RISK FACTOR OF RENAL STONE

1. infection
2. urinary stasis
3. periods of immobility, all of which slow kidney
drainage and alter calcium metabolism.
4. increased calcium concentrations in the blood and urine promote
precipitation of calcium and formation of stones (about 80% of all
kidney stones are calcium based)

Causes of hypercalcemia (high serum calcium) and hypercalciuria (high urine

calcium) may include the following:
-Hyperparathyroidism
-Renal tubular acidosis
-Cancers (e.g., leukemia, multiple myeloma)
-Dehydration
-Granulomatous diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis, tuberculosis), which may cause
increased vitamin D production by the granulomatous tissue
-Excessive intake of vitamin D
-Excessive intake of milk and alkali
8-Myeloproliferative diseases such as polycythemia vera, which
produce an unusual proliferation of blood cells from the bone marrow