TCMKOK MMM
D[OYO\ KD BO MCXD\[MFOLMÜC LMDC[ÎHMLO
N.K. WOWMB ]J\\OGOCK] QJKQMFTDW YDKQOWO
(1919)
 

D\[QTL[TQO KDB [QOAOGJ KD

MCXD\[MFOLMÜC
• HJQNTBOLMÜC KDB [DNO KD
MCXD\[MFOLMÜC
Db prmndr posj poro bbdvor o oloaj uc troaogj kd
mcvdstmfolmüc,
mcvdstmfolmü c, kdpdckd kd uco ljrrdlto dbdllmüc kdb
tdno.
Db
qudkdsluarmnmdctj kdb tdno vmsmüc
cjs kdc uco prmndro mnpbmlo toctj
pjsddrkdb
notdrmobds
osuctj,
ljnj kd su sdctmkj, kd sus prjaoambmkokds y kd su
 vobjr. \unokj o bjs notdrmobd
notdrmobdss ljc bjs qud sd ludcto
poro oajrkor db tdno kd mcvdstmfolmüc
 

\d rdljnmdcko tjnor dc ljcsmkdrolmüc bjs

smfumdctds
?. [dcdrpuctjs0
Xjlolmüc7 rdprdsdcto db pboldr ljc db
qud sd oajrko uco mcvdstmfolmüc
1. Fjzor kd lobmhmlolmüc mctdbdltuob7 ds db
kjnmcmj kd bjs ljcjlmnmdctjs sjard db tdno
qud sd vo o mcvdstmfor.
<. Ljctor ljc dxmstdclmo Amabmjfrïhmlo7
ljcsmstd dc cj oajrkor uc tdno qud lordzlo
mchjrnolmüc j kd hudctds qud pdrnmtoc kd
dstoabdldr uc norlj okdluokj poro holmbmtor bo
tordo kd mchjrnorsd.
 

YBOC[DONMDC[J KDB YQJABDNO

  Db ospdltj kd noyjr mnpjrtoclmo dc db
prjldsj kd mcvdstmfolmüc. Yboctdor db
prjabdno cj ds smcj ohmcor y dstrulturor nos
hjrnobndctd bo mkdo kd mcvdstmfolmüc. \d
cdldsmto hjrnubor db prjabdno dspdlmhmlj dc
tírnmcjs ljclrdtjs y dxpbîlmtjs.
Bo kdhmcmlmüc kdb osuctj sjard db qud vdrsorï
bo mckofolmüc kdtdrnmco dc froc ndkmko bos
pjsmambmkokds kd íxmtj kd bo mcvdstmfolmüc.
 

  Db prjabdno kd mcvdstmfolmüc ds, kd obfuco

nocdro, uco prdfucto amdc hjrnuboko qud dc sî
nmsno ljctmdcd uc ljcjlmnmdctj olunubokj d
mkdctmhmlo kd nocdro prdlmso uc hjlj kd bo rdobmkok

sjard db qud ljfcmtmvos

lopolmkokds sd qumdrd ldctror db pdcsonmdctj
y sdcsmabds rdqudrmkos yporo
bos
bo prjkullmüc kd ljcjlmnmdctj lmdctîhmlj.
‒Yboctdor uc prjabdno ljcsmstd dc dbdfmr
uco nocdro kd oajrkor uc tdno kd
mcvdstmfolmüc, dc okjptor y kdbmnmtor uco
pdrspdltmvo o portmr kd bo luob ucj pudko
oldrlorsd y ljnprdckdr uc tdno kd
dstukmj.„
 

BO HJQNTBOLMÜC
Bo prdsdctolmüc kdb prjabdno kd
mcvdstmfolmüc dc uc prjydltj dstï
ljcstmtumko pjr bo hjrnubolmüc
prdfucto kd mcvdstmfolmüc. kd uco
[jkj prjabdno kdad dstor amdc hjrnubokj.
Dstj ds, kdad
mclüfcmtos ljctdcdr
y kdad toctos uco
prdsdctor vormoabds ljnj
supjsmlmüc
ljrrdlto.
 

  Bos prdfuctos qud ausloc uc "ºpjr quí:"

cj sjc lmdctîhmlondctd rdbdvoctds. Tc

troaogj
dchjlor kddc mcvdstmfolmüc
bjs "ºlünj:‒lmdctîhmlo
[onpjljsd kdad
sjc
 vïbmkjs bjs prjabdnos kd kdlmsmüc, oqudbbjs
kjckd bo rdspudsto ds "sî" j "cj".
 

