Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Lists Also see NumPy Arrays Libraries

>>> a = 'is' Import libraries

Python Basics >>> b = 'nice' >>> import numpy Data analysis Machine learning
Learn More Python for Data Science Interactively at www.datacamp.com >>> my_list = ['my', 'list', a, b] >>> import numpy as np
>>> my_list2 = [[4,5,6,7], [3,4,5,6]] Selective import
>>> from math import pi Scientific computing 2D plotting
Variables and Data Types Selecting List Elements Index starts at 0
Subset Install Python
Variable Assignment
>>> my_list[1] Select item at index 1
>>> x=5
>>> my_list[-3] Select 3rd last item
>>> x
Slice
5 >>> my_list[1:3] Select items at index 1 and 2
Calculations With Variables >>> my_list[1:] Select items after index 0
>>> my_list[:3] Select items before index 3 Leading open data science platform Free IDE that is included Create and share
>>> x+2 Sum of two variables
>>> my_list[:] Copy my_list powered by Python with Anaconda documents with live code,
7 visualizations, text, ...
>>> x-2 Subtraction of two variables
Subset Lists of Lists
>>> my_list2[1][0] my_list[list][itemOfList]
3
>>> my_list2[1][:2] Numpy Arrays Also see Lists
>>> x*2 Multiplication of two variables
>>> my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
10 List Operations >>> my_array = np.array(my_list)
>>> x**2 Exponentiation of a variable
25 >>> my_list + my_list >>> my_2darray = np.array([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
>>> x%2 Remainder of a variable ['my', 'list', 'is', 'nice', 'my', 'list', 'is', 'nice']
Selecting Numpy Array Elements Index starts at 0
1 >>> my_list * 2
>>> x/float(2) Division of a variable ['my', 'list', 'is', 'nice', 'my', 'list', 'is', 'nice'] Subset
2.5 >>> my_list2 > 4 >>> my_array[1] Select item at index 1
True 2
Types and Type Conversion Slice
List Methods >>> my_array[0:2] Select items at index 0 and 1
str() '5', '3.45', 'True' Variables to strings
my_list.index(a) Get the index of an item array([1, 2])
>>>
int() 5, 3, 1 Variables to integers >>> my_list.count(a) Count an item Subset 2D Numpy arrays
>>> my_list.append('!') Append an item at a time >>> my_2darray[:,0] my_2darray[rows, columns]
my_list.remove('!') Remove an item array([1, 4])
float() 5.0, 1.0 Variables to floats >>>
>>> del(my_list[0:1]) Remove an item Numpy Array Operations
bool() True, True, True >>> my_list.reverse() Reverse the list
Variables to booleans >>> my_array > 3
>>> my_list.extend('!') Append an item array([False, False, False, True], dtype=bool)
>>> my_list.pop(-1) Remove an item >>> my_array * 2
Asking For Help >>> my_list.insert(0,'!') Insert an item array([2, 4, 6, 8])
>>> help(str) >>> my_list.sort() Sort the list >>> my_array + np.array([5, 6, 7, 8])
array([6, 8, 10, 12])
Strings
>>> my_string = 'thisStringIsAwesome' Numpy Array Functions
String Operations Index starts at 0
>>> my_string >>> my_array.shape Get the dimensions of the array
'thisStringIsAwesome' >>> my_string[3] >>> np.append(other_array) Append items to an array
>>> my_string[4:9] >>> np.insert(my_array, 1, 5) Insert items in an array
String Operations >>> np.delete(my_array,[1]) Delete items in an array
String Methods >>> np.mean(my_array) Mean of the array
>>> my_string * 2
'thisStringIsAwesomethisStringIsAwesome' >>> my_string.upper() String to uppercase >>> np.median(my_array) Median of the array
>>> my_string + 'Innit' >>> my_string.lower() String to lowercase >>> my_array.corrcoef() Correlation coefficient
'thisStringIsAwesomeInnit' >>> my_string.count('w') Count String elements >>> np.std(my_array) Standard deviation
>>> 'm' in my_string >>> my_string.replace('e', 'i') Replace String elements
True >>> my_string.strip() Strip whitespaces DataCamp
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 Working with Different Programming Languages Widgets
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Kernels provide computation and communication with front-end interfaces Notebook widgets provide the ability to visualize and control changes
Jupyter Notebook like the notebooks. There are three main kernels: in your data, often as a control like a slider, textbox, etc.
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You can use them to build interactive GUIs for your notebooks or to
IRkernel IJulia
synchronize stateful and stateless information between Python and
Installing Jupyter Notebook will automatically install the IPython kernel. JavaScript.
Saving/Loading Notebooks Restart kernel Interrupt kernel
Create new notebook Restart kernel & run Interrupt kernel & Download serialized Save notebook
all cells clear all output state of all widget with interactive
Open an existing
Connect back to a models in use widgets
Make a copy of the notebook Restart kernel & run remote notebook
current notebook all cells Embed current
Rename notebook Run other installed
widgets
kernels
Revert notebook to a
Save current notebook
previous checkpoint Command Mode:
and record checkpoint
Download notebook as
Preview of the printed - IPython notebook 15
notebook - Python
- HTML
Close notebook & stop - Markdown 13 14
- reST
running any scripts - LaTeX 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
- PDF

Writing Code And Text

Code and text are encapsulated by 3 basic cell types: markdown cells, code
cells, and raw NBConvert cells.
Edit Cells Edit Mode: 1. Save and checkpoint 9. Interrupt kernel
2. Insert cell below 10. Restart kernel
3. Cut cell 11. Display characteristics
Cut currently selected cells Copy cells from 4. Copy cell(s) 12. Open command palette
to clipboard clipboard to current 5. Paste cell(s) below 13. Current kernel
cursor position 6. Move cell up 14. Kernel status
Paste cells from Executing Cells 7. Move cell down 15. Log out from notebook server
clipboard above Paste cells from 8. Run current cell
current cell Run selected cell(s) Run current cells down
clipboard below
and create a new one
Paste cells from current cell
below Asking For Help
clipboard on top Run current cells down
Delete current cells
of current cel and create a new one Walk through a UI tour
Split up a cell from above Run all cells
Revert “Delete Cells” List of built-in keyboard
current cursor Run all cells above the Run all cells below
invocation shortcuts
position current cell the current cell Edit the built-in
Merge current cell Merge current cell keyboard shortcuts
Change the cell type of toggle, toggle Notebook help topics
with the one above with the one below current cell scrolling and clear Description of
Move current cell up Move current cell toggle, toggle current outputs markdown available Information on
down scrolling and clear in notebook unofficial Jupyter
Adjust metadata
underlying the Find and replace all output Notebook extensions
Python help topics
current notebook in selected cells IPython help topics
View Cells
Remove cell Copy attachments of NumPy help topics
attachments current cell Toggle display of Jupyter SciPy help topics
Toggle display of toolbar Matplotlib help topics
Paste attachments of Insert image in logo and filename
SymPy help topics
current cell selected cells Toggle display of cell Pandas help topics
action icons:
Insert Cells - None About Jupyter Notebook
- Edit metadata
Toggle line numbers - Raw cell format
Add new cell above the Add new cell below the - Slideshow
current one in cells - Attachments
current one DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Excel Spreadsheets Pickled Files
>>> file = 'urbanpop.xlsx' >>> import pickle
Importing Data >>> data = pd.ExcelFile(file) >>> with open('pickled_fruit.pkl', 'rb') as file:
pickled_data = pickle.load(file)
>>> df_sheet2 = data.parse('1960-1966',
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names=['Country',
'AAM: War(2002)'])
>>> df_sheet1 = data.parse(0, HDF5 Files
parse_cols=[0],
Importing Data in Python skiprows=[0], >>> import h5py
>>> filename = 'H-H1_LOSC_4_v1-815411200-4096.hdf5'
names=['Country'])
Most of the time, you’ll use either NumPy or pandas to import >>> data = h5py.File(filename, 'r')
your data: To access the sheet names, use the sheet_names attribute:
>>> import numpy as np >>> data.sheet_names
>>> import pandas as pd Matlab Files
Help SAS Files >>> import scipy.io
>>> filename = 'workspace.mat'
>>> from sas7bdat import SAS7BDAT >>> mat = scipy.io.loadmat(filename)
>>> np.info(np.ndarray.dtype)
>>> help(pd.read_csv) >>> with SAS7BDAT('urbanpop.sas7bdat') as file:
df_sas = file.to_data_frame()

Text Files Exploring Dictionaries

Stata Files Accessing Elements with Functions
Plain Text Files >>> data = pd.read_stata('urbanpop.dta') >>> print(mat.keys()) Print dictionary keys
>>> filename = 'huck_finn.txt' >>> for key in data.keys(): Print dictionary keys
>>> file = open(filename, mode='r') Open the file for reading print(key)
>>> text = file.read() Read a file’s contents Relational Databases meta
quality
>>> print(file.closed) Check whether file is closed
>>> from sqlalchemy import create_engine strain
>>> file.close() Close file
>>> print(text) >>> engine = create_engine('sqlite://Northwind.sqlite') >>> pickled_data.values() Return dictionary values
>>> print(mat.items()) Returns items in list format of (key, value)
Use the table_names() method to fetch a list of table names: tuple pairs
Using the context manager with
>>> with open('huck_finn.txt', 'r') as file:
>>> table_names = engine.table_names() Accessing Data Items with Keys
print(file.readline()) Read a single line
print(file.readline()) Querying Relational Databases >>> for key in data ['meta'].keys() Explore the HDF5 structure
print(file.readline()) print(key)
>>> con = engine.connect() Description
>>> rs = con.execute("SELECT * FROM Orders") DescriptionURL
Table Data: Flat Files >>> df = pd.DataFrame(rs.fetchall()) Detector
>>> df.columns = rs.keys() Duration
GPSstart
Importing Flat Files with numpy >>> con.close()
Observatory
Files with one data type Using the context manager with Type
UTCstart
>>> filename = ‘mnist.txt’ >>> with engine.connect() as con:
>>> print(data['meta']['Description'].value) Retrieve the value for a key
>>> data = np.loadtxt(filename, rs = con.execute("SELECT OrderID FROM Orders")
delimiter=',', String used to separate values df = pd.DataFrame(rs.fetchmany(size=5))
df.columns = rs.keys()
skiprows=2,
usecols=[0,2],
Skip the first 2 lines
Read the 1st and 3rd column
Navigating Your FileSystem
dtype=str) The type of the resulting array Querying relational databases with pandas
Magic Commands
Files with mixed data types >>> df = pd.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM Orders", engine)
>>> filename = 'titanic.csv' !ls List directory contents of files and directories
>>> data = np.genfromtxt(filename, %cd .. Change current working directory
%pwd Return the current working directory path
delimiter=',',
names=True, Look for column header
Exploring Your Data
dtype=None)
NumPy Arrays os Library
>>> data_array = np.recfromcsv(filename) >>> data_array.dtype Data type of array elements >>> import os
>>> data_array.shape Array dimensions >>> path = "/usr/tmp"
The default dtype of the np.recfromcsv() function is None. >>> wd = os.getcwd() Store the name of current directory in a string
>>> len(data_array) Length of array
>>> os.listdir(wd) Output contents of the directory in a list
Importing Flat Files with pandas >>> os.chdir(path) Change current working directory
pandas DataFrames >>> os.rename("test1.txt", Rename a file
>>> filename = 'winequality-red.csv' "test2.txt")
>>> data = pd.read_csv(filename, >>> df.head() Return first DataFrame rows
nrows=5, >>> os.remove("test1.txt") Delete an existing file
Number of rows of file to read >>> df.tail() Return last DataFrame rows >>> os.mkdir("newdir") Create a new directory
header=None, Row number to use as col names >>> df.index Describe index
sep='\t', Delimiter to use >>> df.columns Describe DataFrame columns
comment='#', Character to split comments >>> df.info() Info on DataFrame
na_values=[""]) String to recognize as NA/NaN >>> data_array = data.values Convert a DataFrame to an a NumPy array DataCamp
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 R For Data Science Cheat Sheet General form: DT[i, j, by] Advanced Data Table Operations
> DT[.N-1]
data.table “Take DT, subset rows using i, then calculate j grouped by by” > DT[,.N]
Return the penultimate row of the DT
Return the number of rows
> DT[,.(V2,V3)] Return V2 and V3 as a data.table
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Adding/Updating Columns By Reference in j Using := >
>
DT[,list(V2,V3)]
DT[,mean(V3),by=.(V1,V2)]
Return V2 and V3 as a data.table
Return the result of j, grouped by all possible
> DT[,V1:=round(exp(V1),2)] V1 is updated by what is after := V1 V2 V1 combinations of groups specified in by
> DT Return the result by calling DT 1: 1 A 0.4053
2: 1 B 0.4053
V1 V2 V3 V4
data.table 1: 2.72 A -0.1107 1
2: 7.39 B -0.1427 2
3:
4:
1 C 0.4053
2 A -0.6443
5: 2 B -0.6443
data.table is an R package that provides a high-performance 3: 2.72 C -1.8893 3 6: 2 C -0.6443
4: 7.39 A -0.3571 4
version of base R’s data.frame with syntax and feature ... .SD & .SDcols
enhancements for ease of use, convenience and > DT[,c("V1","V2"):=list(round(exp(V1),2), Columns V1 and V2 are updated by
> DT[,print(.SD),by=V2] Look at what .SD contains
LETTERS[4:6])] what is after :=
programming speed. > DT[,':='(V1=round(exp(V1),2), Alternative to the above one. With [], > DT[,.SD[c(1,.N)],by=V2] Select the first and last row grouped by V2
V2=LETTERS[4:6])][] you print the result to the screen > DT[,lapply(.SD,sum),by=V2] Calculate sum of columns in .SD grouped by
Load the package: V1 V2 V3 V4
V2
1: 15.18 D -0.1107 1 > DT[,lapply(.SD,sum),by=V2, Calculate sum of V3 and V4 in .SD grouped by
> library(data.table) .SDcols=c("V3","V4")] V2
2: 1619.71 E -0.1427 2
V2 V3 V4

