‫اﻟﻔﺻل اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﻋﺎﻣـــل ﺗﺄﺛﯾــر اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫) ‪( Site Effect‬‬

‫أﺛر ﺟﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ و أﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺻدﻋﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫أﺛر اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ )ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ(‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪Amplification‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺿﺧﯾم اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ‬

‫‪Landslides‬‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻻﻧزﻻﻗﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Liquefaction‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗﻣﯾؤ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﻣوﻗﻊ ﻓﻠﺳطﯾن وﺗﻛﺗوﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 Site Amplification
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬

No collapse, Partial collapse, Total collapse

 ‫اﻟﺗﺿﺧﯾم اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ ﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬
‫‪Site Amplification‬‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺟﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ )‪ (local geologic‬وﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ) ‪(Local soil‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷدة اﻻھﺗزازات اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺟم اﻷﺿرار واﻻﻧﮭﯾﺎرات ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ ‪ 1824‬دون ﻣﺎك ﻣوردو )‪ (Mac Murdo‬ﻓﻲ أﺣد ﻣذﻛراﺗﮫ‪ :‬أن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أرض ﺻﺧرﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻌرﺿت ﻟﻠﮭزات اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ﻟم ﺗﺗﺄﺛر‬
‫ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر ﻛﻣﺛﯾﻼﺗﮭﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ واﻟﻣﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗرﺑﺔ طﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﻧﺔ ‪  1908‬وود ‪Wood‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﻧﺔ ‪  1910‬رﯾد )‪(Ried‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺳﻧﺔ ‪  1927‬ﺟﺗﻧﺑرغ )‪(Gutenberg‬‬
‫‪ ‬ظل ﺗوﻓر أﺟﮭزة رﺻد وﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟزﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻘوﯾﺔ ) ‪Strong‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬ ‫‪(Motion Instruments‬‬
 ‫زﻟزال ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛﺎراﻛﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻓﻧزوﯾﻼ ﺳﻧﺔ ‪1960‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زﻟزال ﺳﺎن ﻓرﻧﺎﻧدوا ﺳﻧﺔ ‪1971‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زﻟزال ﻓراﻧﺷﺎ ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ ‪1977‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زﻟزال اﻟﻣﻛﺳﯾك ﺳﻧﺔ ‪1985‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ ‪ 1985‬ﻛﺎن ﻋﺎﻣل ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ )‪ (S‬ﯾﺗرواح ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻛودات‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ‪ 1‬و ‪:1.5‬‬

‫‪S = 1.0 ‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﺻﺧرﯾﺔ اﻟﻘوﯾﺔ‬

‫‪S = 1.2‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗرﺑﺔ ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﻘوة‬
‫‪S = 1.5 ‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ‬

‫اﯾﺟﺎد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻗوى اﻟﻘص اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ اﻟﻘﺎﻋدي‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪ (Seismic base shear‬ﺑﺄﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫)‪ UBC-76‬و ‪ UBC-79‬و ‪،UBC-82‬‬
‫وﻟﻐﺎﯾﺔ ‪(UBC-85‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎذا اﻋﺗﻣد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ‪S‬؟؟‬

‫اﻟﺣل‪ :‬اﺳﺗﻧدت ﻛودات اﻟﺑﻧﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾدھﺎ ﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل ‪ S‬أو ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻰ آﺧر ﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺿﺧﯾم اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ اﻟذي ﺗﺣدﺛﮫ ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ إﻟﻰ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل ‪Ts/T.‬‬

‫ﺣﯾث‪:‬‬
‫‪ :T‬ﺗﻣﺛل اﻟزﻣن اﻟدوري اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﺑﻧﻰ‬
‫‪ :Ts‬ﺗﻣﺛل اﻟزﻣن اﻟدوري اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫زﻟزال اﻟﻣﻛﺳﯾك ‪ -‬ﺳﻧﺔ ‪1985‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 UBC-88 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛود اﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳق‬
S1 = 1, S2 = 1.2, S3 = 1.5, and S4 = 2

Type Description S Factor

S1 A soil profile with either:
(a) A rock-like material characterized by a shear wave velocity greater than
2,500 feet per second (762m/s) or by other suitable means of
classification, or 1.0
(b) Medium-dense to dense or medium –stiff to stiff conditions, where soil
depth is less than 200 feet (60,960mm).

