 Irfan Ahmed PP-18020

 Syed Moeen Qadri PP-18034

 Muhammad Ashas Waseem PP-18001
Drought
 EARTH MARS
Distance from sun 150Gm 229Gm
Atmosphere 101.3kPa 0.6kPa
78% N2 95% CO2
21% O2 3% N2
1% Ar 2% Ar

Temperature 185 – 331K 133 – 293K

Mean: 287K (14°C) Mean: 210K (-63°C)

Length of Solar day 24hr 1SOL (24hr 40min)

Length of year 365.25 days 687days

Mars is by far our best choice for
colonization:
 Close to Earth (and asteroids)
 Warmth and light
 Length of day
 Has seasons like Earth
 Resources – atmosphere,
 water, metals
 Potential for terraforming
 Cold!
 Very thin and toxic atmo.
 Water frozen solid.
 High radiation.
 Low gravity.
 Long way from home.
 No shops!
 Making Mars environment hospitable to
organisms from Earth.
 Detonate nuclear devices on Mars’s
poles, vaporising its’ frozen ice caps,
releasing a colossal amount of water
vapour and CO² into the Martian
atmosphere.
 This will cause a runaway greenhouse
effect.
 Temperature.
 Pressure.
 Oxygen.
 Water.
 Radiation.
 Create global warming using
PFC(perfluorocarbons) – a powerful
greenhouse gas.
 Use mirrors in space to reflect more
sunlight onto Mars.
 Currently 95% carbon dioxide(Oxygen
masks necessary)
 • Photosynthetic plants (CO2 - O2)–
Genetic engineering
 Photosynthetic micro-organisms (CO2 -
O2)
Mars is there, waiting to be reached “
– Buzz Aldrin
Muhammad Ashas Waseem
PP-18001
 The biggest challenge is the mass of the
payload needed to make the journey.

 We still talk about launching something into

space being like launching its weight in
gold.

 The payload mass is usually just a small

percentage of the total mass of the launch
vehicle.
 Another challenge, intimately connected
with fuel, is time.

 A Hohmann transfer between Earth and

Mars takes around 259 days and is only
possible approximately every two years

 A spacecraft could reach Mars in a shorter

time (SpaceX is claiming six months).
 The atmosphere on Mars is about 100 times
thinner than Earth’s.

 Some missions have landed with the help of

airbags while others have used thrusters.

 They include NASA’s Pathfinder mission &

NASA’s Phoenix mission.
 A Martian day lasts 24 hours and 37 minutes
but the similarities with Earth stop there.

 Mars has a maximum temperature of 30℃,

which sounds quite pleasant, but its
minimum temperature is -140℃

 The average winter temperature at the

Earth’s South Pole is about -49℃.
 The final challenge is the return journey and
getting people safely back to Earth.

 Apollo 11 entered Earth’s atmosphere at

about 40,000km/h.

 Spacecraft returning from Mars will have re-

entry velocities from 47,000km/h to
54,000km/h, depending on the orbit they
use to arrive at Earth.
 Life on Mars would be possible and
several simulation trials have already
been done on Earth to see how people
would cope with such an existence.
We just need to spend the time and the
money and bring it all together.
Mission accomplished!!!