LOG FORUM The Annulus Effect In this issue's column, 7m going to discuss an trvasion profile called the annulus and its effect onthe dul-induction log, which comprises three ‘resistivity measurements of varying depths of investigation —the deep ‘and medion induction measurements, Ryy and Ry and the shallow, spherically-focused SFL measurement, Ror! The log examples were ‘sent to me by Jon Musselman of Schlumberger's Shawnee, Oklahoma (office and are reproduced courtesy ofthe Oklahoma office of Fina Oil ‘and Chemical Company. Like most people,1 generally thnk ofvasion as mud filtrate simply dis: placing formation water and any hydrocarbon to some distance away ‘from the borehole wall (cght) The invaded zone surrounding the bore- Tole becomes samurated with mud flirate and has resistivity Ryy. The vr ‘in formation beyond has resistivity Ri, This so-called step profile forms ‘the basis for estimating Ry, and the diameter of invasion from vari- ‘ous combinations of resistivity logs using so-called tornado charts2 ‘Most ofthe ime, the dual-inducton log behaves more or less as you would expect in front ofa step-profile invaded zone. The three resistivity measurements Rp .Ryy and Rig in sequence between Rye ard Ry. realty, ofcourse, invasion i alot more complex. lt’ physically im plausible, for example, that an invaded formation can suddenly give way to virgin formation. More likely, her'l bea gradual change, giving vise tothe so-called ramp invasion, An annulus invasion, which represents @ ‘further leve of sophistication, applies to water-wet formations that have ‘@ much higher relative permeability to oil than to water Inthis case, the mud filtrate displaces hydrocarbon more easily than the {formation water The one immediatly surrounding the borehole obvi ‘ously gts filled with mua filtrate. Then there's a zone forming an ann us around the well thats filled with some filtrate, aot of formation 17 Sco rousar'scolurn i thi ue eats the Schlumberger mars SFL ‘snd coe 26d Se chor ita thr Rint 17 ithe Schlumberger 1988 Chas book, Volume 37 Number 1 aa Model Distance fem Borehole Profile Resistivity SFL iM 10 ‘A sep-profile invasion produces a conventional Ry, 0 we can forget ths case. ‘0 srt Bro. v5] A wedim fo tnaicion | indvcon +00 5 ear 2H Din Resistivity, chi-m An annulus-type resistivity profile computed from a step profile mod, in which Ryo Ry ard finitely ick beds, shows the thre dual-inducton resistivity measurements @con- ‘ventional order nat inverted ghd! Note, however, thatthe dre deep smeasurementsat 10,20 and 40 bs—are inert. Todetct an annulus, they recommend three approaches 1) Hf youre sre Ray > Ryan onthe log Ry < Ry hen you've gotan annulus. 2) f you have a good Ray log then find the apparent depth of invasion ting tornado chart for resistivity combinations, Byer Ry and ReeRyt-Rip- fhe depth of invasion isnot consistent fom one com ‘ation tothe net, suspect an anmalus—the ators provide a special plot to help you decide 5) Look at the frequency separation nthe Phasor induction mea ‘urements. Certain separation indicate an annuus, Special plots again delp you decide Volume 37 Number 1 Profiles pi z i. Invasion profiles deduced by Allen and Jacobse from a Phasor induc tion log run a three diferent frequencies—only the lowest frequency, 10 kit, is shown, Annulus profile ae readily apparent at the bottom ofthe log. From Allen DF an Jacobsen SI: “Resistivity Profiling With a Muli requency Induction Sonde," Transactions of the SPWLA 28th Annual Loging Symposium, London, June 9-July 2, 1987, paper F. Model Logs 10 eat ko Mem piiseion ami 10 eae 1 SDre } Deep Resistvty, ohm-m > 4 kJ I Pan . no «@ © ‘A conventional resistivity profile computed from an annulus mode! proves that a conventional profile doesnt necessarily mean step-profile Jnvasion. From Singer IM and Barber TD: “The Effet of Transition “Zones on the Response of Induction Logs,” Transactions af the SPWLA, 20th Annual Logaing Symposium, San Antonio, Texas, June 5-8, 1988, paper L. 45[Not having a Phasor induetion log, F couldn't se he third approach. ‘Nor could I use the second, since there was mo