T, G and C within a DNA molecule. DNA sequencing was first described by Maxam and Gilbert, 1977; Sanger et ol., 1977. Modern DNA sequencing technologies have opened the door to the large-scale characterization of genomes. In the past 20 years, there is modernization of DNA sequencing technologies that result in dramatical improvement of DNAsequencing in terms of accuracy, speed, efficiency, and cost- effectiveness Massive Parallel Sequencing (MPS): Ma parallel sequencing or massively parallel sequencing is a new generation sequencing technique used to describe the method of high- throughput DNA sequencing to determine the entire genomic sequence of a person or organism This method processes millions of reads, or DNA sequences, in parallel instead of processing single amplicons that generate a consensus sequence. The result is a higher resolution of every sample. itis also called Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) or Second-Generation Sequencing. Some of these technologies emerged in late 1996 and became commercially available since 2005. This technique is highly effective in the field of research, particularly for the detection of mutation in the genome (Aaron et.al, 2010) Steps in MPS a) Sample preparation and library construction: In the first step, an in vitro library is generated e RO de ae dd from the sample (DNA, or RNA converted to complementary DNA ot cDNA). The sequencing efficiency is critically determined by the quality of the library. A number of enzymatic approaches have been used to prepare the DNA fragments instead of physically sheared (Adey et al., 2010). b) Amplification: This step is followed by amplification of sequences within the library generating several copies (Metzker, 2010). In this step DNA and RNA are amplified to produce huge amounts of reads with repetitive regions. These sequence reads are smaller and overlapping fragments and thus need multiple time sequencing. NGS techniques generate multiple repeats in one run. A larger number of repeats give more accurate and reliable output in the form of sequenced dataset with greater coverage (Tanja and Salzberg, 2011). ¢) Sequencing: Various formats and chemical methods in massive parallel sequencing. Fluorescent dyes are also used in similar manner to fluorescence-based (Sanger) sequencing. Sequence detection for NGS is performed in channels, chambers, nano-wells, or on assembled nanoballs. In the reversible dye terminator sequencing system, the molecular library is captured in a channel and then amplified to generate a small cluster from each captured molecule. Next, DNA polymerase and all 4 dye terminators are flowed through the channel, resulting in fluorescent base extensi for each cluster. Fluorescence is then read for 1,NO.1 Api are used Bane‘the hundreds of millions of clusters found in the channel simultaneously. The dye terminators are then reversed by flowing reagents through the channel to clip off the fluorophore and repair the nucleotide, readying the base to be extended again. This whole process is known as a cycle, which is then repeated (Bentley et al., 2008).Typically, 100 bp sequence reads are obtained from each end of the cluster, although read lengths from 50 to >200 bp are possible. An entire run from multiple channels can generate <“600 gigabases (Gb) of sequence in an 11-day period. With a new upgrade, 120 Gb can be generated in <“27 hours, or an entire whole genome every day at >30-fold coverage. Applications of MPS: = Massive parallel sequencing (MPS) enables simultaneous screening of thousands of loci for disease-causing mutations, structural rearrangements, epigenetic changes. At the RNA level, mutational analysis, posttranscriptional modification analysis becomes possible in ‘one experiment. — MPS by far the best technique to analyze ~ RNA editing, to follow the gene in Copy number variation (CNV). — Several aspects of a gene can be looked in one experiment — Sequencing is essentially digital and therefore can provide almost unlimited accuracy (depending on the sequencing depth). — Massively parallel sequencing has reduced the cost and increased the throughput. Next Generation DNA Sequencing /MPS: a) Pyrosequencing: In this method sequencing is based on the detection of the pyrophosphate TSA uring synthesis technique is based on 4 enzymes, DNA polymerase, ATP sulfurylase, luciferase and apyrase (Martin and Janet et a/., 2010). This method is accurate and fast, parallel processing can be done. Itis easily automated and eliminates the need for labeled primers and nucleotide. There is no need of gel electrophoresis. b) 454/RochGS-20/FLX: To start, the DNA is sheared into 300-800 bp fragments, and the ends are “polished” by removing any unpaired bases at the ends. Adapters are added to each end. The DNA is made single stranded at this point. One adapter contains biotin, which binds to a streptavidin-coated bead. The ratio of beads to DNA molecules is controlled so that most beads get only a single DNA attached to them. Oil is added to the beads and an emulsion is created. PCR is then performed, with each aqueous droplet forming its own micro-reactor. Each bead ends up coated with about a million identical copies of the original DNA. After the emulsion PCR has been performed, the oil is removed, and the beads are put into a “picotiter” plate (Metzker, 2010). Each well is just big enough to hold a single bead. The pyrosequencing enzymes are attached to much smaller beads, which are then added to each well. The plate is then repeatedly washed with the each of the four dNTPs, plus other necessary reagents, in a repeating cycle. The plate is coupled to a fiber optic chip. A CCD camera records the light flashes from each well. c) Illumina/Solexa 1G Genetic Analyser: This method uses the basic Sanger idea of “sequencing by synthesis” of the second strand of a DNA molecule. Starting with a primer, new bases are added one at a time, with fluorescent tags used to determine which base was added. The fluorescent tags block the 3’-OH of the new nucleotide, and so the next base can only be addedPurabi Thakuria, when the tag is removed. The cycle is repeated 50-100 times (Bentley et a/,, 2008). d) Illumina