  \M\[DNO[MWOLMÜC
\mstdnotmzor db prjabdnoKDB YQJABDNOds
kd mcvdstmfolmüc
kdsofrdfor j kdsljnpjcdr bo prdfucto kd
mcvdstmfolmüc (hjrnubolmüc kdb prjabdno),
dc suaprdfuctos. Ds kdlmr, ds kmvmkmr bo prdfucto
fdcdrob dc prdfuctos nïs pdqudÿos qud mcljrpjroc,
loko uco, vormoabds kdb prjabdno o mcvdstmfor.
Dc bo prdfucto fdcdrob (hjrnubolmüc kdb
prjabdno) y bos suaprdfuctos (smstdnotmzolmüc
kdb prjabdno) qud hjrnubd db mcvdstmfokjr, sd
ljcvmdrtdc dc bo aosd poro kdtdrnmcor bjs
jagdtmvjs kd bo mcvdstmfolmüc.
 

JAGD[MXJ\ KD BO MCXD\[MFOLMÜC
Bjs jagdtmvjs sjc mnprdslmckmabds, yo qud
mckmloc bj qud sd dspdro kd bo mcvdstmfolmüc y
kdhmcdc bo hjrno dc qud sd obloczorï db
rdsubtokj. Yboctdor uc jagdtmvj ds kdtdrnmcor bo
ndto o bo qud sd ospmro bbdfor ndkmoctd bo
mcvdstmfolmüc.
 

Mnpjrtoclmo kd bjs jagdtmvjs kd bo

Mcvdstmfolmüc
• Jrmdctoc bos kdnïs hosds kdb prjldsj.
• Kdtdrnmcoc bjs bînmtds y bo onpbmtuk.
• Ydrnmtdc kdhmcmr bos dtopos qud rdqumdrd db
dstukmj.
• \mt÷oc db dstukmj kdctrj kd uc ljctdxtj
fdcdrob.
 

Bjs jagdtmvjs kdadc kd lunpbmr ljc bjs

smfumdctds rdqumsmtjs0
• \dr lborjs y prdlmsjs.
• Dstor kmrmfmkjs o bjs dbdndctjs aïsmljs kdb
prjabdno.
• Cj pudkdc ljctdcdr gumlmjs kd vobjr
• \dr ndcsuroabds y jasdrvoabds.
• \dfumr uc jrkdc büfmlj j ndtjkjbüfmlj.
• Dstor dxprdsokjs dc vdrajs dc mchmcmtmvj.
 

GT\[MHMLOLMÜC
Bo gustmhmlolmüc dc bo mcvdstmfolmüc rdspjckd
ob pjrquí, kdb troaogj dc dstukmj y bo

utmbmkok
 Ob j mnpjrtoclmo
rdspdltj, sudbd eoadr kd
trdssukmndcsmjcds
rdobmzolmüc.j
tmpjs kd gustmhmlolmüc7 tdürmlo, prïltmlo y
ndtjkjbüfmlo. Obfucos mcvdstmfolmjcds
pudkdc rdqudrmr bjs trds tmpjs kd gustmhmlolmüc,
jtros kjs tmpjs y jtros sjbj ucj. Dbbj kdpdckd
kd bos portmlubormkokds kd loko mcvdstmfolmüc.
 

 
GT\[MHMLOLMÜC [DÜQMLO
Bo gustmhmlolmüc tdürmlo sd eold luockj db
prjpüsmtj kdb dstukmj ds fdcdror rdhbdxmüc y
kdaotd olokínmlj sjard db ljcjlmnmdctj
dxmstdctd, ljchrjctor uco tdjrîo, ljctrostor
rdsubtokjs, ljchmrnor db ljcjlmnmdctj
dxmstdctd j luockj sd auslo njstror bos
sjbulmjcds kd uc njkdbj.
 

GT\[MHMLOLMÜC YQÏL[MLO
\d kdad kd eoldr luockj db kdsorrjbbj kd bo
mcvdstmfolmüc oyuko o rdsjbvdr uc
prjabdno j pjr bj ndcjs, prjpjcd
dstrotdfmos qud ob opbmlorsd ljctrmaumrîoc
o rdsjbvdrbj.
 

GT\[MHMLOLMÜC ND[JKJBÜFMLO
bo gustmhmlolmüc ndtjkjbüfmlo kdb dstukmj sd ko
luockj db prjydltj pjr rdobmzor prjpjcd
uc cudvj nítjkj j uco cudvo dstrotdfmo
poro fdcdror ljcjlmnmdctj vïbmkj y
ljchmoabd.

 nítjkjs
\m uc jdstukmj
tílcmlossdporo
prjpjcd
fdcdror auslor cudvjs
ljcjlmnmdctjs,
 auslo cudvos hjrno kd eoldr mcvdstmfolmüc,
dctjclds pjkdnjs kdlmr qud bo mcvdstmfolmüc
tmdcd uco gustmhmlolmüc ndtjkjbüfmlo.
 

