A self-study reference and practice book for intermediate students TREE Raymond Murphy, SECOND EDITION UNIVERSITY PRESSPUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OFTHE UNIVERSITY OOF CAMBRIDGE ‘The Pee Building, Trarapington Steer, Cambeidge CB2 IRL, United Kingdom | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS ‘The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU/UK 4) West 204h Serect, Ness York, NY £0011 =1211, USA 477 Wiliamstevn Road, Por: Meliourae VIC 4207,Ausualia Raise AlareGo 13,8014 Madrid, Span Dock House, The Warerfuns, Cape Towa 840%, Sou Altea hp://ewcambridtecong © Cand University Pre 1985, 1994 ‘Fins polished 1985 Fourth prindig (ods amendmens) 1986 "Twexty-Brse printing 1995, Second edition 1994 Starcoath printing 2002 Printed in: Great Briain by BemmyaBooth, Desby A catalogue sl fr thle bas aol the Be Lina Copyright “The law allows a reader 0 ake a single copy of part of s hook for purpasts of private std Twdoes oe allow the copying of | entie book or the tolang:9f mslaple copies of enti, Written ‘pesmi for any such copying mint sways be obtained Gorn the publisher in advance Ausgaben fe dee ErstRlen Swagart Duseldof Lepeig SBI 3-12.533683-X frnie Antworten) ISUIN $-12-592684-8 (ohne Antworten)CONTENTS Thanks vii To the'student viii To che teacher ix Present and past Present continuous (1am doing) Preseat simple (I do} Present continuous and present simple (1) {I am doing and I do) Present cortinuous and present simple (2) {I am doing and Ido) Past simple (L did) Pasc continuous (I was doing) Prasent perfect and past 7 Present perfect {1} (J have done) 8 Present perfect (2) (Ihave done) 9 Present perfect continuous'(I have been doing) 10 Present perfect continuous and simple (Lhave been doing and { have done} 11 Howlong have you (been)..? 12 When...? and How long..? For and since 13° Present perfect and past (1) @ have done and I did) 14 Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did) 1§ Past perfec: (Ihad done) 16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) 17 Have abd have got 18 Used to (do) Future 19 Present censes (Lam doing /1 do) for the future 20 (R'm) going to (do} 21 Will/shall. (0) 22, Willshall (2) 23. Lwill and I'm going to 24 Will be doing and will have done 25 When I do/ When I've done When and if Modals 26 Can, could aad (be} able to 27 Could (do) and could have {done} 28 Must and can’t 29 May and might (1) 30 May and mighe (2) 31 Must and have to 32. Must mustn't needn't 33 Should (1) 34 Should (2) a ea sesucts35. Had better It's tim 36 Can / Could / Woold you.. te, (Requests, affers, permission and invitations) Conditionals and ‘wish" 37 If ldo... and IF did. 38 Iflkmew... «U wish T knew... 39 IfThad known... Tish [bad known... 40 Would Uwish...would Passive 41 Passive (1) (18 dont /-was done) 42. Passive (2) (be/béen/being done} 43 Passive (3) 44 Wis said char... Heis said to... (be) supposed to... 45 Have something dene Reported speech AG Reporved speech (2) (He said that. 47 Reported speech (2) Questions and ausiltary verbs 48 Questions (1) 49° Questions (2) (Do you kmow where. 50 Auxitiacy verbs (have/do/can etc) $1 Question tags {do you? isn’t it? exe.) 1 She asked me where...) think s0/ Lkope so ere. ~ing and the infinitive 52. Verb + -ing (enjoy doing / stop doing ete.) 53. Verb + to... (decide to do’ forget to do ee.) 54 Verb + (object) + to... (I want (you} to do ete.) 55. Verb +-ing or to... (1) frememberlregret ete.) S6 Verb +-ing oF to... (2) (trylneed/help) 57 Verb + -ing or fo... {3} like /-would like ée.). 58 Prefer and would rather 59° Preposition {imforiabout etc.) + -ing 60 Bolger used ro something (I'm used (0...) 61 Vee + preposition + -ing (succeed in -ing / accuse somebody of -ing ete.) 62. Expressions + ing 63. To... for... and s0 that....(purpose! 64 Adjective + t0... 65. To... (afraid to do} and preposition + -ing {afraid of -ing) 186 See somebody do and see:somebody doing 67 ing clauses (Feeling tired, | went to bed early.) Atticles and nouns 68 Countable and uncountable nouns (1) 69 Countable and uncouncable nouns (2) 70 Countable nouns with alan and-some 31 Alan and che72 “The{i) 73 ‘The (2) (Sehool /she school) 7A The (3) (Children / the children) 75 The (4) (The giraffe? the telephone /the piano ete the + adjective) 76 Names with and without the (1) 77 Names with and withou the (2) 78° Singular and plaral 79 Noun + noun (a tennis ball /a headache etc.) 80. ~“'s (the gis name) and of... he name of the book} Pronouns and determiners. 81 A friend of mine My own house On my own /by myself 82 Myself/vourseli/themselves etc. 83 There... and it... 84 Some and any 85 No/nonelany 86 Much, many, little, few, a lot, plenty 87. Allfallot most/most of n0/ mone of et. 88 Both /both of neither/ neither of either / either of 89 All, every and whole 90 Bach and every Relative clauses 91 Relacive clauses (1) ~ clauses with who/thaUwhich 92. Relacive clauses (2) ~ clauses with or without who/tbatiwhich 93. Relasive clauses (3) - whose/wbom/where 94 Relasive clauses (4) ~ ‘extra information’ clauses (1) 95 Relative clauses (5) ~ ‘extra information’ clauses (2) 96 -ing and -ed clauses (the woman talking to Tom, che boy injured in the accident} Adjectives and adverbs 97 Adjectives coding in -ing and -ed (oring/bored etc.) 98 Adjectives: word order (a nice newhoase) Adjectives after verbs (You look tired) 99 Adjectives and adverbs (1) (quick/quickly) 100 Adjectives and adverbs (2) (wellfast/ate, hard/aardly) 101 So and such 102 Enough and too 103 Quite and eather 104 Comparison (1) ~ cheaper, more expensive ere. 105 Comparison (2) 106 Comparison (3)-as...as/than 107 Supérlatives ~ the longest / che most enjoyable etc. 108 Word order (3) ~verb.« object; place and time 109. Wotd order (2) ~ adverbs-with the verb" 110 Séil, yet and already Any more any longer / no tones 111 Even Conjunctions and prepositions 112 Although /though / even chough In spite of / despite 113 Incase 114 Unless As Tong as and provided/providing 11S As (reason and rime] 116 Likesad as 117 Asif 118 For, during and while 119 By snd uneil By the time... Prepositions 120 Avon/im (time) 121 On time, in time At the end / in the end 122 ‘Inlation (place) (1) 123 In/avion (place) {2} 124 Infation (place) (3) 125 Tofatlinfinto 126 Onna (other uses) 127 By 128 Noun + preposition (reasoi for, cause of etc: 129 Adjective + preposition (1) 130 Adjective + preposition (2) 131 Verb « preposition (1) at and to 132 Verb + preposition (2) about/forlof/after 133. Vech + preposition (3) about and of 134 Verb + preposition (4) abfforifromvon 135 Verb + preposition (5) ininto/with/to/on 136 Phrasal verbs (get ap / break down / fill in etc») Appendix 1 Regular‘and iecegular verbs 274 Appendix 2 Present and past tenses 276 Appendix 3 The furure 277 Appendix 4 Modal verbs (can/could/willhwould etc.) 278, Appendix 5 Shart forts (Pm/yon've/didn’t etc.) 279 Appendix’6. Spelling 280 Appendix 7 American English 282 Additional exercises 284 Smdy guide 301 Key 10 Exercises 310 Key ro Additional exercises 340 Key to Study guide 343, Index 344 ean Boy cisTHANKS Ewould like to thank all the students and teachers who used the matérial that ‘made up the original edition of this book. In paeticulac, I am grateful to my former colleagues at the Swan School of English, Oxford, for all thar interest and enconragement. | would also like'to thank Adrian du Plessis, Alison Baxter, Barbara Thomas and Michael Swan for their help with the original edition. ‘Regarding this new edition, I would like to exptess my thanks to: Jeanne MeCarten for her help and advice rhroughout the preparation of the project Alison Silver, Geraldine Mark, Peter Donovan, Ruth Carim and Nick Newton of Cambridge University Press Gerry Abbot, Richard Fay, Clare. West and Pam Murphy for their comments fon the manuscripé Sue André and Paul Heacock for their help with the appendix on American English ‘Amanda MacPhail for the illusrations vilvill TO THE STUDENT This book is for students whe want help with English grammar. Iris written for you to use without a teacher. The book will be useful for you if you ate nat sure of the answers to questions like these: + Whar is the difference between T did and J have done? © When do we use will for the furore? © Whavis rhe structure after 1 wish? When do we say used io do and when do we say used to doing? © When do we use the? © What is che differeince between like and as? ‘These and many otber points of English geammar are explained in the book and there aré exercises on exch point, Level ‘The book is intended mainly for intermediate studencs (students who have already studied the basic grammar of English), Ie concentrares on those structures which intermediate students want ‘0 use buc which often cause difficulty. Some advanced students who have problems with grammar will also find the book:useful ‘The book is not suitable: for elementary learners How the book is organised ‘There are 136 units in the book. Each unit concentrates o0 a particular point of grammar. Some problems (for example, che present perfect or the use of the}-ace-covered in more than orie unit. Fora list of units, see the Contenté at the beginning of the bok. Each unit consists of two facing pages. On the left there are explanations and exauples; on the right shere are exercises. Atthe back of the book there is a Key far you to-check your answers to the exercises (page 310}. There are also seven Appendices at the back of the book (pages 274-283). These include integular verbs, summaries of verb forms, spelling and American English Finally, dhete isa detailed Index at the back of the book (page 344). How to use the book The units ace not in order of difficulty, soit is not intended that you work through the book from beginning to end. Erexy learner bas different problems and you should use this book to bolp yoo wich the grammar that you find difficult. It is suggested that you work in this way: + Use the Contents-and/or Index to find which unit deals with the point you are interested in, Ifyou are'not sure whiich units you need t6 sud, use the Study. guide on page 301. Seudy the explanations and examples on the left-hand page of the unit you have chosen. Do the exercises on the rightshand page Check your answers with the Kay. If your answers are not correct, study the left-hand page again to see what went wrong. You can of course use the book simply as a refecence book without doing the exercises. Additional exercises At the back of the book there-2re Additiortal exercises (pages 284-300). These exercises bring together some of the grammar points from a number of different units. For example, Exercise 14 biings together graxmar poincs from Units 26~40. You can use these exercises for extra practice after you have studied and practised the grammar in the units conecrned,TO THE TEACHER English Grammar in Use was written as a self-study grammar book but teachers may also find ic useful as additional course material in cases where further work on grammar is necessary. “The book will probably be most useful at middle- and upper-intermediate levels (where all cor neatly all of the material will be relevant), and can serve both es a basis for revision and ‘sa means for practising now structures, It will also be useful for some more advanced students who have problems with grammar and need a book for reference and practice. The book is nor intended co be used by elemencary learners, ‘The nits are organised in grammatical categories (Present dnd past, Articles and nouns, Prepasitions etc: They are not ordered aceording'to level of difficulry, so the book should not be worked through frou beginning ro ead. Itshould be ased selectively and flexibly in sorordance with the grammat syllabus being used and the difficulties students are. having: ‘The book can be used for immediate consolidation or for later révision or remedial work. Temight be used by the whole-class or by individual scudents needing extea help. The lefe hand pages (explanations and examples) are written for the student to use individually bue they may of course be used by rhe teacher as a source of ideas and information on which to base a lesson. The student then has che lefi-hand page asa record of what has been caught and can refer to it in the future. The exercises can be done individually, in class or as homework. Alternatively {and additionally}, individual soudents can be directed to study certain units of the book by themselves if they have particular diflculties not shared by other students in their class. This new edition of English Grammar in Use contains a set of Additional exercises (pages 284-300}. These exercises provide ‘mixed’ practice-bringing together grammat points from a sunber of different units lasstoom edition’ of English Grammar ix Use is also available. Itcontains vo key and some ceachers might therefore prefer it for use with their studentsEnglish Grammar in Use Second Edition While chis is a completely new edition of English Grammar in Use, the general structure and character of the original book remain the same. The main changes from the original are: # There ace new anits on compound nouns (Unit 79), there and it (Unit 83), each and every (Unit 90)and by (Unit 127). + Some anits have been redesigned, for example Unit 73 {school or the school) and Unit 94 {relative clauses 4} + Some of the material has been reorganised. For example, Units 3-4 (present continuous and present simple) and Units 68-69 (countable and uncountable nouns) correspond to single units in the original edition, The ‘material in Units 131-135 (verb + preposition) has been completely rearranged, + Some of che units have been reordered and nearly all units have a different number from the original edition. & few units have been moved to different ‘pacts of the book. For example, Unit 35 (had better and i's time...) is the new rewritten version of the original Unit 65. + On tho lef hand pages, many of the éxplanatiofs have been rewritten and ‘many of the exarmples have been changed. + Many of the original exercises have beén cither modified or completely replaced with new exercises. + There is a new section of Additional exercises ar the back of the book (sec To the student). + In the edition with answers there is a new Stuy guide to help students decide which units to study {see To the student). The Study guide is only in the edition with answers. # There are two new appendices on future forms and modal verbs. The other appendices have been revise.UNiT Present continuous (I am doing) Study this example situat ‘Ann is io her car. She is on hee-way to weirk. She is driving to work. ‘This means: she is dtiving riow, ar the time of speaking. The action is for finished. Anvislare-ing is the present continous: Tam axing helsheric is working welvoulthey are doing exe. J.am doing something = I'm in the middle of doing something; 've started doing ir and I haven't Finished yet. ftea the action is happerting at che time of speaking: Please don't make so much noise. I'm working. (not ‘I work’) “Where's Margaret?” ‘She's baving a bath,” (not ‘sle has a bath’) Let’s go our now. Ic isn’t raining any more, (not ‘ic doesn't rain’) (at a party) Hello, Jane. Are you enjoying che party? (not ‘do you enjoy’) Pim tired. I'm going to bed now. Goodoight! ‘But the action is not necessarily happening at the time of speaking. For example: ‘Tomvand Ann are talking in a café. Tor says: Bs EQS paretmemnaaiigiosbarie momen Tl lend it co you when Pre finished Toms notreatling the book at the time of speaking. “Y 72" Hee means that he has stared it but not finished i yt. P He isin the middle oF reading i Some more examples: © Catherine wants to work in Irly, so she is learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn’e earring Italian exacrly atthe time of speaking) © Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hipe it will be finished before yext sommer. ‘We use she present continuous when we ralk above things happening in a period around now {for example, today / this week / this evening et.) © “You're working hard today.’ “Yes, {have a lot to-do.” (not ‘you work hard today’) © "is Sosam working this week? "No, she’s on holiday. ‘We use the present continuous when we-ralk about changes happening around now: © The popuilation of the world is rising very fast. (not 'ises') © Is your English getting better? (not“does your English get better’) reson continous an present single» KEES Present contnacus etn tre ~ RENEXERCISES Complete the sentences with one of the following vers in-she correct form: come get’ happen look make start stay try work ‘You ‘re worklne..hard today.” “Yes, [have a lot co do.’ l for Christine. Do you know where she is? a dark. Shall [even on the light? They haven't got anywhere to live at the moment. They friends until they find somewhere. ‘Are you ready, Ann?” “Yes, T Flave you got an umbrella? It 10 rain: You : 2 lot of noise. Could you be quieter? 