The stages of Discussion point A he age of six, the brain is Discuss with a partner. ofits adult size you surprised by any ofthe statsticsin the infographic? Why / why Although the brain sully grown, 2 Should we excuse teenagers for rational behavior as ther brains are notfully developed? Why / why not? ur cognitive abilities peak 3 What canwe do to between 22 and 27. At 60, slow the decline of our we begin to steadily lose the cognitive functions? ability to plan, remember, and ‘coordinate aowaos9jopy —Z By 80 our brain shins by to 10% and our capacity {or recall, orentation, and reasoning worsen a P10 Before you watch Match the words in bold with the correct definitions. at isk (phrase) a related t king 1 2 ealinary ( inadangerous situation, wlnerable 3. screen (y) © tohelp something grow 4 nurture (y) d_ check someone or something to see fits 5. turn (sth) around () suitable © change asituation in apositive way BenavionRead the sentences, Watch the video and choose the correct ending for each sentence, 1 The im of the culinary schoo! isto provide free food for students / teach young people how to cook. 2. The courses are available to all young people ‘only those who show a genuine interest in learning how to cook 3. Manyof the school’s graduates go on to workin kitchens around the world / work in kitchens around the country, Work in a group. Discuss the questions. 1 What do you tink the motivation for running these Zanele Mdokwana? courses could be for 2. Otherthan thecooking sils they develop, what do you think a course like this teaches young people? 3. Ingeneral, €o you think schools all over the world should focus more on providing young people with transferable skils than on academic subjects?eo Activating prior knowledge Identifying main ideas enavion Born criminal? AVocabulary preview Complete the sentences withthe words inthe bo. delinquent deviant genetic inherit notion prominent propensity tendencies 1 Oystic fibrosis isa__concitian that affects the lungs, liver, kidneys, and intestines, 2 The that our personality is purely dictated by upbringing is clearly awed. 3. Upbringing undoubtedly plays a rale inthe development of criminal 4 Thestudy using brain scans of _ teens indicates that they're wired different. 5 Economics and urban planning have played ______rolesinthe development of criminal theory. 66. Subjects with abusive parents tend to show a greater ____for Violence 7. Aggressive and __ behaviors positively correlate with sleep deprivation, {If both parents carry the faulty gene, thereis a one in four chance that their offspring wil the condtion. B Before you read ‘Workin a group. Discuss the questions. 1 Doyou think criminal tendencies ae inherited? Why / why not? 2 What other factors play a prominent rain determining the propensity toward criminality? 2 Towhat extentis our behavior dictated by the way we are publicly perceived? C Global reading Read Born criminal? Match the headings (2) to paragraphs (1-7) Paternal influence on criminal tendency — Nature or nurture? — The conelation between intellect and cime — ‘biological predisposition toward criminality? — Society's influence on seltidentity and behavior — Siblings, genetics, and upbringing — Whats criminology? »>Born criminal? ‘an his 1885 publication, Ciminologia Staci su Dei, Sule sue Couse sui Mezr dh Repressione, alan awyerRafiele Garofalo ‘Stgued that siete sty was the only way to understan the ‘hminal mind He name this ne field “eriminaogy" ana inthe ‘Soyeat snc neption, theorist have stugled to answer ‘ne fundamental question are we bom eiminal? cesare Lombroro~oftenfefrred to the father of ‘riminology reject the classical bei that crime was a personaly waitof human nate instead, he developed 2 {theory of antropologiel crminology tating not only that ‘riminaitywasinherted bt that cna could be denied bya series of prominent physical elects which confirmed thei tov and Savage nature In his most inertial work vom ‘elingvente, Lmbvoso argued that thieves could be identified by theiroxpressive faces, manual dexterity, and small wandering jen while murderers haa ol lass-the stares, bloodshot je, andbighawk he ses. Femalecriminas tended tobe Shorter more wrinkled, and had dave hai and smaller hols than ‘normal women The notion that physical appearance twosinnately bound to 9 propensity toward criminally was furthered by wll Sheldon in Te Als of Men (1954), in \ihich be proposed a taxonomy for categorizing the human Dysiqe.sheldon argued that humans couldbecateprized Into thre broad ypes~ectomarph, mesomorph, and tendomorphthen scored within these catgores to determine ‘mental characterises, Those with muscular physique and [thle appearance showed eater cial tendencies than While supertially competing no evidence has been found to Substantat these theories, an they have since Been widely Siscredted “other earty theorists ad the foundations forthe most prominent choo of thought nthe 0s and 60s "abeling theory’ which hypotheses that negative abelsgven Individual by salty atually promote deviant behavie. The ‘tgs ofthis theory canbe waced back Ewin emer, ‘2 Socelogy professor atthe University of Califor octal potholgy a systematic aporch toe theory sociopathic ‘behavior (1851), ererintroduce the concept of "primary" and "secondary deviance” “Primary deviance” refers toon intial at that devises rm social narms~say getting caught {ora