ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

SUBMITTED BY : AQSA SHAHEEN

ROLL NO : 1042

BS CHEMISTRY 4TH SEMESTER

SUBMITTED TO : DR.HUSSIANULLAH

UNIVERSITY OF OKARA
 How Chi square and T-test are used in Analytical Chemistry to accept or reject the result?

Answer:

Chi Square Test

▪︎The Chi Square test is a statistical hypothesis test in which the sampling distribution
of the test statistic is a chi square distribution when the null hypothesis is true.

▪︎ Chi-square tests are often used in hypothesis testing. The chi-square statistic
compares the size any discrepancies between the expected results and the actual results, given
the size of the sample and the number of variables in the relationship.

▪︎For these tests, degrees of freedom are utilized to determine if a certain null
hypothesis can be rejected based on the total number of variables and samples within
the experiment. As with any statistic, the larger the sample size, the more reliable the
results.
▪︎The purpose of this test is to determine if a difference between observed data
and expected data is due to chance, or if it is due to a relationship between the variables
you are studying.
Formula:

For Example in analyses the Result:

We have 3 independent comparison groups (Surgical Apgar Score) and a

categorical outcome variable (morbidity/mortality). We can run a Chi-Squared test of
independence.

◇Step 1:

H0: Apgar scores and patient outcome are independent of one another.

HA: Apgar scores and patient outcome are not independent.

 ◇Step 2:

(We were given the chi-squared value)

◇Step 3:

Therefore reject H0 if

◇Step 4:

Chi-squared = 14.3

◇Step 5:

Since 14.3 is greater than 9.49, we reject H0.

T -Test

T- Test

 A t-test is a statistical test that is used to compare the means of two groups.
 The t-test is used to compare two means provided that data are normally distributed (plot
of the frequencies of data is a histogram of normal distribution).
 A t-test is a parametric test and relies on distributional assumptions. It is a useful tool in
analytical work when two means have to be compared.

Formula

One sample T-test

◇There are two kinds of hypotheses for a one sample t-test, the null hypothesis and the
alternative hypothesis.
 ◇The alternative hypothesis assumes that some difference exists between the true mean
(μ) and the comparison value (m0), whereas the null hypothesis assumes that no difference
exists.

Steps

▪︎The t-test, and any statistical test of this sort, consists of three steps.

1.Define the null and alternate hyptheses,

2.Calculate the t-statistic for the data,

3.Compare tcalc to the tabulated t-value, for the appropriate significance level and
degree of freedom. If tcalc > ttab, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the
alternate hypothesis. Otherwise, we accept the null hypothesis.

▪︎The t-test can be used to compare a sample mean to an accepted value (a population
mean), or it can be used to compare the means of two sample sets.
▪︎Null Hypothesis H0: μ = μ0
▪︎ Alternate Hypothesis HA: μ > μ0