ENGLISH

1IA13
GROUP 1 :
1. Eka Leonard Sianipar (53414426)
2. Fadhlurrohman (53414753)
3. Firda Azmalia (54414253)
4. Muhammad Ilham Afemi (57414327)
DEPARTMENT OF TECHNIC INFORMATICS
FACULTY OF TECHNIC INDUSTRY
UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA
2014/2015
CONTENTS

Preface
…………………………………………………………………………...
Contents
………………………………………………………………………….
I. Introduction
…………………………………………………………………..
II. Discussion
1. The name and functions of the visual display unit
………………………..
 2. Different types of printer
………………………………………….............
3. Four features of laser printers
……………………………………………..
4. The ways a computer keyboard differ from a conventional typewriter
…...
5. An X-Y plotter
…………………………………………………………….
6. The usual parked position of the plotte
……………………………………
7. Function of the motor drive routine
……………………………………….
III. Conclusion
…………………………………………………………………...
IV. References
……………………………………………………………………
V. Result of Discussion
…………………………………………………………

1
 PREFACE

Thank God we pray to Allah SWT for the blessings of His grace we can accomplish

this task to fulfill the task for mid semester. With the title “Artificial Intelligence”. This paper

was made to understand more deeply the artificial intelligence.

It is inevitable, this paper has gotten a lot of help and support from various parties and

therefore we would like to thank the much as possible to:

1. Parents or guardians who have supported both morally and materially.

2. Ms. Gita Rahmi, MPd as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge
about how to practice English well.
3. Friends who have provided support and can work well together in the making of this
paper.
4. And all those involved directly or indirectly to the completion of this treatise.

We realize that this paper is far from perfection therefore we welcome any
suggestions and constructive criticism that this paper can be better and also be useful for
writers and readers.

2
I. Introduction

The title of this paper is about peripheral. Peripherals devices are the input/output
devices and auxiliary storage units of a computer system. They provide a means of
communication between the computer and outer world. Peripherals are the agents
through which one interacts with a computer, also these are external devices connected to
the CPU in order to provide an interface for the user to interact with the hardware and
perform input/output and memory operations.
The devices which are used to enter data and instruction into computer are known as
Input devices. Some most common input devices are keyboard, mouse, joystick, scanner
etc. The devices which accept results from the users or store results for further
processing are known as output devices. The most commonly used output devices are
CRT terminals, printers, and plotters etc.

II. Discussion
1. The name and functions of the visual display unit
The CRT display is widely known as Visual Display Unit (VDU) used to
display numbers, letters, and graphics. The CRT display is also called CRT
monitors.
There are two technique followed for producing images on the CRT screen :
1. Raster scan.
2. Vector scan/random scan.

The raster scan technique is universally followed in CRT display used in PCs.
In raster scan technique horizontal and vertical deflecting signals are generated to
move the electron beam back and forth across the screen like a raster. The retrace
portion of the raster scan pattern is suppressed (blanked); this is achieved by
reducing intensity of the electron beam during retrace. Complete CRT screen can be
considered to be made of dots or pixels. Any dots can be illuminated by the electron
beam when beam goes through the dot during raster scan processes or it can be made
invisible by reducing the intensity of the electron beam. Characters formed on the
screen area collection of dots which create character like pattern with matrix of dots.

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 Scanning process has to be repeated quickly with in the persistence of the
phosphor so as to present a stable display. Typical horizontal sweep or scan rate of
electron beam for CRT monitor is 15.75 KHz and vertical sweep frequency is 60 or
50 Hz.

Horizontal sweep and vertical sweep of various types of monitor

2. Different types of printer

A printer is an electromechanical device which converts the text and
graphical documents from electronic form to the physical form. Generally they are
the external peripheral devices which are connected with the computers or laptops
through a cable or wirelessly to receive input data and print them on the papers. A
wide range of printers are available with a variety of features ranging from printing
black and white text documents to high quality colored graphic images.
Quality of printers is identified by its features like color quality, speed of
printing, resolution etc. Modern printers come with multipurpose functions i.e. they
are combination of printer, scanner, photocopier, fax, etc. To serve different needs
there are variety of printers available that works on different types of technologies.