1 to concentrate. Why are all these people here? What - 2 5 6 7 3 Use the words in brackets to complete the questions. 4 (she/orady) «10 the radio or ean I um ic Off? (anybodplisten) 5. How is your English? : better? {ivget) Put the verb into the correct form. Sometimes you need the negative (ar not doing etc.). Ym tired. I.’ g2in.. (g0) to bed now. Goodnight! We can go out now. It...#¢raning.. (rain) any mare. ‘How is your new job?" ‘Not so good at th moment. 1 (enjoy) ic very much.” Cathorine phoned me lastnight, She's on holiday in France. She (have) a great time and doesn’t want x0.come back want to lose weight, so this week I (cat) lunch, Anigela has just started evening classes. She ssn (earn) German. I chink Paul ahd Ann have had an argoment. They (speak) to each other. Read this conversation Between Brian and Sarah. Put the verbs dato the correct fori. sanitt: Brian! How nice to see yout What) ~ (youto) these days? BRIAN: 1(2) osm (ain) 0 be a supermarket manager. saute: Really? Whar i like? {youlenjoy) it? BRIAN: Ie’ all right. What aboat you? Anat: Well, actually Fa {nouwork) atthe moment. 1) ~(ery) ca find a jab but it’s not easy. But Pan very busy. (decorate) my fla. SAN: 1 (you/do) it alone? SARAH: No, some friends of mine. (help) me. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs: get change rise fall increase You don't have to use all the verbs and you can use a verb miore than ence. 41 The population of the world .1#.deita,.. very fast 2. Ken is sill il but he” ww berter slowly. 3 The world “Things never stay the same. 4 The cose of living - Every yea things ate more expensive § The éconozaic situation is already very bad and it worse.Present simple (I da) Scudy this example situation: Alex is a bus driver, bust now he is in béd asleep. So: ‘He is wot driving a bus. (He is asleep.) but He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.) Driveisywork{sy/dotes) ete. isthe presént simple: Vwelyourthey _ drive/work/do et he/shelit — dives/works/does et. Weeuse the present simple t0.talk about things in general. We are not chinking only about now. Weise it to say that something bappens all rhe time or sepeatedly, or that something is true in general. Ics noc imporcanc whether che action is happening atthe time of speaking: Nurses look after patients in hospitals. © Taseally.go away at weekends. © The earth goes.round the sun. Remember that we say: he/she/it -s. Don't forget che s: © work... but He works... They teach... but My sister teaches... For spelling {-s or -€s), see Appendix 6. We use doldoes to make questions and negative sentences: work? ‘work ork || Ywwelyourthey | don’t K fe hesherit | doesa'e | $™ do | Uvelyoultley does | he/sheli © Teome from Canada. Where do you come fram? © ‘Would you like « cigarette?” ‘No, thanks. I don’t smoke." © What does this word mean? (not “What means this word?) © Rice doesn't grow in cold climates. In the following examples do is also the main verb: © “Whar do you do?’ (= What's your job?) ‘I work in a shop.” © He's so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help me. (not ‘Hie doesn’c anything’) ‘We use the:prescatsizuple when we say how often we do chings: © getup at 8 o'clock every morning. (not ‘I'm getting’) © How often do you go ca the dentist? (not ‘How often are you going?) ® Ann daesn’t drink tea very often. © In summer John usually plays.tennis once or twice a week, Ipromise /1 apologise etc Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when yon promise to do somethings you can say ‘I promise...’; when you suggest something, you can say ‘I suggest...”. We use the present simple (promise/suggest etc.} in sententces like this: © [promise I won't be late. (not ‘I'ta promising’) © ‘What do you suggest I doi” ‘I suggest thar you In the'same way we say: I apologise... / advise... /T insist... ‘agree... /T refuse... etc. Preson smole acd present cotnueus “ATES Present smo orth hans - EEEvir EXERCISES 2 Complete the sentences using one of the following: cause(s) close(s) drink(s) live(s) opens) speaks} cake(s) place 1. Ann peaks... German very well 4 Bad driving many accidents. 2 Inever coffee. 5 My pareats in a very 3 The swimming pool at small at. 9 o'clock and at 18.30 6 The Olympic Games every day. every four years Put the verb into the correct form. 1 Jane ogee drink. (nov/drink) tea very often 2. What ime {the banks /close) in Britain? 3 ‘Where ” : (Martinfcome) from?” ‘He's Scottish.” 4 What soon (youdo)? ‘Tm anvelecteical engineer. 5 Teva - sw (f@Ke) me aa hour to,ger co work. How long ee lidtake) you? co swe» (play) the piano but I sn (novplay) very well 7 don't understand this senzence, WIE wossmrnnewnnnnnne nn (HE ‘wordimean}? Use one of the following verbs to complete these sentences. Sometimes you need the negative believe cat flow go grow make rise tell translate 1 The earth .d9#¢.. round the sun, 7 An interpreter « from one 2 Rice ..detan't aro... in Briain language into ancther. 3 The Sn nn “ in the east. 8 A liar is someone wha 4 Bees . honey. che truth. $ Vegetarians meat, 9 The River Amazon so ft 6 An atheist soonein God. the Atlantic Ocean. “Ask Liz questions about herself and her family. 1 You know that Liz plays tennis. You want to know how often. Ask her. How often ..de.you play bernie’, 2 Pechaps Liz’s sister plays tennis too. You want to know. Ask Liz. so Your Sister 3 You kaow that Liz reads a newspaper every day. You want to keow which one. Ask her. 4 You kaow that Liz's brother works. You want to know what he does, Ask Liz 5. You know that Liz goes to the cinema a lot. You want to know bow often. Ask ber: 6 You-don'e know where Liz's mother lives. Ask Liz. Complete using one.of the following: Japologise Tinsist_ promise Trecommend — atggest 1 I's nice day. ..uadest... we go out for a walk. 2. won't tell anybady what you said, 3. (im a restaurant) You must let me pay for the meal. 4 for what I said about you. If wasn’t true and I shouldn't have sad it. ‘The new sestaurant in Hill Street is very good. itPresent continuous and present simple (1) (lam doing and I do) ‘Study the explanations and compare the examples: Present continuous {Tami doing) Use the continuous for something that is happening ar or around rbe time of speaking. Present simple (I do} Use che simple for things in general or things ‘The action is not finished. past 01 Batre © ‘The water is boiling. Gan you turn ic off? © Listen to those people, What language are they speaking? © Lee's go our Ir isn't raining now. © ‘Don’t disturb me. I'm busy." ‘Why? ‘What are you doing?” © I'm going to bed now. Goodnight! © Maria is in Britain at che moment. She's learning English. Use the continuous for a temporary situatio © ‘Pm living with some friends until I find a flat, © “You'fe working hard today.” gor a lot to do.’ See Unie 1 for more informacion. "Yes, Tve © Water boils at 100 degrees celsius. © Excuse me, do you speak English? Le doesn’t cain very much in summer. What do you usually do ar weekends?” What do you do? (= What's your job?) always go to bed before midnight. Most people learn to swim when they are childzen. eoeee Use the simple for a permanent situation: © My pacents live in London, They have. lived these all theit lives, © John isn’r lary. He works véry hard most of the time. See Unit 2 for moze information. always do and Pm always doing ‘Usually we say ‘I always do something’ (= Ido it every time): © Lalways go co work by car. (not ‘I'm always going’) ‘You can also say ‘Tm always doing something’, bur this bas a different meaning. For example: “Pam always losing things’ does not mean that L lose things every rime. Ir means chat I lose things too often, ‘more often than normal. “You're always -ing” means that you do something very often, more often than the speaker thinks is normal or reasonable. © You'resalways watching television. Yon should do something more active. © John is never satisfied. He's always complaining, Present esrtiouous and simple (2) ~ TRE Prasat tenses forthe tutuce TEEDuur EXERCISES 3 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the verbs that are wrong. 1 Water boils at 100 degrees celsivs. RIGHT 2 The warer boils. Can you turn ic off WRONG: ia boiling 3 Look! ‘That man tries t9 open the door of your car. - - 4 Can you hear those people? What do they talk ahout? 5 "The moon gies cound the earth. oo A 6 Imust go now. Ie gets late. 7 Lusually go to work by car. 8 ‘Hutry upl It’s rime 6 leave.” “OK, Tcome.* vo : 3 Vhear you've gor a new.job. How da yon get on? Put the verb in the correct forim, present continuous or resent simple, 1 Let's go out. It. tert ralning.. {not/eain) now. 2 Juliais very good at languages: She ..,Peeke.. (speak) four languages very. well. 3 Hurry up! Everybody ooo. (wait) for you 4 - (yonfisten} to the radio?” ‘No, you can turn it off St . ~. §youllisten} to the radio every day?” ‘No, just occasionally.” 6 The River Nile : su. (flow) into the Mediterrancan, 7 Look at the rivet It. ss (flow) very fast today ~ much faster than usual. 8 We usually .. (grow) vegetables in our garden but chis year we — novgrow) any. 9 ‘FHowis your English?” ‘Not bad. It sx. su {improve} slowly.” 10 Ron is in London at the moment. He ivnnnnnmnns ane {8€0y) atthe Park Hotel. He vo (alwayslstay) there when he’s in London. 11 Can we stop walking soon? I.. «(tact to fee! tired. 12 ‘Gan you drive?” ‘1 -o- (learn). My father (teach) me." 13 Normally 1 (finish), work ar 5.00, but this week I ~~ (work) until 6.00 to earn-a bit more money. 44 My parents sew. live) in Bristol. They were born cheré and have never lived anywhere else. Where ~ {your pareneslive}? 15 Sonia - flo) fora place to live. She a {stay} with her sister until sbe finds somewhere. 16 ‘Whae ~ (your father/do}2 “He's an architect bur he - (nor/work) a¢ the moment.” 17 (ave party) Usually L..... -(€0}09) parties BUET wncnnsoncnnse ne {notienjoy) this one very much. 18 The eran is never I8CE, Te opoonns -nnennnnnnen falways/leave) on time. 19 Jim is very untidy. He ~~ (always/leave) his things all over the place. Finish B's sentences. Use always ing (see Section B), 1 a: Tem afeaid Pve Tost my key again. 1 Not againt . You're alwave lnsina your key. 2 The car has broken down again 3 That ear is Useless Ion eo 3 & Look! You've made the same mistake again. &: Oh no, not again! I... 7 - 4-8: Oh, P've left the lights an again. Be Typical YOU oo oc ve -Present continuous and present simple (2) (lam doing and | do) ‘We use continuous tenses only for actions and happenings (they are eating /:it is raining etc.}. Some verbs (for example, know and like} are mot action verbs. You cannot say ‘I am knowing’ or ‘they ace liking’; you can only say ‘I know’, ‘they like” ‘The following verbs are zot nazmally:used in continuous tenses: e Tove bate want need prefer know realise suppose mean understand believe remember teelong contain consist depend __ seem ‘© Pm hungry. I want something to ear. (not ‘I'm wantirg’) © Do you understand what I mean? ‘© Ann doesn’t seem very happy at the moment. ‘When think means ‘believe’, do not use the conticuous: © What do you think (= believe) will happea? (not ‘whet are you thinking’) but ® You look serious. What are you thinkiag about? (= What is going-on in your mind?) © I'm thinking of giving up my job. (= 1am considering) ‘When have means ‘possess’ etc,, do not use che continuous (sce Unit 17} © We're enjoying our holiday. We have a aice room in the hotel. (wot we're having”) but _@ We'te enjoying our holiday. We're baving a great cime. See hear smell taste ‘We cormally use the present simple (not continous) with these verbs: © Do you see that man over there? vot ‘are you seeing’) © This room smells Let’s open a window. We often use can + see/hear/smelltaste: © Listen! Can you hear something? But you can use the continuous with see (I'm seeing) when the meaning is ‘having a meeting. with’ (especially in the future~ see Unit 194): © Pm seeing the manager tomocrow morning, He i selfish and He is being selfish The present continuous of be is fam being /he is being / you are being cc. Tam being = ‘'m behaving /P'm acting’. Compare: © can’t understand why he’s being so selfish. He isn’t usually like thar, {being selfish = behaving selfishly ac the moment) ‘but © He never thinks about other people. Ile is very sofish. (not ‘he is being’) {& he is selfish generally, not only at the.moment) ‘We ase anvislare being to say how somebody is behaving. {cis not usually possible in other sentences: © e's hor roday. Got ‘it is being hor} © Sarah is very tired. (not ‘is being tired") Look and fecl ‘You can use the present simple or continuous when you say how somebody looks or feels now: ® You look well today. or You're looking well today. 8 How do you feel now? oF How are you feeling now? but © Lysually feel tied in the morning, (108 ‘I'm usually feeling’) reson cantruus and smole(t)~ EER Have» Prosar teraes fr the ute >aa ae unr EXERCISES 4 Ave the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong. 1 Tim secinig che manager tomorrow morning RIGHT. 2 Pim feeling hungry. Is there-anything to eat? ss 3 Ate you believing in God? 4 This sauce js great. I's tasting really good. 5 Vmuthinking this is your key. Am I right? Look at the bictures. Use the words in brackets to make sentences. (You should also study Unit 3 before you do this exercise.) ‘eke dinner Fame goodh 7 eof seem [very happy sody]| «4ST 7 [egahaee sem vy tay to be F{ two this umbeella Belong 10?) 6 Camyoe ages ig an you Fig m= cement (Bye a Ha are Pua the verb into the correct form, present continuous Or present simple. 1 Are you hungry? ..Po.vou want... srfething to eat? (you/want) 21 Jillis interested in polities but she © 0 political party. (nat/belong} 3 Don’t pm the dictionary away. I smn ts (8) 4 Don’t put che dictionary away. [ it (need) 5. Who is chat man? Whar. ~ cone? (hel want) 6 Who is that man? Why coe at 08? (heflOok} 7 George says be's 80 years old but nobody. ‘ him, (believe), 8 She told me-her name but I wit now. (noveersember) oT ‘of selling my car. (think) Would you be intesestedia buying it? WI... ‘you should sell your car. (think) You it very often. (not/use) VW Laised co drink a lot of coffee buc these days I tea. (prefer) 12 Air . ee mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. (consist) Complete the sentences using the most suitable form of be. Sometimes you must use the simple (auwisvare} and sometimes the covitinuous is more suitable (amisface being). 1 Lean’undesstand why... He's being. so seltish, He isn't usually like that. 2 Jack very nice tome at the moment. Iworider why. 3 You'l like Jil when you mect her. She very nce. 4 Nonmally jou are very sensible, so why wm» silly about this matter? 5 Why iso's Sarah at work today? ibPast simple (I did) Study this example: ‘Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Ausctian ‘musician and composer. He lived {com 1756 10.1791. Fle started composing, at the age of five and wrore more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died. Lived/started/wrote/wasidied are all past simple. Px 4 ‘Very often the past simple ends in -ed (regular verbs): © [work in a ttavel agency now. Before that L worked in a shop. © We invited chem to our party. but they decided not to come, © The police stopped me on my way home last night, © She passed her examination because she studied very hard. For spelling (stopped, studied.etc.), see Appendix 6. Burmany verbs ace irregular. The past simple does not end in -ed. For-example: write wrote © Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music. see > saw © We saw Rose in town a few days ago. go > went © Twent to che-cinema thece times last week. shuc_ > shut © Te was cold, s0 I shut the window. Fora list of ieregulae verbs, see Appendix 1. In questions and negatives we ust didididn’t + infinitive (enjoyibee/go ete.) T] enjoyed yoo | enjoy? T enjoy she | saw did | she | see? she | didn's | see they | went they | go? they £0 ©: Did you go our last night? 