2nd Reading

March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Journal of Algebra and Its Applications

(2022) 2250113 (13 pages)
c World Scientific Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0219498822501134

Some properties of LPVDs and T -LPVDs

by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Jin Xie
College of Mathematical Sciences
Sichuan Normal University
Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
xiejin fighting@126.com
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Received 4 June 2020

Revised 20 October 2020
Accepted 16 December 2020
Published 8 March 2021

Communicated by E. Kwak

In this paper, we study the pullbacks of LPVDs (respectively, t-LPVDs). We also study
the homological properties of LPVDs (respectively, t-LPVDs). More specifically, it is
proved that the only possible weak global dimensions (respectively, w-weak global dimen-
sions) of an LPVD (respectively, a t-LPVD) are 0, 1, 2, and ∞.

Keywords: LPVD; t-LPVD; pullbacks; weak global dimension; w-weak global dimension.

Mathematics Subject Classification 2020: 13C15, 13D03

1. Introduction
Throughout this paper, R denotes an integral domain and K denotes the quotient
field of R. We use w.gl.dim(R) to denote the classical weak global dimension of R.
Multiplicative ideal theory is an important tool for characterizing integral
domains. Especially, star operations, which emerged in 1960s, play a key tool to
generalize Noetherian domains. With the appearance of star operations, many clas-
sical results in multiplicative ideal theory can be considered in the framework of the
unified treatment of star operation theory. Thereinto, the classical star operations
include the v-operation and the t-operation, but they cannot be used to deal with
the problems related to homological algebra and the category of modules. Then, in
1997, Wang and McCasland [15] broke it with the introduction of the w-operation
on an integral domain. Star operation theory can be organically combined with
homological algebra theory since then, and the corresponding w-homological the-
ory can be established. Recall that an integral domain R is said to be a Prüfer
v-multiplication domain (PvMD for short) if every nonzero finitely generated ideal
I is w-invertible, that is, there is a fractional ideal B of R such that (IB)w = R. As

2250113-1
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

J. Xie

an example of the successful combination of star operation theory and homological

algebra, the w-weak global dimensions provide PvMDs with an explicit homologi-
cal characterization corresponding to Prüfer domains. That is, an integral domain
R is a Prüfer domain if and only if w.gl.dim(R) ≤ 1; R is a PvMD if and only
if w-w.gl.dim(R) ≤ 1 [16, Theorem 3.5]. It is worth noting that there was almost
no homological characterization of PvMDs before the introduction of the notion
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

of w-weak global dimension, mainly because PvMDs originated from multiplica-

tive ideal theory. Hence, an integral domain R with w-w.gl.dim(R) ≤ 1 has been
characterized clearly. The original motivation for this work is to give a nontrivial
example of an integral domain R with w-w.gl.dim(R) = 2. To do so, we recall the
notion of a pseudo-valuation domain.
Pseudo-valuation domains, as a good generalization of valuation domains (VDs
for short), were introduced by Hedstrom and Houston [9]. An ideal p of an integral
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

domain R is said to be strongly prime if whenever xy ∈ p, where x, y ∈ K, we

have either x ∈ p or y ∈ p. Obviously, every strongly prime ideal must be a prime
ideal. Following [9], an integral domain R is called a pseudo-valuation domain (PVD
for short) if every prime ideal of R is strongly prime. Whereafter, in order to find
out whether PVDs admit a global counterpart, forming a class of semi-normal
domains intermediate between Prüfer domains and locally divided domains, Dobbs
and Fontana [7] introduced the concept of a locally pseudo-valuation domain which
generalizes a PVD to the case of a non-quasi-local ring. An integral domain R
is called a locally pseudo-valuation domain (LPVD for short) if Rm is a PVD for
each maximal ideal m of R. It is clear that Prüfer domains are LPVDs. Let R be
an integral domain, K be the quotient field of R and F (R) be the set of nonzero
fractional ideals of R. By [14], the classical star operation v is defined as Iv =
(I −1 )−1 for any I ∈ F (R), where I −1 = {x ∈ K | xI ⊆ R}. It is well known that,
rings of the form R[X]Nv have many interesting ring-theoretic properties, where
R[x] is the polynomial ring over R, Nv = {f ∈ R[X] | f = 0 and (c(f ))v = R} and
c(f ) is the fractional ideal of R generated by the coefficients of f . For instance, R
is a PvMD if and only if R[X]Nv is a Prüfer domain [12, Theorem 3.7]. Also, R is a
Krull domain if and only if R[X]Nv is a principal ideal domain [11, Theorem 22.7].