Creating A data.table
3: 15.18 F -1.8893 3
1: A -0.478 22
4: 1619.71 D -0.3571 4 2: B -0.478 26

> set.seed(45L) Create a data.table > DT[,V1:=NULL] Remove V1 3: C -0.478 30

> DT[,c("V1","V2"):=NULL] Remove columns V1 and V2 > DT[,lapply(.SD,sum),by=V2, Calculate sum of V3 and V4 in .SD grouped by
> DT <- data.table(V1=c(1L,2L), and call it DT .SDcols=paste0("V",3:4)] V2
V2=LETTERS[1:3], > Cols.chosen=c("A","B")
V3=round(rnorm(4),4), > DT[,Cols.Chosen:=NULL] Delete the column with column name
V4=1:12) Cols.chosen
> DT[,(Cols.Chosen):=NULL] Delete the columns specified in the Chaining
variable Cols.chosen
Subsetting Rows Using i > DT <- DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)),
by=V1]
Calculate sum of V4, grouped by V1

> DT[3:5,] Select 3rd to 5th row Indexing And Keys V1 V4.Sum
> DT[3:5] Select 3rd to 5th row 1: 1 36
> DT[V2=="A"] Select all rows that have value A in column V2 > setkey(DT,V2) A key is set on V2; output is returned invisibly 2: 2 42
> DT[V2 %in% c("A","C")] Select all rows that have value A or C in column V2 > DT["A"] Return all rows where the key column (set to V2) has > DT[V4.Sum>40] Select that group of which the sum is >40
V1 V2 V3 V4 the value A > DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)), Select that group of which the sum is >40
Manipulating on Columns in j by=V1][V4.Sum>40] (chaining)
1: 1 A -0.2392 1
2: 2 A -1.6148 4 V1 V4.Sum
3: 1 A 1.0498 7 1: 2 42
> DT[,V2] Return V2 as a vector 4: 2 A 0.3262 10 > DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)), Calculate sum of V4, grouped by V1,
[1] “A” “B” “C” “A” “B” “C” ... > DT[c("A","C")] Return all rows where the key column (V2) has value A or C by=V1][order(-V1)] ordered on V1
> DT[,.(V2,V3)] Return V2 and V3 as a data.table > DT["A",mult="first"] Return first row of all rows that match value A in key V1 V4.Sum
> DT[,sum(V1)] Return the sum of all elements of V1 in a column V2 1: 2 42
[1] 18 vector > DT["A",mult="last"] Return last row of all rows that match value A in key 2: 1 36
> DT[,.(sum(V1),sd(V3))] Return the sum of all elements of V1 and the column V2
V1 V2 std. dev. of V3 in a data.table > DT[c("A","D")] Return all rows where key column V2 has value A or D
1: 18 0.4546055
> DT[,.(Aggregate=sum(V1), The same as the above, with new names
V1 V2 V3 V4
1: 1 A -0.2392 1 set()-Family
Sd.V3=sd(V3))] 2: 2 A -1.6148 4
Aggregate Sd.V3 3: 1 A 1.0498 7 set()
1: 18 0.4546055 4: 2 A 0.3262 10
> DT[,.(V1,Sd.V3=sd(V3))] Select column V2 and compute std. dev. of V3, 5: NA D NA NA Syntax: for (i in from:to) set(DT, row, column, new value)
which returns a single value and gets recycled > DT[c("A","D"),nomatch=0] Return all rows where key column V2 has value A or D > rows <- list(3:4,5:6)
V1 V2 V3 V4
> DT[,.(print(V2), Print column V2 and plot V3 > cols <- 1:2
1: 1 A -0.2392 1
plot(V3), > for(i in seq_along(rows)) Sequence along the values of rows, and
2: 2 A -1.6148 4
NULL)] {set(DT, for the values of cols, set the values of
3: 1 A 1.0498 7
4: 2 A 0.3262 10 i=rows[[i]], those elements equal to NA (invisible)
j=cols[i],
Doing j by Group > DT[c("A","C"),sum(V4)] Return total sum of V4, for rows of key column V2 that
have values A or C value=NA)}
> DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)),by=V1] Calculate sum of V4 for every group in V1
V1 V4.Sum
> DT[c("A","C"),
sum(V4),
Return sum of column V4 for rows of V2 that have value A,
and anohter sum for rows of V2 that have value C setnames()
1: 1 36 by=.EACHI] Syntax: setnames(DT,"old","new")[]
2: 2 42 V2 V1
1: A 22 > setnames(DT,"V2","Rating") Set name of V2 to Rating (invisible)
> DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)), Calculate sum of V4 for every group in V1 Change 2 column names (invisible)
by=.(V1,V2)] and V2 2: C 30 > setnames(DT,
> DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)), Calculate sum of V4 for every group in > setkey(DT,V1,V2) Sort by V1 and then by V2 within each group of V1 (invisible) c("V2","V3"),
by=sign(V1-1)] sign(V1-1) > DT[.(2,"C")] Select rows that have value 2 for the first key (V1) and the c("V2.rating","V3.DC"))
value C for the second key (V2)
setnames()
V1 V2 V3 V4
sign V4.Sum
1: 0 36 1: 2 C 0.3262 6
2: 1 42 2: 2 C -1.6148 12
Syntax: setcolorder(DT,"neworder")
> DT[,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)), The same as the above, with new name > DT[.(2,c("A","C"))] Select rows that have value 2 for the first key (V1) and within
V1 V2 V3 V4 those rows the value A or C for the second key (V2) > setcolorder(DT, Change column ordering to contents
by=.(V1.01=sign(V1-1))] for the variable you’re grouping by
> DT[1:5,.(V4.Sum=sum(V4)), Calculate sum of V4 for every group in V1 1: 2 A -1.6148 4 c("V2","V1","V4","V3")) of the specified vector (invisible)
2: 2 A 0.3262 10
by=V1] after subsetting on the first 5 rows
3: 2 C 0.3262 6
> DT[,.N,by=V1] Count number of rows for every group in
4: 2 C -1.6148 12
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Asking For Help Dropping
>>> help(pd.Series.loc)
>>> s.drop(['a', 'c']) Drop values from rows (axis=0)
Pandas Basics Selection Also see NumPy Arrays >>> df.drop('Country', axis=1) Drop values from columns(axis=1)
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>>> s['b'] Get one element Sort & Rank

-5
Pandas >>> df.sort_index() Sort by labels along an axis
>>> df.sort_values(by='Country') Sort by the values along an axis
>>> df[1:] Get subset of a DataFrame
The Pandas library is built on NumPy and provides easy-to-use Country Capital Population >>> df.rank() Assign ranks to entries
data structures and data analysis tools for the Python 1 India New Delhi 1303171035
2 Brazil Brasília 207847528
programming language. Retrieving Series/DataFrame Information
Basic Information
Use the following import convention: By Position >>> df.shape (rows,columns)
>>> import pandas as pd >>> df.iloc[[0],[0]] Select single value by row & >>> df.index Describe index
'Belgium' column >>> df.columns Describe DataFrame columns
Pandas Data Structures >>> df.iat([0],[0])
>>>
>>>
df.info()
df.count()
Info on DataFrame
Number of non-NA values
Series 'Belgium'
Summary
A one-dimensional labeled array a 3 By Label
>>> df.loc[[0], ['Country']] Select single value by row & >>> df.sum() Sum of values
capable of holding any data type b -5 'Belgium' column labels >>> df.cumsum() Cummulative sum of values
>>> df.min()/df.max() Minimum/maximum values
Index c 7 >>> df.at([0], ['Country']) >>> df.idxmin()/df.idxmax() Minimum/Maximum index value
d 4 'Belgium' >>> df.describe() Summary statistics
>>> df.mean() Mean of values
>>> s = pd.Series([3, -5, 7, 4], index=['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
By Label/Position >>> df.median() Median of values
>>> df.ix[2] Select single row of
DataFrame Country
Capital
Brazil
Brasília
subset of rows Applying Functions
Population 207847528 >>> f = lambda x: x*2
Columns
Country Capital Population A two-dimensional labeled >>> df.ix[:,'Capital'] Select a single column of >>> df.apply(f) Apply function
>>> df.applymap(f) Apply function element-wise
data structure with columns 0 Brussels subset of columns
0 Belgium Brussels 11190846 1 New Delhi
of potentially different types 2 Brasília Data Alignment
1 India New Delhi 1303171035
Index >>> df.ix[1,'Capital'] Select rows and columns
2 Brazil Brasília 207847528 Internal Data Alignment
'New Delhi'
NA values are introduced in the indices that don’t overlap:
Boolean Indexing
>>> data = {'Country': ['Belgium', 'India', 'Brazil'], >>> s3 = pd.Series([7, -2, 3], index=['a', 'c', 'd'])
>>> s[~(s > 1)] Series s where value is not >1
'Capital': ['Brussels', 'New Delhi', 'Brasília'], >>> s[(s < -1) | (s > 2)] s where value is <-1 or >2 >>> s + s3
'Population': [11190846, 1303171035, 207847528]} >>> df[df['Population']>1200000000] Use filter to adjust DataFrame a 10.0
b NaN
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(data,
c 5.0
columns=['Country', 'Capital', 'Population']) >>> s['a'] = 6 Set index a of Series s to 6
d 7.0

I/O Arithmetic Operations with Fill Methods

You can also do the internal data alignment yourself with
Read and Write to CSV Read and Write to SQL Query or Database Table
the help of the fill methods:
>>> pd.read_csv( , header=None, nrows=5) >>> from sqlalchemy import create_engine
>>> df.to_csv('myDataFrame.csv') >>> engine = create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:') a 10.0
>>> pd.read_sql("SELECT * FROM my_table;", engine) b -5.0
Read and Write to Excel c 5.0
>>> pd.read_sql_table('my_table', engine) d 7.0
>>> pd.read_excel( ) >>> pd.read_sql_query("SELECT * FROM my_table;", engine)
>>> df.to_excel('dir/myDataFrame.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')
read_sql()is a convenience wrapper around read_sql_table() and
Read multiple sheets from the same file
read_sql_query()
>>> xlsx = pd.ExcelFile( )
>>> df = pd.read_excel(xlsx, 'Sheet1') >>> df.to_sql('myDf', engine) DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Advanced Indexing Also see NumPy Arrays Combining Data
Selecting data1 data2
Pandas >>> df3.loc[:,(df3>1).any()] Select cols with any vals >1 X1 X2 X1 X3
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> df3.loc[:,(df3>1).all()] Select cols with vals > 1
>>> df3.loc[:,df3.isnull().any()] Select cols with NaN a 11.432 a 20.784
>>> df3.loc[:,df3.notnull().all()] Select cols without NaN b 1.303 b NaN
Indexing With isin c 99.906 d 20.784
>>> df[(df.Country.isin(df2.Type))] Find same elements
Reshaping Data >>> df3.filter(items=”a”,”b”]) Filter on values
Merge
>>> df.select(lambda x: not x%5) Select specific elements
Pivot Where X1 X2 X3
>>> pd.merge(data1,
>>> df3= df2.pivot(index='Date', Spread rows into columns >>> s.where(s > 0) Subset the data data2, a 11.432 20.784
columns='Type', Query how='left',
values='Value') b 1.303 NaN
>>> df6.query('second > first') Query DataFrame on='X1')
c 99.906 NaN
Date Type Value

0 2016-03-01 a 11.432 Type a b c Setting/Resetting Index >>> pd.merge(data1, X1 X2 X3