1: Yes, [went to the cinema but I didn’t enjoy the film much. ‘© “When did Mr Thomas dic?” ‘About ten years ago.” © They didn’t invite her to the party,so she didn’t go. © Did you have time to write the lever?” ‘No, I didn’t. Be careful when dois the main vérb in che sentence: © Whar did you do ar the weekend? (not ‘what did you at the weekend’) © didn't do anything, (not ‘didn’t anything’) The past of be (anvis/are) is washwere: Thelsheit_washwasn's | [was Ubelshehe? ‘welyoulthey werehweren’t | | were welyoutbey? Note cliat we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/we © Tyas angry because they were lace, ‘© Was the weather good wlien you were-on holiday? ‘© They weren't able to come because they were so busy. © Did you go our last night or were you too tired? Pas simple and past continuous ~ FETE] Pes simple and present pertect +unr EXERCISES 5 iM Read what Sharon says about o typical working day: Tusvally get up at 7 o'clock and have a big breakfast. Lwalk to work, FP, [hen trou atone abet bas cera inst Paesee neces fr slomsved neni eens 4 a raat yectete ae aes oo ar oh at ahour 11 o'clock, I always sleep wel snaton Yesterday was a typical working day for Sharon. Writewhat she.did or didn't do yesterday. 1 Be gee up at 7 o'clock, 7 oe at S o'clock, She wonnnnense nn 2 big breakfat. 9 Fited When on sunsne HOME. 3 Shen 9 sonons a meal yesterday evening. 4 Tevwnnnnntnnn fo get towork. 10 out yesterday evening, $ svn BB BAS. U1 sownsnnenannne A617 o'elock, 6 “ eons Wa. 12 fooseons ne Well lastnight, Pus one of these verbs in each sentence: buy catch cost drink fall tiurt sell spend teach throw win write 1 Mozart wrote... more char 600 pieces of music, 2 ‘Flow did you learn to drive?” ‘My father - me? 3 We couldn't affotd.co keep our cary $0 We on ic Las very thltsty. Ds the water very quickly. $ Bawd and I played rennis yesterday. He's much bercet tha. me, SOE wenger nansrnneen Sly: 6 Dom ss. down the staiss this marning Ad surnam his lege 7 Jim © de all (0 $U6, WhO vrenninenninnnn 8 kon oun a lot of money yesterday. She a dress which £100. A friend bas just come back from holiday. You ask him about it. Write your questions. 1 Iwberlgo? Whe diane 6 (how/travel2} . 2 (go alone2} ~ . 7 (the weather / fine?) 3: (foodlgood?) soe : - 4 (howlong / stay there?) 8 (what / do in the evenings?) 5 (ray-ata hore) 9 (meet anybody interesting?) Conilete the sevitences, Put the varb into the correct form, positive or negative. 1 Tewas warm, so L..te@k. olf my coat. {take} 2 The film wasn’t very good. I. ldn't.enjey. it very much. (enjoy) 3 knew Sarah was very busy, so f cose her (star) 4 [was very tied, 60 I. to bed early. (go) 5 The bed was very uncomfortable. Ion. very well, (sleep) 6 Sue wasn't hungry, so she. vow anything. (eat) 7 We wear to Kate's hotse Biv $Me .onnennse ache. (be) 8 It was a fanny sieuation but nobody - (laugh) 9 The window was open and a bird senna tO the EoOM (fy) 10 The hotel wasn't very expensive. Ir very much, (cost) 12 Twasiin a hurry, 80 To. “i ime £0 phone you. (have) 12 Iwas hard work carrying the bags. They ..cuen-nnennesnnn Very BAY. (be) 1Past continuous (I was doing) Study this example situation: ‘Yesterday Karen and jim played tennis. They began at 10 o'clock and Finished ac 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. ‘They were playing = ‘they were in the middle of playing’. They had not finished playing. ‘Was/were -ing isthe past continuous: netsh was | BAMO welyoulthey were | oiking etc ‘We use the past continuous to say that somebody was in the middle’of doing something at a certain time, The action or sintation had already started before chs rime bur bad nor finished: I started doing Lwas doing I finished doing + wee + ! past past row © This eime lase year I was living in Brazil. © What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night? © I waved to her buc she wasn’e looking, Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did): Past continuous (in the middle of an action} © Twas watking home when I met Dave. the middle of walking home} © Ann was watching television when the phone tang. Past simple (complete action} © I walked home after the party last night. (2 all the way, completely} © Ann watched television a Jot when she was ill last year, “We often use the past simple and the past continuous together t6 say-that sméthing happened in «the middle of something else: ‘© Tom burnt his hand when he was cooking the dinner. © T saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book. © While I was working in the garden, I hurt my back. Buc we use-the past simple to say chat one thing happened after anorbee: © Twas walking along the road when I saw Dave. So I stopped and we had a chat. Compare: © When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= We had already started dinner before Karenartived.) ‘© When Karen acrived, we had dinner. (= First Karen arrived and then we bad dinner.) ‘There are some verbs (for example, know/wanubelieve) that are not normally useid in the continuous (see Unit 4 ® We were.good fiends, We knew each od cher well. (not ‘we were knowing’) © Iwas enjoying the party but Chris wanted to go home. (not ‘was wanting’)unt ‘EXERCISES 6 What were you doing-at the following times? Write one sentence-as in the exemples. The past continuous is not always necessary (see the second example). 1 at 8 o'clock yesterday evening) ..L ag having alriner with same friends. 2 Jat o'clock last Saturday}... Was.on.a.traln.en.my.way-te.Lenden, 3 (ac 10.15 yesterday toraiing) — on we 4 {at 4.30 this morning) - S [ac 7.45 yesterday evening) 6 {half an hour ago} Use your own ideas to complete these sentences, Use she past continuens i Tom burnt his hand when he. wa snaking Shed. 2 The doorbell rng while I. 3 We srw an accident while we... sn 4 Mary fll asleep while she. ee consume 5 The television was on but nobedy..... - he the verbs into the correct form, ast continuous or past. vale 1.28... {see} Suc.in town (meer) TOM Tos (cycle) home ~yesterday but she tnd Ann ae spans few yesterday when suddenly a weeks ago. TREY venoms snnns Mman - (step) out (go) to Berlin and 1 into the road in front of me. T (go) ro Madrid, vos (G0) quite fast We a have} a but luckily... chat while we (manage) 09 inn ‘and (wait) for our 7 . (notfit) him, Put the verbs into the correct form, past continuous or past simple. 1 Jane ..was.walting.. (wait) for me when 1 arrived. (arcive). 2 "Whar ~ -.-.(youldo) this rime yesterday?” ‘I was asleep.” 3 ve (YOU/GO) Out lastnight?" ‘No, T was wo tired.” 4 Was Carolat the parry lastnight?” ‘Yes, she... - {owear) a really nice dress.” S How fast... - {youldrive) when the accident -.csnnsnnens (happen? 6 John . (take) a phorograph of me-while I (aovtook). 7 We were in a very difficule position. We o.-s.0.-s0 v nowknow) what to do. 8 Thaver’t seen Alan for ages. When 1 138t so. nnnen (see) bim, he oss Sty) (0 find a job in London. 91 _ (walk) along the street when suddenly. oni {hear} foorseps behind me. Somebody ....en.s:o (Vollow) me, I was frightened and oo (start) co.run, 10 When I was young, 1... (want) to be a bus driver.Present perfect (1) (I have done) Study this example situation: “Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find i fS (> Fre has fost his key. “He bas lost is key’ = He lost it and be sil hasa’e got it. Hiavelhas lost isthe present perfect simple: weltbeyiyou have fel'veetc,) | pnithed heishefit has (=he'sete) | Ae The present perfect simple is havelhas + past participle. ‘The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided ete.}, but many important verbs are irregular (lostidone/been/written etc), For'a lise of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1 ‘When we use the present perfetrchére is always a connection with now. The action in the past has:a result now © “Where's your key? ‘I don’t know. I've lost it. (I haven't got it now) © He told me his mame but I've forgotten it. (I can’t remember it ow) © ‘Sally here?” "No, she’s gone out.” (she is out now! © T can find my bag, Have-you seen it? (do you know where itis now?) We often use the present perfect to.give new information or to announce a recent happecing: © Ow! Pee cot my finger. © The road is closed. There's beén (= there’has been} an accident. © fromthe news) The police have artested two men in connection with the robbery. You can use the present perfect with just, already and yer: Just.= ‘s short time ago’ ‘# "Would you like something'to eat?” ‘No, thanks. I've just had lunch,” # Hello, Have you just arived? ‘We use already co say char something happened:sooner than expected (see also Unit 10D); © ‘Don't forger to post the letter, will you?" ‘T've already posted (© “What rine is Mark leaving?’ | ‘He's already gone.” Yet ="until vow’ and shows that the speaker is expecting something.to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences (sce also Unit 110C); Has ie stopped raining yet? 1 Tve-writcen the leter but I haven't posted it yet. Note the differenc: between gone (to) and been (to): © Jim is away on holiday. He has gone ro Spain, {= he is there now or on his way there) © Jane is back home from holiday now. She has been to Italy. (= she has now come back from Italy) For beea (to} see also Units 8 and 1258. Present patact + Present perect epntous > Presentperict and past > CERES ‘American Engish -» ESTEE(ERCISES: 7 fou are writing a letter to a friend. In the letter you give news about yourself and other people: Use the words given to make sentences. Use the present perfect. ‘Chis, ots of things have happened since I last wrote to you. 1 Ty buy (a new car [ee Reuaht anew. 2a. nny Gather / stars (a new job. — ~ I/ give up / smoking a 2 - ‘Charles arid Sarah / G0 /'00 Brazil own $ Sutanne /have / baby... 2. the situations and write sentences. Choose one of the following’ ‘emive break goup grow improve ove Mike is looking for his key. He can’t find it. ..He has ont he key, “Margaret can’t walk and hec leg is in plaster. She ‘Maria's English wasn’t vary. good. Now it is much better... ‘Tim didn’t havea beard last month. Now he.has a beard. oem ‘his morniog was expecting a lecter. Now [ have it seven ‘Last week the bus fart-was:80 pence. Now iris 90. ‘Complete B’s sentences, Use the verb i brackets + justalreadyiyet (as shown). 8 4 ‘Would you Tike something, fa, thanks, Tadic Tuneh, {justhhave) Do you know where Julia is?} | Yes, Ton cnn et, {justlsee) ‘What time is David leaving?| | He - falreadyfleave) ‘Whats iu the newspaper roday?] | don’r kaow: I ~ (oovread/yes) Is Ann coming to the ciarma with us?| | No, she... the fils. (aleeadylsee} Are your Bends here Yt? | Yes they on (justartive) ‘What does Tim think about your plan?| ecm . (natitelVyer) Read the situations ancd weite sestonces with jus, already or yet. ‘1 After lunch you go to.see a friend at her hause. She says ‘Would you like something to eat?" ‘You say: No, thank you. .."¥elust had junch,.. (have lunch) ‘. Joe goes ou. Five minutes late, the phone rings and the caller says “Can J speak to Joc? You say: Pm afraid oe oes se (GO OC) 8 You are eating in a restanrant. The waiter thinks you have finshed and stats to rake your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! os ‘nabffinish) 4 You are going to a restaurant chis evening, You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says Shall I phone to reserve table?” You say: Noy... vit (do) 5 You know that a friend of youts is looking far a job. Perhaps she has heen successful. Aske Tet. YOU 8895 on ow? (Find) 6 Ann went to the bank, but & lew minutes ago she rerurned. Somebody asks ‘Is Ann still ar the banke?" You say NOy ons {come'back) Put én been or gone. 1 Jim is.on holiday. He's ...g0¢... to Italy. 2 Hello! I've just... swwn 80the shops. I've bonghr lots of things. 3 Aliceisn’c here at the moment. She's... von €0 the SHOP :0 gee a newspaper 4 Tom has... ~ 5 “Are you goingto the out. He'll be back in abour an hour. 2 ‘No, Fve already ., tothe hank.”ita (3) Present perfect (2) (I have done) EW) Study chiscxample conversation: DAVE: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, P've been to lors of places. Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China? JANE: Yes, ve been to China ewice. ave: What about India? sans: No, [haven’e been to India. past now Jane's Hie riod until now) ‘When we talk. about » period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the resent perfect (have been / have travelled etc.): Here, Dave and Jane ace talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is @ period thet Continues until now). Have you ever eaten caviar? (in your life) © We've never had a car. © ‘Haveyou read Hamlet?” ‘No, | haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.” Susan eeally loves tha film. She's seen ic eighe times! © Whaca boring fil? It’s the most boring film I've ever seen. In the following examples too the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now {recently Jin the last few days /so far / since breakfast etc.) '# Have you heard from George recently? ———— recently -——-- ‘¢ Tve met a lor of people in the last few days. ‘© Everything is going well. We haven't bad any» —in the last few days —» problems so far. ‘¢ Pm angry. { haven't eaten anything since —— since breakfast breakfast (¢ from breakfast until now) # Tes niceto see you again. We haven't seeneach “past Tow other for a fone time. ES] We se the present pérfect with today’ this morning / this evening etc. when these petiods are not finished atthe time of speaking (see also Unic 148): ve drunk Four cups of coffee today. (perhaps Pl drink more before today is finished) © Have you had « holiday this year (yet)? ‘* Thaven’t seen Tom this morning. Have you? © Ron hasn't worked very hacd this term. G3) Nove that we say T°s the frst time something has heppend? (préseht perfect. For example: Don is having a driving lesson. He is very nervous and unsure beau eis is ist sso (hedtens cr | © e's the fist time he has driven a car. (not ‘drives"} or He has never driven a car before. / © Linda has lost her passport again. It’s the second time this has happened. (not *happens') © This is3 lovély meal It's che first good meal I've had for ages. (not have’) © Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That's che third time he's phoned ber this evening,unt are asking somebody questions abous things he or she has done. Make questions froin the jrds.in brackets. Jeter Fide / horse?) .. Have youever ridden a heraet ‘fever / be / California?) {ever / run / marathon?)...... mote spose v v seo (ever / speak / famous person?) 7 {always / live / in this town?) ‘ {most beanciful place / ever / visit?) ‘Whar. "Whar George's sister like? | (ve no idea. ve never. me. her. How is Amy these days? | | I don’t know. L her recently. ‘Are you hungry? | | Yes. 1 svesomeen uch today. Gan you play chess? | | Yes, but veo For ages. Did you enjoy your holiday? | | Yes, i's the best holiay.. fora long time. ‘What's that book like? | | Edon’t know. Is Brussels an interesting place? | | P've no idea... Mike was late for work again today. | | Again? He... every day this week. Do you like caviac? | | Tdon’t know... een ‘The car broke down again yesterday. | | Not againt That's the second time... vow this Week, ‘Who's that woman bythe door?) | don't know. Complete these sentences using today /this year / this term etc. ‘saw Tom yesterday bur... haven't.eeen him today, ‘Veead a newspaper yesterday bur I... today. Lasryear the company made a profit but this year 7 ssn Tracy worked hard at school last xem DUE... Insnowed a lot last winter bur. Read the situations andl write sentences as shown in the examples. Jack is deiving a car but he's very nervous and not sure what to do. ‘You ask: ..Have you driven a car before? , He says: Len fs playing tennis. He’s not very good and he dogsn’t know the rales. Youask: Have co - ee He says: No, this is che First... 4 Sue is viding a horse, She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable, You ask: ~ vss vss (She ays on oe Matias in London. She has jusearrived and i's very new for her. YOU aS: ecyonrnennnee She S985 eneONT “)) Present perfect continuous (Ihave been doing) EN) ichas been rai Study this example situation: Is it raining? ‘No, bur the ground fs wet. Ic has been raining, Havehhas been -ing isthe present perfect continuous: Uweltheylyou have (=I've ete) ae hne/sheic has (= he’s.ete.) playing ete, ‘We use the present perfect continuous for an activity that has:ecently stopped or just stopped. There is @ conneécion with now: ' © You're out of breath. Have you been running? (you're out of breath now) 5 © Paul is very tired. He's been working very hard. (he's tired now) © Why are your clothes so dirty? What have you been doing? © ve been talking ro Carol abour the problem and she thinks thar... 3) thas been raining for two hours. Scady this example situations I is raining now. It began raining two hours ago and ic is still raining. How long has it been raining? has been raining for ewe bours. ‘We often use the present perfect continuous in this way, especially with how long, for... and since... . The activity is still happening (as in this example) or has just stopped. © How long have-you been learning English? (you're still learning English) Tim is still watching television. Tle’s been watching television all day. © Where have you been? F've been looking for you for the last half hour. © George hasn’c been feeling well recently. You can use the presénr perfect continuous for actions repeated over a period of time: © Debbie isa very good tennis player. She's been playing since she.was eight. © Every morning they meet in the same café, They've been going there for years. 