Table of Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology

Material
Procedure

Result and Discussion

Result
Discussion

Conclusion

Recommendation
Introduction

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments (or other macromolecules,
such as RNA and proteins) based on their size and charge. Electrophoresis involves the flow
of current through a gel containing attractive molecules. Based on its size and charge, the
molecules will move through the gel in different directions or at different speeds, allowing
them to separate from each other. All DNA molecules have the same amount of charge per
mass. Because of this, gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments separates them based on size
only. Using electrophoresis, it can see how many different DNA fragments are present in a
sample and how large they are relative to one another. And can also determine the absolute
size of a piece of DNA by examining it next to a standard "yardstick" made up of DNA
fragments of known sizes.

DNA agarose gel electrophoresis is one of the most reliable methods for DNA
separation. Blue bromophenol is the tetrabromophenol sulfonaphthalein that widely used as a
‘tracking dye’ by the scientific community. However traditional products are now available
as a blend of three dyes which are Bromophenol blue, Xylene cyanol and orange G, this
collection provides very high monitoring efficiency because in 1% agarose gel, Xylene
cyanol usually moves at almost the same rate. This dye carry a slight negative charge at
moderate pH, it will migrate in the same direction as DNA and protein in a gel and thus can
be used as a marker ion front. However, this dye have bad side effect which is can cause
irritation to the respiratory tract. colorants from synthetic sources can be harmful and cause
allergies in human. Synthetic food dyes are used more often in food products as well as for
other important regular uses. Synthetic food coloring is considered to have fewer side
effects, less toxic, less polluting, less harmful to health, non-carcinogenic and non-toxic. The
most important is the fact that they are environmentally friendly and can be recycled after
use.
Result