Types of Printers

Since the invention of the printing technology, a variety of technologies have

been employed in computer printers. Broadly printers are categorized as impact and
non impact printers. Impact printers are the type of printers in which a key strikes
the paper to make a letter. The examples of Impact printers are Daisy wheel and Dot
matrix printers. While non-impact printers do not operate by striking a head against
a ribbon. Inkjet printers and laser printers are the non-impact printers. The most
popular printers are described.
1. Impact Printers

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 In an impact printer the characters is formed by physical contact of the print
head against an ink ribbon and onto paper. Impact printers rely on a forcible
impact to transfer ink to the media, similar to typewriters, that are typically
limited to reproducing text. A daisy wheel printer is a specific type of impact
printer where the type is molded around the edge of a wheel. A golf ball
typewriter is similar to the daisy wheel type but has the characters distributed
over the face of the globe shape other printers are the dot-matrix, drum, band and
chain printer.

Daisy Wheel Printers

Daisy wheel printers print only characters and symbols and cannot print
graphics. They are generally slow with a printing speed of about 10 to 75
characters per second. By 1980 daisy wheel printers were the dominant printers
for quality printing but since the prices of laser and inkjet printers have declined
and quality of dot matrix printers has been improved, the daisy wheel printers are
now obsolete.
Working of daisy wheel printers is very similar to typewriters. A circular
printing element (known as daisy wheel, shown in the below image) is the heart
of these printers that contains all text, numeric characters and symbols mould on
each petal on the circumference of the circle. The printing element rotates rapidly
with the help of a servo motor and pauses to allow the printing hammer to strike
the character against the paper.

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Dot Matrix Printer
A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of computer
printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by
impact, striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like a
typewriter.
Dot-matrix technology uses a series or matrix of pins to create printed dots
arranged to form characters on a piece of paper. Because the printing involves
mechanical pressure, these printers can create carbon copies and carbonless
copies. The print head mechanism pushes each pin into the ribbon, which
then strikes the paper.

Many offices and government agencies use them because they can make
multiple copies at lowest cost. Although dot matrix printers have been replaced in
most homes and offices by newer, sexier inkjet and laser printers , they still retain
a substantial portion of the market in their niches.

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2. Non-impact

In this type of printer there is no physical contact of the head with the paper
or ribbon. e.g. The laser, thermal, inkjet, and electromagnetic printers. It produces
output with the help of laser beam and inkjet stream.

Inkjet Printer
In this type of printer matrix of smaal ink jets are present on the paper,
when the print head moves across the paper, the jet sprays the ink to form the
letters. It has 48 or 128 pins. Print quality is specified as (dpi) dots per inch. It is
used to produce text and graphics. The rest of the printing mechanism consists of
an arm that moves the cartridge back and forth across the page. Though the
cartridge contains important parts that eventually wear out, you replace it when it
runs out of ink. This is all the maintenance the printer typically needs.

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Laser Printers

Laser printing is the most advance technology. In Laser printing, a

computer sends data to the printer. Printer translates this data into printable image
data. This kind of printers uses xerographic principle. For this purpose, the laser
is turned ON and OFF when it sweeps back and forth across the drum. The image
is produced by applying a toner to the image on the drum and then transferred to
the paper. Its consumable called toner cartridge or laser toner. Then the image is
electrostatic ally transferred from the drum to the paper. A laser printer is a
common type of computer printer that produces high quality printing, and is able
to produce both text and graphics. Laser printers operate by shining a laser beam
to pruduce an image on a drum. The drum is then rolled through a pool, or
reservoir, or toner and the electrically charged portions of the drum pick up ink.
Finally, using a combination of heat and pressure, the ink on the drum is
transferred onto the page. Laser printers print very fast, and the supply catridges
work a long time.

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3. Four features of laser printers

The key features of laser printers are their speed, resolution (fineness of print),
printer language, and paper handling. As they use a non-impact printing technology
laser printers are very quiet, and many users regard the lack of noise as an important
buying criteria for office use. Some laser printers are simplex (print one side of the
paper only), others can print duplex (both sides of the paper). A few laser printers
can print colour images, but most are monochrome devices.

Speed
Laser printers are available in a wide range of speeds. Speed in laser printers is
measured in pages per minute (p.p.m) or images per minute (i.p.m) (an image is one
side of a sheet). These are the same on a simplex (single-sided) printer, but a duplex
(double-sided) printer can have two images on each sheet of paper. As a duplex
printer is basically a single-sided printer with the ability to turn the paper over to
print on the other side, the duplex speed in p.p.m is about half the simplex speed.
The speed quoted by printer manufacturers is a maximum speed, usually the
fastest speed at which the print engine (the mechanical printer mechanism which
moves the paper) can operate. When printing simple pages (pages which do not have
much text or complicated graphics) most printers will achieve the speed claimed by
the manufacturer, however complex pages, with large quantities of text or

