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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Hazards Landslide
A landslide, also known as a landslip or mudslide, is a
form of mass wasting that includes a wide range of ground
Landslide movements, such as rockfalls, deep failure of slopes, and shallow
debris flows. Landslides can occur underwater, called a
submarine landslide, coastal and onshore environments.
Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force
Assistant Professor
for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors
affecting the original slope stability.
References:
The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope
movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. These are
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landslide further subdivided by the type of geologic material (bedrock,
debris, or earth). Debris flows (commonly referred to as mudflows
or mudslides) and rock falls are examples of common landslide
types.
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Causes of Landslide Causes of Landslide

Landslides occur when the slope changes from a stable
to an unstable condition i.e. when forces acting down-slope
(mainly due to gravity) exceed the strength of the earth
materials that compose the slope. A change in the stability of a
slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or
alone.
Natural causes of landslides include:
 Groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the
slope
 Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves
 Weakening of a slope through saturation by snow melting,
glaciers melting, or heavy rain
 Earthquakes adding loads to barely stable slope
 Earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes
 Volcanic eruptions
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Landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as
 Deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize
the already fragile slopes.
 Vibrations from machinery or traffic
 Blasting
 Earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which
imposes new loads on an existing slope
 In shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that
binds colluvium to bedrock
 Construction, agricultural or forestry activities (logging)
which change the amount of water infiltrating the soil.
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2010 Landslide, Attabad Pakistan

Hazards

Avalanche
Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
Assistant Professor

References:
Attabad Lake
• Lake formed in January 2010, due to a massive
landslide at Attabad village in Gilgit-Baltistan.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche
• The landslide killed twenty people and 6000 were displaced
• Blocked the flow of the Hunza River for five months.
• The lake reached 13 miles (21 km) long and over 100 metres (330 ft) in depth
by the first week of June 2010 when it began flowing over the landslide dam.
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Avalanche 2012 Gayari Sector Avalanche

An avalanche (also called a snowslide) is a rapid flow of snow
down a sloping surface. After initiation, avalanches usually accelerate
rapidly and grow in mass and volume as they entrain more snow. If
the avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with
the air forming a powder snow avalanche.
Although primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large
avalanches have the capability to entrain ice, rocks, trees, and other
surficial material. However, they are distinct from mudslides which
have greater fluidity and rock slides which are often ice free.
Avalanches are not rare or random events and are endemic
to any mountain range that accumulates a standing snowpack.
Avalanches are most common during winter or spring but glacier
On 7 April 2012 (6:00AM), an avalanche hit a Pakistani military base in
movements may cause ice and snow avalanches at any time of year.
Gayari Sector, near the Siachen Glacier region, trapping 140 soldiers &
In mountainous terrain, these are among the most serious
natural hazards, with their destructive capability resulting from their
civilian contractors under deep snow. The incident occurred at an
potential to carry enormous masses of snow at high speeds. altitude of about 4,000m. On 29 May 2012, Pakistan declared that all
the 129 soldiers and 11 civilians were dead.
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Hazards Volcanic Hazards

A list of volcanic hazards is as follows

Volcanic Hazards 

Pyroclastic Density Currents (pyroclastic flows and surges)
Lahars
 Structural Collapse: Debris flow-Avalanches
Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
 Dome Collapse and the formation of pyroclastic flows and
Assistant Professor
surges
 Lava flows
 Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles
References:  Volcanic gas
 Tsunamis
 http://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu/hazards.htm  Volcanic Lightning