Let A be a submodule of K, define At = {Bv |B is taken over all finitely generated
fractional subideal of A} [14, Example 7.2.4]. Let A be an ideal of R, by [14], A
is called a t-ideal (respectively, w-ideal) if At = A (respectively, Aw = A). The
maximal t-ideals (respectively, maximal w-ideals) are defined naturally. In 2008, in
order to study when rings R[X]Nv are LPVDs, Chang [4] introduced the concept
of a t-locally pseudo-valuation domain. An integral domain R is called a t-locally
pseudo-valuation domain (t-LPVD for short) if Rm is a PVD for each maximal
t-ideal m of R [4, p. 1406]. Note that for a prime ideal m of an integral domain R,
m is a maximal w-ideal if and only if m is a maximal t-ideal [14, Theorem 7.3.4].
Hence an integral domain R is a t-LPVD if and only if Rm is a PVD for each
maximal w-ideal m of R. Therefore, t-LPVDs are considered to be the w-version of

2250113-2
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Some properties of LPVDs and t-LPVDs

LPVDs. Chang proved that R[X]Nv is an LPVD if and only if R is a t-LPVD and
R is a UMT domain; if and only if R[X] is a t-LPVD [4, Theorem 3.8].
By [9], any PVD is quasi-local. In addition, the name “pseudo-valuation domain”
is justified mainly because if a quasi-local domain (R, M ) is a PVD but not a
VD, then R has a unique valuation overring V = M −1 with maximal ideal M
[9, Theorem 2.7]. This good property of a PVD makes itself a pullback of rings.
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Namely, if a quasi-local domain (R, M ) is a PVD, then (RDT F, M ) is a pullback

of rings, where D = R/M , T = V = M −1 and F = V /M [1, Proposition 2.6].
On the other hand, Dobbs [5] studied the weak global dimension of a PVD and
got a nice result. Let (R, M ) be a PVD but not a VD. Then, M = M 2 if and
only if w.gl.dim(R) = 2; M = M 2 if and only if w.gl.dim(R) = ∞ [5, Theorem 2.3].
For a quasi-local domain (R, M ), by [14, Example 3.6.15, Theorem 3.7.13, Corollary
3.7.23], w.gl.dim(R) = 0 if and only if R is a field; w.gl.dim(R) ≤ 1 if and only if R is
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

a VD. That is, the only possible weak global dimensions of a PVD are 0, 1, 2 and ∞.
Then, it is natural to ask, for the pullbacks and the only possible weak global
dimensions of PVDs above-mentioned, whether LPVDs (resp., t-LPVDs) also have
such good corresponding properties. Note that LPVDs (respectively, t-LPVDs) do
not naturally become pullbacks of rings like PVDs. Therefore, in Sec. 2, we study
the basic diagram pullbacks of LPVDs, the Milnor squares of type D +M of LPVDs
and the general Milnor squares of LPVDs. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of
type I. We show that R is an LPVD if and only if D and T are LPVDs and TM is
a VD. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type II. We show that R is an LPVD
if and only if D is a field and T is an LPVD. On the other hand, for the pullbacks
of t-LPVDs, Chang provided t-LPVDs with the Milnor squares of type D + M in
2008, i.e. let V = K + M be a VD and R = D + M , where K is a field, M is a
nonzero maximal ideal of V , and D is a proper subring of K, then R is a t-LPVD
if and only if D is a t-LPVD with quotient field K or D is a field [4, Proposition
3.5(3)]. Here, we further study the basic diagram pullbacks of t-LPVDs and the
general Milnor squares of t-LPVDs. More precisely, let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor
square of type I. We show that R is a t-LPVD if and only if D and T are t-LPVDs
and TM is a VD. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type II. We show that R
is a t-LPVD if and only if D is a field, T is a t-LPVD and TM is a PVD.
In Sec. 3, the weak global dimensions (respectively, w-weak global dimensions) of
LPVDs (respectively, t-LPVDs) are studied. Let Max(R) (respectively, w-Max(R))
denote the set of all maximal ideals (respectively, w-ideals) of a ring R. It is shown
that LPVDs (respectively, t-LPVDs), even though with weaker conditions than
PVDs, still have such the same possible weak global dimensions (respectively, w-
weak global dimensions) as PVDs, i.e. the only possible values of the weak global
dimensions (respectively, w-weak global dimensions) of an LPVD (respectively, a
t-LPVD) are 0, 1, 2, and ∞, that correspond to the results of Dobbs [5]. More
precisely, let R be an LPVD (respectively, a t-LPVD) but not a Prüfer domain
(respectively, PvMD). Then w.gl.dim(R) (respectively, w-w.gl.dim(R)) = 2 or ∞:

2250113-3
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

J. Xie

(1) w.gl.dim(R) (respectively, w-w.gl.dim(R)) = 2 if and only if M RM = M 2 RM

for any M ∈ Max(R) (respectively, w-Max(R)) with RM not a VD. (2) w.gl.dim(R)
(respectively, w-w.gl.dim(R)) = ∞ if and only if M RM = M 2 RM for some M ∈
Max(R) (respectively, w-Max(R)) with RM not a VD (Theorems 3.1 and 3.5).
As an application, we give a nontrivial example of an integral domain R with w-
w.gl.dim(R) = 2 (Example 3.7).
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