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complicated graphics, may require so much processing by the printer controller (the
dedicated computer in a printer which formats data into a printable image) that the
processing time is too long for the printer to run at full speed. This can have a
dramatic effect, it is quite common for printers to run at only 10% of their full speed
when printing complicated pages.
Colour laser printers are a special case when measuring speed, as each colour
requires a separate pass through the printing mechanism. Most Colour laser printers
use four colours, Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Black, and can print in black and
white or colour. When printing in colour they run at a quarter of their black and
white printing speed, so a colour printer which prints 30 p.p.m black and white
would run at about 7.5 p.p.m in colour mode.
Laser printers are normally classed by their speed, there are Personal Printers,
which print around 4 - 5 p.p.m, "Office" or Desktop Printers, which normally fall in
the range 8 - 12 p.p.m, Workgroup Printers, which typically output around 15 - 30
p.p.m, and Production Printers which are very large printers running at 50 p.p.m and
over. The fastest Production Printers available for printing on cut-sheet stationery
(individual sheets of paper) run at 135 p.p.m, but some specialised printers using
continuous stationery (fan-fold paper) can produce over 200 p.p.m.

Resolution
The resolution of a laser printer is the number of individual dots it can print
within a specified area. Laser printers make their images using an array of dots
called a "bitmap image". Most modern laser printers print at 300 x 300 dots per
square inch, i.e.: 90,000 dots. As most printers have the same resolution horizontally
and vertically, this measurement is usually abbreviated to "dots per inch" (d.p.i),
which refers to the resolution in either the horizontal or the vertical axis. Some of the
latest laser printers have a resolution of 600 d.p.i, or 360,000 dots per square inch.
Obviously the greater the resolution, the finer and more detailed image a printer can
produce.
Some older printers used with IBM mainframe computers print at 240 d.p.i,
which was the standard resolution used by I.B.M. printers for many years. There are
other printers with resolutions of 400 d.p.i, and 800 x 400 d.p.i (800 dots
horizontally, 400 vertically), and some specialist printers used in the publishing
industry can produce 1200 x 600 d.p.i.

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 At 300 d.p.i. and coarser resolutions it is possible for the human eye to see the
jagged edge caused by making an image from an array of dots, so with the launch of
its' LaserJet III desktop printer Hewlett-Packard introduced a technique called
"Resolution Enhancement Technology" (RET) which automatically inserts smaller
dots at the edges of lines and characters to smooth out the edge and reduce the
jagged appearance. This technique does not increase the resolution of a printer, but it
can improve the quality of printed image by eliminating rough edges. The resolution
enhancement technique has been copied by many other printers and is generally
referred to as "edge enhancement". RET is a trademark of Hewlett-Packard
Corporation.
Picture of the letter "A" as an array of dots (left). In reality the dots overlap
(right), as they are round or oval this is necessary to avoid small gaps between dots.
Picture of the small dots inserted by the Edge Enhancement process (left), and the
finished effect showing much smoother edges (right).
A few specialist production printers, such as the Xerox 4650, use a technique called
interpolation. The 4650 prints at 600 d.p.i., but for speed it can process images at
300 d.p.i and automatically scale or "interpolate" them to 600 d.p.i. when printing.
This is useful on high speed production printers because a 600 x 600 d.p.i image
contains four times as much data as a 300 x 300 d.p.i image, and thus need four
times the processing power to format the image in a given time.

Printer Language
The language used by a printer is the set of commands it obeys to format data
sent from a computer. These commands are embedded in the data by the computer,
and interpreted by the printer. There are many printer languages, some of these are
explicitly designed for laser printers, some are designed for older, simpler printers,
but can be interpreted by some laser printers for compatibility with old computer
software.
The choice of printer language is very important, as most computer
applications only support a subset of the printer languages in use. IBM mainframe
and minicomputer software usually only supports printer languages proprietary to
I.B.M. In the Macintosh environment most applications output Adobe PostScript, an
industry standard language for describing complex pages. In the P.C. world
applications normally support a range of printer languages including all the "industry

