Hooke's law (orthotropic material):

    
σ11 
  C11 C12 C13 0 0 0   ε11 

σ C21 C22 C23 0 0 0   ε22 
  
22

 
 
     

σ33 C31 C32 C33 0 0 0  ε33
  
(1)

=
σ23    0 0 0 C44 0 0  2ε23 
 
 
σ13 




  0 0 0 0 C55 0 

2ε13 


  
σ12 0 0 0 0 0 C66 2ε12
   

for an isotropic material:

 
  1−ν ν ν 0 0 0  

σ 11 
  ν
 1−ν ν 0 0 0   ε11 
 
σ  ν ν 1−ν 0 0 0  ε22 
  
22

 
 
 
1 − 2ν

    
σ33
 E 
 0
  ε33 
= 0 0 0 0 
σ 23  (1 + ν)(1 − 2ν)  2  2ε23 
1 − 2ν

    
σ13   0 0 0 0 0  2ε13 

   
   

σ12
    2 

2ε


 1 − 2ν  12
0 0 0 0 0
2
(2)

0.1 Plain Stress

Plain stress condition:

σ33 = σ23 = σ13 = 0 (3)
Thus, for orthotropic:
0 = C31 ε11 + C32 ε22 + C33 ε33 (4)
from which
C31 ε11 + C32 ε22
ε33 = − (5)
C33
Substituted in the rst two equations gives:
   
C13 C31 C13 C32
σ11 = C11 − ε11 + C12 − ε22
C33 C33
    (6)
C23 C31 C23 C32
σ22 = C21 − ε11 + C22 − ε22
C33 C33

thus it can be written as:

    
σ11  D11 D12 0  ε11 
σ22 = D21 D22 0  ε22 (7)
σ12 0 0 D33 2ε12
   

being:
 
C13 C31
D11 = C11 −
C33
 
C23 C32
D22 = C22 −
C33
(8)
 
C13 C32
D12 = C12 −
C33
 
C23 C31
D21 = C21 −
C33
D33 = C66

1
for an isotropic material:
E
D11 =
(1 + ν)(1 − ν)
D22 = D11
Ev
D12 = (9)
(1 + ν)(1 − ν)
D21 = D12
E
D33 =
2(1 + ν)
thus     
σ11 1 ν 0 ε11
E
 σ22  =  ν 1 0   ε22  (10)
(1 − ν 2 )
σ12 0 0 (1 − ν)/2 γ12

0.2 Plain Strain

Plain strain problems are those for which it can be considered:

ε33 = 0 (11)
thus the following can be written:
    
σ11  D11 D12 0  ε11 
σ22 = D21 D22 0  ε22 (12)
σ12 0 0 D33 2ε12
   

being:
D11 = C11 = E1111
D22 = C22 = E2222
D12 = C12 = E1122 (13)
D21 = C21 = E2211
D33 = C66 = E1212

0.3 Isotropic Fluids

for and isotropic material Hooke's law can be written as a function of only two independent
parameters. If we choose to represent it in terms of the bulk and shear moduli it becomes
K + 43 µ K − 23 µ K − 32 µ 0 0 0 
    

 σ11 
  ε11 
σ22  K − 23 µ K + 43 µ K − 32 µ 0 0 0  ε22 

   

   
 
   K − 2 µ
  
σ33 K − 23 µ 4
K + 3 µ 0 0 0 ε
 
= 3  33
(14)

 σ23 

 0
 0 0 µ 0 0 2ε23 

σ13  0 0 0 0 µ 0  2ε13 

    

   
   
σ12 0 0 0 0 0 µ 2ε12
  

being K = λ + 23 µ this can be rewritten in terms of the two Lamè constants as:
    

σ11  λ + 2µ λ λ 0 0 0   ε11 
σ22  λ λ + 2µ λ 0 0 0 ε22 

   
 

 
   
 

σ33 λ λ λ + 2µ 0 0 0 ε
    
33
(15)

=
 

σ23   0 0 0 µ 0 0 

2ε23 
σ  0 0 0 0 µ 0 2ε13 
   
13

 
 
 
   
σ12 0 0 0 0 0 µ 2ε12
   

2
If you consider an inviscid uid in which the shear modulus can be considered zero:
    

 σ11 
 K K K 0 0 0   ε11 
σ22  K K K 0 0 0  ε22 

    

 
   

σ33 K K K 0 0 0 ε33
    
(16)

= 
σ23 
    0 0 0 0 0 0 2ε23 

σ13  0 0 0 0 0 0  2ε13 

    
 
 
 

σ12 0 0 0 0 0 0 2ε12
   

0.4 Tips for Comsol implementation, PDE interface

The coecient form PDE interface of Comsol allows to insert the elasticity tensor. It should
be put in this form:
     ∂u 
σ11 C11 0 0 0 C12 0 0 0 C13 ∂x
σ12   0  ∂u 
C66 0 C66 0 0 0 0 0  ∂y 
  
σ13   0  ∂u 
0 C55 0 0 0 C55 0 0  ∂z 
  
σ21   0  ∂v
C66 0 C66 0 0 0 0 0 

 ∂x 
∂v
(17)
  
σ22  = C21 0 0 0 C22 0 0 0 C23 
 
    ∂y 
σ23   0 0 0 0 0 C44 0 C44 0 
 ∂v 
 ∂z
   
σ31   0 0 C55 0 0 0 C55 0 0 
 ∂w 
    ∂x 

σ32   0 0 0 0 0 C44 0 C44 0   ∂w 
∂y
σ33 C31 0 0 0 C32 0 0 0 C33 ∂w
∂z