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    James H. McClellan Solutions Manual DSP First A Multimedia Approach James H. McClellan Ronald W. Schafer Mark A. Yoder PRENTICE HALL, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 Publisher: Tom Robbins Supplement Editor: Dan DePasquale Special Projects Manager: Barbara A. Murray Production Editor: Shea Oakley ‘Supplement Cover Manager: Paul Gourhan Supplement Cover Designer: PM Workshop Inc. Manufacturing Buyer: Donna Sullivan ©1998 by Prentice-Hall, Inc BEER 8 Poon ection co, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher Printed in the United States of America 987654321 ISBN 0-13-084240-0 Prentice-Hall International (UK) Limited, London Prentice-Hall of Australia Pty. Limited, Sydney Prentice-Hall Canada, Inc., Toronto Prentice-Hall Hispanoamericana, S.A., Mexico Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi Prentice-Hall (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. Prentice-Hall of Japan, Inc., Tokyo Editora Prentice-Hall do Brazil, Ltda., Rio de Janeiro Problem 2.1 xl) = Seos (Et - 1) arf= i 5 => f-is > T= losec. (PeRiop) = -ante - be STs Bae genase oy t=o xlN= 3 cos (-74)= 3B : Problem 2.2 1 Part(a): Plot of cos(e) 6 1 612) «614 (1618 Angle (8) Sinusold cos(0.2x 1) oF | 4 10 5 ° 5 10 5 20 Time (secs) Sinusold cos(2x V7.) 1 o ‘Time (secs) Sinusold cos(2x UT, + x/2) Problem 2.3 SINUSOID: x(t) 20 19) o| «oh -20 0.03 0.02 “0.01 0 001 TIME (sec) ty = 0.005 see => pa -2wt . 29 2008 _ 0.025 T= 0.006 —(-0.02) 1 z = 0,02S5sec => £5 = Soe A=20 w. x(t)= 20 cos ( BOrt - 25) Problem 2.4 i ; Gey y 4 = J Ge) e 1+j0+ ft oer, WEY", Gey, 4! St = 1+je- & _; BB et .. oF d zi JG +S Ge. Separate the real and imaginary parts: 38 _(,_e,e e = (- ait aro cos8 ad e- cos + jsin® which proves Evlers formula. Problem 2.5 (a) cos(0,+0,) = Ref ell? . Regel%ei®? = Re} (cosB + jsinB.) (cos0, + jsin®.)? =Re} cos8, «s8, - sin®, sin®, tj Cotter terms)? = cosO, cos, -sin®, sin O, (b) cos(0,-0,) = Res ele = Wefeireif =Ke§ (cs®, +jsinB,) (cos, -j sinBa)f. = Re§ e056, cos. + sin, smO, +) (oer terns)? = 0, cos®, + sinG, sin®, Problem 2.6 (ws + ys) = (e®J = e”® 8 = cos(nB) + jsin(nO) Thes, (cos® + ise)" = cos(nO}+ j sinB) (S+it re elo7y? 7 jo29sie7m 2° (e = eitnsire jh S167 Because =e j28n e = c0s(1.5167r) +) sin (15167) = cos (273°) + j sin (273°) _ = 0.0525 -) 0-99.36 Problem 2.7 hs ~j"% (9) sei 4 4 eM = (24598) + (48-54) = 4.964) +) 0.598! = sei pore: 0.12 rad= 6.87° (b) B-)3 = Gre i. i ei >(Bpy-(@e*y -lor, z o =) 10MY ORs fap = -10r+ ia = rss er i 3 7% . 352% = 248,832 € = 124,416 + 5 215,994.83 —t | is " ey Baz” mem ~ me’ o2ee7el™S = 0.14434 +jo2s” (4) (8-33)? = (Wa oi). (a esimarant) )%s = jo et ER) There are 3 answers: Lsys es" = 1.422 -josis psis e757" = -Lisq-j09726 2513 PPA = 1513 654 2 0.2627 +))-49 (2) Ref je} = Ref ETT =Ref er"{ = cos(%)= F - 0.806 Problem 2.7 (plots) PROB 2.7(a): PHASOR DIAGRAM x1o¢ PROB 2.7(b) 5 20 ANS= 2.484105) > “10 i 5 8 2 0 2x10 PROB 2.7(c,d): PHASOR DIAGRAM PROB 27(e): PHASOR DIAGRAM 1 2 0.5) oO} 0) Problem 2.8 J sqrt(-1); de = 1/10 tee nti dt sa Fo = 2 xx = 300*real( exp( J#(2episFoe(tt - 0.75) )) ): % applet (2.1.1) plot( tt, xx), gr: title( "SECTION of a SINUSOID’ ), xlabel(’TIME (sec)’) j 2 (t- 0.75) Reo | x(t)= 300 Re} ef q |Fe-2 =T = 300 cos ( 4r(t-%)) @ t=0 x(e)= 300 cos(-3) = -300 @ +=34 — xl%)= 300 c05(0)= B00 4 ea SECTION of a SINUSOID ke Tay —l 0.2 Oo 02 TIME (sec) Problem 2.9 (4) Use phasors to perform the addition Zsin(ut +™%4) = 2cos(unt-%) >» 26% cos(ant) —> Lei? Ae® = 26° 412 (2 Z+1)-j% =27986)°"" x(E)= 2.798 cos(axt od eae) ou Brads (b) w=5Sr => period is T= 2m 2 2 Therefore, the interval [1,2] contains 3 én Th periods Plot of x(t) 1 0.5 0 Os ‘Time (secs) (c) We already found the magnitede 4 phase in part (a), se K(b= 2.798" eit Problem 2.10 Use Phasors: Scos(yt+ 9°) —» sei 2 Sees (apt - (20°) —> 5 i?” _ je S cos (u,t 30°) —> SedV sve _ = -= = Vector Sum is: ist 8B _js -§-j8 = £(6-) -}§(6-) = 193 -)1.83 = 2,599 0% ANGLE = ~45° . an -0.785 rad x()= 2.598 cos(ast 1/4) Problem 2.12 : SHH) = _j00 x(t) dt} Try xlt)= ef and solve for w jut xt) - joe _, ee pitt at® Plog into. differential equation : 2 pit ive —we =-/00€ => wt=/00 = w= t/0 jot x= ek xl Problem 2.13 (@ str=dnf 5e™OIMY = gsceitentomn? > silt) = Ssin(tort+ 1/4) We can convert to the cosine form: silt) = Scos(lont ~% ) “he period of silt) is T=%, because 25 = (Ow The valve at t=O is si(o)= Scos(-™%) = 5B The peak is at t=t, where lort,-™%=0 => t=Y%, = 433 Plot of 51) gh bone Problem 2.13 (more) (D) git)= Inf (40% = din’ (5 e3%)(s00r 2")? =h. ; Som ellent ms 74)? = SOm sin(10nt + 5%) = 50m cos(jOrt +75) The peried of git) is alo T+ Ve glor= SOrcot(™) = 251 = 78.54 The max valve of 3H) is at t, which solves: ort, +20 => be-Yye Plot of a(t) 100) \ 0 A 920: 04 ° 02 03 04 0.4 Time (secs) Problem 2.14 From the graph we can get He following information. positive peak at t=-4 msec, value=5 b= 6 msec negahve peak at ‘Sinusoldal Waveform “There are 1% periods from t=-4ms to t=boms. (1Z)T = 10 msec > T= 3Smsec = a) Wp= Bp = AN/(a9%000) = 3001 rad/see Phase? (pa -ae(%) = -an(h,) = BE ean J. x(t)= 5 cos (300rt +120) For the complex notation X= May eihhare X= sel swam :geort xlt)= Re} seb eI" } Problem 2.15— myst add? Se am 3 -js J 7g) 1 30! 0 (256) 4.33) + (-4954)4.45) + (-/3) = 2.45 +5628 = 6.74) ete ov B74 Lis? > x(t)= 6.741 cos(wat + 06/87) alee epeal 1943.0, PHASOR DIAGRAM 5is% 728 Ne sei"? ~ u 0} ae ~ 5 oO 5 Scos(w0 t + pi/3) Teos(w0 t- Spi/4) : 10 0 10 20 10 0 10 20 3c0s(w0 t + 3pi2) SUM of 3 SINUSOIDS 5 5| tN NEF 0 4 : 4 10 0 10 20 10 0 10 20 xX + 3¥__ Magnitude Phase Ph/pi_Ph(deg) 2.5 4.33 S 1.067 0.333 60.00 34.95 4195 7 21356 0.750 135.00 ~5.511e-16 3 3 -11571 -0.500 -90.00 =2.45 6.28 6.741 1,943 0.618 111.32 Problem 2.16 The phase of a sinusoid can be related to time shift: z(t) = Acos(2n fot + ¢) = Acos(2m fo(t — t1)) In the following parts, assume that the period of the sinusoidal wave is T = 8 sec. (a) “When t) = 2 sec, the value of the phase is ¢ = 1/2.” Explain whether this is TRUE or FALSE. @ arty. -2r(2). 4e.n,’. TRUE Tr @ eo" Zz (b) “When ty = 3 sec, the value of the phase is ¢ = 31/4." Explain whether this is TRUE or FALSE. @~-2rt 2 B= or ve FALSE 7 (c) “When t; = 7 sec, the value of the phase is $ = 7/4.” Explain whether this is TRUE or FALSE. (pe Arty .