3} Compare J am doing (see Unit 1) and [have been doing: Tamm data Thave been doing resent continuous present perfect comtinwous ow now * Don't disrorb me now. I'm working, © Uvebeen working hard, so now ’n going to have a rest. © “We need an umbrella, Ws raining, © The ground is wet. I’s been raining. © Hurry up! We're waiting, © We've been waiting for an hour. Present pertact simple’ and continuous, Present perleot + for/since > ESSARYEXERCISES: g What have these people been doing or what has-been happening? “They Have been chopping. Write a qxestion for each situation. John locks sunburnt. You ask: (you /-sit in the sun?) ..Have you been sling in the-eunf You have just arrived to meet a friend who is waiting for you. You ask: {you / wait / long?) }3 You reer a friend in the street. Hig face and hands ave very dirty. You ask: (what /you / du?) AM friend of youcs it now living in Baker Street. You want to know ‘How long... You ask: (bow long you / live / in Baker Street?) 8 A friend tells you about bis job — he sells computers, You want to know ‘How long...2” You ask: (how long you /'sell / computers?) Read the situation::and complete the sentences. ‘The cain started wo hours ago. 1's still raining now. It ..hae.been.ralnina... for two hours ‘We started waiting forthe bus 20 minutes ago. We're still waiting now. We for 20 minutes. 4 Istarced Spanish classes in December, 'm still learning Spanish aow. 1 since Décémber. An began looking for job si months ago, She's stil looking now. for six months. ‘Mary started working im Lardoa oa 18 January. She's stil working there now. a since 18 January. 8 Years ago you started waiting co a peniriend, You stll write to cach other regulatly now. We for years. it the verb into the present continuous (T am -ing ete.) or present perfect continuous (Uhave ete. ‘Maria ..hae. Beh learning. (learn) English for rwo years. Hello, Tom. Foosovnann (look) for yow al morning. Where have you been? ‘Why cvs (YOU/G0K) at me like that? Stop it ‘We always go t0 Ireland for our holidays. We (go? there for years 1 {think} about what you said and P'vé ‘decided to take ‘your advice 16 "Ann on holiday this week? ‘No, she . . sues (Work) Sarob is very tired: She .. Sonn (work) very hed recently 19Ce 1\!)) Present perfect continuous and simple (Il have been doing and I have done) iy Study these example situstions: ‘Ani's clothes axe covered in paint. She has been painting the ceiling. Has been painting is the presevie perfect continuous. We are interested in the activity. Itdloes not matter whether something has been finished or not. In this example, the activity (paipting the ceiling) has cot been finished. = The ceiling was white. Now itis blue. She has painted the ceiling. Has painted is the present perfect simple. Here, the important thing is that something, hhas been finished. ‘Has painted’ isa completed action. We are interested in the result of che activity (the painted ceiling), not in the activity itself ‘Compare these examples: ‘@/-My hands are very diy. P'vé been repairing the car. © She's been smoking coo much recently. She should smoke less. # Its nice to see you again. Whar have you been. doing since we last met? © Where have you been? Have you been playing tennis? © The car is OK again now. I've repaired it. © Somebody has smoked all my cigarettes. ‘The packer is empty. © Where's the book [gave you? Whar have you dome wich it? Have you ever played tennis? ‘We use the continuous to ask or say how ong (for an activity that is still happening): ¢ How longhave you been reading that book? © Marys still writing letters. She's been writing letters all day. # They've been playing teamis since 2o'elock. ‘We use the simple to ask or say how much, ow many or bow many times (completed actions}: ‘¢ How many pages of that book have you read? © Mary has written ten lettets today. © They've played tennis three times this week, There are some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) that are notmally not used in the continuous: © ve known abou it for a tong time. (not ‘I've been knowing") For a list of these verbs, see Unit 44. rasan! portect slo > Preseniportect how longiorisinee » Prosant parlet edntinuous. +EXERCISES Read the situations and-write two sentences using the words in brackets, 1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading ic ard now he is on page 53. (read / for ewo haurs) He tia been reading for we hours, {read / 53 pages 50 far) .. Hehae read 58 pages: far. 2 Linda is feom Australia. She is cravelling round Europe.at the moment. She began her cour ‘ree mooths ago, (travel4 for three montbs) She. (visit six countries so far) .. 3 Jimmy isa tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This year he national champion again ~ for the fourth time. (vin / the national championship four dimes} ... 2 (play Ztennis since be was tea) : “4 When chey lft college, Mary-and Sue started making fins gether. They sill make films. (make /tenfilms since they lefc college) The». eee - make / films since they left college) «2... nom fn or each situation, ask a questiow-using the words in brackets. y 1 You havé a ftiend who is learning Arabie. You ask: (how long / learn / Arabic?) ..How long have you. been learning Arabic? 2 You have just arrived to meet a friead, She is waiting for you. You ask: (how long (Wait?) ‘3 You see somebody fishing by the es (how many fish / catch?}.... 4 Some friends of yours are having a party nexr week, You ask: {how many people / invite?) - § Airiend of yours isa ceacher. You ask: ‘how long / teach?) : 6 You meet somebody who is a writer. You ask: {how many books / wrice?) (how lang / wee / books?) 7A friend of yours is saving money to go on haliday. You asl: {how long / save?).. {how muck money / save?) . - fer. You ask: Put the verb into the more suitable form, present perfect sinypte ( have done etc.) or coritinuous have been doing etc). 1 Whe have you been? Hmm Leora. yourplay tennis? 1 Lookt Somebody on ovens ne (bReak) that window. 3 You lovktired. sen - (you/work) hard? 4 (youlever/work) in a factory? ‘No, never.” § ‘Jave is away on holiday.” “Oh, is she? Where sonun (Shelgs)? ~ o opps in several films. - (mot/wait) long." ‘6 My brother is an actor. He... 7 ‘Sorry Yn late.’ “That's allright. '§ “sit till caining?” ‘No, it- crn (8B) FE sone ~ Mose! ay address book. {vontses ic anywhere? 10 Loon _{gead) the book you lent sve burt a (von) icy Wl. ---nim sans (€6ad) the book you lent mé, $0 you can haves back now. uniHow long have you (been Study this example situation: Bob and lice are matried. They got married exactly 20 years ago, So today is their 20th wedding anniversary. ‘They have been inactied fot 20 yeats. ‘Wesay: “They are married. (present) but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not ‘How long aze chey macried?) ‘They have been marcied for 20 years. (ot They are martied for 20 years’) ‘We use the present perfect to talk about something thar began in the past and still continues ‘now. Compare the:present and the present perfect: © Amy is in hospital. but She has bien in hospital since Monday. (not ‘Amy is in hospital since Monday’) © We know each other very well. but We have known each other for a long time. (not“we know’) © Ace you waiting lor somebody? but How long have you been waiting? Thave been doing something (présent perfect continuous) = I statted doing something in the past and I am still doing it (or have just stopped)’: © [ive been learning English for a long time, (nf “tam learning’) © Sony Pm late. Have you been waiting long? © It’s been raining sinceT got up this morning. ‘The action can be a repeaced action: © “How long have you been driving?’ ‘Since Iwas 17." Ihave done (simple) or Ihave been doing (corttiniwots) ‘The-concinyots is more usual with bow long, since and for (see.also Unit-10B}: © I've been learning English for a long time. (not usually ‘I've learnt’) ‘You can.normally use citkes the continuous or simple with live and work: © Joa has been living /has lived in London for a long time. © How long have you been working/ have you worked here? Bat we use the simple with always: ‘© John has always lived in London. (not ‘has always bees living’) ‘You can use the continuows or the siraple for actions repeaced over a long period: © I've been collecting / I've collected stamps since Twas a child. Some verbs {for example, knowMike/believe) are not normally used io the continuous: ‘© How long have-you known Jane? {not ‘have you been ksiowing”) # ve had a pain in my stomach since [ got up this mocuing. For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have sce Unit 17. We use the present perfeet simple in negative sentencés like these: © Thaven’t seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time Isaw im) © Jane hasn’t phoned me for two weeks. (= the last time she phoned was two weeks #60) ‘Prasent perfect conlinucus + For and since-> EMEunir EXERCISES 11 Are the underlined verbs right or wrong? Correct them if they are wrong. 1 Bob is a friend of mine..Tknow him very well... RIGHT. 2 Bob is.a friend of mine. Lknow him for a long time, .. WRONG: Ive. knewn en 3 Sue and Alan are married since July. 4 The weather is awful, Ies raining again. 5. The weather is awful, Ir raining all day. 6 Ilike yaur house. How iong are you living there? 7 Graham is working in 2 shop for the last few months. § Pm going to Paris tomorrow. Pmstaying there until next Friday. 9 ‘Do you still smoke?” ‘No, gave it wp. Ldon't smoke for years.” - 10 That's a very old bicycle. How long do yrs have it? Read the situations and write questions from the words in brackets. 1 John tells you that bis mother is in hospital. You.ask him: {how long / be /in hospical?) ow lang hae your mother been In hospltal 2 You meet a woman who tells you that she teaches English, You ask her: (how long / teach / English?) 3 You know that Jane is a good friend of Caroll: You atk Jane: (how long / know/ Carol?) 4 Your friend's brother went to Australia some time ago and he's sil there. You ask your friends (how long / be / in Austral 5 Tim always wears the same jacket. I's a very ald jacker. You ask him: (how long./ lave / that jackec?) 6 You are talking to.0 friend aboat Alan. Alan now works atthe airport. You ask your friend (how long { wark Fat the airport?) .. - 7 A friend of yours is having diiving lessons. Yoo ask him: how long / have / driving lessons?) 8 You meet somebody on a train, She tells you that she lives in Glasgow. You ask her: {always /live / in Glasgow?) Complete B’s answers.to A's questions. a Amy is in hospital, isn’c she? Do you see Ann very often?’ ls Margaret married? ‘Ave you waiting for me? ‘You know Linda, don’t you? Do youstill play-tennis? Is Jim watching TV? Do you watch TV a lor? Have you got a headache? George is never il is he? ‘Axe you feeling ill? Sue fives in London, doesn’t Yes, she. has,been._ in hospital since Monday, No, I... havens seen. her for three months. Yes, she married for ten years. Yes, 1 sos foe the last half hour. Yes, we 7 cach other for ages. No, 1 ‘enmis for years. Yes, he oo “TV all evening. No, I cooee TV for along time. Yes, 1 a headache all morning. No, he ill since Pve known him. Ye8, Posen coven ill since I gor up, Yes, she vvwene in London for the she? | ase few years. 13 |Do you still go'to the cinema a lot?| | No, 1. sososnsnnnone to the cinema for ages 14] Would you like to goto New| | Yes, L svt go to New York, York one day?| | use always/want)che 12 nl When...? and How long...? For and since Compare When...? (+ past singple) and How long...? (1 prasent perfect): When did ic start raining? : Testarted raining an hour ago fat 1 o’elock. |: How long bas ir been raining? 3: Tes been raining for am hour/ since 1 o'clock. a: When did Joe and Carol first meet? & They firse met _a long time ago when they were at school. ‘a: How long have Joc and Carol known-each other? ‘fora long time. hey've known each-other | 92 they wore at school We use both for and since to say how long something has been happening. We use for when we say a period oftime | Weuse since when we say the start of a (two hours, six weeks etc.) period (8 o'clock, Monday, 1985 etc.}: © Pve been waiting for two hops. © ve been waiting sinice 8 o'clock. for two hours since 8 o'dlock 10 hours ago---—————----> now B o'clock -— > now for since two hours week 8 o'clock 1977 20 moines 50 yeas Monday Christmas five days a long time 72 May Jnchtiene six months ages April they were at school «Sally's been warking hete forsix months, | @ Sally's been working here since April (notsince six months") {= from April uatil now) @ Thaver’t seen Tom for three days. © Lhaven’t seen Tom siice Monday. (wot ‘since three days’) (= from Monday until now) cis possible to leave out for (but not usually in negative sentences): © They've been married (For) ten years. (with or without for) © They haven't had a holiday for ten years. (you must use for) We do mot ase for + all... (all day / all my life etc.) © T've lived here all my'life. (not fer all my life’) ‘We say ‘Ies (a long rime ‘two years exc.) since something happened’: © Its two years since I last saw Joe, (=1 haven't seen Joe for two years / the last time ( saw Joe was two years-ago) ‘© Ts ages since we went to the cinema. ‘= We haven't been co the cinema for ages) ‘The question is How long is i since..? '@ How long is it since you last saw Joe? (= When did you last see Joe?} ‘@ How long is it since Mrs Hill died? (= When did Mrs Hill die?) How tong have you (been)..2 > EXERunit ‘EXERCISES 1 2 Write questions with how long axd when. 1 Tes raining. {bow long >) ..Howlona hae. Je been raloingt. (when?) hen did fe tart ralningt 2 Kave i learning (talian, bow long Fearn?) on 4wthen / start learn?) 4 Tlnow Martin. a ee (oben / first 7 meet?) on 4 Boband Alice are married. (how long?) {orhen?) Read the situations and complete the sentences beginning iy the way shown. 1 {le raining now. I's been caining since lunchtime.) _ Tt starved ..ralning.at lunchtime, 2 (Ann and Dare friends. We first-met yeacs aB0.) We've ..known gach other for years, 3 (Mark is ill. Hé became ill on Sunday.) He has... o 4 (Mork is ill. He became ill a few-days ago.) He has . - '§ (Sarah is married. She's been marcied for two years.) She got % (You've got-a camera, You bought ic ten years ago.) I've 7 {Sue has been in France for the last three weeks.) She went v8 (You're working in a hotel. You scarted in Jone.) I've Pat in for or since, 1 I's been faining .. Ainge... lunchtime. 6 Plas haury up We've been waiting 2 Tom’s father has been doing the same job snes Af ROU. 20 years. 7 Kevin has been locking for a job 3 Have you been learning English he left school. 2 long time? 8 The house is very dcty: We baven’e 4 Sarah has lived in London on 198S. cleaned it ore ages. a _ Christmas, the weather 9 Thaven’t had a good meal... has been quite good. last Tuesday. Write B's sentences using the words in brackets. 1 A: Do you often go on holiday? 1 (00/ five years)... Nef haven't. had a hellday for iva. years. 2 a-Do you often eat in.cestaurants? 2 (n0// ages) No, L 4 x: Do you often.see Sarah? (no / about a month) NO, «.w.- a o 41 De you fen go tothe soca? 2: (00/74 Jong time) Now sirite Bs anwar. again. Ths tome use 5 0h Notte: fve years since hed a. hela... 6 No, it’s 7 Gy No,... son sa)Present perfect and past (1) (I have done and | did) Seudy chis example situation: Torin is looking for his key. He can’t find it. Hic has Jost his key. (present perfect) ‘This means that he doesn't have his key row. Ten minutes later: ‘Now Tom has found his key. Fle has ir now. SBR gave __ ashe loschis hey? (present perfect) ESS No, he hasn't. He has found it. >\ Did be tose bs key? (past simple) \ Yes, he did. He lost his key (past simple) but now he has.found it. (present perfect) ‘The present perfect is a present tense. Ic always tells us something about now. ‘Tom has lost his key’ = he doesn’t have his key. now (see Unit 7). ‘The past sirsple ells us only about the past. Lf somebody says “Tom lost his key’, we don’t know whether be has it now or nor. We only know that he lost it-at some time in che pest. Two more examples © Jack grew a beard bur now he has shaved it off. (so he doesn’t have a beard now} '@ They went out after losich and they’ve just come back. (s0 they are back now) Dé n0b ase the present perfect if there is no connection with the present (for éxample, things chat happened a long time ago} ‘The Chinese invented printing, (not tbave invented’) © How many plays did Shakespeare write? (not ‘has Shakespeace written’) © Beethoven was a great composer. (riot ‘has been") ‘Compare: ‘© Shakespeare rove many plays. © My sister is writer. Shehas written many books. (she still writes books) ‘We use the present perfect to give new information (sée Unit'7). Bur if we continue to tall about it, we normally use the past simple: ©: Ow! Pve burnt myself. 