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Pyroclastic Density Currents
These are gravity-driven, rapidly moving, ground-hugging
mixtures of rock fragments and hot gases. This mixture forms a
dense fluid that moves along the ground with an upper part that is
less dense as particles fall toward the ground.
The behavior of the fluid depends upon the solids
concentration relative to the amount of hot gases (i.e., solids-gas
ratio). High concentration density flows are called "pyroclastic flows"
and are essentially nonturbulent and confined to valleys. Low
concentration density flows are called "pyroclastic surges" which can
expand over hill and valley like hurricanes. Temperatures may be as
hot as 900 degrees Celsius, or as cold as steam.
Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive
owing to their mass, high temperature, high velocity and great
mobility. Deadly effects include asphyxiation, burial, incineration and
crushing from impacts. The only effective method of risk mitigation is
evacuation prior to such eruptions from vulnerable areas.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management
Lahars
Lahars have destroyed many villages and lives living on
Indonesian volcanoes because most people live in valleys where
lahars flow.
The 21,000 lives lost at Armero, Colombia, was from a
lahar that formed during the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985.
It was generated by meltwater from the interaction of pyroclastic
surges with snow and ice, from a very small eruption.
Lahars can transform into regular floods as they become
increasingly diluted with water downstream.
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Lahars
Lahars are part of the family of debris flows that are fluids
composed of mixtures of water and particles of all sizes from clay-
size to gigantic boulders. The abundance of solid matter carries
the water, unlike watery floods where water carries the fragments.
Debris flows have the viscous consistency of wet concrete, and
there is a complete transition to watery floods.
Lahars are composed of volcanic particles and originate
directly or indirectly from volcanic action. Lahars can form by hot
pyroclastic surges or flows entering watershed systems or flowing
over snow and ice, by eruptions through crater lakes, by heavy
rains on loose volcanic debris -- that is, any process by which
volcanic particles can become saturated by water and move
downslopes.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management
Debris-flow Avalanches
An avalanche is a large mass of moving fragments with
blocks that range from 100's of meters (exceeding 1000 m) in
longest dimensions, down to tiny particles less than 0.1 mm. They
may form from the collapse of nearly any kind of rock, but the
focus here is upon volcanic debris-flow avalanches that develop
from the collapse of parts of volcanoes.
Gigantic avalanches can originate by the structural
collapse of a volcanoe. The first witnessed debris-flow avalanche
occurred with the collapse of the northern sector of Mount St.
Helens, 18 May 1980. Since then, avalanche deposits have been
inventoried world-wide. Although collapse is infrequent on a
human life-span scale, it is a common volcanologic phenomenon
of composite volcanoes.
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Lava flows
Lava flows rarely threaten human life because lava usually
moves slowly -- a few centimeters per hour for silicic flows to
several km/hour for basaltic flows.
Major hazards of lava flows -- burying, crushing, covering,
burning everything in their path. Sometimes lava melts ice and
snow to cause floods and lahars. Lava flows can dam rivers to
form lakes that might overflow and break their dams causing
floods.
Methods for controlling paths of lava flows: (1) construct
barriers and diversion channels, (2) cool advancing front with
water, (3) disruption of source or advancing front of lava flow by
explosives.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management
Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles
formed on Land
(4) carrying of noxious gases, acids, salts, and, close to the vent,
heat. Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of buildings, break power
and communication lines and damage or kill vegetation. Even thin
(<2 cm) falls of ash can damage such critical facilities as
hospitals, electic-generating plants, pumping stations, storm
sewers and surface-drainage systems and sewage treatment
plants, and short circuit electric-transmission facilities, telephone
lines, radio and television transmitters. When dispersed widely
over a drainage basin, tephra can change rainfall/runoff
relationships. Low permeability of fine ash deposits leads to
increased runoff, accelerated erosion, stream-channel changes
and hazardous floods. In contrast, thick, coarse-grained deposits
closed to the source can increase infiltration capacity and
essentially eliminate surface runoff.
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Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles
formed on Land
Tephra consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and
origin. It is a synonym for "pyroclastic material." Tephra ranges in
size from ash (<2 mm) to lapilli (2-64 mm) to blocks and bombs
(>64 mm). Densities vary greatly, from that of pumice (<0.5)) to
solid pieces of lava with density about 3.0. Blocks from basement
material may exceed 3.0. Material may be juvenile (formed of
magma involved in the eruption ) or accidental (derived from pre-
existing rock).
Tephra fall and ballistic projectiles endanger life and
property by (1) the force of impact of falling fragments, but this
occurs only close to an eruption, (2) loss of agricultural lands if
burial is greater than 10 cm depth, (3) producing suspensions of
fine-grained particles in air and water which clogs filters and vents
of motors, human lungs, industrial machines, and nuclear power
plants,
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Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles
formed on Land
Many of the hazards of tephra falls can be mitigated with proper
planning and preparation. This includes clearing tephra from roofs
as it accumulates, designing roofs with steep slopes,
strengthening roofs and walls, designing filters for machinery,
wearing respirators or wet clothes over the mouth and nose
because tephra can contain harmful gases adsorbed on the
particles as acid aerosols and salt particles.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Volcanic Gas Hazards