1 2016-03-02 b 13.031 Date data2, a 11.432 20.784
>>> df.set_index('Country') Set the index
how='right',
2 2016-03-01 c 20.784 2016-03-01 11.432 NaN 20.784 >>> df4 = df.reset_index() Reset the index b 1.303 NaN
on='X1')
3 2016-03-03 a 99.906 >>> df = df.rename(index=str, Rename DataFrame d NaN 20.784
2016-03-02 1.303 13.031 NaN columns={"Country":"cntry",
4 2016-03-02 a 1.303 "Capital":"cptl", >>> pd.merge(data1,
2016-03-03 99.906 NaN 20.784 "Population":"ppltn"}) X1 X2 X3
5 2016-03-03 c 20.784 data2,
how='inner', a 11.432 20.784
Pivot Table Reindexing on='X1') b 1.303 NaN
>>> s2 = s.reindex(['a','c','d','e','b'])
>>> df4 = pd.pivot_table(df2, Spread rows into columns X1 X2 X3
values='Value', Forward Filling Backward Filling >>> pd.merge(data1,
index='Date', data2, a 11.432 20.784
columns='Type']) >>> df.reindex(range(4), >>> s3 = s.reindex(range(5), how='outer', b 1.303 NaN
method='ffill') method='bfill') on='X1') c 99.906 NaN
Stack / Unstack Country Capital Population 0 3
0 Belgium Brussels 11190846 1 3 d NaN 20.784
>>> stacked = df5.stack() Pivot a level of column labels 1 India New Delhi 1303171035 2 3
>>> stacked.unstack() Pivot a level of index labels 2 Brazil Brasília 207847528 3 3 Join
3 Brazil Brasília 207847528 4 3
0 1 1 5 0 0.233482 >>> data1.join(data2, how='right')
1 5 0.233482 0.390959 1 0.390959 MultiIndexing Concatenate
2 4 0.184713 0.237102 2 4 0 0.184713
>>> arrays = [np.array([1,2,3]),
3 3 0.433522 0.429401 1 0.237102 np.array([5,4,3])] Vertical
>>> df5 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(3, 2), index=arrays) >>> s.append(s2)
Unstacked 3 3 0 0.433522
>>> tuples = list(zip(*arrays)) Horizontal/Vertical
1 0.429401 >>> index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, >>> pd.concat([s,s2],axis=1, keys=['One','Two'])
Stacked names=['first', 'second']) >>> pd.concat([data1, data2], axis=1, join='inner')
>>> df6 = pd.DataFrame(np.random.rand(3, 2), index=index)
Melt >>> df2.set_index(["Date", "Type"])
>>> pd.melt(df2, Gather columns into rows
Dates
id_vars=["Date"],
value_vars=["Type", "Value"],
Duplicate Data >>> df2['Date']= pd.to_datetime(df2['Date'])
>>> df2['Date']= pd.date_range('2000-1-1',
value_name="Observations") >>> s3.unique() Return unique values periods=6,
>>> df2.duplicated('Type') Check duplicates freq='M')
Date Type Value
Date Variable Observations >>> dates = [datetime(2012,5,1), datetime(2012,5,2)]
0 2016-03-01 Type a >>> df2.drop_duplicates('Type', keep='last') Drop duplicates >>> index = pd.DatetimeIndex(dates)
0 2016-03-01 a 11.432 1 2016-03-02 Type b
>>> df.index.duplicated() Check index duplicates >>> index = pd.date_range(datetime(2012,2,1), end, freq='BM')
1 2016-03-02 b 13.031 2 2016-03-01 Type c
2 2016-03-01 c 20.784 3 2016-03-03 Type a Grouping Data Visualization Also see Matplotlib
4 2016-03-02 Type a
3 2016-03-03 a 99.906
5 2016-03-03 Type c Aggregation >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
4 2016-03-02 a 1.303 >>> df2.groupby(by=['Date','Type']).mean()
6 2016-03-01 Value 11.432 >>> s.plot() >>> df2.plot()
>>> df4.groupby(level=0).sum()
5 2016-03-03 c 20.784 7 2016-03-02 Value 13.031 >>> df4.groupby(level=0).agg({'a':lambda x:sum(x)/len(x), >>> plt.show() >>> plt.show()
8 2016-03-01 Value 20.784 'b': np.sum})
9 2016-03-03 Value 99.906 Transformation
>>> customSum = lambda x: (x+x%2)
10 2016-03-02 Value 1.303
>>> df4.groupby(level=0).transform(customSum)
11 2016-03-03 Value 20.784

Iteration Missing Data

>>> df.dropna() Drop NaN values
>>> df.iteritems() (Column-index, Series) pairs >>> df3.fillna(df3.mean()) Fill NaN values with a predetermined value
>>> df.iterrows() (Row-index, Series) pairs >>> df2.replace("a", "f") Replace values with others
DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Inspecting Your Array Subsetting, Slicing, Indexing Also see Lists
>>> a.shape Array dimensions Subsetting
NumPy Basics >>>
>>>
len(a)
b.ndim
Length of array
Number of array dimensions
>>> a[2]
3
1 2 3 Select the element at the 2nd index
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> e.size Number of array elements >>> b[1,2] 1.5 2 3 Select the element at row 1 column 2
>>> b.dtype Data type of array elements 6.0 4 5 6 (equivalent to b[1][2])
>>> b.dtype.name Name of data type
>>> b.astype(int) Convert an array to a different type Slicing
NumPy >>> a[0:2]
array([1, 2])
1 2 3 Select items at index 0 and 1
2
The NumPy library is the core library for scientific computing in Asking For Help >>> b[0:2,1] 1.5 2 3 Select items at rows 0 and 1 in column 1
>>> np.info(np.ndarray.dtype) array([ 2., 5.]) 4 5 6
Python. It provides a high-performance multidimensional array
Array Mathematics
1.5 2 3
>>> b[:1] Select all items at row 0
object, and tools for working with these arrays. array([[1.5, 2., 3.]]) 4 5 6 (equivalent to b[0:1, :])
Arithmetic Operations >>> c[1,...] Same as [1,:,:]
Use the following import convention: array([[[ 3., 2., 1.],
>>> import numpy as np [ 4., 5., 6.]]])
>>> g = a - b Subtraction
array([[-0.5, 0. , 0. ], >>> a[ : :-1] Reversed array a
NumPy Arrays [-3. , -3. , -3. ]])
array([3, 2, 1])

>>> np.subtract(a,b) Boolean Indexing

1D array 2D array 3D array Subtraction
>>> a[a<2] Select elements from a less than 2
>>> b + a Addition 1 2 3
array([[ 2.5, 4. , 6. ], array([1])
axis 1 axis 2
1 2 3 axis 1 [ 5. , 7. , 9. ]]) Fancy Indexing
1.5 2 3 >>> np.add(b,a) Addition >>> b[[1, 0, 1, 0],[0, 1, 2, 0]] Select elements (1,0),(0,1),(1,2) and (0,0)
axis 0 axis 0 array([ 4. , 2. , 6. , 1.5])
4 5 6 >>> a / b Division
array([[ 0.66666667, 1. , 1. ], >>> b[[1, 0, 1, 0]][:,[0,1,2,0]] Select a subset of the matrix’s rows
[ 0.25 , 0.4 , 0.5 ]]) array([[ 4. ,5. , 6. , 4. ], and columns
>>> np.divide(a,b) Division [ 1.5, 2. , 3. , 1.5],
Creating Arrays >>> a * b
array([[ 1.5, 4. , 9. ],
Multiplication
[ 4. , 5.
[ 1.5, 2.
,
,
6.
3.
,
,
4. ],
1.5]])

>>> a = np.array([1,2,3]) [ 4. , 10. , 18. ]])

>>> b = np.array([(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], dtype = float) >>> np.multiply(a,b) Multiplication Array Manipulation
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], [(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]], >>> np.exp(b) Exponentiation
dtype = float) >>> np.sqrt(b) Square root Transposing Array
>>> np.sin(a) Print sines of an array >>> i = np.transpose(b) Permute array dimensions
Initial Placeholders >>> np.cos(b) Element-wise cosine >>> i.T Permute array dimensions
>>> np.log(a) Element-wise natural logarithm
>>> np.zeros((3,4)) Create an array of zeros >>> e.dot(f) Dot product
Changing Array Shape
>>> np.ones((2,3,4),dtype=np.int16) Create an array of ones array([[ 7., 7.], >>> b.ravel() Flatten the array
>>> d = np.arange(10,25,5) Create an array of evenly [ 7., 7.]]) >>> g.reshape(3,-2) Reshape, but don’t change data
spaced values (step value)
>>> np.linspace(0,2,9) Create an array of evenly Comparison Adding/Removing Elements
spaced values (number of samples) >>> h.resize((2,6)) Return a new array with shape (2,6)
>>> e = np.full((2,2),7) Create a constant array >>> a == b Element-wise comparison >>> np.append(h,g) Append items to an array
>>> f = np.eye(2) Create a 2X2 identity matrix array([[False, True, True], >>> np.insert(a, 1, 5) Insert items in an array
>>> np.random.random((2,2)) Create an array with random values [False, False, False]], dtype=bool) >>> np.delete(a,[1]) Delete items from an array
>>> np.empty((3,2)) Create an empty array >>> a < 2 Element-wise comparison
array([True, False, False], dtype=bool) Combining Arrays
>>> np.array_equal(a, b) Array-wise comparison >>> np.concatenate((a,d),axis=0) Concatenate arrays
I/O array([ 1, 2,
>>> np.vstack((a,b))
3, 10, 15, 20])
Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
Aggregate Functions array([[ 1. , 2. , 3. ],
Saving & Loading On Disk [ 1.5, 2. , 3. ],
>>> a.sum() Array-wise sum [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]])
>>> np.save('my_array', a) >>> a.min() Array-wise minimum value >>> np.r_[e,f] Stack arrays vertically (row-wise)
>>> np.savez('array.npz', a, b) >>> b.max(axis=0) Maximum value of an array row >>> np.hstack((e,f)) Stack arrays horizontally (column-wise)
>>> np.load('my_array.npy') >>> b.cumsum(axis=1) Cumulative sum of the elements array([[ 7., 7., 1., 0.],
>>> a.mean() Mean [ 7., 7., 0., 1.]])
Saving & Loading Text Files >>> b.median() Median >>> np.column_stack((a,d)) Create stacked column-wise arrays
>>> np.loadtxt("myfile.txt") >>> a.corrcoef() Correlation coefficient array([[ 1, 10],
>>> np.std(b) Standard deviation [ 2, 15],
>>> np.genfromtxt("my_file.csv", delimiter=',') [ 3, 20]])
>>> np.savetxt("myarray.txt", a, delimiter=" ") >>> np.c_[a,d] Create stacked column-wise arrays
Copying Arrays Splitting Arrays
Data Types >>> h = a.view() Create a view of the array with the same data >>> np.hsplit(a,3) Split the array horizontally at the 3rd
>>> np.copy(a) Create a copy of the array [array([1]),array([2]),array([3])] index
>>> np.int64 Signed 64-bit integer types >>> np.vsplit(c,2) Split the array vertically at the 2nd index
>>> np.float32 Standard double-precision floating point >>> h = a.copy() Create a deep copy of the array [array([[[ 1.5, 2. , 1. ],
>>> np.complex Complex numbers represented by 128 floats [ 4. , 5. , 6. ]]]),
array([[[ 3., 2., 3.],
>>>
>>>
np.bool
np.object
Boolean type storing TRUE and FALSE values
Python object type Sorting Arrays [ 4., 5., 6.]]])]

>>> np.string_ Fixed-length string type >>> a.sort() Sort an array

>>> np.unicode_ Fixed-length unicode type >>> c.sort(axis=0) Sort the elements of an array's axis DataCamp
Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
 R For Data Science Cheat Sheet dplyr ggplot2
Tidyverse for Beginners Filter Scatter plot
Learn More R for Data Science Interactively at www.datacamp.com filter() allows you to select a subset of rows in a data frame. Scatter plots allow you to compare two variables within your data. To do this with
ggplot2, you use geom_point()
> iris %>% Select iris data of species
filter(Species=="virginica") "virginica" > iris_small <- iris %>%
> iris %>% Select iris data of species filter(Sepal.Length > 5)
Tidyverse filter(Species=="virginica", "virginica" and sepal length > ggplot(iris_small, aes(x=Petal.Length,
y=Petal.Width)) +
Compare petal
width and length
Sepal.Length > 6) greater than 6.
The tidyverse is a powerful collection of R packages that are actually geom_point()
data tools for transforming and visualizing data. All packages of the
tidyverse share an underlying philosophy and common APIs. Arrange Additional Aesthetics
arrange() sorts the observations in a dataset in ascending or descending order • Color
The core packages are: based on one of its variables. > ggplot(iris_small, aes(x=Petal.Length,
y=Petal.Width,
• ggplot2, which implements the grammar of graphics. You can use it > iris %>% Sort in ascending order of color=Species)) +
to visualize your data. arrange(Sepal.Length) sepal length geom_point()
> iris %>% Sort in descending order of
• dplyr is a grammar of data manipulation. You can use it to solve the arrange(desc(Sepal.Length)) sepal length • Size
most common data manipulation challenges. > ggplot(iris_small, aes(x=Petal.Length,
Combine multiple dplyr verbs in a row with the pipe operator %>%: y=Petal.Width,
color=Species,
• tidyr helps you to create tidy data or data where each variable is in a > iris %>% Filter for species "virginica"
size=Sepal.Length)) +
column, each observation is a row end each value is a cell. filter(Species=="virginica") %>% then arrange in descending
geom_point()
arrange(desc(Sepal.Length)) order of sepal length
• readr is a fast and friendly way to read rectangular data. Faceting
Mutate > ggplot(iris_small, aes(x=Petal.Length,
y=Petal.Width)) +
• purrr enhances R’s functional programming (FP) toolkit by providing a mutate() allows you to update or create new columns of a data frame.
geom_point()+
complete and consistent set of tools for working with functions and facet_wrap(~Species)
vectors. > iris %>% Change Sepal.Length to be
mutate(Sepal.Length=Sepal.Length*10) in millimeters
• tibble is a modern re-imaginging of the data frame. > iris %>% Create a new column Line Plots
mutate(SLMm=Sepal.Length*10) called SLMm
> by_year <- gapminder %>%
Combine the verbs filter(), arrange(), and mutate(): group_by(year) %>%
• stringr provides a cohesive set of functions designed to make summarize(medianGdpPerCap=median(gdpPercap))
> iris %>%
working with strings as easy as posssible > ggplot(by_year, aes(x=year,
filter(Species=="Virginica") %>%
y=medianGdpPerCap))+
mutate(SLMm=Sepal.Length*10) %>% geom_line()+
• forcats provide a suite of useful tools that solve common problems arrange(desc(SLMm)) expand_limits(y=0)
with factors.
Summarize Bar Plots
You can install the complete tidyverse with:
> install.packages("tidyverse") summarize() allows you to turn many observations into a single data point.
> by_species <- iris %>%
> iris %>% Summarize to find the filter(Sepal.Length>6) %>%
Then, load the core tidyverse and make it available in your current R summarize(medianSL=median(Sepal.Length)) median sepal length group_by(Species) %>%
session by running: > iris %>% Filter for virginica then summarize(medianPL=median(Petal.Length))
> library(tidyverse) filter(Species=="virginica") %>% summarize the median > ggplot(by_species, aes(x=Species,
summarize(medianSL=median(Sepal.Length)) sepal length y=medianPL)) +
Note: there are many other tidyverse packages with more specialised usage. They are not geom_col()
loaded automatically with library(tidyverse), so you’ll need to load each one with its own call You can also summarize multiple variables at once:
to library().
> iris %>% Histograms
Useful Functions filter(Species=="virginica") %>%
summarize(medianSL=median(Sepal.Length), > ggplot(iris_small, aes(x=Petal.Length))+
> tidyverse_conflicts() Conflicts between tidyverse and other maxSL=max(Sepal.Length)) geom_histogram()
packages
> tidyverse_deps() List all tidyverse dependencies group_by() allows you to summarize within groups instead of summarizing the
> tidyverse_logo() Get tidyverse logo, using ASCII or unicode entire dataset:
characters
> tidyverse_packages() List all tidyverse packages
> iris %>% Find median and max Box Plots
group_by(Species) %>% sepal length of each
> tidyverse_update() Update tidyverse packages summarize(medianSL=median(Sepal.Length), species > ggplot(iris_small, aes(x=Species,
maxSL=max(Sepal.Length)) y=Sepal.Width))+
Loading in the data > iris %>%
filter(Sepal.Length>6) %>%
Find median and max
petal length of each
geom_boxplot()