1: How did you do that? (not ‘have you done’) {picked up a hot dish. (nat ‘have picked’) Look! Somebody has spilt milk on the carpet. Well, it wasn't me. I didn’t do it. (not ‘hasn't been...haven’t dane’) Twoitder who it was then. (not ‘who it has been’) Past simple > (TEL Presont peroct~ (TIERRA Present portact ane past (2) » AER ‘American English > EIENunit (ERCISES 13 hat bas happened in these situations? Jack bad a beard, Now he hasn’t gor a beard. ..He has. ehaved off hie bead. Linda was here five minutes ago. Now she’s in bed. She... The emperaure was 25 degrees Now tis only 17. The compere... ‘The light was off. Now iris on. Somebody wo...» es ‘The tree was only three metres high. Now itis four. The cree. _ Te plane was onthe runway a few minutes go. Naw itis in thes The plane sons the verbs in brackets in the correct form, present perfect or past simple. ‘1 ‘Where's your key ‘Tdon’t know. Uva leet. it? (lose) 2 L..wae... vety tired, s0 1 lay.down on the bed and went to sléep. (be) 3 Mary rns to Australia (or a while but she’s back again now. (go) 4 Where's Ken?” “He wn OUt. He'll be back in about an hous.’ (ge) § Ldid German at school but 1 ‘most of it. (forget) § Team phone Diane ls night but ~ (forget) Ton como & Headache earlier but I feel fine now. (have) 8 Look! There's an ambulance over there. There am accident. (be) | 9 They're still building the new road. They (notfinish) ‘10 ‘Is Helen still here?” ‘No, she. ‘out. fiust/go) TL The police .. . ehree people but laver they lec them go. (arrest) 12 Aon ‘me her address but I’m afraid L. ‘it. (give, lose} 13 Where's my bike? It... ‘outside the house. It... sr (be, disappear) 14 What do you. think of my English? Do you thINK Tovvrmcsmem Ate the underlined parts.of these centences right or wrongs Correct the ones that are wrong. 1 Do you know abour Sve? She's'given up her job. ..RIGHT. | 2. The Chinese have invented printing. . WRONG: The Chinese Invented, 3 ow many plays has Shakespeare ten? vinnannnnennnninnnvnne 4 Have you read any of Shakespeare's plays? | § Aristode has been 2 Greek philosopher... ' 6s Ow! Eve cur my finger. I's bleeding. ' 7 My grandpaceuts have got married in London. 8 Where have you heen born? 9. Mary isn't at home, She's gone shappiag. - ‘10 Albert Binstein has been the scientist ‘who has deveined the theory of relativity. - coe (ection C) Put the varb into'the most suitable form, present perfect or past sinsple. smebody ..hae. pil... (spill) coffee on the carpet. wagn't.. (not/be) me. I..dldn'e de... (novdo) i. so? (improve) ce (ceak) his leg: vn thahappen)? non (fall) off a ladder. ~ (youhave) a hairent? ov (ur) i? snes (¥OUNGO) t0 the hairdresser? a: No, a friend of mine se ennennee (40) i FOE HE:Une aE Present perfect and past (2) (I have done and I did) Do not use the preseat perfect {1 have done} when youralk about a finished time (for example, yesterday / ten minutes agé /in 1985 / when I was a child). Use a past tense: ‘The weather was nice yesterday. (not ‘has been nce") They arrived ten minutes ago. (not ‘have-arrived') Late. lot of sweets when I was a child. (not ‘have eaten") 1: Did you see the news on television last night? (not ‘Have you seen’) 2: No, | went cq bed early. (not ‘have gone’) Use a past tense to ask When. © When did they-artive? (aut ‘have they arrived") © What time did you finish work? Campare: Present perfect © ‘Tom has lost his key. He can't get into the house. Here, we are not chinking of the past action. ‘We are thinking of the present resule of the action: Tom doesn’t have his key now. Past simple © Tom lost his key yesterday. He conldn't get into.the house. “Here; we are thinking of the action in the past. We don't know from this sentence whether Tom has his key ove, Compare present perfect and past: Present perfect (have donc) @ I've donea lot of work today. ‘We ase the present perfect for 2 periodof time that continues from the past until now. For example, today, this week, since 1985. unfinished past now © Ithasn’t rained this week. ‘© Have you seen Ann this morning? (itis still morning) ‘® Have you seen Ann recently? © I don’t know where Annis. haven't seem her. (= I haven’t seen het recently) ‘@ We've been waiting for an hour. (we are still waiting ow) ‘9 ‘Ian lives in London. He has lived there for seven years ‘¢ Thave never played golf, (in my life) ‘The present perfect always has a connection swith now. See Units 7-12. Past simple (did © Tid a lot of work yesterday. ‘We use the past simple for a finished time in che past. For example, yesterday, last week, from 1985 to 1991. past " now © Ic didn’t ruin last week. © Did you see Ann this morning? (itis now afternoon or evening) © Did you see Ann'on Sunday? © a; Was Ann atthe party on Sunday? : Tdon’t think so. T dida’t see her. © We waited (or were waiting) for an hour. (we are no longer waiting) © an lived'in Scotland for ten years. Now he lives in Landon. © didn’t play golf when Iwas on holiday last summer. ‘The past siple tells us only about the past. See Units 56. Present partet and past(1}>vwir EXERCISES 1 4 Ate the unilertined parts.of these sentences right or wrong? Correct the oties that are wrong. 1 Bve lost my key. Ican’t find it anywhere. ..IGHT. 2 Have you seen the news on television last night? .. WRONG: Did you. wee 4 Eve bought a tiew eae. Do'you want to see it? 4 Dye bought a new car last week. - 5 Whece have yon been yesterday evening? 7 6 Jenny has left school in 1991. 7 Tm looking for Mike. Have you stea him? 8 Pavers hungry. Lhaven's eaten anyshing teday. 9 Diane hasn't been at work yesterday. 10 When has this hook been published? Make sentences from the swords in brackets, Use the present perfect or past simple. 4 (ie not/ rain / this week). Kehasteraltied thie. week, 2 (the weather / be /coldt recently) The weather . 3 (it/cold /last week) Ie ses 4 {1/ not /zead / newspaper yesterday) 1 : 5 Wnot/ read /2 newspaper today)... ee - 6 (Ann / eam /a lot of money / this year) 7 she / not / earn / 30 much /last year) 8 (yous have /a holiday recently?) Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past shmple. 1 Ldon't know where Amy is, ..Havexvoy. seen. (youlsee) her? 2 Wht Doses (get) hore last migh6, Venue (be} very tired and I (g0} straight co bed 3 Your car looks very clean, . (youwash) it? 4 Geoege (nove) very well last week 5 Mr Clark {work in a bank for 15 years. Then he gave it up. & Molly lives in Dublin. She ) there-all her life 7 ~(yougo) (0 the cinema last night? ‘Yes, bur it (be) a mistake. The film be) awful.” 8 My grandfather cevsnnnonn (Hie) 30 years ago. 1 {acvesimeer) him. 9. Tdon’t know Carol's husband. 1 sone {never/oneet/hizn. 10.4: Is your father at haime? &: No, P'm afraid he (go) out. 2: When exactly : {helgo} out? About ten minutes ago. 41 a: Where de you live? #: Io Boston, &: How long - (youllive) there? a: Five years. a: Where (youllive) before that? 1: In Chicago. A: And how long (youllive) in Chicago? &: Two years. Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets. 1 (Something you haven't done today)... haven't eaten ary/frult:today. 2 [something you baven’t done today} oo 3 (something you didn’t do yesterday} ' 4 (something you did yesterday evening) ... - 5 (something you haven't done recently} oe 6 (something you've done a lot recently} ~Seudy this example situation ‘hour later ‘Ar 1030 © Fisker, ED) Sar went con ary lst week, Paul wens co the parey ‘oo but they’ didn’t see each other. Paul went home at 10.30 and Sarah arrived at 11 o'clock. So: ‘When Sarah.arrived at the party, Paul wasn’t there. He had gone home. Had gone is the past perfect (simple) Yweltheylyou | 4.44 | (= Pderc) | Bee os van helshefit ed ete) | Fhed et ‘The past perfect simple is had + past participle (gone/scen/finished etc.) For a list of irregular verbs, see ‘Appendix 1 Sometimes we talk about something hat happened in the past: © Sarah artived at the party. Thisis the starting point of the story. Then, if we want to talk abour things that happened before his time, we use the past perfect (had...) © When Sarah arrived ar the parry, Paul hed already gone home. Some more examples: © When we got home last aight, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. © Karen didn’t want to come to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film, ¢ At first Fhoughe I'e done the right thing, buc {soon realised hat V4 made a serious mistake. ‘The man sitting next cO me on thé plane.was very nervous. He hada’ flown before. / He had never flown before, Had done (past perfect} is the past of have done (present pecfect). Compare | ‘present perfect ast perfect fave done > bad done > ast wow ast row 4 Whois thar swoman? I've never seen her | © Ididn'e know who she was. I'd never seen hefore. her before, (= before chat time) © We aren't hungry. We've just had lunch. | © We weren't hungry. We'd just had lunch. © The house is dirty. They haven't cleaned | © The house was dirty. They hadn't cleaned i for weeks. itor weeks, Compare the past perfect I had done) and past sinmple (I did): ‘© "Was Tom at the party when you arrived? ‘No, he had already gone home.’ but ‘Wes'Tom there when you arrived?” “Yes, but he weat home soon afterwards.” © Ann wasn't at home when Lphoned. She was in Loudon. but Ann had just got horse when I photed. She bad been -n London. Past pertect cortinvous > ESont * EXERCISES 1 5 Read the situations and write sentences from the words ti Brackets. 1 You went to Jil's house but she wasn’t there. (she / go / our) .. he had gene. ou 2 You went back to your home town after many years. It wasn't the same as before. (it change a loc) 3 Tinvited Rachel to the party but sbe couldn't come. {she Farrange’/ to do something:else) 4 You went co the cinema lastnight. You arrived at the cinema lace. {the file / already / begin} 5 Twas very pleased to see Tm again alter such a long sic. {1/ not see / him for five years)... 6 Toffered Sue something to eat but she wasa't hungry. (she / just /have / breakfast) | Read the situations and write sentences ending with before. Ose the verb given in brackets. 1 The man sitting nexe to meon the-plane was very nervous. Irwas his fife fight. (fy). He hd never flown before, o& He hadnt lawn before. 2A woman walked into the room, She was.a complete straager ro me. (see) before. 43 Simon played tennis yesterday. He wasn’t very good ac ir because it was his first game. (play) He - : 4 Last year we went co Denmark..It was our fist time there. (be) We Use the sentences on the left to complete‘the paragraphs on the right. These sentences are in the order in which they bappaned - co (1) happand befare (2), (2) bafore (3) ete. But your ‘paragraph begins with the underlined sentettc, so sorhetimes you need the past berfect. P 1 ty Somebody broke into che office ‘We arrived at.work in the morning and during the night. ‘found that somebody ..had broken... nco @ Weartived at work inthe morning, —_| the office during the night. So w: 6) Wecalled the police. see 2 ty Ann went out | Tied to phone Ann ehis morning but 9) Litied 16 phone her chis morning. no answer. She 0) There was-no answer. out. 3 6 Jetta com body x fe ee Jina fdas ae jst days ago. |e, Lmetbim the same day. He. i He looked very wel. | 4 ay Kevin wrote to Sally many times Yesterday Kevin a) She never replied co his letters: He very surprised. He 8) Yesterday he had a phone eall (rom ber. many times but she | Hewas very surprised. ' Put the verb into the correct form, past perfect (had done ete.) or past simple (I did etc. 1 ‘Was Tom at the party when you arrived?” ‘No, he ..had.gene... (go) home.” 2 Lele very tired when T gor home, so. {go} straight to bed. 3. The house was very quiet when I gor home. Everybody (go) to bed 4 Sorry Tim late, The 62° (break) down on my. way here. 5. We were driving along the road when we . (see) a car which, (break) down, so we {stop} to see if we could help.Chie 16 Past perfect continuous (I had been doing) Stody this example situation: Yesterday moraing I got up and looked out of the window. “The sun was shining but the ground was very wee, It had been raining. It was not raining when I'looked out of the window; the sun ‘was shining. Bue it had been raining before. That's why the ground was wer. “Vlad been «ng isthe past perfect continuous: ; : dome, Yesterday morning uweiyourhey | 44 (= dete) d hettefi | PY) (= herd ec] Bee™ | working playing exe. Some more examples: © When the boys came into the house, their clothes were dirty, their hair was untidy and ‘one of them had a black eye. They'd been fighting. © Twas very tired when Lasrived home. I'd been working hard all day. ‘You can say that something had been happening for a period of time before something else happened: © Que game of cennis was interrupted. We'd been playing for about half an hour when it started to sain very heavily. ‘© Ken gave up smoking nwo years ago. He'd been smoking (or 30 years. Had been -ing (past perfect contimeous) is the past of have heen -ing (present perfect coxtinvions). Compare: ‘mow past Wow the bus comes soon. Pye been © Ac last the bus came. Pd been waiting resent perfect cominwous ‘past perject continuous Thave been “ing Thad been -ing jing for 20 minutes. (before now] for 20 minutes: (before the bus came) © He's our of breath. He has been © He was out of breath. He had been ronning. Fanning. ‘Compare had been doing and was doing (past continuous): © Te wasn't raining when we went out. The sin was shining. But ithaad been raining, so the round was wee. ‘© Ann was sitting in an armchair watching television. She was tired because she'd been. working very hard. Some verbs (for example, know and want) aze not normally used in the continuous: '® We were good friends. We had known cach other for years. {xot ‘had been knowing’) For a list of these verbs, ste Unit 4A. resort partect continuous ASG] Patt pertect simple > SER =eunr EXERCISES 16 Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets 1 Lwas very tired when [arrived home. {11 work / hard all day) ..Lhad been working hard all. day, 2 Thertwo boys came into the house. They bad 4 football and they were both very tired. (they play / football} 3. There was nobody in the-coom bur ehere was a smell of cigarettes. (somebody / smoke / in the room) 4 Ann woke up in the middle of the night. She was frightened and didn’s know where she was, {she / dream) 5 When T gar bame, Mike was sining in font of the TV, He ba jase tosned i off {he watch / TV) Read the situations aad complete the sentences. 1 We played tennis yesterday. Half'an hous after we begau playing, it started ro rain, We..had been plavina.fer helt an hour... when ..t.etarted to.ralt. 2 Thad aecanged to mect Toms in 4 eestaurant. I artived and waited for him. Afrer 20 minutes 1 suddenly realised that 1 was in che wrong restaurant. Tone for 20 minutes whet I 3 Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later thie factory closed down. ‘Atthe time the factory + Sarah there for five years. 4 Lent ro a concere last week, The orchestra began playing. After about ten minutes aman in the audience suddenly began shouting. The oFehest4 es - a when $ This time make your own sentence: Thegamwalking along the (084. Tasos when’ Put the verb into the most suitable form, past comtinuons {1 was doing), past perfect (Thad done} or past perfect continuous (Lhad been doing). 1 Tewas very noisy next door. On neighbours ..Wer® having... have) a party 2 Wewere good friends. We ...ad known... know) each other fora long time. 3 John and { wear for a walk. Thad difficulty keeping up with him because he suns (WANK) 50 fast, 4 Macy was sitting on the ground. She was out of breath. She... (cua). 