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standard" or commonly used languages, and a handful of older languages designed
for dot-matrix or daisywheel printers.
Printer languages generally fall into two categories, Page Description
Languages (PDLs) and Escape Code languages. Page Description Languages are
generally more versatile and sophisticated allowing more complex pages and
graphics to be created, and are suitable for typographically advanced documents
such as presentation materials, technical manuals, catalogues, advertising brochures
etc.. Page Description Languages are normally used by software packages which
produce sophisticated, highly formatted output, including graphics design programs,
advanced word-processing packages, spreadsheets with extensive charting
capabilities, and desktop publishing packages.
Escape Code languages are generally characterised by the structure of the
commands they use, each command is prefixed by a special code (normally the
Escape code, (1B hexadecimal, 27 decimal) hence the name) to signify that the
following characters are a command, and not data to be printed. Escape Code
languages do not offer the flexibility of PDLs, and are suited to simple documents
such as letters, database printouts, and documents containing simple graphics. Most
Escape Code languages do not offer sophisticated typographic features, so while
they may be able to use a range of different fonts, most Escape Code languages can
only print text in a limited number of sizes, and cannot handle special effects such as
printing text at an angle or on a curved line.
The main disadvantage with Page Description Languages is that they require a
lot of processing power, with the result that PDL printers format data more slowly
than printers using an Escape Code language. The only way of overcoming this is to
make the printer controller more powerful, with the result that most PDL printers are
more expensive than Escape Code Printers. Another disadvantage of PDLs is that
some older applications cannot use PDL printers, so most PDL printers have an
Escape Code language built into them as a fallback contingency.
Laser printers are very attractive to anyone working with graphics because of
their print quality. As a result of this, some laser printers have the ability to emulate
other graphics output devices such as pen plotters. The majority of pen plotters use a
language called HPGL (Hewlett-Packard Graphics Language), and it is common for
a laser printer to offer the ability to use HPGL. As most laser printers are
monochrome, and only handle small paper sizes, whereas most pen plotters are used

12
with coloured pens and very large paper sizes, the laser printer is normally used as a
draft output facility. This is still very valuable, as a complex drawing can easily take
30 minutes to draw on a plotter, while the draft output from a laser printer is
produced in a few seconds. In some specialist graphics applications, such as printed
circuit board design, laser printers are the first choice for printer output because only
monochrome images are required and the print sizes are relatively small.

Paper Handling
Laser printers normally use cut-sheet stationery (there are a very few high
speed printers using continuous stationery). The page size used in most laser printers
is fixed by the size of the paper input tray (the paper container which inserts into the
paper feeder mechanism). Most laser printers are supplied with single-size paper
trays for the standard business stationery, which in North America is "Letter" size
(8.5" x 11"), and in the rest of the world is A4 (210mm x 297mm). Other paper sizes
can be handled using different paper trays, which are normally optional extras, or via
a "manual feed" facility, which allows individual sheets of odd-sized paper to be
used. The manual feed process is cumbersome, as each sheet of paper has to be fed
by hand into the printer. A few models of printer provide an adjustable paper tray
capable of taking a range of paper sizes, either as standard or as an optional extra.
Desktop laser printers generally do not cater for sizes larger than A4 or Letter,
as larger sizes of paper preclude the small footprint which characterises a desktop
printer, but some larger printers will print on A3 or 17" x 11" at half-speed.
In addition to paper, most laser printers will print on other materials including
lightweight card, adhesive labels, and overhead projection transparencies. Individual
models of printer each have their limitations in handling these materials, depending
on the design of the printing mechanism, these limitations are normally specified by
the printer manufacturer in the user manual. Most laser printers will also print on
envelopes using the manual feed facility, and a few printers are available with an
optional envelope feeder which is capable of holding and feeding a stack of
envelopes.
The number and capacity of paper input feeders on a printer varies
enormously, depending on the size and type of printer. The majority of personal
printers provide one input feeder holding about 100 sheets of standard paper, and a
manual feed facility. Paper feeders on larger printers tend to be correspondingly

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 larger, office printers typically hold 250 sheets per tray, and often allow two trays to
be loaded at once. Workgroup printers sometimes have special "high capacity
feeders", motor-driven paper feeders holding around 1,000 sheets. Large production
printers may have several motor-driven feeders holding up to 2,500 sheets each (a 90
p.p.m production printer can use 5,000 sheets in an hour).

4. The ways a computer keyboard differ from a conventional typewriter

Mechanically, a manual typewriter (and some electric ones) has a full linkage
assembly to attach each key to the hardware that strikes the page. That needs to be
maintained - including cleaning and oiling as part of regular maintenance. The keys
are stacked in a stadium configuration. The 'QWERTY" row is physically higher
than the "ASDF" row, and so on.  The doo-dad is the "carriage" - a typewriter will
have a carriage, an ink ribbon, a carriage return (maybe more than one)
The shift-lock physically locks the entire strike area in a different position. 
Keyboards are usually flat, and have no moving parts other than the keys. 

Logically, a computer keyboard can send keys for any of the thousands of
ASCII characters, in any font in any size. A typewriter usually has only one "font"-
even the fancy IBM Selectrics required that a user physically changed a handball-
sized metal ball with the physical typeset layout on it. 
Backspace was pretty useless; only some electric keyboards used anything like
"erase" - they just re-typed the letter using white ink. 