minor trafic ofense ooking stationery rom work. Those ‘that commit these act are usualy reprimanded an feel guy tough nat repeat them However, some go onto comm further, repeated ormore sevousacts~ secondary delance— fd ar labeled ae cma, Howard Becer further developed {his notion ini 1963 publication, Outsiders, claiming hate ciety ates peopl as criminals io justi ts condermnation, the deviants ternelves use to sty ther eiminal behavior. Exsenialy they commit futher criminal offenses becouse its “imply wna they re” Cities of labeling theory argue that. ‘ae the abel may encourage ater minal behavior alto ‘Consider teinfuence of genticorenironmenta factors that must have eto the nial crime. “Perhaps the mestinfuental study The Cambridge Sty in Betinquent Develpre't 2013}, which hasbeen following the ‘evelopment of 411 males since 196), Over the S0-ear period {hathaselapsedsince the star ofthe stud, pryehologistshave Interviewed the test subjects ine times, moving rom focus onthe school attendance to employment and fatherhood ‘rae ound that asigniiant numberof delinquent youths hod ‘minal fathers, Under 10% of chiren fom non-ofending fathers went nto Became chronic offenders, whereasjustunder 4084 ofthe ofsping of ciminal fathers went onto regularly ‘fend. While the dat, ang otherstcies lie strongly imply that criminal parents sre het to produce criminal frig, ieremains unclear whether thisintergenerational deviance genetically determined or largely dueto the environment in ‘vhich we are raze, rarousstudieshaveats found a corelation between ineligence and crime. efit etal, fund that men ith lower Tent on to commit wo or more crimes by the ago of tent, Denno 1998) alo tested theineligence of pert 1,000 children teliferent point nthe ie and founda consist negative Correlation between Q and criminal behav. However, others, Sch as Menard and Morse have claimed tat the association f= too weak to be considered statisti significant. Yt regardless tfthe extent to whichintligenceaflects propensity toward ‘minal behavog edoes appear to be 9 actor, which ies Sother question are we bor ntligen, and by extension, tw abiding? Reseocrers atthe Unversity of Queensland found that ony up to amasimam ofa afinteligance Inherited and the rests detersned by enronmenta factors Ifthis ite, both naar and nuturehave ele toplayinthe evelopment of criminal tendencies "One ara of esearch hat ests his hypothesis compares the ‘behavior oftentieal nonozygatictuins—those sharingan ‘dente genetic mkeup —tothatof fraternal zygote tins, ‘io hare on average, SO%afthesame genes. Aeratre ‘view on tudes identi wins and criminal behavior foundthat dis exnbited erminal behavior concurrent, ‘eres only one third of non sdetia twins had sir ‘elated behavior Inthe Minnesota Ton arly Study, ‘esearchers are currerty comparing monozygotic a dzygotic twins who were Bath aed together with those separated st birth The study has end remarkabesimiaritiesin those raised spart-stongly suggesting that genetes, not upbringing, ‘determines behavior nd personaly. However cso the enti connection argue that poor research methodology nd design have cstrted the finns Leaving us wth tie anclusve proof that rime Is genetical determined. "so are we born criminal? While research strongly indicates certain eel of genatiepredisposton toward criminality ts {lear that upbringing lays an integral rol in the development ‘of erimina tendence- To blame our gnes for criminal behavior ‘wily ignores 2 broader societal responsiblity to ensure ‘hat the enionmentin which we'eraised doesn’ promote ciminal behavior BEHAVIOR Een:Identifying in-text 'BEHAMIOR D Close reading One of the most common ways to support or counter an argumentisto cite Information from other sources either by quoting them directly, “Peer pressure affects how teenagers act.” Gluckman (2014) Or paraphrasing the information; Gluckman (2014) suggests that friends infuence the behavior ofa teenager. References usually include the author's name, date of publication, and occasionally the page number. 1 Read Barn criminal? again, Match the arguments (1-6) to the source(s) used to support them inthe text. 1. Criminal tendencies are directly associated with physical attributes. — 2. Branding someone a criminal often inspires further deviant behavior. — 3 Criminal fathers are more likely to spawn criminal offspring. — 4 Thereisa clear association between criminal behavior and intelligence. — 5. Thecorrelation between criminal tendency and IQis insignificant. 6 Twins raised in different environments have similar personalities. — 2. Scan the text again. Are these sentences 7 (True), F (False), or NG (Not Given)? 1. Cesare Lombroso believed thatits nour nature to behave lke criminals. — 2. Critics argue that labeling theory doesn't justify the primary act of deviance. — 3 Few subjects in the Cambridge Study n Delinquent Development had cfiminal mothers. — 4 According to Denno, people with high Qs show less propensity toward criminality. — 5. Intelligence is largely dictated by genetics. 6 Statistically, monozygotic twins commit more crime than dizygotic twins, — E Critical thinking Workina group. Discuss the questions. 1. Do you agree that criminals ve up tothe label given to them by society? Why why not? 2. Some argue that siblings who live together are not always brought up in the same environment. What might be diferent? »>