For easy reference, we review some definitions and notations. Let (RDT F ) be
the following commutative diagram of rings and ring homomorphisms:
p2
R /T
p1 g2
 
D /F ,
g1
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

where one of g1 and g2 is an epimorphism (we always assume that g2 is an epimor-

phism, so is p1 ). If for (d, t) ∈ D × T with g1 (d) = g2 (t), there is a unique r ∈ R
such that p1 (r) = d and p2 (r) = t, then the ring R is called a pullback of D and
T over F , or simply (RDT F ) is a pullback of rings. Let (RDT F ) be a pullback
of rings. If p2 is a monomorphism, then g1 is also a monomorphism. In this case,
the pullback diagram (RDT F ) is called a Cartesian square, and we can think that
M = Ker(g2 ) is a common ideal of R and T . Indeed, D ∼ = R/M and F ∼ = T /M . So
we also express a Cartesian square as (RDT F, M ). Let (RDT F, M ) be a Cartesian
square. Then (RDT F, M ) is called a Milnor square if F is a field and both D and
T are integral domains. At this point, M is a (nonzero) maximal ideal of T , which
is also a prime ideal of R. For a Milnor square, we denote by L the quotient field of
D. If F = L, then the Milnor square is said to be of type I; and if F = L, then the
Milnor square is said to be of type II. Furthermore, the most common Milnor square
is the so-called D + M construction. Let T be an integral domain, M be a nonzero
maximal ideal of T , F be a subfield of T and F ∼ = T /M . At this time, T = F + M .
If F contains a proper subring D, then R = D + M is a subring of T . In this case,
(RDT F, M ) is a Milnor square, we call it a Milnor square of type D + M .
Let J be an ideal of the commutative ring R. Following [17], J is called a Glaz–
Vasconcelos ideal (a GV-ideal for short) if J is finitely generated and the natural
homomorphism ϕ : R → J ∗ = HomR (J, R) is an isomorphism. It is clear that
the set GV(R) of GV-ideals of R is a multiplicative system of ideals of R. Let M
be an R-module. Define torGV (M ) = {x ∈ M | Jx = 0 for some J ∈ GV(R)}.
Thus torGV (M ) is a submodule of M . If torGV (M ) = M , then M is called a GV-
torsion module, and if torGV (M ) = 0, then M is called a GV-torsion-free module.
A GV-torsion-free module M is called a w-module if Ext1R (R/J, M ) = 0 for any
J ∈ GV(R). Let M and N be R-modules and let f : M → N be a homomorphism.
Following [14], f is called a w-monomorphism (respectively, w-epimorphism, w-
isomorphism) if fm : Mm → Nm is a monomorphism (respectively, an epimorphism,
an isomorphism) for all m ∈ w-Max(R). A sequence A → B → C of R-modules and

2250113-4
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Some properties of LPVDs and t-LPVDs

R-homomorphisms is said to be w-exact if the induced sequence Am → Bm → Cm

is exact for any maximal w-ideal m of R. An R-module M is said to be w-flat if for
any w-monomorphism f : A → B, the induced homomorphism 1M ⊗ f : M ⊗R A →
M ⊗R B is a w-monomorphism. Certainly, flat modules are w-flat. Let M be an
R-module. Following [16], w-fdR (M ) ≤ n (w-fd abbreviates w-flat dimension) if
there is a w-exact sequence of R-modules: 0 → Fn → · · · → F1 → F0 → M → 0
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

(), where each Fi is w-flat. The w-weak global dimension of a ring R is defined by
w-w.gl.dim(R) = sup{w-fdR (M )|M is an R-module}.
For unexplained terminologies and notations, we refer to [4, 7, 9, 10, 14].

2. The Pullbacks of LPVDs (Respectively, t-LPVDs)

Since the concept of (t-)LPVDs is a generalization of the concept of PVDs by local-
ization at any maximal (w-)ideal, the study of the properties of (t-)LPVDs needs
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

to learn from PVDs. We first review the concept of the basic diagram pullbacks in
[6, 8]. Let R be the pullback of D and V over V /P as following:
V
π

D / V /P ,
i

where V is a VD with maximal ideal P and D is an integral domain (but not a

field) with quotient field V /P . Such a pullback is called a basic diagram pullback
and denoted by (V, P, D). For a basic diagram pullback (V, P, D), by [8, Basic
Construction 3.3], V = RP , D = R/P , V /P = RP /P , and P = P RP .
Let R be a basic diagram pullback (V, P, D), Dobbs proved that R is a PVD if
and only if D is a PVD [6, Lemma 4.5(v)]. We now generalize this result to LPVDs.
Proposition 2.1. Let R be a basic diagram pullback (V, P, D), then R is an LPVD
if and only if D is an LPVD.