S2 A soil profile with predominantly medium stiff to stiff soil conditions, where 1.2
the soil depth exceeds 200 feet (601,960mm).
S3 A soil profile containing more than 20 feet (6,096mm) of soft to medium-stiff 1.5
clay but not more than 40 feet (12,192mm) of soft clay.

S4 A soil profile containing more than 40 feet (12,192mm) of soft clay 2.0
characterized by a shear wave velocity less than 500 feet per second
(152.4m/s).

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫أﻓﺎدت اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم إﺟراؤھﺎ ﻣن ﻗﺑل ﻟﺟﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟزﻻزل ﻓﻲ ﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﮭﻧدﺳﯾن اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻔورﻧﯾﺎ ‪Structural Engineers‬‬
‫‪ ، Association California‬واﻟﻣﻌروﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳم ‪ SEAOC‬إﻟﻰ إﺟراء ﺗﻌدﯾل ﻛﺑﯾر وﺟذري‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛود ‪ UBC-94‬وﺗﺣدﯾداً ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‪،‬‬

‫ﻓﻘد ﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛود ‪ UBC-97‬إﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ 6‬أﻧواع اﻧظر اﻟﺟدول اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 UBC 97 ‫ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣل ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻛود‬: 2.2 ‫ﺟدول‬

Soil Profile Soil Profile Name/ Generic Average Shear Wave Velocity ( Vs ) for
Type Description upper 100 feet of soil profile, feet/sec
( m/s )
SA Hard Rock > 5,000
( 1,500 )
SB Rock 2,500 to 5,000
( 760 to 1,500 )
SC Very Dense Soil & Soft Rock 1,200 to 2,500
( 360 to 760 )
SD Stiff Soil 600 to 1,200
( 180 to 360 )
SE Soft Soil < 600
( 180 )
SF Soils Requiring Site- Specific Evaluating

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﯾُﺷﺎر إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻛود اﻟﺑﻧﺎء اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬
‫‪International Building Code‬‬
‫)‪ IBC 2000‬و ‪ ،(IBC2003‬ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﮫ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻟﻠﻛود ‪.UBC-97‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‬
‫‪Effect of Local Site Condition on Ground Motion‬‬

‫ﺗؤﺛر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ وﻧوﻋﯾﺔ ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻛﺑﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺣرﻛﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﻘوﯾﺔ )‪ ،(Strong ground motion‬وھﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﺔ )‪(Amplitude‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟﺗردد )‪(Frequency content‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣدة اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر )‪(Duration‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﻣدى أو ﻣﻘدار ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻓﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻌواﻣل‪ ،‬أھﻣﮭﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﺧواص اﻟﻣواد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ وﺗﺷﻛﯾﻼﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫طوﺑﻐراﻓﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻟﻣؤﺛرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫وﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟﻣراﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﻟﺗوﺿﯾﺢ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ أﺛر ﺗرﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‪ ،‬اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫إﺟراء ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﻧظري ﻣﺑﺳط ﻟﻠﺗﺟﺎوب اﻷرﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫)‪.(Ground response analysis‬‬
‫أﺟراء ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ ﻟﻸھزازات وذﻟك ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺳطﺢ وﺗﺣت اﻟﺳطﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟواﺣد‪.‬‬
‫إﺟراء ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت ﻟﻸھﺗزازات اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ ﻟﮭﺎ طﺑﯾﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺣت ﺳطﺣﯾﺔ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ ‪ B ،A‬ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺎدة ﻣرﻧﺔ ﺧطﯾﺔ )‪ ،(Linear elastic‬وطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺻﺧر‬
‫)‪ (Bedrock‬اﻟﻣوﺟودة أﺳﻔل اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ ھﻲ ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن ﻣﺎدة ﺻﻠﺑﺔ )‪(Rigid‬‬