There is no numlock or even a number pad on a typewriter. 

There is no F-key row, esc,ctrl, alt, windows key, arrow keys, print screen, page
up/dn etc.  A typewriter is usually a mechanical device that uses springs and levers
to cause a typebar or ball with a fixed font to strike a ribbon - pushing ink against the
paper to receive the type. Pressure can be adjusted - as can the paper thickness - to
accommodate envelopes or multipart forms. 

A computer keyboard is a digital device, designed only to take 'input' when a

key makes electrical contact, or just when the key is pressed and causes a change in

14
 capacitance behind it. The keyboard converts that electrical input to a digital output.
That output needs to be interpreted by a computer & software before your keystrike
means anything at all.  Physically & mechanically, the typewriter can only produce
about 100 (max) different "glyphs" or characters typed - physically changing the
typeset still limited you to a different 100 or so characters. 

A computer keyboard will let you compose thousands of possible characters,

first by using key combinations (control combinations, or alt combos) OR by
programming macros into the keyboard, or by the way software interprets the
keyboard input.  If you try to hit multiple keys at the same time on a typewriter - you
just jam up the keys.  Typewriters also limit the speed of typing, because there are
moving parts. There is a limit to how fast the key can strike the ribbon & page, the
carriage advances, the key returns to a neutral position, and a new key can strike the
page. I've heard of super-typists that could approach 180-200 wpm, but that was
probably the upper limit on an electric typewriter. (opinion) 
Keyboards still have limits - but the limit is in how fast a user can make useful
movements with their fingers. 

5. An X-Y plotter

An X–Y plotter is a plotter that operates in two axes of motion ("X" and "Y")
in order to draw continuous vector graphics. The term was used to differentiate it
from standard plotters which had control only of the "y" axis, the "x" axis being
continuously fed to provide a plot of some variable with time. Plotters differ
from Inkjet and Laser printers in that a plotter draws a continuous line, much like a
pen on paper, while inkjet and laser printers use a very fine matrix of dots to form
images, such that while a line may appear continuous to the naked eye, it in fact is a
discrete set of points.

15
6. Function of the motor drive routine

H-Bridge Motor Driver is a circuit composed of a transistor is used to drive a DC

motor. Its main components are installed in accordance with the transistor
characteristics.

At the time of input A logic 1, then there is current flowing in the circuit, as a result
of transistors 1 and 3 ON because the base is biased, so that the motor rotates. At the
time of input B logic 1, then there is current flowing in the circuit, as a result of
transistor 2 and 4 ON because the base is biased, so that the motor rotates but in the

16
 opposite direction. At the time of making the circuit, if the input A is logic 1, the
input B must be logic 0 and so on. So that the circuit can work well and also that the
transistor is not easily broken. So there is only one input logic is 1 while the other
logic is 0.

III. Conclusion

The CRT display is widely known as Visual Display Unit (VDU) used to display
numbers, letters, and graphics. The CRT display is also called CRT monitors.

Since the invention of the printing technology, a variety of technologies have been
employed in computer printers. Broadly printers are categorized as impact and non
impact printers. Impact printers are the type of printers in which a key strikes the paper
to make a letter. The examples of Impact printers are Daisy wheel and Dot matrix
printers. While non-impact printers do not operate by striking a head against a ribbon.
Inkjet printers and laser printers are the non-impact printers. The most popular printers
are described.

The key features of laser printers are their speed, resolution (fineness of print),
printer language, and paper handling. As they use a non-impact printing technology laser
printers are very quiet, and many users regard the lack of noise as an important buying
criteria for office use. Some laser printers are simplex (print one side of the paper only),
others can print duplex (both sides of the paper). A few laser printers can print colour
images, but most are monochrome devices.

An X–Y plotter is a plotter that operates in two axes of motion ("X" and "Y") in
order to draw continuous vector graphics.

A three-wire DC has three input wires: the red wire is usually connected to the
power supply, the black wire is usually connected to the ground and the white/yellow
wire is usually connected to the controlling signal. One of the simplest way to test/drive a
servo motor is to generatea pulse using a function generator. The pulse can be be
generated using the square wave function of the function generator.

IV. References

17
 Snehi. Jyoti. 2006.Computer Peripherals and Interfacing.New Delhi:Laxmi
Publications (P) LTD

http://smallbusiness.chron.com/different-types-printers-55091.html

http://mechatronics.mech.northwestern.edu/design_ref/actuators/servo_moto
r_drive.html

V. Result of Discussion

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