Proof. The necessity follows from [7, Remark 2.4(e)]. We now give the proof of the
sufficiency. Let D be an LPVD. In order to prove that R is an LPVD, we prove: For
any maximal ideal M of R, RM is a PVD. By the hypothesis, (RDV V /P, P ) is a
Milnor square of type I. Hence, by [14, Theorem 8.3.6], M is comparable to P . Since
the maximality of M , P  M , by localization at S = R − M and [14, Lemma 8.3.8],
we have a Milnor square (RM DM V V /P, P ), for convenience, we denote (R/P )M/P
by DM because D = R/M . Thus, DM is a PVD since M/P is a maximal ideal of
D = R/P . On the other hand, V /P is also the quotient field of DM since D and
DM have the same quotient field. Moreover, it is clear that DM is not a field.
Then, (RM DM V V /P, P ) is also a pullback of a basic diagram. Thus, RM is a PVD
by [6, Lemma 4.5(v)]. Therefore, R is an LPVD.

In [6], Dobbs also provided PVDs with the Milnor squares of type D + M . Let
V = K + M be a VD and R = D + M , where K is a field, M is a nonzero maximal

2250113-5
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

J. Xie

ideal of V , and D is a proper subring of K. Then R is a PVD if and only if D is

a PVD with quotient field K or D is a field [6, Proposition 4.9(i)]. Now, we study
the Milnor squares of type D + M of LPVDs.

Proposition 2.2. Let V = K + M be a VD and R = D + M, where K is a field,

M is a nonzero maximal ideal of V, and D is a proper subring of K. Then R is an
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

LPVD if and only if either D is an LPVD with quotient field K or D is a field.

Proof. We first give the proof of the necessity. Let R be an LPVD, and assume
that D is not a field. Let P be a maximal ideal of D. Then P + M is a maximal
ideal of R by [2, Proposition 2.1(4)], RP +M = DP + M by [3, Theorem 2.1(g)],
and RP +M is a PVD by assumption. Hence, DP is a PVD with quotient field K
by [6, Proposition 4.9(i)]. Therefore, D is an LPVD with quotient field K. Now,
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

we prove the sufficiency. If D is a field, then R is a PVD by [6, Proposition 4.9(i)].

On the other hand, we assume that D is an LPVD with quotient field K, then the
proof is completed by Proposition 2.1.

Now we discuss the general Milnor squares of LPVDs.

Lemma 2.3. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square. If T is a quasi-local ring and D

is a field, then R is a PVD if and only if T is a PVD.

Proof. It is clear that M is a common maximal ideal of R and T . Then by the

hypothesis and [14, Corollary 8.3.7], (R, M ) is a quasi-local ring. Then by [14,
Proposition 8.3.1(1)], R and T have the same quotient field K. Therefore, the proof
is completed by [9, Theorem 1.4].

Lemma 2.4. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type I, where T is a quasi-local

ring. Then R is a PVD if and only if D is a PVD and T is a VD.

Proof. The sufficiency follows from [6, Lemma 4.5(v)]. Thus we prove the necessity.
By [6, Lemma 4.5(i)], D is a PVD. Then by the hypothesis and [9, Proposition 2.6],
RM is a VD. Thus by [14, Exercise 1.17, Lemma 8.3.8, Theorem 8.3.10], T = TM =
RM is a VD.

Lemma 2.5. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type II, where T is a quasi-local
ring. Then R is a PVD if and only if D is a field and T is a PVD.

Proof. The sufficiency follows from Lemma 2.3. Thus we prove the necessity. It is
clear that T is a PVD since R and T have the same quotient field. If M ∈ Max(R),
then D is a field. If M ∈/ Max(R), then by [9, Proposition 2.6], (RM , M RM ) is a
VD. Thus M RM = M TM = M since T is quasi-local. Moreover, by localization at

2250113-6
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Some properties of LPVDs and t-LPVDs

M , we have a Milnor square of type II:

RM /T

 
RM /M RM / F.
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Hence (T, M ) is a VD since RM is a VD. Therefore, by [9, Theorem 2.7], RM = T ,

which contradicts the fact that (RM RM /M RM T F, M RM ) is a Milnor square of
type II.

Next, we discuss the pullbacks of LPVDs.

Lemma 2.6. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square. If R is an LPVD, then D and

J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

T are LPVDs.

Proof. Suppose that R is an LPVD. By [7, Remarks 2.4(e)], D is an LPVD. Since

(RM DM TM F, M TM ) is a Milnor square, where RM is a PVD, DM = RM /M RM is
a field, and TM is a quasi-local ring. Thus by Lemma 2.3, TM is a PVD. Moreover,
for any Q ∈ Max(T ) with Q = M , set P = Q ∩ R. It is clear that P ∈ Spec(R).
Then, by [14, Proposition 8.3.1], RP = TQ is a PVD. Hence, T is an LPVD.