Massively Parallel System: Theidea is to put 2 different adapters on each end of the DNA, then bind it to a slide coated with the complementary sequences for each primer. This allows “bridge PCR”, producing a small spot of amplified DNA on the slide. The slide contains millions of individual DNA spots. The spots are visualized during the sequencing run, using the fluorescence of the nucleotide being added. e) Applied Biosystems® (ABI) Supported Oligonucleotide Ligation Detection System (SOLID): Here method: used is Commercialised by Life Technologies/Applied Biosystems and SOLID (Sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection) system. Template DNA molecules are prepared by fragmentation. Adaptor ligation, hybridisation to beads and emPCR in a similar fashion to that described for the Roche/454 system above. After breaking the emulsion the beads are immobilised at high density on a glass slide. Sequencing is done by universal primer, fluorescently labeled dNTPs. Next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has started substituting traditional Sanger sequencing method in many large scale or genome wide sequencing studies in structural and functional genomics. The major advantage of NGS technologies is the ultra high throughput production, characterized by the-ability to produce gigabases of sequencing data per instrument run, and more importantly, the reduction in cost compared to the traditional sequencing method. References ‘Aaron, M., Hanna, M., Banks, E., Sivachenko, A., Cibulskis, K., Kernytsky, A. and Garimella, K. (2010). The genome analysis toolkit: @ MapReduce framework for analyzing next generation DNA sequencing data. Genome Res., 20 (9):1297-1303. Adey, A., Morrison, H.G., Asan (2010). Rapid, lowinput, low-bias construction of shotgun fragment libraries by high- density in vitro transposition. Genome Biol., 13 (12): 119. Bentley, D.R., Balasubramanian, S., Swerdiow, H.P. (2008). Accurate whole human genome sequencing using reversible terminator chemistry. Nature, 456 (7218):53-59. Martin, K. and Janet, K. (2010). High throughput DNA — sequences-concepts and limitations. Bioessays, 32: 524-536. Maxam, A.M., and Gilbert, W. (1977). A new method for sequencing DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 560-564. Metzker, M..L. (2010). Sequencing technologies - the next generation. Nat: Rev. Genet., 11 (1): 31-46. Sanger, F., Nicklen, S., Coulson, A.R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74: 5463-5467. Tanja, M. and Salzberg, S.L. (2011). FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome _ assemblies. Bioinformatics, 27 (21):2957-2963, “Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, "Professor and Head, Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, As ‘ant Professor, Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, Guwahati-781022 “Corresponding author Email Id: dr.purabithakuria@gmail.com BU eC aa dd W PL rateISSN No. : NAAS Ratings : Page:3437 MARKER VACCINES AND THEIR USE IN ANIMAL DISEASE TREATMENT AND PREVENTION ‘Chongtham Sonia, 7M. Norjit Singh, ,2Blessa Sailo, “B.K.Sharma and *Kha Lovingson 1945 1CAR- Manipur centre, Lamphelpat *Central Agricultural University, CAU, Imphal Introduction: Effective control of any infectious disease in an endemic country needs better vaccines along with strong diagnostic support for identification of the infecting agent. Traditional vaccine strategies using live attenuated and inactivated virus has been successful in the past for some of the diseases. But for the effective control of spreading infection during outbreak, along with the good immunization, the means of differentiating between the immunized animal and infected animal should be in place so that immunization can be materialized in the proper way. Therefore, it is imperative that newer approaches to develop vaccines are explored at faster pace. The advent of newer methods in molecular biology and technical advances in DNA recombination has led to the production of new innovative vaccine and subsequently to a new era in vaccinology. A marker vaccine is a vaccine (live or inactivated vaccine) that can elicit a protective immunity distinguishable from the immune response elicited by the natural infection with ‘the wild type virus. It is either based on deletion mutants or on isolated antigenic proteins that allows the distinction between vaccinated and infected animals on the basis of identifiable difference in antibody responses. A marker vaccine is used in conjunction with a companion gnostic test that detects antibodies against a protein that is lacking in the vaccine strain. Animal diagnosed as positive for the presence of an infection has to be eliminated regardless of prior vaccination with a marker vaccine for the effective control of disease. The term marker vaccine is misnomer because the cardinal feature DED One SL Gb RE is not that the antibody response of infected animals can be differentiated from that of vaccinated animals. Hence, DIVA (Differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) vaccines have a negative marker because such vaccines carry at least one antigenic protein less than the corresponding wild-type virus. Preparation of marker vaccine: 1, Knockout @ non-replicative gene from a wild- type virus. 2, Amplify the knockout gene by PCR. 3. Clone and expressed the gene in prokaryotic cells. 4, Inject the expressed protein in Laboratory animals and raise serum against 5. Collect the serum and purify it (anti-non- replicative Ab). 6. Use the serum for future screening test. 7. On the other hand collect the virus with a knockout gene and attenuate/inactivate it (vaccine strain). 8. Inoculate into the susceptible animals with the virus. 9, Antibodies produced against the viral proteins except the deleted protein. 10. Vaccine strain (negative marker) used for vaccination and screening the animals for prophylactic measures. The deleted proteins in the marker vaccine strain must have the following characteristics 1) It should be a structural protein, in order to be able to produce inactivated vaccines. 2) It should be a non-essential in order to be able to produce the live vaccine. DCRR ee ae