NOQLJ [DÜQMLJ
Db norlj tdürmlj ds mctdfror db tdno kd bo
mcvdstmfolmüc ljc bos
tdürmljs, dstukmjs y tdjrîos, dchjquds
octdldkdctds dc
fdcdrob qud sd rdhmdrdc ob prjabdno kd
mcvdstmfolmüc.
db norlj tdürmlj cjs onpbîo bo kdslrmplmüc
kdb prjabdno. Mctdfro bo tdjrîo ljc bo
mcvdstmfolmüc y sus rdbolmjcds nutuos.
 

  Ob ljcstrumr uc norlj tdürmlj kdadnjs

ljcvdcmr ljcldctrorcjs dc db prjabdno kd
mcvdstmfolmüc qud cjs jlupo, smc kmvofor dc
jtrjs tdnos ogdcjs ob dstukmj.

Tc audc pïfmcos,
nuleos norlj tdürmlj
smcj cj
db dsqud
db qud ljctmdcd
troto ljc
prjhuckmkok bjs ospdltjs rdbolmjcokjs ljc db
prjabdno y vmclubo büfmlo y ljedrdctdndctd
bjs ljcldptjs y prjpjsmlmjcds dxmstdctds dc
dstukmjs octdrmjrds0 kd nocdro qud ljcstrumr uc
norlj tdürmlj cj sübj smfcmhmlo rducmr
mchjrnolmüc, smcj tonamíc bmforbo,
ljndctorbo y ocobmzorbo.
 

Bo empütdsms
EMYÜ[D\M\
ds uc dcuclmokj qud rdobmzo db
mcvdstmfokjr budfj kd ljcjldr o hjckj bo tdjrîo
sjard db tdno qud bd mctdrdso (norlj tdürmlj) y
qud kdad sdr ljcfrudctd ljc bo prdfucto kd
mcvdstmfolmüc.
Bos empütdsms sjc
dxpbmlolmjcds ljcsmkdrokos
tdctotmvos ljnj
rdspdltj ob
prjabdno pboctdokj, prdsdctokos o
nocdro kd prjpjsmlmjcds.
 

D\_TDNO KD LJC[DCMKJ
Db dsqudno kd ljctdcmkj ds uco
edrronmdcto qud pdrnmtd jrkdcor
ljcjlmnmdctj d mkdos, poro budfj db
rdkoltorbos y kmvubforbos. Yoro dboajror

uc
dc dsqudno
ludcto uckdljcguctj
ljctdcmkj,
kd sd tmdcdprmclmpobds
mkdos qud tdcdr
qud kdhmcoc ob tdno ldctrob mcvdstmfokj.
 

  Qdprdsdcto bo dstrulturo büfmlo kdb troaogj kd

mcvdstmfolmüc, dc db luob opordldc dcuclmokos
bos mkdos prmclmpobds y sdluckormos qud
sdrvmrïc kd jrmdctolmüc poro bo rdljbdllmüc

kd bjs kotjs,
kd nocdro nmsnos
büfmlo qud dstïc jrfocmzokos
y smstdnïtmlo.
\u mnpjrtoclmo rokmlo dc bjs smfumdctds puctjs0
jhrdld uc pocjrono fdcdrob y ljnpbdtj kdb
prjabdno, holmbmto bo otdclmüc dc loko portd, dvmto bo
olunubolmüc kd mchjrnolmüc mccdldsormo, uco vdz
njkmhmlokj y ljrrdfmkj, pudkd sdr mctdfrokj ljnj
îckmld fdcdrob.
 

LQJCJFQONO KD OL[MXMKOKD\
 

QDHDQDCLMO\
 
Bo rdhdrdclmo ds bo mchjrnolmüc nîcmno rdqudrmko
poro pjkdr, pjstdrmjrndctd rdlupdror bo
mchjrnolmüc, amdc sdo pjr portd kdb nmsnj qud bo
jatuvj j db bdltjr sm bo rdhdrdclmo dstï dc uc
ortîlubj, bmarj j luobqumdr jtrj tmpj kd tdxtj. Dsto
mchjrnolmüc ds7 outjr, oÿj, tîtubj kdb ortîlubj, tîtubj
kd bo rdvmsto, bmarj, dtl., vjbundc kd bo rdvmsto,
c÷ndrj kd bo prmndro y kd bo ÷btmno pïfmco.
 

Bos rdhdrdclmos j hudctds kd mchjrnolmüc

utmbmzokos poro bo dboajrolmüc kdb pboc ljcsmstdc
dc7
? Hudctds amabmjfrïhmlos (bmarjs y jtros

1 puabmlolmjcds ljcsubtokos)0
Jtros hudctds kd mchjrnolmüc, ljnj pjr
dgdnpbj7 pdrsjcos, kjlundctjs, pdbîlubos, dtl…).