Theorem 2.7. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type I. Then R is an LPVD

if and only if D and T are LPVDs and TM is a VD.

Proof. We first prove the necessity. By Lemma 2.6, D and T are LPVDs. By
the hypothesis, there is an ideal P ∈ Max(R) such that M  P . Moreover, by
localization at P , we have a Milnor square of type I:
RP / TM

 
RP /M RP / F,

where RP /M RP is not a field, RP is a PVD. Then by Lemma 2.4, TM is a VD.

Now we prove the sufficiency. For any P ∈ Max(R), set S = R − P . If M ⊆ P ,
then by [14, Lemma 8.3.8], we have a Milnor square of type I:
RS / TM

 
DS / F.

Thus DS = DP is a PVD, but not a field. Hence RP is a PVD by Lemma 2.4. If

M  P , set Q(P ) = {x ∈ T | xM ⊆ P }, then Q(P ) ∈ Spec(T ) such that Q(P )∩R =
P by [14, Theorem 8.3.17]. Then M  Q(P ). Thus by [14, Proposition 8.3.1],
RP = TQ(P ) is a PVD. Therefore, R is an LPVD.

2250113-7
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

J. Xie

Lemma 2.8. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square, where D is a field. Then R is

an LPVD if and only if T is an LPVD.

Proof. We only give the proof of the sufficiency. For the proof of the necessity,
see Lemma 2.6. Assume that T is an LPVD. For any P ∈ Spec(R), if M ⊆ P ,
then M = P since D is a field. Thus by [14, Lemma 8.3.8], we have a Milnor
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

square (RM DM TM F, M TM ), where TM is a PVD and DM = RM /M RM is a field.

Therefore, by Lemma 2.3, RM is a PVD. On the other hand, if M  P , set Q(P ) =
(P :T M ) = {x ∈ T | xM ⊆ P }. Then, by [14, Proposition 8.3.17], Q(P ) ∈ Spec(T )
and P = Q(P )∩R. Hence, M  Q(P ). Thus by [14, Proposition 8.3.1], RP = TQ(P )
is a PVD. Therefore, R is an LPVD.

Theorem 2.9. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type II. Then R is an LPVD
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

if and only if D is a field and T is an LPVD.

Proof. The sufficiency follows from Lemma 2.8. Thus we prove the necessity. By
Lemma 2.6, D and T are LPVDs. For any P ∈ Max(D), P = P/M , where P ∈
Max(R), M ⊆ P . Then we have a Milnor square of type II:
RP / TM

 
DP = DP / F,

where RP is a PVD, TM is a quasi-local ring. Then by Lemma 2.5, DP is a field,

whence P = 0. Thus, D is a field.

Example 2.10. Let D = Q + XC[X], where Q is the field of rational numbers and
C is the field of complex numbers. Thus, we have a Milnor square of type II:
Q + XC[X] / C[X]

 
Q / C.

Then by [14, Theorem 8.6.2] and Theorem 2.9, D is an LPVD but not a Prüfer
domain. Set R1 = D + XF [[X]] and R2 = D + XF [X], where F is the quotient field
of D. It is clear that F [[X]] is a VD. Hence by Proposition 2.1, R1 is an LPVD.
Since F [X] is not a VD, thus we cannot use Propositions 2.1 or 2.2 to determine
whether R2 is an LPVD. However, by Theorem 2.7, R2 is an LPVD.
Next, we discuss the pullbacks of t-LPVDs. We first study the basic diagram
pullbacks of t-LPVDs.

Lemma 2.11. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square, then M is a w-ideal of R.

Proof. The proof is completed by [14, Theorem 8.3.3(1)].

2250113-8
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Some properties of LPVDs and t-LPVDs

Lemma 2.12. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square. If R is a t-LPVD, then D and

T are t-LPVDs.

Proof. For any P ∈ w-Max(D), by [14, Theorem 8.3.20], P = P/M , where P ∈ w-

Max(R) and M ⊆ P . Then by [14, Exercise 1.37; 6, Lemma 4.5], DP = DP =
RP /MP is a PVD, thus D is a t-LPVD. Now we prove that T is also a t-LPVD.
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

For any Q ∈ w-Max(T ), by [14, Theorem 7.7.4, Theorem 8.3.19], P = Q ∩ R is a

prime w-ideal of R. If M = Q, then RP = TQ is a PVD by [14, Proposition 8.3.1].
If M = Q, then we have a Milnor square (RM DM TQ F, M RM ), in which RM is
a PVD and DM is a field. Then by Lemma 2.3, TQ is a PVD. Hence, T is also a
t-LPVD.

Proposition 2.13. Let R be a basic diagram pullback (V, P, D). Then R is a t-

J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

LPVD if and only if D is a t-LPVD.