‫‪γ = 1760 kg/m3‬‬

‫‪γ = 1760 kg/m3‬‬
‫‪VS = 488 m/sec‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪A‬‬ ‫‪12.2m‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ‪B‬‬
‫‪12.2m VS = 122 m/sec‬‬ ‫‪  0.10‬‬
‫‪  0.10‬‬

‫طﺒﻘﺔ ﺻﺨﺮﯾــﺔ‬ ‫طﺒﻘﺔ ﺻﺨﺮﯾــﺔ‬

‫ﺷﻜﻞ )‪ :(3.2‬ﻣﻘﺎطﻊ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻌﯿﻦ اﻓﺘﺮاﺿﯿﯿﻦ ‪ A‬و ‪ B‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 1
F 2( ) 
Cos (H / Vs)   (H / Vs)
2 2
Amplification Factor

Site A Site B

Frequency (Hz)

‫ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﺗردد ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ وﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺗﺿﺧﯾم‬:(4.2) ‫ﺷﻛل‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬ (Steven Kramer)
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫اﻟﺗردد اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻟﻠطﺑﻘﺔ ‪ n‬ﻓﻲ ﺗرﺑﺔ ﺳطﺣﯾﺔ ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ‪ n‬طﺑﻘﺎت‪،‬‬
‫ﯾﺳﺎوي‪:‬‬

‫‪Vs‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫) ‪ n‬‬ ‫‪n  0 ,1 , 2 ,...,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ Vs‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪2 H‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4 H‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ o‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪Vs‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﺷواھد ﻟﻘﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ اﻟزﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫‪ ‬زﻟزال ﺳﺎن ﻓراﻧﺳﯾﺳﻛو‪1957 ،‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬

‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟطﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﻌدد ﻣن اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ – زﻟزال ﺳﺎن ﻓراﻧﺳﯾﺳﻛو ‪(Idriss and Seed ) 1957‬‬
 ‫زﻟزال اﻟﻣﻛﺳﯾك‪1985 ،‬ﻛﺎﻧت درﺟﺗﮫ ‪8.1M‬‬

‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ‪ :UNAM‬ﺗﺗﻛون ﺗرﺑﺗﮫ ﻣن اﻟﺻﺧر‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ‪ :SCT‬ﺗﺗﻛون ﺗرﺑﺗﺔ ﻣن طﺑﻘﺔ ﻣن اﻟطﯾن اﻟرﺧو ) ‪Soft‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ (clay‬ﯾﺗرواح ﻋﻣﻘﮭﺎ ﺑﯾن ‪ 40-35‬ﻣﺗر‪ ،‬وﻣﻌدل ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ‪ 75m/sec‬ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ ً‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫‪(a) Time Histories‬‬ ‫‪(b) Response Spectra‬‬

‫ﺷﻛل )‪ :(6.2‬اﻟﺣرﻛﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬

‫ﺷﻛل )‪ :(7.2‬اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟطﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺳﺎرع أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ ﻋﻧد ﺗﻌرﺿﮭﺎ ﻟزﻟزال ‪17/8/2004‬‬
‫)‪(EERI, Reconnaissance report, 200‬‬
 ‫* زﻟزال ﺗرﻛﯾﺎ‪1999 ،‬‬

‫و ھﻧﺎك اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟزﻻزل اﻷﺧرى ﻣﺛل ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬زﻟزال ﻧوﺗردج –ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻔورﻧﯾﺎ ‪(1994‬‬
‫‪ ‬زﻟزال ﺗﺎﯾوان ‪1999‬‬
‫‪ ‬زﻟزال اﻟﮭﻧد ‪2001‬‬
‫‪ ‬زﻟزال اﻟﺟزاﺋر أﯾﺎر‪2003/‬‬
‫‪ ‬زﻟزال ﺑﺎم ﻓﻲ أﯾران ﻛﺎﻧون أول‪2003 /‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫دراﺳﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎف اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Seismic Exploration Studies‬‬

‫اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ ﻟزﻻزل ﻣﺻﻐرة )‪ (Micro-seism‬أو اﺳﺗﺧدام أﺛر‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺿوﺿﺎء اﻟﻣﺣﯾط )‪،(Ambient noise‬‬