5 When | arcived, everybody was sitting round che table wich cheic mouths fall, They (cat 6 When Tarsived, everybody was siting cound the table and talking. ‘Their mouths were | _ empty bur theie stomachs were full, They .. (cad. 7 Jim was on bis hands and knees on the floot. He vw {look} for his contact lens. 8 When { arrived, Kate (wait) for me. She was rather annoyed with ime because I was late and she . (wait) for a very long time 9 Twas sad when T sold my car. ~ (have) it for a very long time. 10 We were exzremely tired at che end of the journey. We . (evel) for more than 24 hours.Have and have got Have and have got (= possess, ovn ete.) ‘We often use have got rather than have alone. So you can say: fe We've goranewcar. or We have a new car. ‘@ Ann has got ewo sisters. or Ann has-Cwo sisters. ‘We use have gor or have for illnesses, pains ete ‘e T've got aheadache. or Thave a headache, In questions and negative sensences there-are three possible forms: Have you got any money? Thaven’t got any money Do you have any rhaney? Idan't have any money. ‘Have you any money? (less usual) | Thavéa’t any money, (lee uswal) Has she got a cor? She hasa’t gor a car Does she have a car? She doesn’t have a car. Has she a car? (less usual) She hasn't car. lass usual) Phen have means ‘posses ete., you cannot use contimions forms (is having / are having etc. @ Thave / Pve got a headache: (vot ‘Tm having’) For the past we use had (usually without got) ‘® Ana had long fair hair when she was a child. (nof “Ana had gor) In past questions and negative sensences We normally use did/didn't: ‘# Did chey have a car when hey were living in London? # Tdidn’e have a watch, so I didn’t know.the time. @ Ann had lang fair hair, didn’t she? Have breakfast / have a bath /have a good time etc Have (but not have gor’) is also used for many actions and experiences. For exanaple: breakfast/ dinner /a cup of coffee / a cigarette etc. a bath / a shower / swim / acest a party /a holiday /a sce time etc. an accident / an experience / a dream ete. a look (at something) /a chat {sith somebody) a baby (= give birth to a baby) difficulty / wouble/ fon have ¢ Goodbye! I hope you have a nice time. @ Mary had a baby recently “Have gor’ is not possible in these expressions. Compare: L usually have a sandwich for my lunch, (have = “eat” ~ not have gor’) but @ Uve gor'some sandwiches. Would you like anc? In these expressions, have is like other verbs. You can use continuous forms (is having / are having etc.) where suitable: ‘¢ Thad a postcard from Fred this inorning, He's on holiday. He says he’s having a wonderful time. (not ‘he has a wonderful time’) ‘# The phone rang while we were having dinner. (not ‘while we bad’) In questions and negative sentétices we normally use do/does/did: © Idon'c usually have a big breakfast. (of “T usually haven't’) ‘@ What time does Ann have lunch? (wot ‘has Ano lunch") ‘¢ Did you bave any difficuley finding somewhere to live? ‘American Engleh > EXCITEont EXERCISES 1 7 rite nogative sentences with have. Some are present (can't) and some are past (couldn't). 1 Lean’e male a phone call. (aay ebange) _...haver‘t.act any change, Teouldn’s read the notice: (my glasses} _..\aldnl have my lassen. Tan climb up onto.the rocf: (a ladder) 1 4 Wecoulda' visit the museum. (enough time) We 7 IS. He couldn't find his way to ou house. (a map) § She can't pay her bills. aay money) 7 They can’t get into the house. (a key} 8 Tooulda’t rake any phorogeaphs. (a camera)» Camplete these. questions with have. Some are present and some are past. Excuse me, .beNeyeu det... pen F could borrow? ‘Why are yau holding yoursace like that? v-snn a toothache? 3 a bicycle when you were a child? a the time, please?" "Yes, it's ten past seven.” $ When you did the exam, won time to answer all the questions? 6 Teed a stamp for this lerer, one? 7 ‘Testarted to tain while I was walking home.’ "Did it? ~ an ‘ombrella?” 1h this exercise you have fo write sentences about yourself. Choose four of the following things {or you cat choose something els): car abicycle amoped aguitar acomputer acamera a drivinglicenee a job adog// cat (or another animal) Have you got these things now? Did you have thém ten years ago? Write tivo sentences each time using I've got (1 haven't got and I bad / 1 didn’t have. now ton years ago (or five if you're too young) 1 treaet aca. . | Alda’ haverR.€8r.. 2 3 4 Complete these sentences. Use a expression from the lise and put the verb into the correct farm ihere necessary. ave lone have a swim have a nice time rave a chat ‘have a dgareite bhave a rest have a good flight fave a baby have a shower have a party have alook 1 Edon’t eat much during che day. T never ..haveluneh,,. 2 David likes to keep fit, so he every day. 3 We Inst Saturday. le was great — we invited lots of people. 4 Bacuse a, can I so at your newspaper, please? S Where's Jim? He ‘im his room. He’s very tired.” & Umer Ano in the supermarket yesterday. We stopped and 7 Thaven'e seen you since you cume back from holiday. ? 8 Suzanne a few weeks ago. It’s ber second ‘child. 9 Idon'e usually smoke but Iwas feeling very nervous, so T ; - 10 The phone rang bux I couldn't answer ic because I... - 1M You meet Tom at the airport, He bas just arrived. You say Hello, Tom. ne) 35Used to (do) Study this example situation: ‘A few years ag0 ‘Dennis stopped'smoking two years ago. He doesn't smoke any more. Bur he used to smoke. He used t0 smoke 40 cigarettes s day. y “He used to smoke" = he smoked regularly for some time 4 in the past, but he doesn't smoke now, He was a smoker, bat now he isn’ VeRO KBR a oe past 2 years ago “Something used to happen’ = something happened regularly in rhe past buc no longer happens: ‘© used ro play tennis a lot but I don't play very often now. ane used to travel a lot. These days she doesn't go.away 80 often. © ‘Doyou go to the cinema very often?” ‘Not aow, but Lused to,” (= 1used (© 66.0) ‘Weealso use used to... for something that was cart bur is not trve any sore: © This building is now 2 fartivare shop. Ic used to be a cinema. © Lused to dhink he was ortriendly but now I realise he's a very nice pétson. @ ve carted drinking coffee recently. I never used to like it before. « Janee used 60 have very long hair when she was a child. “Lused vo do something’ is past. There is no present form. You canvtot say ‘I use to do’. To talk about the present, use the presene simple {I do). Compare: past heusedto smoke weusedtolive there used to be present be smokes we live here is © We used to live in a small village bur now we live in London. «© There used to be four cinemas in che town. Now there's only ane. “The normal question forsh is did (you) use 1. # Did yoo use to eat a lor of sweets when you were a child? ‘The negative form is didn’t use to... {used not to... i also possible} © I didn’t ase-to like him. (or Tused not to like him.) Compare I used to do and Iwas doing (see Unie 61: ‘© Tased to watch TV a lot. i= T watched TV regulacly in rhe past, but Lao longer do this) @ Twas watebing TV when the phone rari. (= I was in the middle of watching TV) Do not confuse [used to do and L amused to doing (see Unit 60). The structures and meanings are differents: { Tused to live alone, (= Tlived alone in che past bat I no longer live alone) © 1 a0 used to living alone. {= I live alone and I don’t find it strange or new because I've been living alone for some time) Would (= used to) > ETT siget used to (doing) something ». RINEEXERCISES Complete these sentences with ugetd) to... + a suitable verb, 1 Dennis gave up smoking two years ago, He ..uépd £0. emoke.. 4U cigarettes a day 2 Lin ‘a mocorbike, bur last year she sald it and bought a car. 3 We eame to live in Manchester a few years ago. We - in ‘Nowingham. 4 rarely eat ice-créam now but 1 Jit nnn sevens when Twas a child. "amy bestfriend but we arent friends any longer. 66 Iconly takes me about 40 minutes to get ro work since che new road was opened. It . more than. an hour. . ‘hot oppsie che sation but closed a ong ime ago = to the theatre very often? Brian changed bis lifestyle. He stopped doing some things and started doing other things: studying hard Bee stopped | going to bed-early ‘running theee miles every morning smoking, going out in the evening spending a lot of money He'started Write sentences ahout Brian with used to and didn’t ase to. 1. Heused te etudu.hard._ 2 He didn’. vee ta.2moke,.. 3 . Compare what Carol said five years igo ahd what she says today: RVEYEARSAGO Tmahowi seoapion Tene alos - Peegoorof Tar eg ‘ends ex very ton (EN neve ead comprare rebatcite 77 | [see ~/) 1 don't dink Te got dog 1 go 102 lr oiais. TODAY ‘My dog died ewe years ago. eat lots of cheese now. read a newspaper 7 ever day now, 1 woek very ard chese days, ag re Thaven’s been to hi (dostekapw many, | party for ages, pedple these days. Thaven'e plajed work in a bookshop now. 7) \~ the piano for years 1 dau go away mach Tea'sgccat! these days ke it now. Now write senterices about how Carol bas changed. Use used to didn't use to never used to inthe first part of your sentence. ‘She ved vo travel a... but ..ehe doesn’t. go away much, these dave. ‘She ased but .. bat unit 37hone 19 Present tenses (I am doing /1I do) for the future Present continuous (Iam doing} with a furure meaning Smudy this example situation: his is Tom's diary for next week. He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon. He is going to the dentist on Tuesday morning, He is having dinner wich Ann on Friday. \ {wall these examples, Tom has already decided and arranged co do these things. ‘Use the present continuons to say whitt you have already arranged ro do. Do nor use the present simple (do): © A: What are you doing.on Saturday evening? (not ‘what do you do’) +: Pm going to the theatre. (not ‘1 go") © A: What cime is Cathy arriving romorcow? : Ac 10.30. ['m meeting ber atthe station. ‘© 'm not working comocrow, so we can go out somewhere. @- fan.isn't playing football on Saturday. He's hut his leg “('m) going to (do)*is also possible io these sentences: © What are-you going to do on Sarurday evening? Bur che present continuous is more natural for arcangements, Sec also Unit 20B. Do nor use will to talk about what you have arranged to @ What are you doing this evening? (not ‘what will you ¢o") © Alex is getting married niext month. (not ‘will ger’) Present simple (t do) with a furure meaning, ‘We use che present simple when we calle about timetables, programmes etc. (for example, for public transport, cinemas exe.) © The train leaves Plymouth ar 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.48. What time does the film begin? @ I's Wednesday romorrow. Yon can use the present simple for people if their plans are fixed like 2 timetable: © start my new job on Monday. © What rime do you finish work tomorrow? Bur che continuous is whore usual for personal arrangements: ‘® Whar time are you meeting Ann tomorrow? (riot ‘do you meet’) ‘Compace: © Whar rime are you leaving romorrow? but © What rime does the train leave tomorrow? ¢ Pun going to'the cinema this evening. but @ The filo starts at 8.15 (chis evening). (0) going to ~EEEDEA] WEEE] Present soi aterwhent a. EELunit EXERCISES 19 A friend of yours is planting to a6 on holiday soon. You ask her about ber plans. Use the words in brackets to make your quesions. & 1 [(where/gors . Where are vougoina?, ( Scotland 2 | {how long/stay?) - ‘Ten days. (owhen/go?) Next Friday. [go/alone?} ...... ~ o. No, with a fritnd.af mine. (travellby cas?) No, by train. (wherescay?) Ina hatel, | Toi waits you to visit Bim but you are very busy. Look at your diary for the next few days and ‘explain to hion why you can't come ‘Tom: Can you come on Monday evening? You: Socry but... playing vollayeall. A Tos: Whacabour Tuesday evening then? You: No, not Tuesday T se Yous: And Wednesday evening? You: ~ cove 8) ‘Tost: Well, ate you Sree 08 Thursday? you: Pm aftaid noe . cote Have you arranged to-do anything at these times? Write (true) sentences aboiet yourself. 1 {this evening) ...im.elna out thie evening. or .Jim.ne daing anything the evening... or .1 dent know what. !'m doing rhe evening. 2 (tomorrow moraing) I nn... 3 (comasrow evening) - 4 (next Sunday) nnn 5 {choose another day or tite} oe | Put the verb into the more suitable form, present continuous or present simple. 1 Lmaolta...{go) (o the theatre this evening. 2 ..Doss:the Alm bean... (che film / begin) at 3.30 or 4.30? 3 Wes have) a party aext Saturday. Would yau like to come? 4 The arc exhibition... vows (Opea} On 3 May and (Gish) on 15 July. ST .. (A0%go) our this evening. 1 (scay) at home: 6. “ou {yon/do} anything romostow morning? ‘No, I'm free. Why?” 7 Wie - (go) t0 2 concert conight. Te ve {begin) at 7.30. 8 You are on the train to London and you ask another passenger: Excuse’me, What time seve {this rain / get) to London? 9 You are talking (0. Ann: Aon,T {e0) to cown, - {youfeome) with me? 10 Sue ‘come) 0 see us tomorrow. Sh (cavel) by ceain and ber train (attive) at 10.15.1 {meet} ber at the station. ut (not/ase) the car this evening, so you can have it 12 You and a friend are watching television. Yow say: Vm bored with chis programme: When - vee itlnish)? 39ri 74) (I’m) going to (do) {9} ‘1 am going to do something’ = I have already decided to do it, 1 intent! to do it: ‘© A: Thete’s a film o television tonight. Are you going to watch it? 3 No, I'm tifed: I'm going to have an early night. ‘© a Thea Ruth has won some money. What is she going to do with it? 4 She’s going to buy anew car. ‘© A: Have you made the coffee yer? -3: T'm just going to make i. (juse = right at ehis moment) ® This food looks horrible. I'm not going to eat it. i Lam doing and 2 gingto do ‘We nounally use 1 am doing (present continous) when we say whal we have arnaniged co do— for example, arranged to reet somebody, arranged to go somewhere (sce Unit 194): ‘» Whar time are you meeting Ann this evening? ‘© Pai leaving rommorrow. I've got my plane ticker: “Lam going to do something’ = I've decided 1 do ic (but perhaps not arranged to do it): ‘© “The windows are dirty.’ “Yes, I know. I'm going to clean chem later.” (= I've decided to clean them but I haven't arranged to clean them) ‘8 I've decided not to stay here any longer. Tomorrow I’m going to look for somewhere else to scay. Often the difference is very smu and either form is-possible, (5) You can also say that ‘something is going to happen’ in the future. For examples “The man can't see where hes walking, There is a hole ia Jront of him. He is going fo fall into the hole. ‘When we say that ‘something is going to happén’, the situation now makes us believe chis, ‘The maa is walking towards the hole now, so he is going to fall into it. Situation nous future happening Sa ae ‘# Look at those Black clouds! It’s going to rain. (the clouds are there now) ‘© [feel cercible. I think I'm going to be sick. (L fel terrible now) Di) ‘Twas going to (do somechingy’ = Tintended to do it but didn’t do its '@ We were going to sravel by train bur then we decided to go by car instead. ‘© A: Did Peter do the examination? 1: No, he was going to do it but he changed his mind, ‘© Twas just going to cross the road when somebody shouted ‘Stop!” ‘You can say that something was going to happen (but didn’t happen}: ‘@ [thooghe it was going ¢o cain but then the sun eame out {am doling Tor he fitura > EEERETY | will aha tm going to >untr MERCISES 20 1 the questions. You are going to do all these things but you haven't done them yet. Use going to and the word!) in brackets. (eomorrow) Not yet, [.m.golng to. clean ie ramarrow. later} Not yer. (thie afternoon} Not yer... {after dinner) Nor - (just) Have you cleaned the car? Have you phoned Sally? '3| Have you done the shopping? Have you read the paper? Have you had dinner? 7! Write « question with going'to for eal situation. Your friend has won some money. You ask (what / do with i2) ..Whet are yeu.galn 9. mit 22 Your friend is going to a patty tonight. You ask: (what / wear?) 59 Your friend has jus bought a new table. You ask: (where? pur it 4 You: fiend has decided ra have a party. You ask: {who Finviee?) Read the situations arid complete the dialogues. Use going to. 4, You have decided to write Some letters this evening, FREND: Afe you going out this evening? YOU: ‘No, .lt.golna towrite semeletters, 2 You are a smoker but you have decided to give it up soon. FRIEND: Smoking is very bad for you. you: Tkiow. ‘ 3 You have been offered a job but you have decided not to take . un: [hear you've been offered a job. You: Thar’s right, bur 4 You are in 4 restaprant, The food is awtel and you've decided complain step: This food is awl, isn’ it? you Yes, i's disgusting, What i going t0 happen in these situations? Use the words in brackets. 1 These are a lot of black clouds in the sky. (rain) .t'@.