Magma is molten rock containing dissolved gases that are
released to the atmosphere during an eruption and while the
magma lies close to the surface from hydrothermal systems. The Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricanes
most abundant volcanic gas is water vapor; other important gases
are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen
sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine. The gases are transported away Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
from vents as acid aerosols, as compounds adsorbed on tephra Assistant Professor
and as microscopic salt particles. Sulfur compounds, chlorine and
fluorine react with water to form poisonous acids damaging to the
eyes, skin and respiratory systems of animals even in very small References:
concentrations. The acids can destroy vegetation, fabrics and
metals. Atmospheric veils of dust or acid aerosols caused by  http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/24879162
large-volume explosive eruptions can effect regional or global
climate.
Most volcanic gases are noxious and smell bad, but they can
cause mass fatalities 28 29
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Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricanes
Hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons are all tropical storms.
They are all the same thing but are given different names
depending on where they appear.
When they reach populated areas they usually bring very strong
wind and rain which can cause a lot of damage.
Hurricanes: are tropical storms that form over the North Atlantic
Ocean and Northeast Pacific (United States of America).
Cyclones: are formed over the South Pacific and Indian Ocean
(India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh etc.).
Typhoons: are formed over the Northwest Pacific Ocean
(Philippines, Taiwan, Japan etc.).
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Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricanes
Air rises quickly when it is heated by warm sea water. As the air
cools down again it is pushed aside by more warm air rising below
it. This cycle causes strong winds. Tropical storms have winds
faster than 73 miles an hour.
Tropical storms last a long time and are given names so they can
be identified quickly.
 The first storm of a year will have a name beginning with A,
such as Hurricane Alice, and the next one gets a name
beginning with B.
 Weather scientists hold meetings to decide on new names for
the next year.
 Names of storms which cause a lot of damage are never used
again.
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Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricanes
Over the sea a tropical storm can whip up huge waves.
When these waves reach land they can flood large areas,
including towns and cities.
Over land the strong winds can cause a lot of damage - they can
flatten homes, knock over trees and even tip over cars.
Tropical storms usually die out after a few days over land because
there is no warm sea water there to power them.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management
Cyclones in Pakistan
There is only one tropical cyclone warning centre in
Pakistan, which is in Karachi in Sindh province.
Cyclones mostly hit the Sindh coast than the Balochistan
coast in Pakistan. During the last 100 years a number of cyclonic
storms have struck Pakistan's coastal areas. The years involved
were 1895, 1902, 1907, 1944, 1948, 1964, 1985, 1999, 2007 and
2010.
Cyclone “Phet” in 2010 caused a precipitation of 14.57
inches (370mm) measured at Gawadar measurement station.
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Cyclones in Pakistan
Pakistan has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along
the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the extreme south
western part of the country where Gwadar is the main port city.
Though cyclones are rare in the Arabian sea which is a part of
North Indian Ocean, cyclones that form in this sea mostly move
towards Western India rather than Pakistan.
Cyclones in the Arabian sea form mostly from May till June
and then from September till October, monsoon season plays a
vital role for the formation of cyclone in this basin.
Each year before the onset of monsoon that is 15 April to
15 July and also after its withdrawal that is 15 September to 15
December, there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic
storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea. There is a 98 per cent
chance of cyclones to turn towards the Indian state of Gujarat,
one per cent chance of moving towards the Gulf and one per cent
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Hazards
Tornado
Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
Assistant Professor
References:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tornado
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management
Tornado Tornado vs Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricanes
A tornado, also called twister, whirlwind or cyclone, is a violently
rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the
ground and is often—although not always—visible as a funnel
cloud.
Lightning and hail are common in thunderstorms that
produce tornadoes. Tornadoes cause extensive damage to
structures and disrupt transportation, power, water, gas,
communications, and other services in its direct path and in
neighboring areas. Related thunderstorms can cause heavy rains,
flash flooding, and hail.
Tornadoes have been spotted in all continents except
Antarctica. Highest frequencies occur in the Netherlands. Occur
where cold and warm fronts converge. Can be just almost
anywhere.
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Tornado vs Cyclones/Typhoons/Hurricanes
Tornadoes are primarily an over-land phenomena as solar
heating of the land surface usually contributes toward the
development of the thunderstorm that spawns the vortex (though
over-water tornadoes have occurred). In contrast, tropical
cyclones are purely an oceanic phenomena - they die out over-
land due to a loss of a moisture source.
Lastly, tropical cyclones have a lifetime that is measured in
days, while tornadoes typically last on the scale of minutes.
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While both tropical cyclones and tornadoes are atmospheric
vortices, they have little in common.
Tornadoes have diameters on the scale of 100s of meters
and are produced from a single convective storm (i.e. a
thunderstorm). A tropical cyclone, however, has a diameter on the
scale of 100s of kilometers and is comprised of several to dozens
of convective storms.
Additionally, while tornadoes require substantial vertical
shear of the horizontal winds (i.e. change of wind speed and/or
direction with height) to provide ideal conditions for tornado
genesis, tropical cyclones require very low values (less than 10 m/s
[20-23 mph]) of tropospheric vertical shear in order to form and
grow. These vertical shear values are indicative of the horizontal
temperature fields for each phenomenon: tornadoes are produced
in regions of large temperature gradient, while tropical cyclones are
generated in regions of near zero horizontal temperature gradient.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management
Hazards
Famine, Drought
Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
Assistant Professor
References:
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought
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Famine Drought
A famine is a widespread scarcity of food, caused by several A drought is a period of below-average precipitation in a given
factors including war, inflation, crop failure, population imbalance, region, resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply,
or government policies. whether atmospheric, surface water or ground water.

