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We will use a shorthand notation a(t) — X(w) ‘o indicate the relationship between a time-domain signal x(t) and its Fourier transform X(w). 4.1 Linearity f and a(t) —+ Xo(w) hen (i) —+ aX1(w) + 6Xa(w) (5.29) ax, (t) + ba4.2 Time Shifting Se x(t) — X(w) then a(t — tp) + X(w) eH Proof The Fourier transform of a(t — to) is given by A change of variables is performed by letting r = (t — to), which also yields dr = ét, T — —oo as t — —oo, and rT — 00 as t > oo. Therefore, Fle(t—to)] = / a(r) eder+0) gy SS = e svto / 2(r) eT dr 00 X(w) e~ Sto Flx(t — to)]-) ae} 5.4.3 Frequency Shifting 1 odatalhe” If 2(t) —>+ X(w) then a(t) el" — XW — wo) (5.3) Proof The Fourier transform of w(t) ei! is given by Fe(t) eo") = / ler(t) et] oH" at a(t) Hee) dp i 2,2 ) eM!) = X(w — wo) Hence, a frequency shift corresponds to multiplication in time domain by a complex sinusoid whose frequency is equal to the time shift 5.4.4 Time and Frequency Scaling if x(t) —+ X(w) then 1 fu Jeu — C 5.32 TaN ) (5.32 x( a Proof The Fourier transform of (at) is given by Flx(at)} = [ sae jet dt Case I For a positive real constant a, x Flx(at)} = [ any dt A change of variables is performed by letting 7 = at, which also yields dr = adt, T+ —~o0 as t +» —oo and 7 — 00 as t > oo. Therefore, foe Hel dy x +x (2) Fle(at)] = a Case II For a negative real constant —@, *” Fle(—at)] = [canemaeproof The Fourier transform of x; (t) * x9(t) is given by Fler(t) * 22(¢)] = = fe (0) 9 (t)) et at =[ [stor-nar) det lt Interchanging the order of integ: gives on and noting that «(r) does not depend on t Flos (t) + x9(t)] = [aw 8 2 a(t — 7) ett a) dr By the time-shifting property, Eq. (5.30), the bracketed term is X2(w) e+". Sub- stituting this into the above equation yields x Flay (t) * xo(t)] = / #1(1)(Xe(w) "ar = Xo(w)X1(w) = Xs (w) Xa(w) Therefore, )— X1)Xa(w) convolution in the time domain corresponds main. 5 tes the The convolution property to multiplication in the frequency d -5.4.8 Multiplication (or (Mocuiation) Property It and 9(t) —> X2(w) then [Xi (w) * Xo(w)] (5.39) The Fourier transform maps the multiplication of two signals into the convolution of their Fourier transforms. Proof The Fourier transform of sr:(t)t2(!) is Fle (t)r2(1)] = [iron tat [snore (ted5.4.11 Duality If . a(t) + X(w) then X(t) —> 2ra(--w) Proof By definition L fo, rc (a= om [ Xt) el! dy 2rz(t) = [ x) ef" he replacing ¢ with —? in the above equation gives ea(—t)= f Xu) ay Now interchanging the variables t and w yields ~ Dra =) = / X(t)e7 "dt Qra(—w) = FLX(t)] Therefore, N (t) +—+ 2x2r(—w)‘olution ‘ : Define X(w) = 1/(1 + ju) by replacing t with w in the expression of g(t). From Eq. (5.13), we have otu(t) at jw By substituting @ = 1, we get 1 1+ jw a(t) —» X(w) er fu(t) a(t) =e u(t) and X(w) = —— 1+ jw x(—w) = u(—w) and XO= WF The duality property of the Fourier transform states that if x(t) —> X(w) then X(t) — 2nx(—w) — 2ne“u(—w) Therefore, (5.46) Example 5.20 Find the Fourier transform G(w) of the signal (Fig. 5.18(a)] Solution Define X(w) = 1/(1+w) by replacing ¢ with w (5.14), we have in the expression of g(t). From Eq. 2a a atu?By substituting @ = 1, we get etl Tru? 1 — 7 gon ee a(t) — X) 7 1 “Wand X(w) = 7yu2 1 1 a(t) = 56 1 bl ae 3° and X()= 77 B nie x(-w) = ‘The duality property of the Fourier transform states that if then Therefore, The Fourier transform G(w) is shown in Fig. 5.18(b). oft) Glo) 1 (a) ry Fig. 5.18 Example 5.21 Find the Fourier transform G(w) of the signal [Fig. 5.19(2)] 1 Naas sasSolution : bis Define X(w) = (1/7w) by replacing ¢ with w in the expression of g(t). From Bq. (5.27). we have sgu(t) — = Joy i Fel) — = a(t) — X(w) . ij fe i w(t) = grsen(t) and X(w) = = een ee ae een y= a 5, onl) and X(t) = ‘The duality property of the Fourier transform states that if x(t) + X(w) then Therefore, w>0 5.4 w<0 oe Go) tT i (b)Example 5.24 Find the inverse Fourier transform of u(w). Solution From Eq. (5.28), we have u(t) —+ m6(w) + z Using the time-reversal property of the Fourier transform, we have 1 u(—t) —> 76(—w) u(—t) —>+ 76(w) — x(t) —+ X(w) v(t) = u(t) and X(w) = 76(w) — a(-w) =u(w) and X(t) = r6(t) — a O- 5 The duality Property of the Fourier transform states that if »(t) then Therefore, 1 1 F |\~8(t) — —_] = [5 malo on F{u(w)] = Lee) — (ay) 3°) j2nt 5.4.12 Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry If u(t) —+ xX then 0 ce w(thos X*(-w)5.4.15 Parseval’s Relation Let xr(#) be an energy signal and if then (56 B= | v(t)|? dt Parseval’s theorem states that the signal energies of an energy signal and its Four transform are equal.en. Proof From Eq. (5.5), we have ee 1 x(t) = FX (w)] = = / X(w) ltd =x Differentiating both sides gives dx(t a “i [iiexweay “x de(t) pips y a =F lieX)] Therefore, de(t) or mee) Similarly, the differentiation property can be extended to yieldpps exponentially damped sinusoidal wave isa multiplication of two tee cai an exponentially decaying signal and a sinusoidal signal of frequeney = g(t) = er'sin(wet)u(t) = e u(t) sin(wet) = x(t) sin(w.t) where x(t) = e~u(t). The Fourier transform of a(t) is given by [substiture as; Eq. (5.13)] ' XW) = Tye Now, consider the exponentially damped sinusoidal wave g(t): g(t) = x(#) sin(wet) Applying the multiplication property gives J — We) — Sw +4)]) 1 Go) = aX — We) — X(w + w,)] Substituting X(w) = 1/(1+ jw) into the above equation yields Gw) =5.4.9 Differentiation in Frequency Domain If : a(t) X(w) then —jta(t) — ax (w) dw Therefore, or5.4.10 Integration If X(t) — X(w) then | er) dre aX (w) + #X (0)5(w) (5.44) 00 Proof The convolution of a'signal x(t) with a unit step function u(t) is given by a(t) *u(t) = [rou —r)dr Since we get x(t) x uo = f u(r) dr The convolution of a signal with a unit step is the same as the cumulative integral of the signal. 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