-20 B= WE — yan Et, TRUE BeT you can add multiple of an 7 Problem 2.17 Z(t) = Scos(wot + 3/2) + 4cos(wot + 27/3) + 4cos(unt + 7/3) (a) Express z(t) in the form x(t) = Acos(upt + ¢) by finding the numerical values of A and 9 a= sei? ° -sj z= 2 +2. +2, 22= 4e97™ = -2 453.46 = 0 +j1-928 Bye ter" = 243-46 =1426e°% 3 " x(t)= 1.928 eps (uot +) 7 Seseig 7 2%, Magnitude Phase Ph/pi_Phideg) -9.185e-16 5 5 -1.571 -0.500 -90.00 -2 3.464 4 2.094 = 0.667 120.00 2 3.464 4 1.047 0.333 60.00 4.441e-16 1.928 1.928 1.571 0.500 90.00 (b) Plot all the phasors used to solve the problem in part (a) in the complex plane. a @, Problem 2.18 + Use the fact that sinuyt = cos(ust-m4) Then convent toa phasor equation: ( | te? = AP , Areit raypAe® i) 182 vet — Ael* -(' || Ae uN Solve the simultaneous complex eg * (=2+2z, 5 => \-j=2a, ey Beek “n & -j + 2,-%, rete x 2 tite” aes Le : B=zIb DARE, Gem a= gtk => A=, fa t% “22 xX + G¥_ Magnitude Phase = Ph/pi_Phideg) Zz, 0.5 -0.5 0.7071 -0.785 -0.250 -45.00 a 08 0:3 OL7o7L 0.785. 0.250 45.00, PHASOR DIAGRAM 1 05| att, Q Problem 2.19 Seosugt = Moos (ut -™%) + Scos(ant +p) Phas, - . Se = MEI, ses? Geometric Approach: Tearrangs pet = met —____* t As p varies © fan As M varies this side defines @ this side defines Circle with center @ By from the origin af angle -Y% at S, vadius= 5" a) One solution is The other is ALGEBRAIC APPROACH: > EQUATE REAL $ IMAG PARTS S= Meos% + Scos yp O = -M sine HS sin => Ms 10 sin ioSs 58 sim + Seosp = 5 Re f(inj B )elt?. > L> Ref2eiet? => p=o mn rm => male l= SE 20 Problem 3.1 ) xi) Ref neieOou +RejBerrerhrey =Re Rerrht, geizht eiarkt i( ently x(t) (> Kt) = ((Beadeoslanft) + (©-A)sin(anfat)) @i "At ReFx(eF= (wtA) cos (et) cos(2mft) = (B-A) sin (2mfat) Sin ankct) => C= BHA D=-(8-A)= A-B when A=Bal, we get C=2 and D=O se the sine terms drop ovt. (c) Want D=2 ond C=0 Bra= > ={ and B=-1 pene ta A Return to He original expression for x(t) «l= 5 eit bt ep eiemle fe 4 janet fat 2 av Problem 3.2. @) There are 3 components Freq = 400He {0 cos(S00nt + 1%) = Be} peMeitrt? Jeos(1z00nt - %) = Re§ TeiMgitoorky fey eons =3e0s (Moore) = Ref seein? freg= B00H2 (b) xit) is periodic because there is a fundamental Frequency f=200H2 tha} divides all 3 fregs. The period is the fundamental period= Yoo sec & co . Scos(io00nt +) = Ref seit einort? frogs sooHle The spectrom will have two additonal Lines at f2-S0dHe aud F= SOOH2 nen The dotted lines in the sketch above show: where Hhese two Les will be. Yes, yt) Is periods - The furdamextal Frequency is now f= /00H2 because it has te divide inte S00H2 as well as 400, 600 and 800, The period ‘6 now ee See 22 Problem 3.3- @) Read valves from the graph: Agi -jamliisyt ho ‘ot x(t)= 4a" 6s + 7e57% irs A i8 $4 ei IMME | gis orjansot *Combine the positive ¢ negative fregs: X(E)= B cos( aw (175)t We) + 14 cos(2u(so}t-™) + 11 at w= ‘i (b) Cosine w= 2r(175) has peried = are Cosine @ w= 2r(s0) => periods 4 41 is a constant => Fre=o > any period. Need to find common period: > sve A(B)= Lees) Qi inbegers >t. 22 REDUCED To Bt Te lowesr Teens 7 Baar sD ze Sec. fe omin period = (CY ylit)= Arcos (wt +P) Ref Reif el? = thefeim* pine? est = 2 +Zhe a = Z=tAest z =LAet hea 23 Problem 3.4 (0) x(E)= sin*(27mt) = (ge"F- Ler)? (ei _ gel sere jure 3 jamty Stat -% r eit) peiteitre (t= pete aime (>) e& Slet has period = 2 emt ; LS BS Period = 2779 = Shy ~ 3(%1)- Period= 2. sec. 27 SPECTRUM 24 Problem 3.5 x(t) has three components: 10 = oe? => Freg> 0 period = anything 2ocos(an(ivedt +74) = Re} 20 eM elmore? Freg = l00He => period = Yoo sec 10 f= S50H2 > T= hosec XKV= 10, X +0, X.