Proof. By the hypothesis, (RDV V /P, P ) is a Milnor square. Hence the neces-
sity follows immediately from Lemma 2.12. Thus we prove the sufficiency. Let
D be a t-LPVD, we will prove that RM is a PVD for any M ∈ w-Max(R). By
the hypothesis and [14, Theorem 8.3.6], we have that M is comparable to P . If
M ⊆ P , by the maximality of M , P = M . Hence, RM = RP = V is a VD. If
P  M , then by [14, Lemma 8.3.8], we have a Milnor square (RM DM V V /P, P ).
Then by [14, Theorem 8.3.20], M/P is a maximal w-ideal of D = R/P . Thus
by [14, Exercises 1.37], DM = (R/P )M/P is a PVD. Since D and DM have the
same quotient field V /P and DM is not a field, thus (RM DM V V /P, P ) is also a
basic diagram pullback. Then by [6, Lemma 4.5(v)], RM is a PVD. Hence, R is
a t-LPVD.

Now we discuss the general Milnor squares of t-LPVDs.

Lemma 2.14. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square. Then M ∈ Max(R) if and only
if M ∈ w-Max(R).

Proof. The necessity follows immediately from Lemma 2.11. Thus we prove the
sufficiency. Let M ∈ w-Max(R) then by [14, Theorem 8.3.20], M/M = 0 ∈ w-
Max(D). Therefore, for any x ∈ D − 0, (0 + Dx)w = D. Thus, there is an ideal
J ∈ GV(D) such that J ⊆ Dx. Thus x−1 ∈ (Dx)−1 ⊆ J −1 = D. Hence D is a field.
Therefore M ∈ Max(R).

Theorem 2.15. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type I. Then R is a t-LPVD

if and only if D and T are t-LPVDs and TM is a VD.

Proof. We first prove the necessity. By Lemma 2.12, D and T are t-LPVDs.
By assumption, D is not a field, so M ∈/ Max(R), whence M ∈ / w-Max(R) by
Lemma 2.14. Then by [14, Theorem 6.2.14], there is an ideal P ∈ w-Max(R) such

2250113-9
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

J. Xie

that M  P . Then by localization at P , we have a Milnor square of type I:

RP / TM

 
DP / F,
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

where DP = DP is not a field and RP is a PVD. Then by Lemma 2.4, TM is a VD.

Now we prove the sufficiency. For any P ∈ w-Max(R), set S = R − P . If M ⊆ P ,
then P = P/M ∈ w-Max(D). Thus by [14, Lemma 8.3.8], we have a Milnor square
of type I:
RS / TM


J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com


DS / F.

Then by Lemma 2.14, DS = DP is a PVD but not a field. Hence RP is a PVD by

Lemma 2.4. If M  P , set Q(P ) = {x ∈ T | xM ⊆ P }, then Q(P ) ∈ w-Max(T )
such that Q(P ) ∩ R = P by [14, Theorems 8.3.17 and 8.3.19(2)]. Then M  Q(P ).
Thus by [14, Proposition 8.3.1], RP = TQ(P ) is a PVD. Therefore, R is a t-LPVD.

Theorem 2.16. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type II. Then R is a t-

LPVD if and only if D is a field, T is a t-LPVD and TM is a PVD.

Proof. We first prove the necessity. By Lemma 2.12, D and T are t-LPVDs. For
any P ∈ w-Max(D), P = P/M , where P ∈ w-Max(R), M ⊆ P . Then we have a
Milnor square of type II:
RP / TM

 
DP = DP / F,

where RP is a PVD, TM is a quasi-local ring. Then by Lemma 2.5, DP is a field,

TM is a PVD. Hence P = 0 and thus M = P . By Lemma 2.14, M ∈ Max(R),
whence D is a field. Now we prove the sufficiency. Since D is a field, M ∈ Max(R).
For any P ∈ w-Max(R), if M ⊆ P , then M = P . Thus we have a Milnor square of
type II:
RM / TM

 
DM / F,

where DM is a field, TM is a PVD. Then by Lemma 2.5, RP = RM is a PVD. On

the other hand, if M  P , then by [14, Theorems 8.3.17 and 8.3.19(2)], Q(P ) =

2250113-10
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Some properties of LPVDs and t-LPVDs

{x ∈ T | xM ⊆ P } ∈ w-Max(T ), such that P = Q(P ) ∩ R and M  Q(P ). Hence

by [14, Proposition 8.3.1], RP = TQ(P ) is a PVD. Therefore, R is a t-LPVD.

