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σ min
R= = −1
σ max
The average or mean stress is zero.
Definitions:
∆σ σ max − σ min
σa = = = Alternating stress
2 2
σ max + σ min
σm = = Mean stress
2
σ min
R=
σ max R = 0, repeated and one direction, i.e. stress
cycles from 0 to max value.
R =-1, Fully reversed
Fluctuating Stress
When an element experiences alternating
stress, but the mean stress is NOT zero.
S′ e
σa
Sy Yield line
Gerber curve
Se
Alternating
stress Goodman line
Sy Sut σm
Soderberg line
Mean stress
The Effect of Mean Stress on Fatigue
Life Modified Goodman Diagram
σa
Sy Yield line
Se
Alternating
stress Goodman line
C
Safe zone
Sy Sut σm
Mean stress
Example on reversed stress
1. A plate made of steel 20C8 Sut=440N/mm2. It is subjected to a
completely reversed axial load of 30KN. Assume ka=0.67,
kb=0.85, kc=0.89, kd=0.45 and factor of safety as 2. Determine
the plate thickness for infinite life?
Sol. Se’=0.5 Sut=0.5x440=220N/mm2
Se=KaxKbxKcxKdxSe’=0.67x0.85x0.89x0.45x220=50.9N/mm2
Allowable stress= Se/fs=50.9/2=25.45N/mm2
Also allowable stress= P/(w-d)t=(30x1000)/(50-10)t=25.45
t=29.47mm
Example on fluctuating stress
1. A circular rod made of ductile material has endurance strength of
280N/mm2 and ultimate strength of 350N/mm2. The member is
subjected to variable axial load varying from 300KN(tensile) and
70KN(compressive). Assume Ka=0.85, Kb=1.0, Kc=1,Kd=0.55 and
factor of safety as 2. Find suitable diameter of the rod?
Sol. Se’=280N/mm2
Sut=350N/mm2
Using Goodman line equation:
Sm/Sut + Sa/Se=1/fs……………………(1)
Se=KaxKbxKcxKcxKdxSe’=0.85x1x1x0.55x280=132.3MPa
Sm=(Pmax+Pmin)/2A=[300+(-70)]/2A=115/A N/mm2
Sa=(Pmax-Pmin)/2A=[300-(-70)]/2A=185/A N/mm2
Put values in eqn. 1 we get: A= 3456mm2
Now A= π/4 d2=3456 or d=66.3mm
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