¢0lna te.raln 2 Ikis 8.30. Jack is leaving his bouse: He has co be at work at 8.45 b minvees. (late) He 43 There isa hole in the boreom of the hoar. A lor of Water is coming in shrough the hole. (sink) The boat 4 Emma is driving. Thete is very lee petro) left in the cank. The nearest perrol station isa long way away. (run out) She the journey rakes 30 Complete the sentences with washwere going to + one of these verbs: giveup have phone play eravel 1 We..méte doing te travel. by rain buc then we decided ro go by car instead 2We «tennis yesterday but it rained all day. c ~ Jim, but T decided to write him a lerter instead. 4 When I last saw Tim, he wuss his job bur in the end be decidéd not to. 5We conn patty last week but some of our friends couldn't ‘come, so we cancelled it.oniT Will/shall (1) ‘We use Pl (= I will) when we decide to do something atthe tine of speaking: *® Ob, Pre left che deor opeo. I'll go and shut it ‘© Whar would you lke to driak?” ‘ll have an orange juice, please. © ‘Did you phone Ruth?” ‘Oh no, I forgot. I'l phone ber now.” You cannot use the present simple {I do / I go etc.) in these sentences: ‘I'll go and shus the door. (nat ‘Igo and shut’) We often use {chink Pil... and T don’t think UL © feel a bic hungry. I think U'll have something to eat. ‘© Tdon’r chink I'll go oue tonight. 'm too tired. In spoken English the negative of will is usoally wor @ Tcan see you're busy, 60 { won't stay long. vill not): Do not use will fo talk about what you have already. decided or arranged to-do (sce Units 19-20) © 'm going on holiday nexc Saturday. (not ‘I'l go’) © Are you working tomorrow? (nat “will you work’) We often use vill in chese situations: Offering to do something That bag looks heavy. ll help you with ic. (ot ‘t help’) Agreeing to do something ‘¢-&: You know that booié [lent you. Can T have it back if you've finished with it? 2: Of course. Pl give i t you this afternoon. {nat ‘T give’) Promising to do something ‘© Thanks for lending me the money. Pll pay you back on Friday. (nat ‘I pay’) © I-won’t tell anyone what happened. I peomise. Asking somebody to-do something (Will you...?) ‘© Will you please be quiet? I’m crying to concentrate, @ Will you shut the door, please? You can use-wor’s to say that somebody refuses to do something: « Dve tried to advise her but she won't listen. (= she cefuses to listen) ¢ The-car won't start. wonder what’s wrong with it. (= the car ‘refuses ro start} Shall I...? Shall we...? Shall is used mostly in the questions shall 1. / shall we...? ‘We use shall I...? / shall we...? co ask somchody's opinion (especially in offers or suggestion:): «© Shall Topén the window? (= do you wanc me to open the window?) © Pve gor no money. Whar shall Ido? (= what do you suggest?) ¢ ‘Shall we go?” ‘Just.a minute. Pm not ready yer.” ‘¢ Where shall we go this evening? Compare shall I.,.? and will you. © Shall I shut the door? (= do you want me to shut it2) © Will you shut she door? (= I want you to shut it) ‘wrvsnet (2) > G2) Wwillend rm going o>unit EXERGISES 21 Complete the sentences with VIL + a suitable verb. 1 Pavigo tired to walk home. [think ..[lLaet.. a caxi 2 Wsabiccotd in this com. ‘sit? coo 08 the heating thea.” 3 ‘Wehaven'e got any milk.” ‘Ob, havea't we? ‘and ges some 4 ‘Do you want me £0 do thewashing-up?" °No, ie’ allright. “ § T don't know how to use this computer.” ‘OK, vu. "YOU." {6 "Would you like tea or coffee?” * coffee, please.” 7 "Goodbye! Have a nice holiday.” “Thanks. ‘you a postcard.” ‘8 Thank you for lending me your cameta, enn ve it hack to you on. Monday, OK? 9 ‘Are you coming with us?" ‘No, E éhink where.” Read the situations and write sentences with 1 think Pl... or 1 don’t think Y' A. 1es a bit edd. You decide to clase the window. You say: .Lthlok clase. the window, 2 You are feeling tired and its quite late, You decide to,go to bed. You say: U chink 3 Afriend of yours offere you lif in his car bur you decide «6 walk. You say: Thank you buc ~ A You arcanged co play tennis taday. Now you decide that you don't want to play. You say’ I don’ thik - 5 You were going to go swimming. Now you decide that you don’: want to go. Which i correct? (If necessary, study Units 19-20 first.) 1 ‘Did you phone Ruth?’ ‘Ob no, ( forgot. Lphene/ il phone hier now.’ (I'll phone is correct) 2 Tean’t meet you romaccow afternoor. Pin playing /43-pley tennis. ('m playing is comvect) 3 TLmget Pll mest you outside the hosel in half an hour, OK?" “Yes, that’s fine.’ 4 "Tneed some maney.’ ‘OK, I'm lending /'l lend you some. How much do-yau need?” 5 Pmhaving {Pl have a party next Saturday. I hope you can come. ‘Remember ro buy a newspaper when you go out’ ‘OK. Ldon’t forget / I won't forget." 7 Whac time doss your train leave / will your main Jeave torsocrow? 8 Tasked Sue what happened but she doesn’ tell /won’t tell me. 9 ‘Asevou doing / Will you da-anything tomorrow evening?” ‘No, 'm free, Why?” 10 T don’t want to go out alone, Do you come / Will vou come with ine? 11 Tea secres between us. I promist Ldon’s tall /Lwon’t tell anybody. What do you say in these situations? Write sentences with shall ..2 or shall we...? 1 You and a friend want to do sorvething this evening bur you don’t know what. You ask your ltiend. . What shall we do-thle evening? 2 You try.on a jacket in a shop. You are nor sure whether t0 buy itor nor. You aék a friend for advice. iv 3 WW Ann’s birehday next week. You want o give her a presen but you don’t know what. You ask a friend for advice, What ym. 4 You and a friend are going on holiday together but you haver't decided where. You ask hicwber. § You and a friend aze going aur. You haven't decided whether to ga by ear or towalk. You ask himer. or 6 Yout friend wants you to phone later. You don’t know what time ro phone. You ask hiner,Will/shall (2) ‘We do not use will 0 say what somebody has already arranged or decided t0 do in the furore: © Ann is working next week. (n0¢ ‘Ann will work’) © Are you going to watch television this evening? (not ‘will you watch’) For ‘I'm working...’ and ‘Are you going to...2, see Units 19-20. Bur often, when we ralk about the future, we are nor calling about what somebody has decided to do. For example: ‘Gin: Do you think Ans will pass the exam? Jor: Yes, she'll pass easily. ‘She'll pass? does not mean ‘she has decided to pass’, Joc is saying what he knows or thinks will happen. He is predicting the Foture. When we predice a future happening or situation, we use willhwon't. ® Jill has beet away a long time. When she returns, she'l find s lot of changes. © “Where will you be this time next year?” ‘Tl be in Japan.” © That plate is very hot. Ifyou couch it, you'll burp yourself. © Tom won't pass the examination. He hasn't worked hard enough for it ‘When will you know your exam results? ‘We often use will (") with: probably © I'l probably be home late this evening. Texpect © Ihaven’t seen Caral today. I expect she'll phone this evening. (I'm) sure © Don’t worry about the exain. Pm sure you'll pass. () think © Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her? {D) don’t think © | don’t chink che exam will be very difficule. Twonder © Twonder what afill happen. After (I) hope, we generally use the present: © hope Carat phones this evering © Thope it doesn’t rain tomorrow. Genecally we use will 1 talk about the farute, but sometimes we use will to tall abou now, For example: * Don't phone Ann'now: Sbe'll be busy. {= know she'll be baby now) shall... we shall... Normally we use shall only with I and we. You can say I shall or Iwill (Il), we shall or we will (we'll): shall be tired chis evening. (or T willbe...) © We shall probably go ro Scotland for our holiday. {or We will probably go...) In spoken English we normally use I'l and we'll: © Weill probably goto Scotland. ‘The negative-of shall is shall n6t or sham’t: © 1 shan’t be here tomorrow. {or Twoa’t be. Do not use shall with he/shelivyoulthey: © She will be very angry. (ot ‘she shall be’) shat 1)» EIREDY wat and going to~ FIEEER Will bo doing /withave done » LEE) -Amarcan Enghsh -~ ESEunrr XERCISES 22 Which forzn of the verb is correct (or more natural) in these sentences? The verbs are underlined. 1 Ann isn't free on Saturday. Shettwoele/ She’s working: (She’s working is correct) 2 Tso Tm going te a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come too? 3 Iehink Jane will gt is getting the job. She has a lot of experience. 4 Tan’ meet'you this evening, A friend of mine will cOme /is coming to See me. 5 a: Have you decided where to go for your holidays? 2: Yes, we will go-/we are going to Isaly. 6 There's no need co be aftaid of the dog. Ic swon't hurt/Ir isn't husting you. Complete the sentences with will (ll) +one of these verbs: be be come yet the Jook meet pas 1 Don’t worry abour your exam. I'm sure you IL paee: 2 Why don't you sry op this jacket? Ir nice on you. 3 You must meet George somecime. L think you... son him, 4 Tes raining, Don’t go our. You wer. 5 They've invited rhe-to-their house, They. -vwnsosee Offended iFI don’t go. 6 Goodbye. Iexpect we again before long. 7 Wve invited Sue co the party but I don’t think she 8 Twonder where T 20 years from now. Putin will (1) oF woo’ 1 Can jou wait for ine? T..Wwat... be very tong. 2 There's to need to take an umbrella with you. It sain, 3 Ityou doo’t eat aaything now, you... be hougsy:taver. 4 Prmsorry about what happened yesterday... happen again. S$ H've got some incredible news! You neue never believe what's happened. Don’t ask Margaret for advice. She conn know wharto do. Where will you be at.chese times? Write true sentences about yourself. Use one of theses Tilbe... or Texpect Pll be:... or Pll probably be... oF I don’t know where I'll be, or ‘Tra not sure. I might be... (For might see Unit 30.) 1 (aext Monday evening at 7.45) ..!l probably.ba.at heme, or im not eure mlaht:be at the, sinema, or.|don't know where be. fet.) 2 (at S o'clock tomérrow morning) svn spoons 3 (ar 10.30 romorrow morning) 4 (ext Saturday afternoon ac 4.15) 5 (this time next year) Write questions using do you think...will...? + one of these verbs: beback cost finish get married happen Hike tain 1 Pve bought Mary a present. . 2a:yau.think.ehell ke ft 2 The weather doesn't look very good. Do you oe - - 3 The meeting is still going on. When do you - 4 My car needs to be repaired. How. much 5 Sally and David are in love. Do 6 ‘I'm going out now.’ “OK. What time 7 ‘The future sicuationis umcersain. Whar -I will and I’m going to Future actions. Scudy the difference between will and going to: Sue is talking co Helen: will (ID): We use will when we decide to do something at the time of speaking, The speaker has nor decided before. The party decision 3 2 now on) Ti Thar’ a greacidea [We'll invite lots of people.) is a new idea. or sus ast ow Future Later chat day, Helen meets Dave: going to: We use (be) going to when we have already decided wo do something. Su and Have darded chav par. Helen had already decided to invite lors of loss af people ‘people befare she spake to. Dave. decision (t ! ae Pm going to... een Dave past sow Faure © ‘George phaned while you were out.’ ‘OK. (Il phone him back." but © ‘George phoned while you were out.” “Yes, | know: I'm going to phone hima back.” © ‘Ann isin hospival’ “Oh really? I didn’t know. Pil go and visit her.” but © ‘Anns in hospital” “Yes, Tknow. 'm going to visi her tomorrow." Future happenings and situations (predicting the furare) Sometimes there is nét much difference between will and going to. For example; you can say: + Tchifk che weather will be nce later, © I chink che weather is going to be nice later. ‘When we say Someching:s going to happen’, we know (or ehink}this bécause of che situation now. For example: ® Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain. (jot ‘it will rain’ ~ we can see-the clouds now) 4 T feel reerible, Lthink Ian going to be sick. (rot ‘I think Pll be sick’ ~ I feel cersible wow) Do nor use will i situations like these. (See also Unit 20C,) In other situations, itis safer to use will: +2 Tom will probably arrive at about 8 o'clock. © I chink Ann will like the present we bought for her: tm going to ~ wn(ERCISES 33 plete the sentences using will (UN) or going to. 4 4: Why are you suring on the television? _l'maoina te:watch... the news. (watch) Oh, Pve just realised. I haven’e got any money. Haven't you? Well, don't worry. you some, (Mend) Tye gora headache. Have you? Wait there and ain aspitin for you. (get) Why are you filling char bucket with wacer? the ear, (Vsvash) Pye decided to repaint this room, i Oh, have you? Whar colour i? (you/paint) Where are you going Are you going shopping? VES nn something for dinner. (buy) Tdon't know how-to use this camera. Bs quite easy. - sonsnnee YOuAUSHOWY Whar would you like to eat? : a sandwich, please. (have) Did you pose that lettet for me? Oh, Pim sorry. Leompletely’ forgot. it now, (Udo) The eeling in this room doesn’t look very safe, does ir? No, is looks 2s if down. {i/fall) : Has George decided what to do when he leaves school? Ob, yes. Everything is planned. a holiday for a few weeks and then ‘computer progeamming course. {he/have, he/d6} Read the situations and complete the sentences using will () oF going t6. 1 The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim ‘cain: Hello. Can I speak to Jim, please? You: — Justa-moment. im. (get) 2 Ira nice day. You've decided to sit inthe garden. Before going outside, you rell your friend. you: The weather's t0 nice to stay indoors. im the garden. (Usit) snuenD: That's a good idea. I think you. (Vjoin) 3 Your friend is worried because she has lost an important leter. you: Don’t worry about the lereer. Pm sure it, (youlfind) FREND: Thope so. 4 There was a job adverrséd in the paper recently. At first you were intecested but then you decided nor ro apply. rar: Have you decided what co do about that job chat was advertised? For it. (Unedapply) id come hom very laze. Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisy YOU: Shlih! Don’t make'so much noise - everybody up. (youlwake} 6 John has to go to the airport to.cafch a plane tomocrow morning. jour: Ann, Tneed somebody to cake me to the airport tomotrove morning. ssn That's no problem. you. (take) What rime is your flight? JOHN: 10.50. som OK. at about 9 o'clock then, (werleave} Later that day, Joe offers co rake John to te airport. Jo John, do you wane me wo take you to the airpart? Joins: No thanks, Joe ae cow me, fAnn/take)UNIT. Will be doing and will have done Stady this example sinuatien: Kevin loves foorball and this evening there is @ big football march on television, The march begins a¢ 7.30 and ends'at 9.15. Paul wants to see Kevin the same evening and wants to keaow what time to come to his house. PAUL: Is ical ight if I come at about 8.30? ‘kevin: No, I'l be watching the football then. PAUL: Well, what about 9.30? kxevin: Fine. ‘The march will have finished by then. ‘Iwill be doing something’ (future continuous) = I will be in the middle of doing something. The football match begins at 7.30 ant ends at 8.15, So during this time, for example at 8.30, Kevin will be watching the match. Another example: ‘going on holiday on Sacurday. This time next week I'l be lying on a beach or ‘swimming in the sea. Compare will be (doing and will (do): Don’t phone me between 7 and 8. We'll be having dinner then. @ Let's wait for Mary co arrive and thea we'll have dinner. Compare will be -ing with other continuous forms: ‘@ AC 10 o'clock yesterday, Sally was in ber office. She was working; (past) It's 10 o'clock now. Shi isin her office. She is working (present) Ar 10 o'clock tomorrow, she will be in hee office. She will be working. ‘We also’ use will be doing in a differenr way: to tall about complete actions in the future: @ A: IF you see Sally, éan you ask her to. phone me? sure. 