> library(datasets) Load the datasets package group_by(Species) %>% species with sepal
> library(gapminder) Load the gapminder package summarize(medianPL=median(Petal.Length), length > 6
> attach(iris) Attach iris data to the R search path maxPL=max(Petal.Length)) DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet 3 Renderers & Visual Customizations
Glyphs Customized Glyphs Also see Data
Bokeh Scatter Markers Selection and Non-Selection Glyphs
Learn Bokeh Interactively at www.DataCamp.com, >>> p1.circle(np.array([1,2,3]), np.array([3,2,1]), >>> p = figure(tools='box_select')
taught by Bryan Van de Ven, core contributor fill_color='white') >>> p.circle('mpg', 'cyl', source=cds_df,
>>> p2.square(np.array([1.5,3.5,5.5]), [1,4,3], selection_color='red',
color='blue', size=1) nonselection_alpha=0.1)
Line Glyphs
Plotting With Bokeh >>> p1.line([1,2,3,4], [3,4,5,6], line_width=2) Hover Glyphs
>>> p2.multi_line(pd.DataFrame([[1,2,3],[5,6,7]]), >>> hover = HoverTool(tooltips=None, mode='vline')
The Python interactive visualization library Bokeh pd.DataFrame([[3,4,5],[3,2,1]]), >>> p3.add_tools(hover)
enables high-performance visual presentation of color="blue")
Colormapping
large datasets in modern web browsers. Rows & Columns Layout US
Asia >>> color_mapper = CategoricalColorMapper(
factors=['US', 'Asia', 'Europe'],
Europe

Rows Columns palette=['blue', 'red', 'green'])

Bokeh’s mid-level general purpose bokeh.plotting >>> from bokeh.layouts import row >>> from bokeh.layouts import columns >>> p3.circle('mpg', 'cyl', source=cds_df,
>>> layout = row(p1,p2,p3) >>> layout = column(p1,p2,p3)
interface is centered around two main components: data color=dict(field='origin',
Nesting Rows & Columns transform=color_mapper),
and glyphs. >>>layout = row(column(p1,p2), p3) legend='Origin'))

Grid Layout Linked Plots Also see Data

+ = >>> from bokeh.layouts import gridplot
>>> row1 = [p1,p2]
Linked Axes
data glyphs plot >>> p2.x_range = p1.x_range
>>> row2 = [p3]
>>> p2.y_range = p1.y_range
>>> layout = gridplot([[p1,p2],[p3]])
The basic steps to creating plots with the bokeh.plotting Linked Brushing
interface are: Tabbed Layout >>> p4 = figure(plot_width = 100, tools='box_select,lasso_select')
>>> from bokeh.models.widgets import Panel, Tabs >>> p4.circle('mpg', 'cyl', source=cds_df)
1. Prepare some data: >>> tab1 = Panel(child=p1, title="tab1") >>> p5 = figure(plot_width = 200, tools='box_select,lasso_select')
Python lists, NumPy arrays, Pandas DataFrames and other sequences of values >>> p5.circle('mpg', 'hp', source=cds_df)
>>> tab2 = Panel(child=p2, title="tab2")
2. Create a new plot >>> layout = Tabs(tabs=[tab1, tab2]) >>> layout = row(p4,p5)
3. Add renderers for your data, with visual customizations Legends
4. Specify where to generate the output Legend Location Legend Orientation
5. Show or save the results Inside Plot Area >>> p.legend.orientation = "horizontal"
>>> from bokeh.plotting import figure >>> p.legend.location = 'bottom_left' >>> p.legend.orientation = "vertical"
>>> from bokeh.io import output_file, show Outside Plot Area
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] >>> r1 = p2.asterisk(np.array([1,2,3]), np.array([3,2,1]) Legend Background & Border
Step 1 >>> r2 = p2.line([1,2,3,4], [3,4,5,6])
>>> y = [6, 7, 2, 4, 5] >>> p.legend.border_line_color = "navy"
>>> legend = Legend(items=[("One" , [p1, r1]),("Two" , [r2])], location=(0, -30))
>>> p = figure(title="simple line example", Step 2 >>> p.add_layout(legend, 'right') >>> p.legend.background_fill_color = "white"
x_axis_label='x',
y_axis_label='y')
>>> p.line(x, y, legend="Temp.", line_width=2) Step 3 4 Output Statistical Charts With Bokeh
Bokeh’s high-level bokeh.charts interface is ideal for quickly
Also see Data
>>> output_file("lines.html") Step 4 Output to HTML File
>>> show(p) Step 5 creating statistical charts
>>> from bokeh.io import output_file, show

1 Data Also see Lists, NumPy & Pandas

>>> output_file('my_bar_chart.html', mode='cdn')
Notebook Output
Bar Chart
>>> from bokeh.charts import Bar
Under the hood, your data is converted to Column Data >>> p = Bar(df, stacked=True, palette=['red','blue'])
>>> from bokeh.io import output_notebook, show
Sources. You can also do this manually: Box Plot
>>> import numpy as np >>> output_notebook()
>>> import pandas as pd >>> from bokeh.charts import BoxPlot
>>> df = pd.DataFrame(np.array([[33.9,4,65, 'US'], Embedding >>> p = BoxPlot(df, values='vals', label='cyl',
[32.4,4,66, 'Asia'], legend='bottom_right')
Standalone HTML
Label 1

[21.4,4,109, 'Europe']]),
Label 2
Label 3

columns=['mpg','cyl', 'hp', 'origin'],

index=['Toyota', 'Fiat', 'Volvo'])
>>> from bokeh.embed import file_html Histogram
>>> html = file_html(p, CDN, "my_plot") Histogram

>>> from bokeh.charts import Histogram

>>> from bokeh.models import ColumnDataSource Components >>> p = Histogram(df, title='Histogram')
>>> cds_df = ColumnDataSource(df)
>>> from bokeh.embed import components Scatter Plot
2 Plotting
>>> script, div = components(p) >>> from bokeh.charts import Scatter

5
>>> p = Scatter(df, x='mpg', y ='hp', marker='square',
Show or Save Your Plots
y-axis
>>> from bokeh.plotting import figure xlabel='Miles Per Gallon',
>>> p1 = figure(plot_width=300, tools='pan,box_zoom') ylabel='Horsepower')
x-axis

>>> p2 = figure(plot_width=300, plot_height=300, >>> show(p1) >>> save(p1)

x_range=(0, 8), y_range=(0, 8)) >>> show(layout) >>> save(layout) DataCamp
>>> p3 = figure() Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet 3 Plotting With Seaborn
Seaborn Axis Grids
Learn Data Science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> g = sns.FacetGrid(titanic, Subplot grid for plotting conditional >>> h = sns.PairGrid(iris) Subplot grid for plotting pairwise
col="survived", relationships >>> h = h.map(plt.scatter) relationships
row="sex") >>> sns.pairplot(iris) Plot pairwise bivariate distributions
>>> g = g.map(plt.hist,"age") >>> i = sns.JointGrid(x="x", Grid for bivariate plot with marginal
>>> sns.factorplot(x="pclass", Draw a categorical plot onto a y="y", univariate plots
y="survived", Facetgrid data=data)
Statistical Data Visualization With Seaborn hue="sex",
data=titanic)
>>> i = i.plot(sns.regplot,
sns.distplot)
The Python visualization library Seaborn is based on >>> sns.lmplot(x="sepal_width", Plot data and regression model fits >>> sns.jointplot("sepal_length", Plot bivariate distribution
y="sepal_length", across a FacetGrid "sepal_width",
matplotlib and provides a high-level interface for drawing hue="species", data=iris,
attractive statistical graphics. data=iris) kind='kde')

Categorical Plots Regression Plots

Make use of the following aliases to import the libraries: >>> sns.regplot(x="sepal_width", Plot data and a linear regression
Scatterplot
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt y="sepal_length", model fit
>>> sns.stripplot(x="species", Scatterplot with one
>>> import seaborn as sns data=iris,
y="petal_length", categorical variable
data=iris) ax=ax)
The basic steps to creating plots with Seaborn are: >>> sns.swarmplot(x="species", Categorical scatterplot with Distribution Plots
y="petal_length", non-overlapping points
1. Prepare some data data=iris) >>> plot = sns.distplot(data.y, Plot univariate distribution
2. Control figure aesthetics Bar Chart kde=False,
color="b")
3. Plot with Seaborn >>> sns.barplot(x="sex", Show point estimates and
y="survived", confidence intervals with Matrix Plots
4. Further customize your plot hue="class", scatterplot glyphs
>>> sns.heatmap(uniform_data,vmin=0,vmax=1) Heatmap
data=titanic)
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt Count Plot
>>>
>>>
>>>
import seaborn as sns
tips = sns.load_dataset("tips")
sns.set_style("whitegrid") Step 2
Step 1
>>> sns.countplot(x="deck",
data=titanic,
Show count of observations
4 Further Customizations Also see Matplotlib
palette="Greens_d")
>>> g = sns.lmplot(x="tip", Step 3
Point Plot Axisgrid Objects
y="total_bill",
data=tips, >>> sns.pointplot(x="class", Show point estimates and >>> g.despine(left=True) Remove left spine
aspect=2) y="survived", confidence intervals as >>> g.set_ylabels("Survived") Set the labels of the y-axis
>>> g = (g.set_axis_labels("Tip","Total bill(USD)"). hue="sex", rectangular bars >>> g.set_xticklabels(rotation=45) Set the tick labels for x
set(xlim=(0,10),ylim=(0,100))) data=titanic, >>> g.set_axis_labels("Survived", Set the axis labels
Step 4 palette={"male":"g", "Sex")
>>> plt.title("title")
>>> plt.show(g) Step 5 "female":"m"}, >>> h.set(xlim=(0,5), Set the limit and ticks of the
markers=["^","o"], ylim=(0,5), x-and y-axis
linestyles=["-","--"]) xticks=[0,2.5,5],

1
Boxplot yticks=[0,2.5,5])
Data Also see Lists, NumPy & Pandas >>> sns.boxplot(x="alive", Boxplot
Plot
y="age",
>>> import pandas as pd hue="adult_male",
>>> import numpy as np >>> plt.title("A Title") Add plot title
data=titanic)
>>> uniform_data = np.random.rand(10, 12) >>> plt.ylabel("Survived") Adjust the label of the y-axis
>>> sns.boxplot(data=iris,orient="h") Boxplot with wide-form data
>>> data = pd.DataFrame({'x':np.arange(1,101), >>> plt.xlabel("Sex") Adjust the label of the x-axis
'y':np.random.normal(0,4,100)}) Violinplot >>> plt.ylim(0,100) Adjust the limits of the y-axis
>>> sns.violinplot(x="age", Violin plot >>> plt.xlim(0,10) Adjust the limits of the x-axis
Seaborn also offers built-in data sets: y="sex", >>> plt.setp(ax,yticks=[0,5]) Adjust a plot property
>>> titanic = sns.load_dataset("titanic") hue="survived", >>> plt.tight_layout() Adjust subplot params
>>> iris = sns.load_dataset("iris") data=titanic)