This phenomenon is usually accompanied or followed by
regional malnutrition, starvation, epidemic, and increased
mortality.
Every inhabited continent in the world has experienced a
period of famine throughout history. In the 19th and 20th century,
it was generally Southeast and South Asia, as well as Eastern
and Central Europe that suffered the most deaths from famine.
The numbers dying from famine began to fall sharply from the
1970s.
A drought can last for months or years, or may be
declared after as few as 15 days. It can have a substantial impact
on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region and harm
to the local economy.
Annual dry seasons in the tropics significantly increase the
chances of a drought developing and subsequent bush fires.
Periods of heat can significantly worsen drought conditions by
hastening evaporation of water vapour.

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(1998-2002) Drought in Pakistan (1998-2002) Drought in Pakistan

The drought of 1998-2002 is One of the worst-affected areas was
considered worst in 50 years in Nushki, which lies close to the border
Pakistan. with Afghanistan. At that time Nushki
The drought started in 1997 but had not seen any drizzle for the last 5
gained intensity in 1998 and reached years. The drought in Balochistan
its peak in 2000 till 2001 and thus affected more than one-and-a-half
gradually weakened in 2002. million people and killed some two
The extreme drought also affected million animals
much of India and Afghanistan. In Sindh, 127 people died, mostly in the
The drought was at its peak in Tharparkar region near the Indian
Balochistan and Sindh, 26 districts of border, as a result of severe water
Balochistan were suffering from shortages and dehydration, nearly 60%
severe famine as a result of the of the population of Sindh migrated to
drought. 1.2 million people in the irrigated land. Ten of thousands of
province were affected by the great people were affected by this drought in
drought. both Balochistan and Sindh.
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CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management CE-315 Hazards and Disaster Management

Hazards Heat Wave

A heat wave is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be
accompanied by high humidity, especially in oceanic climate
Heat Wave countries.
While definitions vary, a heat wave is measured relative to
the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures
Dr. M. Rizwan Riaz
for the season.
Assistant Professor
Temperatures that people from a hotter climate consider
normal can be termed a heat wave in a cooler area if they are
outside the normal climate pattern for that area.
References:

 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heatwave

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Heat Wave in Pakistan

Proverb by Japanese Physics Scientist Dr. Torahiko
A severe heat wave with
temperatures as high as 49 °C “Natural disasters will hit us by the
(120 °F) struck southern time people have forgotten about them”
Pakistan in June 2015.
It caused the deaths of about
2,000 people from dehydration
and heat stroke, mostly in
Sindh province and its capital
city, Karachi. The heat wave
also claimed the lives of zoo
animals and countless
agricultural livestock.
The event followed a separate
heat wave in India that killed
2,500 people in May 2015.
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