‫اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﺎت اﻟزﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻊ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋن ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﺟﯾل واﻟﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺣﻘﻠﻲ ﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟرﺳم اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ واﻟﻣﻌروف ﺑﺎﺳم‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾﺳﻣوﻏراف )‪.(Seismograph‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫رﺳم ﺗوﺿﯾﺣﻲ ﯾظﮭر اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺷﺄ وطﺑﻘﺎت ﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ وﻓﻘﺎ ً‬
‫ﻟﻘﯾم اﻻھﺗزاز اﻟﻣﺳﯾطر ﻟﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 4 H1 4H 2
 TS (sec) 
VS 1 VS 1
Natural Period of Structure
T midrise = 1.0 sec.

H1

H2
H1 = 35m
H2 = 70m

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 Natural Period of Structure
T single family dwelling = 0.1 sec.

H1

H2

H1 = 10m
H2 = 20m

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺳﯾﺳﻣوﻣﯾﺗر )‪(Seismometer‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ إﯾﺟﺎد اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟطﯾﻔﯾﺔ واﻟزﻣن اﻟدوري اﻟﺳﺎﺋد أو اﻟﻣﺳﯾطر‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣوﻗﻊ‪.‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺳﯾﺳﻣوﻏراف ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد طﺑﻘﺎت اﻷرض‬
‫ﺗﺣت اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ وﺳرﻋﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﺎت اﻟزﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ اﻟطوﻟﯾﺔ ‪ Vp‬أو‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺻﺔ ‪.Vs‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟزﻟزاﻟﻲ او اﻻھﺗزازي‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 Dead Sea Earthquake of 11
February 2004, Mb 5.1

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 February 11 /2004

ML = 5.1

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫اﻻﻧزﻻﻗﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ‪Landslides‬‬

‫ﺗﺣدث اﻻﻧزﻻﻗﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟﺟﺑﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺣدرة " أو‬

‫ﺷدﯾدة اﻻﻧﺣدار" واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛون ﺗرﺑﺗﮭﺎ اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣور أو اﻟطﯾن‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﺎدة ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻸﻧزﻻﻗﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ أن ﺗﺣدث ﺑﺳﺑب اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺧﺎطﺊ‬
‫ﻟﻸرض ﻛﺄﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺑﻧﺎء واﻟﻘطﻊ واﻟﺣﻔر‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺗﺑر اﻟزﻻزل ﻋﺎﻣل ﻣﺣﻔز‬
‫ﻟﺣﺻول اﻻﻧزﻻﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﺻول اﻧزﻻﻗﺎت‪.‬‬

‫أﺳﺑﺎب ﺣﺻول اﻻﻧزﻻﻗﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫ﺷﺎرع ﻓرﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺷﺎرع رﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ ‫أرض‬

‫ﺣورﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ازاﻟﺔ أوزان أﺳﻔل اﻟﻣﻧﺣدر‬
‫)ﺟرف(‬ ‫طﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫اﻧزﻻﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻠس‬
‫‪1997‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫اﻧزﻻﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﺎﺑﻠس‬
‫‪2003‬‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫اﻟﺣﻠول اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗم اﻗﺗراﺣﮭﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻻﻧزﻻﻗﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺟﺑل‬
‫اﻷﺑﯾض‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﻣﺗﺟﻣﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ طﺑﻘﺎت اﻷرض واﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋن ﻣﯾﺎه اﻷﻣطﺎر واﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺳرﺑت ﺧﻼل اﻟﺷﻘوق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠوﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻧزﻻق‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻧﻌﯾم اﻻﻧﺣدار وﺗﺧﻔﯾف ﻣﯾل اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻣل ﻧظﺎم ﺗﺻرﯾف ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺎه ﻋن طرﯾق إﻧﺷﺎء اﻗﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ وأﺳﻔل اﻟﺟﺑل‪ ،‬وﻛذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﺟﺳم اﻟﺷﺎرع أﺳﻔل اﻻﻧﺣدار وﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺑر ﻋﻣق‬
‫ﻣﻣﻛن )‪ 4‬أﻣﺗﺎر ﺗﺣت ﺳطﺢ اﻟﺷﺎرع( واﺳﺗﺑدال اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺷﺎرع ﺑﺗرﺑﺔ أﺧرى ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻧﻔﺎذ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‪.‬‬
‫ﺗدﻋﯾم اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺳﻔﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺣدار ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺳطر واﺣد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗل ﻣن اﻷوﺗﺎد‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﻔورة واﻟﻣﺻﺑوﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺧرﺳﺎﻧﮫ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫زراﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺷﺟﺎر واﻟﻧﺑﺎﺗﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟك ﻟﺗﺄﻣﯾن ﺗﻣﺎﺳك اﻟﻛﺗل‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﺧﻔﯾف ﻣن رطوﺑﺔ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 Slope Stability