'll be seeing her this evening, so Tl tell her then. © What time will your friends be arriving tomorrow? In these examples will be -ng is similar to the-present continuous for the Surure. {See Unit 19.) You can use Will you be -ing...? to ask about somebody's plans, especialy if you want something or want chem to do.something. For example: 4: Will you be passing the post office wher you'te out? : Probably. Why? nnted some stamps. Could you get me some? ‘© A: Will you be using your bicycle this evening? No. Do you want to borrow it? ‘We use will have (done) (future perfect) to.say thar something will already be complete. Kevin’s football match ends at 9.15. So after this time, for example'at 9.30, the match will have finished. Some more examples: Sally always leaves for work at 8,30 in the morning, so she won't. be ar home at 9 O'clock. She'll have gone to work. © We'se late. The film will already have started by the time we get tb the cinema. Compare will have (done) with other perfeet forms: Ted and Amy have been married for 24 years. (present perfect) Noxt year they will have been married for 25 years. ‘When thei first child was boro, they had been married for three years. (past perfect) By then /by the time -»ontr EXERCISES 4 ‘about Calin. Theti you have to tick (/) the sentences which are tre. In each group of Piektences at least one is true: (Colin goes to work every day. He leaves home at 8 o'clock and arrives at work at about 8.45. “He starts work immediately and continnes uns! 12.30 when he has Jonch (which takes about half an hour). He stares work again at 1.15 and goes home at exactly 4.30. Every day he follows the same routine and tomorrow will be no exception. ry A745 4 y Aetas 4 e'll be leaving the house a bell bave lunch © he'll have lett the house Abe’ be'll be having lunch é he'll be at home ¥ € be'll have finished his lunch BG a hell be having breakfase he'll have started his hunch Arg.is 5 Ac 4 o'clock a bell be leaving the house 4 he'll have finished work b hel have lef the house ® hell Gnish work hell have arcved at work hell be working boll be arciving at work dhe won't have finished work 3 Areas 6 An 4.45 2 he'll be working @ he'll leave work bb hell start work he'll be leaving work he'll have starced work ¢ he'll have left work Bd he'll be arriving at work d he'll have aesived home ‘Put the verb into the correct forms, wil be (doling or Mill have (done). “' Don'r phone me between 7and 8. ...Well behaving. (we/have} dinner then 2 Phone me aftec 8 o'clock. _. (welfinish) dinner by then. 3 Tomorrow afternoon we're going to play tennis fon 3 o'clock ntl 4.30, 50 at 4 o'clock, sou tWetplay) tennis. 4a: Can we meet tomostow afternoon? f: Not in the afterniosn. Wook). 5 Bhas to go to a meeting which-begins at 10 o'clock. It will last about an hour. 2: Will you be feee ar 11.30? 8 Y655 go (che mecting/finish) by thar time. 6 Tom toma and he is spending his money very que Fe coninus ike this {he/spend)-all his money before the end af his holiday. 7 Chuck came co Britain from the USA nearly theet yeaes ago. Nexe Monday it willbe exacely three years, So on Monday, - v- (hele) in Britain for exactly theee years. 8 Da you thine - {yowstil/o) the same job in ten years? rie? 9 Jane is fram New Zealand, She is travelling around Europe’at the moment. So far she bas travelled about 1,000 miles. By the end-of the trip, - ~ {sbeftravel) more than 3,000 miles, 10 Ifyou need toreantacr me, (stay) at the Lion Hotel url Friday. Ue sown (youssée} Laura tomorrow? 1 Yes, probably. Why? ‘A: Tboscowed this book from her. Gan you give ie back to her?When I do / When I’ve done When and if Study these examples: 4: Whar time will you phone me tomorrow? &: PI phone you when I get home from work, “Pll phone you when gee home from work’ isa sentence with two parts: the main pe “Vl phone you’ land the when-part: ‘when I get hoine from work (tomorow) The rime in the sentence is fucurt ("tomorrow") but we use a present conse (get) in the when- part of the sentence, ‘We do not use will in the when-part of the sintence: '© We'll go out when it stops raining. (not ‘when it will stop’) © When you are in London again, you must come and see us. (rot ‘when you will be’) ® (said to a child) Whar do you wane to be when you grow up? (not ‘will grow’) The same thing happens after: while before alter as soon as! uotil or till © {'m going t0 read a lovof books while Pm on holiday. (nos ‘while Twill he) © F'm going back home on Sunday. Before | g0, I'd like to vist the eauseuns. © Wait bere until (cr till ! came back. You can also use the present perfect (bave done) after when / sfter until / as soon as: © Can { bosrow that book when you've finished it? © Dor say anyching while lan is here, Waic until he has gone. Its often possible co use the present simple or che present perfect: ® T'll.come as soon 98 I finish. ‘or Pl come as soon as I've fished. © You'll fee) bercer after you have or You'll feel better after you've had something 10 eat. something to eat. Bui do nor use the peesent perfect if evo things happen together. The present perfect shows that cone thing will be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen together). Compare: ‘© When I've phoned Kate, we cais havé dinnet. ( Fiese ll phone Kate and after chat we can have dint.) but © When I phone Kate this evening, I'l invite her to tbe party. (not ‘when P've phoned’) (la dis example, the two things bappen together.) Alte if, we aormally use the preseat simple (if Ido /if see etc.) for the furure: © Ics raining hard. We'll get wer if we go out. (not ‘i we will ga’) © Hurry up! Tf we don'e hurry, we'll be late. Compare when and if “We ase when for things which are sure to happen: © I'm going shopping this aftertioon. {for ste) When I go shopping, PU buy some food. if (not ‘when’) for shings chat will possibly happen: right go shopping this aftertioon. (it's possible) IF1 go shopping, Ill bay some food. @ If itis faining this evening, I won't go.ouc. (rot ‘when itis taining’) © Don’t worry if Pm late tonight. (n0# ‘when T'm late’) © ff they don’t come soon, tim aot going to-wait. (not ‘when they don't come’) We 11 ESKER Sven ttwhen ~[EGETEE] Unless = SESEEYunr ERCISES 25 mmplete these sentences using the verbs in brackets, All the sentences are:about the future: Use illwon’t or the present simple (I see / he plays Fit is etc.). Tilphone....phone) you when T..a¢t. {get) home from work. ‘want to see Margaret before she (go)out. 3. We' going on holiday rornocrow. 1 {tell) you all about iewhen we (come) back '4 Brian looks very different now. When you ‘none (88) hia again, you (nov/recognise| him, 55. We must do-something soon before it (be) t00 late don't want co go wichout you. I (wait) until you (be) ready. 17 Sus has applied for the job but she isn’t very-well qualified for ic.1 (be} surprised if she on (get) it 8 Td like o play tennis tomorrow if the weather son (be) nice. 9) Tn going out now. If anybody {phone) while.I “ {be) ‘out, can you rake a message? ‘take one sentence from two. 4 You will be in London again. You mast come and see os then. ‘You must come-and.gee.ue.. when ..you are in London again, 2 Plfind somewhere'to live. Then I'll give you my address. t. co when. 3 Pil do the shopping, Then Pil Come straight back home. after 4-1 going, to stuet ining. Lev’s yo home before dat. before an - 5 She mst apologise come int. [wan't speak ro her unl the. Read the situations.and complete the sentences. 1A friend of yours is going co visit London. You want to know where she is going to stay. You ask: Where are you going to stay when ..vouare In Landon? 2 A friend of yours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe there’ time for a cup of tea You ask: Would you like a cup of tea before - 2 3 Your trend is reading the newspaper. You'd like it after ber. You ask: Can I have the newspaper when > 4 You want ro sell your car. Jim is interested in buying it but he hasn't decided yet. ‘You ash: Cau you let me know ¢s soon 2 5. There are serious traffic probleins in:your town but they are building a new road. “You say: I think it will be bester when ~ Putin when or if 1 Don't worry if. I'm late tonighe. 2. Tom might phone while I'm oar this evening, he does, can you.take a message? 3 ih going to Rome next Week. oonone Pm there, } hope to visit a friend of mine. 4 Eehink fill wll get tbe job, Pll be very surprised she doesn’t get it 5m going shopping, ~»» You Want anything, I can get it for you. 6 Fm going away for 9 few days. Pll phon€ YOU vosn.n.n» I get back, 7 Twant you to come to the parry but you don't wat to come, that’s all right. 8 Wecan eat at home of, yon prefer, we can g0 to a restaurant.ie P43) Can, could and (be) able to LY} We ase can to say that something is possible or thar sémebody has the ability.co do somerhing. We use can + infinitive (can do cae see et): ‘@ We can see the lake from our bedroom window. Can you speak any, foreign languages? © can come and see you tomorrow if you like. ‘The negatives can't (= eaonot): @ Em afraid I can't come to the party on Frida [3) (Be) able to... is possible instead of can, bur can is more asvat # Are you able to speak any forcign languages? But cao has only two forms, can (present) and. could (past). So sometimes i is decessary to use (be) able to... . Compare: © Tean't sleep. bus Thaven’t been able to sleep recently. (can bas no present perfect) ‘© Tom-can come tomorrow. but Tom might be able to come tomorrow. (can has ao iniinitive) (3) Could and was ableto... Sometimes could is the past of can. We use could especially with: see hear smell taste feel remember understand ‘When we went into the house, we could smell burning + She spoke in a'very low voice, but 1 could understand what sbe said. We also use could to say that somebody had the general ability or pesmission to do someching: ‘© My grandfather could speak five languages. We were completely free. We could do what we wanted, (x we were allowed to do...) ‘Weuse could for general ability, But if we ate calking about what happened ir a particular situation, we use Wasiwere able (0... 0¢ managed to... (not could): © The fire spread through she building quickly bue everybody was able co escape. or ...2verybody managed to escape. (but not ‘could escape’) © They didn’ want tocome with us at first but we managed to persuade them, fr «we were able to persuade them. (but not ‘could persuade) Compare: © Jack was.an excellent rennis player. He could beat anybody. (= he had the general abilicy co bear anybody) but ® Jack and Alf had a.game of tennis yesterday, Alf played very well bur in the end Jack ‘managed to beat him. or ...was able to beat him. (= he managed to beat bim in this pacticular game) all situations: The negative couldn't {could not) is possi "My grandfather couldo’t swim. ‘¢ We tcied hard but we couldn’r persaade them to come wich os. © Alf played well but he couldn’t beat Jack. BE) could (do) ana could have (done) + EEETR Must ardcant + GHEE canCould you. fiee war RCISES 26 iplete the sentences using can or (be) able t6. Use can if possible; otherwise use (be) able to. George has travelled a lot. He..4an...speak four languages. haven't .bsem able t... seep very well recently. Sandra von dive bat she hasa’t gor a car ean't underseand Martin. 've never undetstand him, Tused ro stand-on my head but {can’t do it now. Tean’t se you on Priday but | meet you.ot Saturday morning. Ask Catherine about your problem. She might .. help you. Write sentences about yourself using the ideas in brackets (something you used to be able to do) ..Lused tebe able.Fo-eina well (something you used to-be able ro do} 1 used {Gomeshing you would like co he able to do) v8 {something you have never been able 10 do) Tre Complete the sentences with can / can't / could / couldn't + one of these verbs: feome cat hear cun sleep wait 1 Pm afraid 1..van'.game... to your party next week. “When Tim was 16, be was a fact conser. Ne... ses WO-rmerees in 11 seconds. 3 ‘Are you in a hurry?” ‘No, lve got plenty of time. 1 7 . 4 Iwas feeling sick yesteeday. I oon anything. ES Can you speak up abit? 1 coon YOU very Wel. "You look red.” "Yes, 1 - last night.” Complete the answers t0 the questions with wasiwere able to, 1. &: Did everyhody escape from che fire? & Yes. Although the fire spread quickly, everybody ..veas.able.to.e8eap 2. & Did you have difficulty finding Ann's houst? 4 Nor really. Ann had given tis good directions and we '8 a: Did you finish your work this afternoon? 1 Yes. There was nobody ro disturb me, so. vn 4 A: Did the thief get away? 2 Yes, No one realised what was hhappeaing anid the thief Complete the sentences sing could, couldn't or was/were able to. I My grandfather was a very clever man. He ..ould.. speak five languages. 2 looked everywhere for the book but 1..couldn'.. nd it. 3 They didn’t wane to cote wich us at first but we . Were able... persuade them, 4 Laura had hurt her leg and coon Walk very well 5 Sue wagn’t at hame when T ghonad buet ‘contact her at her office. 6 [looked very carefully and 1 see a figure in the distance. 7 [wanted to buy-some tomatoes. The frst shop t went to didn’t have any but I et some in the next shop, 3 My grandmother loved music. She - play the piano very well 9 A gil {ell inco che river but formunacely we rescue her. 10 Thad forgorteoto bring my camera so T take any. photographs. 53.Could (do) and could have (done) “We use could in a number of ways. Sometimes could is the past of can (see Unie 26C): ® Listen. [ean hear something. (now) Tiistened. I could hear something. (past) ‘But could is nor only used in this way. We also use could to talk about possible acrions now or in the futare {especially t9 make a suggestion}. For example: What shall we do this evening? 3: We could go to the-cinema, e's a nice day. We could go for a walk. When you go te New York text month, you could stay with Barbara, © 4: Ifyou need money, why don't yout ask Karen? % Yes, I suppose I could. Can is also possible in these sentences('We can go for a walk." etc.). Could is Jess sure than ean. ‘You must use could {not ‘can’) when you don't really mean what yon say. For example: © ¥imso angry with him. I could kill him! (nt ‘T can kill hz’) We also use coold to say thar sontething is pdssible now or in thé forures ‘© The phone is ringitig. r could be Tim. © Tdon’t know when they'l be here. They could arrive at any time. Can is not possible in these éxamples (not ‘Ie can be Tim’) In these sentences could is similar to might (see Uniss 2-30): © The phone is ringing. It might be Tim. ‘Compare could (do) and conld have (done): © Tm sa tired. } could steep for a week. (now) © 1 was so tired. I could have slept for a week. (past) ‘Most often, we use could have (done) for things which were possible but did not happen: ‘© Why did you stay at a hotel when you went to New York? You could have stayed with Barbara, (= you had the opporcunity co say with ber but you dido’t} @ Jack fell off a ladder yesterday but he’s all right. He's lucky ~ he-could have hurt himself badly. (but he didn’ hure bimscf) © The situarion was bad but ic could have been worse. Sometimes could racans ‘would be able ro..." © We could go away if we had enough money. (= we would be able t6 go away) © Edon't kiow how you work so hard. I coulds’t do it. Could have (done) = would have been able co (da): ‘© Why didn’t Liz apply (or the job? She could have got it @ Wescould have gone away if we'd had enough money. © The trip was cancelled last week. Paul couldn’t have gone anyway because he was ill. {= he wouldn't have been able to go) © You did very well ro pass che exam. Pm sure 1 couldn't have passed ir. Fave been able to pose it if [had taken i) (= Twouldn’t Couldn't have (done) [ETE] _ Could and might +E could uyou...? TEAL Cou ts ESTEE TEDLunit ICISES 27 the questions witha suggestion. Use could. ie (eo Scotland) Wa e214 39 Ro Sealand. (fsb) We oo {a boots You (now) ‘Where shall we go for our holidays? Whar shall we have for dinner conight? Whac shall give Ann for hee biedhday? When shall I phone Angela? When shall-we go and see Tom? | | (on Friday) Where shall we bang cis picrare?) | (in the kitchen) Bil in can or could. Sometimes either word is possible. “The phone is ringing. Who do you think itis?” ‘Ir..ceuld.. be Tim.” BP cally bungey. Looe rnnnne €F & HOTBEL Hyou'ce very-hongry, we have dinner now. Hf les so nice here. |. soon Stay here all day but-unforcunately I have to go. 5; can't find my bag. Have you seen it?” "No, BUC it enon be in the car” Gj Pose is a keen musician, He plays the flute and he also play the pianto. {Whar shall we do?” ‘There's a film on television. We ‘watch that? The weather is nice now but it. change later. [Complete the sentaices. Use could or could have + a suitable verb. Dix: What shall we do chis evening? b: I don’t mind. We... e94.60.. ro vhe cinema, 2.x: Uhad a very boring evening at hore yesterday. 3 Why did you stay ar hoine? You to the cinema. A a: There's an interesting jab advertised in the paper. You 7 fori 3: Whar sort of job is ic? Show me tbe advertisement. 2: Did you go ¢6 the concert last night? ‘& No. We wonsennne but 76 decided mor C0. Bu Where shall we meet camorcow? x: Well, 1 to your house if you like. then. Kea's aunt wanted himto drive her to the airport on Tuesdy. He couldn’: have driven her to the-alepert (heeaue ie cer had been atalen).. a. A friend of bis wanted hins co go ott foc a meal an Friday evening. Kea. : - : - 4, Another ftiend wanted hin o play tennis on Monday afternoon. Keo . . Jeok wanved Ken to lend him 50 last week. LS Jane wanted Ken to come to her patty on Sarurday evening. He : sn 5 Ken's mother wanted hia a tepair het washing machine,