2 Figure Aesthetics Also see Matplotlib

5 Show or Save Plot Also see Matplotlib
>>> plt.show() Show the plot
Context Functions >>> plt.savefig("foo.png") Save the plot as a figure
>>> f, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(5,6)) Create a figure and one subplot >>> plt.savefig("foo.png", Save transparent figure
>>> sns.set_context("talk") Set context to "talk" transparent=True)
>>> sns.set_context("notebook", Set context to "notebook",
Seaborn styles font_scale=1.5, Scale font elements and
>>> sns.set() (Re)set the seaborn default
rc={"lines.linewidth":2.5}) override param mapping Close & Clear Also see Matplotlib
>>> sns.set_style("whitegrid") Set the matplotlib parameters Color Palette >>> plt.cla() Clear an axis
>>> sns.set_style("ticks", Set the matplotlib parameters >>> plt.clf() Clear an entire figure
{"xtick.major.size":8, >>> sns.set_palette("husl",3) Define the color palette >>> plt.close() Close a window
"ytick.major.size":8}) >>> sns.color_palette("husl") Use with with to temporarily set palette
>>> sns.axes_style("whitegrid") Return a dict of params or use with >>> flatui = ["#9b59b6","#3498db","#95a5a6","#e74c3c","#34495e","#2ecc71"]
with to temporarily set the style >>> sns.set_palette(flatui) Set your own color palette DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Plot Anatomy & Workflow
Plot Anatomy Workflow
Matplotlib Axes/Subplot The basic steps to creating plots with matplotlib are:
Learn Python Interactively at www.DataCamp.com 1 Prepare data 2 Create plot 3 Plot 4 Customize plot 5 Save plot 6 Show plot
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> x = [1,2,3,4] Step 1
>>> y = [10,20,25,30]
>>> fig = plt.figure() Step 2
Matplotlib Y-axis Figure >>> ax = fig.add_subplot(111) Step 3
>>> ax.plot(x, y, color='lightblue', linewidth=3) Step 3, 4
Matplotlib is a Python 2D plotting library which produces >>> ax.scatter([2,4,6],
publication-quality figures in a variety of hardcopy formats [5,15,25],
color='darkgreen',
and interactive environments across marker='^')
platforms. >>> ax.set_xlim(1, 6.5)
X-axis
>>> plt.savefig('foo.png')

1 Prepare The Data Also see Lists & NumPy

>>> plt.show() Step 6

1D Data 4 Customize Plot

>>> import numpy as np Colors, Color Bars & Color Maps Mathtext
>>> x = np.linspace(0, 10, 100)
>>> y = np.cos(x) >>> plt.plot(x, x, x, x**2, x, x**3) >>> plt.title(r'$sigma_i=15$', fontsize=20)
>>> z = np.sin(x) >>> ax.plot(x, y, alpha = 0.4)
>>> ax.plot(x, y, c='k') Limits, Legends & Layouts
2D Data or Images >>> fig.colorbar(im, orientation='horizontal')
>>> im = ax.imshow(img, Limits & Autoscaling
>>> data = 2 * np.random.random((10, 10)) cmap='seismic')
>>> data2 = 3 * np.random.random((10, 10)) >>> ax.margins(x=0.0,y=0.1) Add padding to a plot
>>> Y, X = np.mgrid[-3:3:100j, -3:3:100j] >>> ax.axis('equal') Set the aspect ratio of the plot to 1
Markers >>> ax.set(xlim=[0,10.5],ylim=[-1.5,1.5]) Set limits for x-and y-axis
>>> U = -1 - X**2 + Y
>>> V = 1 + X - Y**2 >>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> ax.set_xlim(0,10.5) Set limits for x-axis
>>> from matplotlib.cbook import get_sample_data >>> ax.scatter(x,y,marker=".") Legends
>>> img = np.load(get_sample_data('axes_grid/bivariate_normal.npy')) >>> ax.plot(x,y,marker="o") >>> ax.set(title='An Example Axes', Set a title and x-and y-axis labels
ylabel='Y-Axis',
Linestyles xlabel='X-Axis')
2 Create Plot >>>
>>>
plt.plot(x,y,linewidth=4.0)
plt.plot(x,y,ls='solid')
>>> ax.legend(loc='best')
Ticks
No overlapping plot elements

>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt >>> ax.xaxis.set(ticks=range(1,5), Manually set x-ticks

>>> plt.plot(x,y,ls='--') ticklabels=[3,100,-12,"foo"])
Figure >>> plt.plot(x,y,'--',x**2,y**2,'-.') >>> ax.tick_params(axis='y', Make y-ticks longer and go in and out
>>> plt.setp(lines,color='r',linewidth=4.0) direction='inout',
>>> fig = plt.figure() length=10)
>>> fig2 = plt.figure(figsize=plt.figaspect(2.0)) Text & Annotations
Subplot Spacing
Axes >>> ax.text(1, >>> fig3.subplots_adjust(wspace=0.5, Adjust the spacing between subplots
-2.1, hspace=0.3,
All plotting is done with respect to an Axes. In most cases, a 'Example Graph', left=0.125,
style='italic') right=0.9,
subplot will fit your needs. A subplot is an axes on a grid system. >>> ax.annotate("Sine", top=0.9,
>>> fig.add_axes() xy=(8, 0), bottom=0.1)
>>> ax1 = fig.add_subplot(221) # row-col-num xycoords='data', >>> fig.tight_layout() Fit subplot(s) in to the figure area
xytext=(10.5, 0),
>>> ax3 = fig.add_subplot(212) textcoords='data', Axis Spines
>>> fig3, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=2,ncols=2) arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", >>> ax1.spines['top'].set_visible(False) Make the top axis line for a plot invisible
>>> fig4, axes2 = plt.subplots(ncols=3) connectionstyle="arc3"),) >>> ax1.spines['bottom'].set_position(('outward',10)) Move the bottom axis line outward

3 Plotting Routines 5 Save Plot

1D Data Vector Fields Save figures
>>> plt.savefig('foo.png')
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> axes[0,1].arrow(0,0,0.5,0.5) Add an arrow to the axes
>>> lines = ax.plot(x,y) Draw points with lines or markers connecting them >>> axes[1,1].quiver(y,z) Plot a 2D field of arrows Save transparent figures
>>> ax.scatter(x,y) Draw unconnected points, scaled or colored >>> axes[0,1].streamplot(X,Y,U,V) Plot a 2D field of arrows >>> plt.savefig('foo.png', transparent=True)
>>> axes[0,0].bar([1,2,3],[3,4,5]) Plot vertical rectangles (constant width)
>>>
>>>
>>>
axes[1,0].barh([0.5,1,2.5],[0,1,2])
axes[1,1].axhline(0.45)
axes[0,1].axvline(0.65)
Plot horiontal rectangles (constant height)
Draw a horizontal line across axes
Draw a vertical line across axes
Data Distributions
>>> ax1.hist(y) Plot a histogram
6 Show Plot
>>> plt.show()
>>> ax.fill(x,y,color='blue') Draw filled polygons >>> ax3.boxplot(y) Make a box and whisker plot
>>> ax.fill_between(x,y,color='yellow') Fill between y-values and 0 >>> ax3.violinplot(z) Make a violin plot
2D Data or Images Close & Clear
>>> fig, ax = plt.subplots() >>> plt.cla() Clear an axis
>>> axes2[0].pcolor(data2) Pseudocolor plot of 2D array >>> plt.clf() Clear the entire figure
>>> im = ax.imshow(img, Colormapped or RGB arrays >>> axes2[0].pcolormesh(data) Pseudocolor plot of 2D array
cmap='gist_earth', >>> plt.close() Close a window
interpolation='nearest', >>> CS = plt.contour(Y,X,U) Plot contours
vmin=-2, >>> axes2[2].contourf(data1) Plot filled contours
vmax=2) >>> axes2[2]= ax.clabel(CS) Label a contour plot DataCamp
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Matplotlib 2.0.0 - Updated on: 02/2017
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Model Architecture Inspect Model
>>> model.output_shape
Sequential Model Model output shape
Keras >>> from keras.models import Sequential
>>>
>>>
model.summary()
model.get_config()
Model summary representation
Model configuration
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> model = Sequential() >>> model.get_weights() List all weight tensors in the model
>>> model2 = Sequential()
>>> model3 = Sequential() Compile Model
Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) MLP: Binary Classification
Keras Binary Classification >>> model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss='binary_crossentropy',
Keras is a powerful and easy-to-use deep learning library for >>> from keras.layers import Dense metrics=['accuracy'])
Theano and TensorFlow that provides a high-level neural >>> model.add(Dense(12, MLP: Multi-Class Classification
input_dim=8, >>> model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
networks API to develop and evaluate deep learning models. kernel_initializer='uniform', loss='categorical_crossentropy',
activation='relu')) metrics=['accuracy'])
A Basic Example >>> model.add(Dense(8,kernel_initializer='uniform',activation='relu'))
MLP: Regression
>>> model.add(Dense(1,kernel_initializer='uniform',activation='sigmoid')) >>> model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop',
>>> import numpy as np loss='mse',
>>> from keras.models import Sequential Multi-Class Classification metrics=['mae'])
>>> from keras.layers import Dense >>> from keras.layers import Dropout
>>> data = np.random.random((1000,100)) >>> model.add(Dense(512,activation='relu',input_shape=(784,))) Recurrent Neural Network
>>> labels = np.random.randint(2,size=(1000,1)) >>> model.add(Dropout(0.2)) >>> model3.compile(loss='binary_crossentropy',
>>> model = Sequential() optimizer='adam',
>>> model.add(Dense(512,activation='relu')) metrics=['accuracy'])
>>> model.add(Dense(32, >>> model.add(Dropout(0.2))
activation='relu', >>> model.add(Dense(10,activation='softmax'))