3. The Homological Properties of LPVDs (Respectively, t-LPVDs)

We start this section with the homological properties of LPVDs.
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

Theorem 3.1. Let R be an LPVD but not a Prüfer domain. Then w.gl.dim(R) = 2
or ∞. More precisely,

(1) w.gl.dim(R) = 2 if and only if M RM = M 2 RM for any M ∈ Max(R) with RM

not a VD.
(2) w.gl.dim(R) = ∞ if and only if M RM = M 2 RM for some M ∈ Max(R) with
RM not a VD.
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

Proof. Set A1 = {M ∈ Max(R) | RM is a VD}, A2 = {M ∈ Max(R) | RM is not a

VD and M RM = M 2 RM }, and A3 = {M ∈ Max(R) | RM is not a VD and M RM =
 
M 2 RM }. Obviously, Max(R) = A1 A2 A3 , and Ai ∩ Aj = φ, i = j. Thus by [5,
Theorem 2.3], if M ∈ A1 , then w.gl.dim(RM ) ≤ 1; if M ∈ A2 , then w.gl.dim(RM ) =

2; if M ∈ A3 , then w.gl.dim(RM ) = ∞. By the hypothesis, A2 A3 = φ. Hence,
the proof is completed by the fact that w.gl.dim(R) = sup{w.gl.dim(RM )|M ∈
Max(R)}.

Next, we give some applications of Theorem 3.1.

Corollary 3.2. Let (RDT F, M ) be a Milnor square of type II, where D is a field
and T is an LPVD. If for any P ∈ Max(R), P = P 2 , then w.gl.dim(R) = 2.

Proof. By Lemma 2.8, R is an LPVD. And by [14, Theorem 8.6.2], R is not a

Prüfer domain since D = F . Then by Theorem 3.1, w.gl.dim(R) = 2.

Example 3.3. Let R = Q + XR[X], where Q is the field of rational numbers and
R is the field of real numbers. Thus by [14, Theorem 8.6.2] and Theorem 2.9, R
is an LPVD but not a Prüfer domain. It is easy to see that (Q + XR[X])XR[X] =
Q + X(R[X]XR[X]), and since R[X]XR[X] is a VD, (Q + XR[X])XR[X] is a PVD
but not a VD. It is clear that XR[X] = (XR[X])2 . Hence by Theorem 3.1 and [14,
Exercise 1.35], w.gl.dim(R) = ∞.

Remark 3.4. It is clear that R = Q + XR[X] in Example 3.3 is not a PVD since
R is not quasi-local ring. Therefore, we cannot infer w.gl.dim(R) from the result of
Dobbs [5, Theorem 2.3].
Recall that an integral domain R is called a DW domain if every ideal of R is
a w-ideal [14, Definition 6.3.11]. Then by [14, Theorem 11.8.5; 18, Lemma 3.1.3;
13, Theorem 2.9], every LPVD is a DW domain. Therefore, we do not discuss the

2250113-11
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

J. Xie

w-weak global dimension of an LPVD. Next, we use the w-weak global dimensions
to give homological properties of t-LPVDs.
Theorem 3.5. Let R be a t-LPVD but not a PvMD. Then w-w.gl.dim(R) = 2 or
∞. More precisely,
(1) w-w.gl.dim(R) = 2 if and only if M RM = M 2 RM for any M ∈ w-Max(R)
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

with RM not a VD.

(2) w-w.gl.dim(R) = ∞ if and only if M RM = M 2 RM for some M ∈ w-Max(R)
with RM not a VD.

Proof. Set A1 = {M ∈ w-Max(R) | RM is a VD}, A2 = {M ∈ w-Max(R) | RM is

not a VD and M RM = M 2 RM }, and A3 = {M ∈ w-Max(R) | RM is not a VD and
M RM = M 2 RM }. By using [5, Theorem 2.3; 16, Proposition 3.1], the proof is very
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

similar to that of Theorem 3.1.

Recall that an R-module M is said to be of finite type if there exists a finitely

generated free R-module F and a w-epimorphism g : F → M . An R-module M is
said to be of finitely presented type if there exists a w-exact sequence F1 → F0 →
M → 0, where F1 and F0 are finitely generated free. An R-module M is called a
w-coherent module if M is of finite type and each finite type submodule of M is
of finitely presented type. A ring R is called w-coherent if R is w-coherent as an
R-module [14, Definitions 6.4.9 and 6.9.14].
Corollary 3.6. If R is a w-coherent t-LPVD, then the only possible values of
w-w.gl.dim(R) are 0, 1 and ∞.

Proof. According to Theorem 3.5, it suffices to rule out the possibility that w-
w.gl.dim(R) = 2. Then by [14, p. 393] and the hypothesis, RM is a coherent
PVD for any M ∈ w-Max(R). Hence by [5, Corollary 3.4; 16, Proposition 3.1],
w-w.gl.dim(R) = 2. Therefore, the only possible values of w-w.gl.dim(R) are 0, 1
and ∞.