Ry, log. 1 could sort of ‘apply the fist criterion by assuming the deep induction gave Ry, about ‘TB ohmem, and estimating Ry fom the mcrolog using chart Rx from the Schlumberger chart book (lef) In the supposed annuus zone, there’ {classic microlog response, With Ry pat OF Ra (dette curve), near S ‘ohim-m avd Ry pyerse OF Rina (comtinous curve). near 3 olen. Pting those values in the chart (you should divide everything by mudcake ress ivy, Rye which inthis case is conveniently about I ofint-n) gives a ince thick mudcake and an R,, value round [00 ohm afo higher thar the assumed R, value, Since the logs show Ry < Rap. it was begin- hing 0 look like we really had an annuus. You have tobe careful using this mcrolog chart, though. Ryy i Very sen sitive 10 the position ofthe ploned point, and this may vary Because the micolog isa pad measurement and the pad may ride the hoe differently {from one run tothe next. The mieralog repeat section (that 200 foot sc tion ofa log generally run at TD before the main logging run to check ‘measurement consistency) shows Rp = 5.5 ohm and Ry = 38 ohm- im, giving via the chart the much lower Ry = 30 olem. But thsi till higher than Ry, Mudcake thickness i less sensitive tthe plated point’s ‘position. The vale I ound from the man run ofthe log translates toa reduction of 4 inch in borehole diameter which is exacly what the Using the microlog interpretation chart (Rx-1in the Schlumberger ‘microlog caliper shows (see Togs). The repeat ran gives amudcake thick- ‘Charts book) to estimate Ry and mudcake thickness from the two resis- ness somewhere berween 3 and 1s inch tivity curves of amicrolog. svere chosen o reproduce the log behavior seen on the first st of logs. Leaving out the annul, the simulated lg values take-on a conventional pro- ‘Simulation, using the ELMOD program, of dual-induction response to annulus invasion and shoulder beds lef)."The geometry and esstivity values file (ight). The Technical ReviewOriginally, tis was the end af my column—with me becoming avelu art convert tothe anus. But then out ofthe blue, Freceived a letter {from Barbara Anderson. author af one of the above papers, about my June 1988 column. At the end ofthe lente. she mentioned some software called ELMOD that could quickly compute dual induction response fa any given invasion and bedding. called her and inno ine she was ‘computing Fina Oil's producing zane 10 checkout the annulus. (ELMOD is available at selecied Schlumberger Field Log lnerprettion Centers, 0 ry there you're interested) I provided likely values for Ruy Ray Ry ‘the nv0 annulus diameters and the resistivity ofthe side-beds, op and bottom, Barbara then computed the log response. Acfirst, what se computed didn't ook anything lke the values on the og. But guided by her mumerical inition abou whe would work beter ‘an by my ensuring that revised values made sens from alog interpreta tion point of view, we zeroed in on an annulus model that produced exactly the right log values (opposite, bottrs). To double check, Barbara also computed what would happen ifthe annulus disappeared, «and—bingo— the log response became conventional. I was a great The fnal resistivity values correspond tothe following saturations: In ‘the invaded zone, asioning ifs Saturated with mud itvate and hycrocar ‘bon, water saturation i 6S percent; in the annuus zone, assuming i's saturated with formation water and hydrocarbon, saturation is 58 per ‘cent; in the virgin zone, saturation is 16 percent. These values seemed ‘zasonable. But remember; we found only one plausible model to explain the log behavior. There may be others. Before closing, I mus! adit thatthe curren version of the ELMOD pro: ‘gram only computes induction response. Barbara kindly ran another program to calculate SPL response—she described the theory ina SPWLA paver Secon Broussard ‘la The Technical Review P.O. Box 2175 1 Utiare Andersons eter we pao on page 46 othe Oca 188 eve The Toho Revie 9.£8 Anderson Band Chee WC:“SA* Inert Using High Sped Sete Computes Conese Los"Marsacton ofthe SPH 2th mea Span, Batts fone 1-20, 1905; paper Volume 37 Number 1 47