>>>
input_dim=100))
model.add(Dense(1, activation='sigmoid'))
Regression Model Training
>>> model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', >>> model.add(Dense(64,activation='relu',input_dim=train_data.shape[1])) >>> model3.fit(x_train4,
loss='binary_crossentropy', >>> model.add(Dense(1)) y_train4,
metrics=['accuracy']) batch_size=32,
>>> model.fit(data,labels,epochs=10,batch_size=32) Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) epochs=15,
verbose=1,
>>> predictions = model.predict(data) >>> from keras.layers import Activation,Conv2D,MaxPooling2D,Flatten validation_data=(x_test4,y_test4))
>>> model2.add(Conv2D(32,(3,3),padding='same',input_shape=x_train.shape[1:]))
Data Also see NumPy, Pandas & Scikit-Learn >>>
>>>
model2.add(Activation('relu'))
model2.add(Conv2D(32,(3,3))) Evaluate Your Model's Performance
Your data needs to be stored as NumPy arrays or as a list of NumPy arrays. Ide- >>> model2.add(Activation('relu')) >>> score = model3.evaluate(x_test,
>>> model2.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2,2))) y_test,
ally, you split the data in training and test sets, for which you can also resort batch_size=32)
>>> model2.add(Dropout(0.25))
to the train_test_split module of sklearn.cross_validation.
>>> model2.add(Conv2D(64,(3,3), padding='same'))
Keras Data Sets >>>
>>>
model2.add(Activation('relu'))
model2.add(Conv2D(64,(3, 3)))
Prediction
>>> from keras.datasets import boston_housing, >>> model2.add(Activation('relu')) >>> model3.predict(x_test4, batch_size=32)
mnist, >>> model2.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2,2))) >>> model3.predict_classes(x_test4,batch_size=32)
cifar10, >>> model2.add(Dropout(0.25))
imdb
>>> (x_train,y_train),(x_test,y_test) = mnist.load_data()
>>> (x_train2,y_train2),(x_test2,y_test2) = boston_housing.load_data()
>>>
>>>
model2.add(Flatten())
model2.add(Dense(512))
Save/ Reload Models
>>> (x_train3,y_train3),(x_test3,y_test3) = cifar10.load_data() >>> model2.add(Activation('relu')) >>> from keras.models import load_model
>>> (x_train4,y_train4),(x_test4,y_test4) = imdb.load_data(num_words=20000) >>> model2.add(Dropout(0.5)) >>> model3.save('model_file.h5')
>>> num_classes = 10 >>> my_model = load_model('my_model.h5')
>>> model2.add(Dense(num_classes))
>>> model2.add(Activation('softmax'))
Other
Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Model Fine-tuning
>>> from urllib.request import urlopen
>>> data = np.loadtxt(urlopen("http://archive.ics.uci.edu/
ml/machine-learning-databases/pima-indians-diabetes/
>>> from keras.klayers import Embedding,LSTM Optimization Parameters
pima-indians-diabetes.data"),delimiter=",") >>> model3.add(Embedding(20000,128)) >>> from keras.optimizers import RMSprop
>>> X = data[:,0:8] >>> model3.add(LSTM(128,dropout=0.2,recurrent_dropout=0.2)) >>> opt = RMSprop(lr=0.0001, decay=1e-6)
>>> y = data [:,8] >>> model3.add(Dense(1,activation='sigmoid')) >>> model2.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy',
optimizer=opt,
metrics=['accuracy'])
Preprocessing Also see NumPy & Scikit-Learn
Early Stopping
Sequence Padding Train and Test Sets >>> from keras.callbacks import EarlyStopping
>>> from keras.preprocessing import sequence >>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split >>> early_stopping_monitor = EarlyStopping(patience=2)
>>> x_train4 = sequence.pad_sequences(x_train4,maxlen=80) >>> X_train5,X_test5,y_train5,y_test5 = train_test_split(X, >>> model3.fit(x_train4,
>>> x_test4 = sequence.pad_sequences(x_test4,maxlen=80) y,
test_size=0.33, y_train4,
random_state=42) batch_size=32,
One-Hot Encoding epochs=15,
>>> from keras.utils import to_categorical Standardization/Normalization validation_data=(x_test4,y_test4),
>>> Y_train = to_categorical(y_train, num_classes) >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler callbacks=[early_stopping_monitor])
>>> Y_test = to_categorical(y_test, num_classes) >>> scaler = StandardScaler().fit(x_train2)
>>> Y_train3 = to_categorical(y_train3, num_classes) >>> standardized_X = scaler.transform(x_train2) DataCamp
>>> Y_test3 = to_categorical(y_test3, num_classes) >>> standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(x_test2) Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Create Your Model Evaluate Your Model’s Performance
Supervised Learning Estimators Classification Metrics
Scikit-Learn
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com Linear Regression Accuracy Score
>>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression >>> knn.score(X_test, y_test) Estimator score method
>>> lr = LinearRegression(normalize=True) >>> from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score Metric scoring functions
>>> accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred)
Support Vector Machines (SVM)
Scikit-learn >>> from sklearn.svm import SVC Classification Report
>>> svc = SVC(kernel='linear') >>> from sklearn.metrics import classification_report Precision, recall, f1-score
Scikit-learn is an open source Python library that Naive Bayes >>> print(classification_report(y_test, y_pred)) and support
implements a range of machine learning, >>> from sklearn.naive_bayes import GaussianNB Confusion Matrix
>>> gnb = GaussianNB() >>> from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
preprocessing, cross-validation and visualization >>> print(confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred))
algorithms using a unified interface. KNN
>>> from sklearn import neighbors Regression Metrics
A Basic Example >>> knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5)
>>> from sklearn import neighbors, datasets, preprocessing
Mean Absolute Error
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split Unsupervised Learning Estimators >>> from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
>>> from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score >>> y_true = [3, -0.5, 2]
>>> iris = datasets.load_iris() Principal Component Analysis (PCA) >>> mean_absolute_error(y_true, y_pred)
>>> X, y = iris.data[:, :2], iris.target >>> from sklearn.decomposition import PCA Mean Squared Error
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, random_state=33) >>> pca = PCA(n_components=0.95) >>> from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error
>>> scaler = preprocessing.StandardScaler().fit(X_train) >>> mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
>>> X_train = scaler.transform(X_train)
K Means
>>> X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) >>> from sklearn.cluster import KMeans R² Score
>>> knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier(n_neighbors=5) >>> k_means = KMeans(n_clusters=3, random_state=0) >>> from sklearn.metrics import r2_score
>>> r2_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> y_pred = knn.predict(X_test)
>>> accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred) Model Fitting Clustering Metrics
Adjusted Rand Index
Supervised learning >>> from sklearn.metrics import adjusted_rand_score
Loading The Data Also see NumPy & Pandas >>> lr.fit(X, y) Fit the model to the data
>>> adjusted_rand_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> knn.fit(X_train, y_train)
Your data needs to be numeric and stored as NumPy arrays or SciPy sparse >>> svc.fit(X_train, y_train) Homogeneity
>>> from sklearn.metrics import homogeneity_score
matrices. Other types that are convertible to numeric arrays, such as Pandas Unsupervised Learning >>> homogeneity_score(y_true, y_pred)
DataFrame, are also acceptable. >>> k_means.fit(X_train) Fit the model to the data
>>> pca_model = pca.fit_transform(X_train) Fit to data, then transform it V-measure
>>> import numpy as np >>> from sklearn.metrics import v_measure_score
>>> X = np.random.random((10,5)) >>> metrics.v_measure_score(y_true, y_pred)
>>> y = np.array(['M','M','F','F','M','F','M','M','F','F','F'])
>>> X[X < 0.7] = 0 Prediction Cross-Validation
>>> from sklearn.cross_validation import cross_val_score
Supervised Estimators >>> print(cross_val_score(knn, X_train, y_train, cv=4))
Training And Test Data >>> y_pred = svc.predict(np.random.random((2,5))) Predict labels
>>> y_pred = lr.predict(X_test)
>>> print(cross_val_score(lr, X, y, cv=2))
Predict labels
>>> from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split >>> y_pred = knn.predict_proba(X_test) Estimate probability of a label
>>> X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X,
y, Unsupervised Estimators Tune Your Model
random_state=0) >>> y_pred = k_means.predict(X_test) Predict labels in clustering algos Grid Search
>>> from sklearn.grid_search import GridSearchCV
>>> params = {"n_neighbors": np.arange(1,3),
Preprocessing The Data "metric": ["euclidean", "cityblock"]}
>>> grid = GridSearchCV(estimator=knn,
Standardization Encoding Categorical Features param_grid=params)
>>> grid.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder >>> print(grid.best_score_)
>>> scaler = StandardScaler().fit(X_train) >>> print(grid.best_estimator_.n_neighbors)
>>> enc = LabelEncoder()
>>> standardized_X = scaler.transform(X_train) >>> y = enc.fit_transform(y)
>>> standardized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) Randomized Parameter Optimization
Normalization Imputing Missing Values >>> from sklearn.grid_search import RandomizedSearchCV
>>> params = {"n_neighbors": range(1,5),
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Normalizer "weights": ["uniform", "distance"]}
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Imputer >>> rsearch = RandomizedSearchCV(estimator=knn,
>>> scaler = Normalizer().fit(X_train) >>> imp = Imputer(missing_values=0, strategy='mean', axis=0) param_distributions=params,
>>> normalized_X = scaler.transform(X_train) >>> imp.fit_transform(X_train) cv=4,
>>> normalized_X_test = scaler.transform(X_test) n_iter=8,
random_state=5)
Binarization Generating Polynomial Features >>> rsearch.fit(X_train, y_train)
>>> print(rsearch.best_score_)
>>> from sklearn.preprocessing import Binarizer >>> from sklearn.preprocessing import PolynomialFeatures
>>> binarizer = Binarizer(threshold=0.0).fit(X) >>> poly = PolynomialFeatures(5)
>>> binary_X = binarizer.transform(X) >>> poly.fit_transform(X) DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Retrieving RDD Information Reshaping Data
Basic Information Reducing
PySpark - RDD Basics >>> rdd.getNumPartitions() List the number of partitions
>>> rdd.reduceByKey(lambda x,y : x+y)
.collect()
Merge the rdd values for
each key
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com >>> rdd.count() Count RDD instances [('a',9),('b',2)]
3 >>> rdd.reduce(lambda a, b: a + b) Merge the rdd values
>>> rdd.countByKey() Count RDD instances by key ('a',7,'a',2,'b',2)
defaultdict(<type 'int'>,{'a':2,'b':1}) Grouping by
>>> rdd.countByValue() Count RDD instances by value >>> rdd3.groupBy(lambda x: x % 2) Return RDD of grouped values
Spark defaultdict(<type 'int'>,{('b',2):1,('a',2):1,('a',7):1})
>>> rdd.collectAsMap() Return (key,value) pairs as a
.mapValues(list)
.collect()
PySpark is the Spark Python API that exposes {'a': 2,'b': 2} dictionary >>> rdd.groupByKey() Group rdd by key
>>> rdd3.sum() Sum of RDD elements .mapValues(list)
the Spark programming model to Python. 4950 .collect()
>>> sc.parallelize([]).isEmpty() Check whether RDD is empty [('a',[7,2]),('b',[2])]
True
Initializing Spark Summary
Aggregating
>>> seqOp = (lambda x,y: (x[0]+y,x[1]+1))
>>> combOp = (lambda x,y:(x[0]+y[0],x[1]+y[1]))
SparkContext >>> rdd3.max() Maximum value of RDD elements >>> rdd3.aggregate((0,0),seqOp,combOp) Aggregate RDD elements of each
99 (4950,100) partition and then the results
>>> from pyspark import SparkContext >>> rdd3.min() Minimum value of RDD elements
>>> sc = SparkContext(master = 'local[2]') >>> rdd.aggregateByKey((0,0),seqop,combop) Aggregate values of each RDD key
0
>>> rdd3.mean() Mean value of RDD elements .collect()
Inspect SparkContext 49.5 [('a',(9,2)), ('b',(2,1))]
>>> rdd3.stdev() Standard deviation of RDD elements >>> rdd3.fold(0,add) Aggregate the elements of each
>>> sc.version Retrieve SparkContext version 28.866070047722118 4950 partition, and then the results
>>> sc.pythonVer Retrieve Python version >>> rdd3.variance() Compute variance of RDD elements >>> rdd.foldByKey(0, add) Merge the values for each key
>>> sc.master Master URL to connect to 833.25 .collect()
>>> str(sc.sparkHome) Path where Spark is installed on worker nodes >>> rdd3.histogram(3) Compute histogram by bins [('a',9),('b',2)]
>>> str(sc.sparkUser()) Retrieve name of the Spark User running ([0,33,66,99],[33,33,34])
>>> rdd3.stats() Summary statistics (count, mean, stdev, max & >>> rdd3.keyBy(lambda x: x+x) Create tuples of RDD elements by
SparkContext
>>> sc.appName Return application name min) .collect() applying a function
>>> sc.applicationId Retrieve application ID
>>>
>>>
sc.defaultParallelism Return default level of parallelism
sc.defaultMinPartitions Default minimum number of partitions for Applying Functions Mathematical Operations
RDDs >>> rdd.map(lambda x: x+(x[1],x[0])) Apply a function to each RDD element >>> rdd.subtract(rdd2) Return each rdd value not contained
.collect() .collect() in rdd2
Configuration [('a',7,7,'a'),('a',2,2,'a'),('b',2,2,'b')] [('b',2),('a',7)]
>>> rdd5 = rdd.flatMap(lambda x: x+(x[1],x[0])) Apply a function to each RDD element >>> rdd2.subtractByKey(rdd) Return each (key,value) pair of rdd2
>>> from pyspark import SparkConf, SparkContext and flatten the result .collect() with no matching key in rdd
>>> conf = (SparkConf() >>> rdd5.collect() [('d', 1)]
.setMaster("local") ['a',7,7,'a','a',2,2,'a','b',2,2,'b'] >>> rdd.cartesian(rdd2).collect() Return the Cartesian product of rdd
.setAppName("My app") >>> rdd4.flatMapValues(lambda x: x) Apply a flatMap function to each (key,value) and rdd2
.set("spark.executor.memory", "1g")) .collect() pair of rdd4 without changing the keys
>>> sc = SparkContext(conf = conf) [('a','x'),('a','y'),('a','z'),('b','p'),('b','r')]
Sort
Using The Shell Selecting Data >>> rdd2.sortBy(lambda x: x[1]) Sort RDD by given function
.collect()
In the PySpark shell, a special interpreter-aware SparkContext is already Getting [('d',1),('b',1),('a',2)]
created in the variable called sc. >>> rdd.collect() Return a list with all RDD elements >>> rdd2.sortByKey() Sort (key, value) RDD by key
[('a', 7), ('a', 2), ('b', 2)] .collect()
$ ./bin/spark-shell --master local[2] >>> rdd.take(2) Take first 2 RDD elements [('a',2),('b',1),('d',1)]
$ ./bin/pyspark --master local[4] --py-files code.py [('a', 7), ('a', 2)]
>>> rdd.first() Take first RDD element
Set which master the context connects to with the --master argument, and
('a', 7) Repartitioning
add Python .zip, .egg or .py files to the runtime path by passing a >>> rdd.top(2) Take top 2 RDD elements
[('b', 2), ('a', 7)] >>> rdd.repartition(4) New RDD with 4 partitions
comma-separated list to --py-files. >>> rdd.coalesce(1) Decrease the number of partitions in the RDD to 1
Sampling
Loading Data >>> rdd3.sample(False, 0.15, 81).collect() Return sampled subset of rdd3
[3,4,27,31,40,41,42,43,60,76,79,80,86,97] Saving
Parallelized Collections Filtering >>> rdd.saveAsTextFile("rdd.txt")
>>> rdd.filter(lambda x: "a" in x) Filter the RDD >>> rdd.saveAsHadoopFile("hdfs://namenodehost/parent/child",
>>> rdd = sc.parallelize([('a',7),('a',2),('b',2)]) .collect() 'org.apache.hadoop.mapred.TextOutputFormat')
>>> rdd2 = sc.parallelize([('a',2),('d',1),('b',1)]) [('a',7),('a',2)]
>>> rdd3 = sc.parallelize(range(100)) >>> rdd5.distinct().collect() Return distinct RDD values
>>> rdd4 = sc.parallelize([("a",["x","y","z"]),
("b",["p", "r"])])
['a',2,'b',7]
>>> rdd.keys().collect() Return (key,value) RDD's keys
Stopping SparkContext
['a', 'a', 'b'] >>> sc.stop()
External Data
Read either one text file from HDFS, a local file system or or any Iterating Execution
Hadoop-supported file system URI with textFile(), or read in a directory >>> def g(x): print(x)
>>> rdd.foreach(g) Apply a function to all RDD elements $ ./bin/spark-submit examples/src/main/python/pi.py
of text files with wholeTextFiles().
('a', 7)
>>> textFile = sc.textFile("/my/directory/*.txt") ('b', 2) DataCamp
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Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Duplicate Values GroupBy
>>> df = df.dropDuplicates() >>> df.groupBy("age")\ Group by age, count the members
PySpark - SQL Basics .count() \
.show()
in the groups
Learn Python for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com Queries
>>> from pyspark.sql import functions as F
Select Filter
>>> df.select("firstName").show() Show all entries in firstName column >>> df.filter(df["age"]>24).show() Filter entries of age, only keep those
>>> df.select("firstName","lastName") \ records of which the values are >24
PySpark & Spark SQL .show()
>>> df.select("firstName", Show all entries in firstName, age