Let R be an integral domain and P be a nonzero prime ideal of R[X]. Fol-

lowing [14], P is called an upper to zero in R[X] if P ∩ R = 0. A domain R is
called a UMT-domain if every upper to zero in R[X] is a maximal w-ideal. As an
application, we give a ring R with w-w.gl.dim(R) = 2.
Example 3.7. Let (T, M ) be a VD with M = M 2 . Set F = T /M and let D
be a subfield of F such that F is an algebraic extension field of D. Let R be
the pullback of D and T over F , then we have a Milnor square (RDT F, M ).
Thus by [15, Theorem 11.8.10; 9, Theorem 2.7], R is a PVD but not a VD.
Then by [14, Theorem 8.6.8], R is a UMT domain. Hence by [4, Theorem 3.8;
13, Proposition 2.12], R[X] is a t-LPVD but not an LPVD. Then by [5, Theo-
rem 2.3], w.gl.dim(R[X]) = 3. Moreover, (R[X]D[X]T [X]F [X], M [X]) is a Carte-
sian square since (RDT F, M ) is a Milnor square. Thus we have a Cartesian

2250113-12
 2nd Reading
March 6, 2021 16:19 WSPC/S0219-4988 171-JAA 2250113

Some properties of LPVDs and t-LPVDs

square (R[X]M[X] D[X]M[X] T [X]M[X] F [X]M[X] , M [X]M[X] ). Then by [14, Lemma

8.3.8, Proposition 5.5.1(2), Example 5.5.2(2), Theorem 5.5.3], T [X]M[X] = TM {X}
is a VD with maximal ideal M TM {X}. Hence F [X]M[X] is a field. There-
fore, (R[X]M[X] D[X]M[X] T [X]M[X] F [X]M[X] , M [X]M[X] ) is a Milnor square. Then
D[X]M[X] is a field since M [X]M[X] is a maximal ideal of R[X]M[X] . Hence
R[X]M[X] = RM {X} = R{X} is a PVD but not a VD. Then by [14, The-
by Dr mohamed Khalifa on 06/09/21. Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles.

orem 7.8.8], M [X] ∈ w-Spec(R[X]). Hence, R[X] is not a PvMD. Therefore,

w-w.gl.dim(R[X]) = 2 by Theorem 3.5.

References
[1] D. F. Anderson and D. E. Dobbs, Pairs of rings with the same prime ideals, Can. J.
Math. 32 (1980) 362–384.
[2] D. F. Anderson and A. Ryckaert, The class group of D + M , J. Pure Appl. Algebra
J. Algebra Appl. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

52(3) (1988) 199–212.

[3] E. Bastida and R. Gilmer, Overrings and divisorial ideals of rings of the form D + M ,
Michigan Math. J. 20 (1973) 79–95.
[4] G. W. Chang, Locally pseudo-valuation domain of the form D[X]Nv , J. Korean Math.
Soc. 45(5) (2008) 1405–1416.
[5] D. E. Dobbs, On the weak global dimensions of pseudo-valuation domains, Can.
Math. Bull. 21 (1978) 159–164.
[6] D. E. Dobbs, Coherence, ascent of going-down, and pseudo-valuation domains, Hous-
ton J. Math. 4 (1978) 551–567.
[7] D. E. Dobbs and M. Fontana, Locally pseudo-valuation domains, Ann. Mat. Pura
Appl. 134(4) (1982) 147–168.
[8] B. Greenberg, Global dimension of Cartesian squares, J. Algebra 32 (1974) 31–43.
[9] J. R. Hedstrom and E. G. Houston, Pseudo-valuation domains, Pacific J. Math. 75
(1978) 137–147.
[10] J. R. Hedstrom and E. G. Houston, Pseudo-valuation domains II. Houston J. Math.
4 (1978) 199–207.
[11] J. A. Huckaba, Commutative rings with zero divisors, in Monographs and Textbooks in
Pure and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 117 (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1988), pp. 139–
140.
[12] B. G. Kang, Prüfer v-multiplication domains and the ring R[X]Nv , J. Algebra 123(1)
(1989) 151–170.
[13] A. Mimouni, Integral domains in which each ideal is a w-ideal, Comm. Algebra 33
(2005) 1345–1355.
[14] F. G. Wang and H. K. Kim, Foundations of commutative rings and their modules,
in Singapore: Algebra and Applications, Vol. 22 (Springer, 2016).
[15] F. G. Wang and R. L. McCasland, On w-modules over Strong Mori domains, Comm.
Algebra 25 (1997) 1285–1036.
[16] F. G. Wang and L. Qiao, The w-weak global dimension of commutative rings, Bull.
Korean Math. Soc. 52(4) (2015) 1327–1338.
[17] H. Y. Yin, F. G. Wang, X. S. Zhu and Y. H. Chen, w-modules over commutative
rings, J. Korean Math. Soc. 48(1) (2011) 207–222.
[18] D. C. Zhou, The theory of w-GD extension of domains, Ph.D. Dissertation, Sichuan
Normal Univetsity, Chendu (2017).

2250113-13