 Slope stability is evaluated by computing safety

factor
 Safety Factor = ratio of resisting forces to
driving forces
Resisting Forces
S.F. =
Driving Forces

– If S.F. > 1 the resisting forces are stronger and the

slope is stable
– If S.F. < 1 the driving forces are stronger and the
slope is unstable

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 liquefaction

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫اﻟﺣل ّ ‪!!! ...‬‬
‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻷراﺿﻲ‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫وﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم ﺗﻌﺗﻣد اﻟدول ﻓﻲ ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻷراﺿﻲ وﻓﻘﺎ ً ﻷﺳس وﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر‪ ،‬أھﻣﮭﺎ‪:‬‬

‫طﺑوﻏراﻓﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺟﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق وأﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﺻدﻋﺎت اﻷرﺿﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫زﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﺧطط اﻟﺗﻧﻣوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻻﻣﺗداد اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻻﻣﺗداد اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﻲ واﻟزراﻋﻲ ﻟﻸراﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫واﺳﺗﻧﺎداً اﻟﻰ ھذه اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾﯾر واﻷﺳس‪ ،‬ﺗﺗم ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ ﺿﺑط اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اﻷراﺿﻲ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﺑدورھﺎ أھم ﻋﺎﻣل ﻓﻲ اﻧﺗﺎج اﻟﺧراﺋط اﻟﮭﯾﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺎطق‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
 ‫وﺗﺷﻣل ﻋﺎدة ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻷراﺿﻲ دراﺳﺎت ﻟﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻷراﺿﻲ‬
‫وﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ‪:‬‬
‫أدارة اﻷرض وﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﺗطوﯾر واﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬ ‫ﻣﻣﯾزات اﻷرض‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‬

‫ﻻﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧداﻣﺎت اﻷرض‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫وﺟود اﻧﻬﯾﺎرات واﻧزﻻﻗﺎت‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ‪ +‬ﺻﯾﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫وﺟود أرض زراﻋﯾﺔ ذات ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ )‪(1‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫وﺟود ﺗﻧﺳﯾق ﻣواﻗﻊ ﺛﻘﺎﻓﯾﺔ وأﺛرﯾﺔ ذات ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻣﺎﯾــﺔ‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫وﺟود ﻣﺣﻣﯾﺎت طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﯾﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﺗطوﯾر ﻣﻊ ﺿواﺑط‪:‬‬ ‫وﺟود أﺣواض ﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪ -‬دراﺳﺔ اﻷﺛر اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ ‫وﺟود أراﺿﻲ زراﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ )‪(2‬‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺗﺑﺎع ﺿواﺑط اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط واﻟﺗﻧظﯾم اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗطوﯾر ﻣﺣدود‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻣول ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺎً‬

‫اﻟﺟزء اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺗطوﯾر ﯾﺗم ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫أرض ﻟﯾﺳت ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺿرورة اﺗﺑﺎع ﺿواﺑط اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط واﻟﺗﻧظﯾم‬ ‫ﻻ ااﻫﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎت ﺑﺧﺻوص اﻟزراﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ )‪(3‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻣول ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺎً‬ ‫ﻻ اﻧﻬﯾﺎرات وآﻣﻧﺔ ﺟﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺎً‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗطوﯾر ﻣراﻗب‬

‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬
‫ﺟﻼل اﻟدﺑﯾك‬