Spark SQL is Apache Spark's module for "age", and type

Sort
explode("phoneNumber") \
working with structured data. .alias("contactInfo")) \
.select("contactInfo.type", >>> peopledf.sort(peopledf.age.desc()).collect()
>>> df.sort("age", ascending=False).collect()
Initializing SparkSession "firstName",
"age") \ >>> df.orderBy(["age","city"],ascending=[0,1])\
A SparkSession can be used create DataFrame, register DataFrame as tables, .show() .collect()
execute SQL over tables, cache tables, and read parquet files. >>> df.select(df["firstName"],df["age"]+ 1) Show all entries in firstName and age,
.show() add 1 to the entries of age
>>> from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
>>> spark = SparkSession \
>>> df.select(df['age'] > 24).show()
When
Show all entries where age >24 Missing & Replacing Values
.builder \ >>> df.select("firstName", Show firstName and 0 or 1 depending
.appName("Python Spark SQL basic example") \ >>> df.na.fill(50).show() Replace null values
F.when(df.age > 30, 1) \ on age >30 >>> df.na.drop().show() Return new df omitting rows with null values
.config("spark.some.config.option", "some-value") \ .otherwise(0)) \
.getOrCreate() >>> df.na \ Return new df replacing one value with
.show() .replace(10, 20) \ another
>>> df[df.firstName.isin("Jane","Boris")] Show firstName if in the given options .show()
Creating DataFrames Like
.collect()

From RDDs
>>> df.select("firstName", Show firstName, and lastName is
df.lastName.like("Smith")) \ TRUE if lastName is like Smith
Repartitioning
.show()
>>> from pyspark.sql.types import * Startswith - Endswith >>> df.repartition(10)\ df with 10 partitions
>>> df.select("firstName", Show firstName, and TRUE if .rdd \
Infer Schema .getNumPartitions()
>>> sc = spark.sparkContext df.lastName \ lastName starts with Sm
.startswith("Sm")) \ >>> df.coalesce(1).rdd.getNumPartitions() df with 1 partition
>>> lines = sc.textFile("people.txt")
.show()
>>> parts = lines.map(lambda l: l.split(",")) >>> df.select(df.lastName.endswith("th")) \ Show last names ending in th
>>>
>>>
people = parts.map(lambda p: Row(name=p[0],age=int(p[1])))
peopledf = spark.createDataFrame(people)
.show() Running SQL Queries Programmatically
Substring
Specify Schema >>> df.select(df.firstName.substr(1, 3) \ Return substrings of firstName Registering DataFrames as Views
>>> people = parts.map(lambda p: Row(name=p[0], .alias("name")) \
age=int(p[1].strip()))) .collect() >>> peopledf.createGlobalTempView("people")
>>> schemaString = "name age" Between >>> df.createTempView("customer")
>>> fields = [StructField(field_name, StringType(), True) for >>> df.select(df.age.between(22, 24)) \ Show age: values are TRUE if between >>> df.createOrReplaceTempView("customer")
field_name in schemaString.split()] .show() 22 and 24
>>> schema = StructType(fields) Query Views
>>> spark.createDataFrame(people, schema).show()
+--------+---+
| name|age|
Add, Update & Remove Columns >>> df5 = spark.sql("SELECT * FROM customer").show()
+--------+---+ >>> peopledf2 = spark.sql("SELECT * FROM global_temp.people")\
|
|
Mine| 28|
Filip| 29|
Adding Columns .show()
|Jonathan| 30|
+--------+---+ >>> df = df.withColumn('city',df.address.city) \
.withColumn('postalCode',df.address.postalCode) \
From Spark Data Sources .withColumn('state',df.address.state) \
.withColumn('streetAddress',df.address.streetAddress) \
Output
.withColumn('telePhoneNumber', Data Structures
JSON explode(df.phoneNumber.number)) \
>>> df = spark.read.json("customer.json") .withColumn('telePhoneType',
>>> df.show() >>> rdd1 = df.rdd Convert df into an RDD
+--------------------+---+---------+--------+--------------------+ explode(df.phoneNumber.type)) >>> df.toJSON().first() Convert df into a RDD of string
| address|age|firstName |lastName| phoneNumber|
+--------------------+---+---------+--------+--------------------+ >>> df.toPandas() Return the contents of df as Pandas
|[New York,10021,N...| 25|
|[New York,10021,N...| 21|
John|
Jane|
Smith|[[212 555-1234,ho...|
Doe|[[322 888-1234,ho...|
Updating Columns DataFrame
+--------------------+---+---------+--------+--------------------+
>>> df2 = spark.read.load("people.json", format="json")
>>> df = df.withColumnRenamed('telePhoneNumber', 'phoneNumber') Write & Save to Files
Parquet files Removing Columns >>> df.select("firstName", "city")\
>>> df3 = spark.read.load("users.parquet") .write \
TXT files >>> df = df.drop("address", "phoneNumber") .save("nameAndCity.parquet")
>>> df4 = spark.read.text("people.txt") >>> df = df.drop(df.address).drop(df.phoneNumber) >>> df.select("firstName", "age") \
.write \
.save("namesAndAges.json",format="json")
Inspect Data
>>> df.dtypes Return df column names and data types >>> df.describe().show() Compute summary statistics Stopping SparkSession
>>> df.show() Display the content of df >>> df.columns Return the columns of df
>>> df.count() >>> spark.stop()
>>> df.head() Return first n rows Count the number of rows in df
>>> df.first() Return first row >>> df.distinct().count() Count the number of distinct rows in df
>>> df.take(2) Return the first n rows >>> df.printSchema() Print the schema of df DataCamp
>>> df.schema Return the schema of df >>> df.explain() Print the (logical and physical) plans
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 R For Data Science Cheat Sheet Export xts Objects
> data_xts <- as.xts(matrix)
Missing Values
> na.omit(xts5) Omit NA values in xts5
xts > tmp <- tempfile()
> write.zoo(data_xts,sep=",",file=tmp)
> xts_last <- na.locf(xts2) Fill missing values in xts2 using
Learn R for data science Interactively at www.DataCamp.com last observation
> xts_last <- na.locf(xts2, Fill missing values in xts2 using
fromLast=TRUE) next observation
Replace & Update > na.approx(xts2) Interpolate NAs using linear
> xts2[dates] <- 0 Replace values in xts2 on dates with 0 approximation
xts > xts5["1961"] <- NA Replace dates from 1961 with NA

eXtensible Time Series (xts) is a powerful package that

> xts2["2016-05-02"] <- NA Replace the value at 1 specific index with NA
Arithmetic Operations
provides an extensible time series class, enabling uniform coredata()or as.numeric()
handling of many R time series classes by extending zoo.
Applying Functions
> ep1 <- endpoints(xts4,on="weeks",k=2) Take index values by time > xts3 + as.numeric(xts2) Addition
[1] 0 5 10 > xts3 * as.numeric(xts4)
Load the package as follows: > ep2 <- endpoints(xts5,on="years")
Multiplication
> coredata(xts4) - xts3 Subtraction
> library(xts) [1] 0 12 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144 > coredata(xts4) / xts3 Division
> period.apply(xts5,INDEX=ep2,FUN=mean) Calculate the yearly mean
xts Objects > xts5_yearly <- split(xts5,f="years") Split xts5 by year Shifting Index Values
> lapply(xts5_yearly,FUN=mean) Create a list of yearly means
xts objects have three main components: > do.call(rbind, Find the last observation in > xts5 - lag(xts5) Period-over-period differences
- coredata: always a matrix for xts objects, while it could also be a lapply(split(xts5,"years"), each year in xts5 > diff(xts5,lag=12,differences=1) Lagged differences
vector for zoo objects function(w) last(w,n="1 month")))
> do.call(rbind, Calculate cumulative annual
- index: vector of any Date, POSIXct, chron, yearmon, lapply(split(xts5,"years"), passengers
Reindexing
yearqtr, or DateTime classes cumsum)) > xts1 + merge(xts2,index(xts1),fill=0) Addition
- xtsAttributes: arbitrary attributes > rollapply(xts5, 3, sd) Apply sd to rolling margins of xts5 e1
2017-05-04 5.231538
2017-05-05 5.829257
Creating xts Objects Selecting, Subsetting & Indexing 2017-05-06
2017-05-07
4.000000
3.000000
2017-05-08 2.000000
> xts1 <- xts(x=1:10, order.by=Sys.Date()-1:10) Select 2017-05-09 1.000000
> data <- rnorm(5)
> xts1 - merge(xts2,index(xts1),fill=na.locf) Subtraction
> dates <- seq(as.Date("2017-05-01"),length=5,by="days") > mar55 <- xts5["1955-03"] Get value for March 1955 e1
> xts2 <- xts(x=data, order.by=dates) 2017-05-04 5.231538
> xts3 <- xts(x=rnorm(10), Subset 2017-05-05
2017-05-06
5.829257
4.829257
order.by=as.POSIXct(Sys.Date()+1:10), 2017-05-07 3.829257
born=as.POSIXct("1899-05-08")) > xts5_1954 <- xts5["1954"] Get all data from 1954 2017-05-08 2.829257
> xts4 <- xts(x=1:10, order.by=Sys.Date()+1:10) > xts5_janmarch <- xts5["1954/1954-03"] Extract data from Jan to March ‘54 2017-05-09 1.829257
> xts5_janmarch <- xts5["/1954-03"] Get all data until March ‘54
Convert To And From xts > xts4[ep1] Subset xts4 using ep2
Merging
> data(AirPassengers) first() and last() > merge(xts2,xts1,join='inner') Inner join of xts2 and xts1
> xts5 <- as.xts(AirPassengers)
> first(xts4,'1 week') Extract first 1 week xts2 xts1
2017-05-05 -0.8382068 10
Import From Files > first(last(xts4,'1 week'),'3 days') Get first 3 days of the last week of data
> merge(xts2,xts1,join='left',fill=0) Left join of xts2 and xts1,
> dat <- read.csv(tmp_file) Indexing fill empty spots with 0
> xts(dat, order.by=as.Date(rownames(dat),"%m/%d/%Y")) xts2 xts1
2017-05-01 1.7482704 0
> dat_zoo <- read.zoo(tmp_file, > xts2[index(xts3)] Extract rows with the index of xts3 2017-05-02 -0.2314678 0
index.column=0, > days <- c("2017-05-03","2017-05-23") 2017-05-03 0.1685517 0
sep=",", > xts3[days] Extract rows using the vector days 2017-05-04 1.1685649 0
2017-05-05 -0.8382068 10
format="%m/%d/%Y") > xts2[as.POSIXct(days,tz="UTC")] Extract rows using days as POSIXct
> dat_zoo <- read.zoo(tmp,sep=",",FUN=as.yearmon) > index <- which(.indexwday(xts1)==0|.indexwday(xts1)==6) Index of weekend days > rbind(xts1, xts4) Combine xts1 and xts4 by
> dat_xts <- as.xts(dat_zoo) > xts1[index] Extract weekend days of xts1 rows

Inspect Your Data

> core_data <- coredata(xts2) Extract core data of objects Periods, Periodicity & Timestamps Other Useful Functions
> index(xts1) Extract index of objects
> periodicity(xts5) Estimate frequency of observations > .index(xts4) Extract raw numeric index of xts1
Class Attributes > to.yearly(xts5) Convert xts5 to yearly OHLC > .indexwday(xts3) Value of week(day), starting on Sunday,
> to.monthly(xts3) Convert xts3 to monthly OHLC in index of xts3
> to.quarterly(xts5) Convert xts5 to quarterly OHLC > .indexhour(xts3) Value of hour in index of xts3
> indexClass(xts2) Get index class > start(xts3) Extract first observation of xts3
> indexClass(convertIndex(xts,'POSIXct')) Replacing index class > to.period(xts5,period="quarters") Convert to quarterly OHLC > end(xts4) Extract last observation of xts4
> indexTZ(xts5) Get index class > to.period(xts5,period="years") Convert to yearly OHLC > str(xts3) Display structure of xts3
> indexFormat(xts5) <- "%Y-%m-%d" Change format of time display > nmonths(xts5) Count the months in xts5 > time(xts1) Extract raw numeric index of xts1
> nquarters(xts5) Count the quarters in xts5 > head(xts2) First part of xts2
Time Zones > nyears(xts5) Count the years in xts5 > tail(xts2) Last part of xts2
> make.index.unique(xts3,eps=1e-4) Make index unique
> tzone(xts1) <- "Asia/Hong_Kong" Change the time zone > make.index.unique(xts3,drop=TRUE) Remove duplicate times
> tzone(xts1) Extract the current time zone > align.time(xts3,n=3600) Round index time to the next n seconds DataCamp
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 Python For Data Science Cheat Sheet Linear Algebra Also see NumPy
You’ll use the linalg and sparse modules. Note that scipy.linalg contains and expands on numpy.linalg.
SciPy - Linear Algebra >>> from scipy import linalg, sparse Matrix Functions
Learn More Python for Data Science Interactively at www.datacamp.com
Creating Matrices Addition
>>> np.add(A,D) Addition
>>> A = np.matrix(np.random.random((2,2)))
SciPy >>> B = np.asmatrix(b) Subtraction
>>> C = np.mat(np.random.random((10,5))) >>> np.subtract(A,D) Subtraction
The SciPy library is one of the core packages for >>> D = np.mat([[3,4], [5,6]]) Division
scientific computing that provides mathematical >>> np.divide(A,D) Division
Basic Matrix Routines Multiplication
algorithms and convenience functions built on the
>>> np.multiply(D,A) Multiplication
NumPy extension of Python. Inverse >>> np.dot(A,D) Dot product
>>> A.I Inverse >>> np.vdot(A,D) Vector dot product
>>> linalg.inv(A) Inverse
Interacting With NumPy Also see NumPy >>> A.T Tranpose matrix >>> np.inner(A,D) Inner product
>>> np.outer(A,D) Outer product
>>> import numpy as np >>> A.H Conjugate transposition >>> np.tensordot(A,D) Tensor dot product
>>> a = np.array([1,2,3]) >>> np.trace(A) Trace >>> np.kron(A,D) Kronecker product
>>> b = np.array([(1+5j,2j,3j), (4j,5j,6j)])
>>> c = np.array([[(1.5,2,3), (4,5,6)], [(3,2,1), (4,5,6)]]) Norm Exponential Functions
>>> linalg.norm(A) Frobenius norm >>> linalg.expm(A) Matrix exponential
Index Tricks >>> linalg.norm(A,1) L1 norm (max column sum) >>> linalg.expm2(A) Matrix exponential (Taylor Series)
>>> linalg.norm(A,np.inf) L inf norm (max row sum) >>> linalg.expm3(D) Matrix exponential (eigenvalue
>>> np.mgrid[0:5,0:5] Create a dense meshgrid decomposition)
>>> np.ogrid[0:2,0:2] Create an open meshgrid Rank Logarithm Function
>>> np.r_[[3,[0]*5,-1:1:10j] Stack arrays vertically (row-wise) >>> np.linalg.matrix_rank(C) Matrix rank >>> linalg.logm(A) Matrix logarithm
>>> np.c_[b,c] Create stacked column-wise arrays Determinant Trigonometric Tunctions
>>> linalg.det(A) Determinant >>> linalg.sinm(D) Matrix sine
Shape Manipulation Solving linear problems >>> linalg.cosm(D) Matrix cosine
>>> np.transpose(b) Permute array dimensions >>> linalg.solve(A,b) Solver for dense matrices >>> linalg.tanm(A) Matrix tangent
>>> b.flatten() Flatten the array >>> E = np.mat(a).T Solver for dense matrices Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions
>>> np.hstack((b,c)) Stack arrays horizontally (column-wise) >>> linalg.lstsq(D,E) Least-squares solution to linear matrix >>> linalg.sinhm(D) Hypberbolic matrix sine
>>> np.vstack((a,b)) Stack arrays vertically (row-wise) equation >>> linalg.coshm(D) Hyperbolic matrix cosine
>>> np.hsplit(c,2) Split the array horizontally at the 2nd index Generalized inverse >>> linalg.tanhm(A) Hyperbolic matrix tangent
>>> np.vpslit(d,2) Split the array vertically at the 2nd index >>> linalg.pinv(C) Compute the pseudo-inverse of a matrix Matrix Sign Function
(least-squares solver) >>> np.sigm(A) Matrix sign function
Polynomials >>> linalg.pinv2(C) Compute the pseudo-inverse of a matrix
>>> from numpy import poly1d (SVD) Matrix Square Root
>>> linalg.sqrtm(A) Matrix square root
>>> p = poly1d([3,4,5]) Create a polynomial object
Creating Sparse Matrices Arbitrary Functions
Vectorizing Functions >>> linalg.funm(A, lambda x: x*x) Evaluate matrix function
>>> F = np.eye(3, k=1) Create a 2X2 identity matrix
>>> def myfunc(a):
if a < 0: >>> G = np.mat(np.identity(2)) Create a 2x2 identity matrix Decompositions
return a*2 >>> C[C > 0.5] = 0
else: >>> H = sparse.csr_matrix(C)
return a/2
Compressed Sparse Row matrix Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
>>> I = sparse.csc_matrix(D) Compressed Sparse Column matrix >>> la, v = linalg.eig(A) Solve ordinary or generalized
>>> np.vectorize(myfunc) Vectorize functions >>> J = sparse.dok_matrix(A) Dictionary Of Keys matrix eigenvalue problem for square matrix
>>> E.todense() Sparse matrix to full matrix >>> l1, l2 = la Unpack eigenvalues
Type Handling >>> sparse.isspmatrix_csc(A) Identify sparse matrix >>> v[:,0] First eigenvector
>>> v[:,1] Second eigenvector
>>> np.real(c) Return the real part of the array elements
>>> np.imag(c) Return the imaginary part of the array elements Sparse Matrix Routines >>> linalg.eigvals(A) Unpack eigenvalues
>>> np.real_if_close(c,tol=1000) Return a real array if complex parts close to 0 Singular Value Decomposition
>>> np.cast['f'](np.pi) Cast object to a data type Inverse >>> U,s,Vh = linalg.svd(B) Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)
>>> sparse.linalg.inv(I) Inverse >>> M,N = B.shape
Other Useful Functions Norm >>> Sig = linalg.diagsvd(s,M,N) Construct sigma matrix in SVD
>>> sparse.linalg.norm(I) Norm LU Decomposition
>>> np.angle(b,deg=True) Return the angle of the complex argument >>> P,L,U = linalg.lu(C) LU Decomposition
>>> g = np.linspace(0,np.pi,num=5) Create an array of evenly spaced values
Solving linear problems
(number of samples) >>> sparse.linalg.spsolve(H,I) Solver for sparse matrices
>>> g [3:] += np.pi
>>> np.unwrap(g) Unwrap Sparse Matrix Decompositions
>>> np.logspace(0,10,3) Create an array of evenly spaced values (log scale) Sparse Matrix Functions
>>> la, v = sparse.linalg.eigs(F,1) Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
>>> np.select([c<4],[c*2]) Return values from a list of arrays depending on >>> sparse.linalg.expm(I) Sparse matrix exponential >>> sparse.linalg.svds(H, 2) SVD
conditions
>>> misc.factorial(a) Factorial
>>> Combine N things taken at k time
>>>
misc.comb(10,3,exact=True)
misc.central_diff_weights(3) Weights for Np-point central derivative Asking For Help DataCamp
>>> misc.derivative(myfunc,1.0) Find the n-th derivative of a function at a point >>> help(scipy.linalg.diagsvd)
>>> np.info(np.matrix) Learn Python for Data Science Interactively
Python for Data Science Cheat Sheet Spans Syntax iterators
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Accessing spans Sentences USUALLY NEEDS THE DEPENDENCY PARSER

Span indices are exclusive. So doc[2:4] is a span starting at doc = nlp("This a sentence. This is another one.")
token 2, up to – but not including! – token 4.
About spaCy # doc.sents is a generator that yields sentence spans
[sent.text for sent in doc.sents]
spaCy is a free, open-source library for advanced Natural doc = nlp("This is a text") # ['This is a sentence.', 'This is another one.']
Language Processing (NLP) in Python. It's designed span = doc[2:4]
specifically for production use and helps you build span.text
applications that process and "understand" large volumes # 'a text'
Base noun phrases NEEDS THE TAGGER AND PARSER
of text. Documentation: spacy.io
doc = nlp("I have a red car")
Creating a span manually
# doc.noun_chunks is a generator that yields spans
[chunk.text for chunk in doc.noun_chunks]
$ pip install spacy # Import the Span object
# ['I', 'a red car']
from spacy.tokens import Span
# Create a Doc object
import spacy
doc = nlp("I live in New York")
# Span for "New York" with label GPE (geopolitical)
span = Span(doc, 3, 5, label="GPE") Label explanations
Statistical models span.text
# 'New York' spacy.explain("RB")
# 'adverb'
Download statistical models spacy.explain("GPE")
Predict part-of-speech tags, dependency labels, named # 'Countries, cities, states'
entities and more. See here for available models: Linguistic features
spacy.io/models
Attributes return label IDs. For string labels, use the
$ python -m spacy download en_core_web_sm attributes with an underscore. For example, token.pos_ . Visualizing
Check that your installed models are up to date If you're in a Jupyter notebook, use displacy.render .
Part-of-speech tags PREDICTED BY STATISTICAL MODEL Otherwise, use displacy.serve to start a web server and
$ python -m spacy validate show the visualization in your browser.
doc = nlp("This is a text.")
Loading statistical models # Coarse-grained part-of-speech tags from spacy import displacy
[token.pos_ for token in doc]
import spacy # ['DET', 'VERB', 'DET', 'NOUN', 'PUNCT']
# Load the installed model "en_core_web_sm" # Fine-grained part-of-speech tags Visualize dependencies
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm") [token.tag_ for token in doc]
# ['DT', 'VBZ', 'DT', 'NN', '.'] doc = nlp("This is a sentence")
displacy.render(doc, style="dep")

Documents and tokens Syntactic dependencies PREDICTED BY STATISTICAL MODEL

doc = nlp("This is a text.")

Processing text # Dependency labels
Processing text with the nlp object returns a Doc object [token.dep_ for token in doc]
that holds all information about the tokens, their linguistic # ['nsubj', 'ROOT', 'det', 'attr', 'punct']
features and their relationships # Syntactic head token (governor)
[token.head.text for token in doc]
# ['is', 'is', 'text', 'is', 'is']
doc = nlp("This is a text")
Visualize named entities
Accessing token attributes Named entities PREDICTED BY STATISTICAL MODEL
doc = nlp("Larry Page founded Google")
doc = nlp("This is a text") doc = nlp("Larry Page founded Google") displacy.render(doc, style="ent")
# Token texts # Text and label of named entity span
[token.text for token in doc] [(ent.text, ent.label_) for ent in doc.ents]
# ['This', 'is', 'a', 'text'] # [('Larry Page', 'PERSON'), ('Google', 'ORG')]
Word vectors and similarity Extension attributes Rule-based matching
To use word vectors, you need to install the larger models Custom attributes that are registered on the global Doc ,
ending in md or lg , for example en_core_web_lg . Token and Span classes and become available as ._ . Token patterns
# "love cats", "loving cats", "loved cats"
Comparing similarity
from spacy.tokens import Doc, Token, Span pattern1 = [{"LEMMA": "love"}, {"LOWER": "cats"}]
doc1 = nlp("I like cats") doc = nlp("The sky over New York is blue") # "10 people", "twenty people"
doc2 = nlp("I like dogs") pattern2 = [{"LIKE_NUM": True}, {"TEXT": "people"}]
# Compare 2 documents # "book", "a cat", "the sea" (noun + optional article)
doc1.similarity(doc2) Attribute extensions WITH DEFAULT VALUE pattern3 = [{"POS": "DET", "OP": "?"}, {"POS": "NOUN"}]
# Compare 2 tokens
# Register custom attribute on Token class
doc1[2].similarity(doc2[2])
# Compare tokens and spans
Token.set_extension("is_color", default=False) Operators and quantifiers
# Overwrite extension attribute with default value
doc1[0].similarity(doc2[1:3])
doc[6]._.is_color = True Can be added to a token dict as the "OP" key.

Accessing word vectors ! Negate pattern and match exactly 0 times.

# Vector as a numpy array
doc = nlp("I like cats")
# The L2 norm of the token's vector
doc[2].vector
doc[2].vector_norm
Pipeline components
Functions that take a Doc
Property extensions WITH GETTER & SETTER
? Make pattern optional and match 0 or 1 times.
# Register custom attribute on Doc class
get_reversed = lambda doc: doc.text[::-1] + Require pattern to match 1 or more times.
Doc.set_extension("reversed", getter=get_reversed)
* Allow pattern to match 0 or more times.
# Compute value of extension attribute with getter
doc._.reversed
# 'eulb si kroY weN revo yks ehT'
Glossary
Method extensions CALLABLE METHOD Tokenization Segmenting text into words, punctuation etc.
Lemmatization Assigning the base forms of words, for example:
object, modify it and return it. # Register custom attribute on Span class
"was" → "be" or "rats" → "rat".
has_label = lambda span, label: span.label_ == label
Span.set_extension("has_label", method=has_label) Sentence Boundary Finding and segmenting individual sentences.
nlp
# Compute value of extension attribute with method Detection

Text tokenizer tagger parser ner ... Doc doc[3:5].has_label("GPE") Part-of-speech (POS) Assigning word types to tokens like verb or noun.
# True Tagging

Dependency Parsing Assigning syntactic dependency labels,

describing the relations between individual
Pipeline information tokens, like subject or object.
Rule-based matching
nlp = spacy.load("en_core_web_sm") Named Entity Labeling named "real-world" objects, like
nlp.pipe_names Recognition (NER) persons, companies or locations.
# ['tagger', 'parser', 'ner'] Using the matcher Text Classification Assigning categories or labels to a whole
nlp.pipeline
document, or parts of a document.
# [('tagger', <spacy.pipeline.Tagger>), # Matcher is initialized with the shared vocab
# ('parser', <spacy.pipeline.DependencyParser>), from spacy.matcher import Matcher Statistical model Process for making predictions based on
# ('ner', <spacy.pipeline.EntityRecognizer>)] # Each dict represents one token and its attributes examples.
matcher = Matcher(nlp.vocab) Training Updating a statistical model with new examples.
# Add with ID, optional callback and pattern(s)
Custom components
pattern = [{"LOWER": "new"}, {"LOWER": "york"}]
# Function that modifies the doc and returns it matcher.add("CITIES", None, pattern)
def custom_component(doc): # Match by calling the matcher on a Doc object
print("Do something to the doc here!") doc = nlp("I live in New York")
return doc matches = matcher(doc)
# Add the component first in the pipeline # Matches are (match_id, start, end) tuples
nlp.add_pipe(custom_component, first=True) for match_id, start, end in matches: Learn Python for
# Get the matched span by slicing the Doc data science interactively at
span = doc[start:end]
Components can be added first , last (default), or www.datacamp.com
print(span.text)
before or after an existing component. # 'New York'