=20 4 X,=0, 2420 Xs=10, Ky=0, X7=0, ete (>) We have already determined the fundamental period B= %o sec, so x(t) is periodic. () \oei% 102% -250H2 * -!00 6 oo 2sohe F(z) Notes we use $X; because Re§X;?= 4X; +4 Xe 25 Problem 3.6 x(t)= [12 + 7sin(mt- 77s) ] cos 13rt (@) (re-™/y : xl Zz siert-ms)](, jiset (4) {2+ee -zé (ze! exelent) multiply st all oot: jae 7 ii int ei, vant xb)= Gell" bE We +E eiMei™ cilttt , Lei ey 14nt Zemene Xlb)= [2eos(rant) + Z cos (i4rt-5%) + Leos(iant +5%) wear vadfec wae iw vadf Wy 14a rad/s A=% @m% A,~ 12 =O A>3 -E (b) use the comples exponential form to sketeh the spectrom. 6 -Aw BF -12 er Br 4 SPECTRUM 26 Problem 3.7 x= cos[(wrmayt | + cosf(wr-w)t] (a) TF x(t) is to be periodic, we need te Find a fundamental fi pency We that divides beth ites) and (wa-uy) . That is Wyte = Awe where 2 ¢ £, are wr-%, = Law, integers. Alto, £,< 2 => warn ae Water £, ro Thus, the ratio of the sum amd diflerence Prepvencies must be a rational number. Now solve for “fu, and show tat it most be ratenal. (wa —en) &, = (wate w,( 2A) = (2th) ig 3 ratio => we Bh of integers (b> Os Bek > ee me fy where md me E ™ ave integers. From above: Qu = (hase ee wre £(24R we 2uy = (LL. wy £(L- Bun => wy 2 wy, are integer moltiples of Sw, Problem 3.8 (4) The formula is (440)2"* here k is the number of keys above or below A440. 261.6 ct 2022 Dd. 293.7 E BI lI E 329.6 F 349.2 (n-49f2 (b>) f= (440 Ce ey number for A-442 (©) D-FH A has three Frepuemcies agi zits agit agit at Agi ~440 -370 . -293.7 2937 37000 440 F (Ha) SPECTRUM of TYPICAL D-major CHORD Assuming dmplitle of each note is the same 28 Problem 3.9 x(t) has four Components ¢ 25 22° = fr =O, period = anything 4eos (40mt-We)= Ref 4eiMel Pht freg=20He 3sin(bont) = 3ces(COnE-%) f cad gts Hom Sesame Ma. eos (\20nt- 5) = Ref geal {Freq Go He period = Zoo S&- (2) the findamental period is the smallest time that is exactly divisible by fe, Yso and Yo. => B= Yeose because Tp = 2('ho) = 3( %se) =b( ho) => &=10H2 => w, =anfe= 20M vradsec Ey-2, X74 £736 Z,-4e 201% (b) to “3-20 620 8 30 cone F Nove: sce MefK;¥= SX, +E! we vse L3i in the (2) yl =xQ) + locos(sowt-™%) ie ,iSort? Frege 25He eppals Ref ree yee sec The new’ peried must be divisible by Yo t As => = Ys because Te=S5(4s) and 2(%o) => f= SH2 => w= 2wh= im rad/sec We must re-index the Ki because we is lower. Yor2, Yy=Ka, Ye=0e™ ¥-X,, Ya=X, There will be one news pair of lines at P= t25ua 29 Problem 3.10 @ (4) b= TA In this case, the “sine” term is sin( HK.) = sin(tk) Therefore, K,=ze for keven and k#o. Part (d): Spectrum for t, = T,/4 08 2 304 se] ose S Zo.2! : ] = = coe pt 21 ose 9.045 9.045 : goss 4 I i 9.035 “1000 500 500 1000 0 frequency (Hz) 30 Problem 3.10 (more) (e) te=Tefo Part (@): Spectrum for t, = T,/10 0.2 O19 019 3 15 015 2 | a1 e 2 aoa, oper ager 0,021 0031 0.0319 0,038 et 1 | Lote -1000 -500 0 500 1000 frequency (Hz) (£) when te=Tyio the high Frequency components (above Soo Hz) are relatively larger, and there are more high freq. components- For example, | Ee |= S288 = 0108 for te= To , bub is 0-215 for Bx TeH0 31 Problem 3.11 jay wilh= 2gle Zat+eh aS p} REQ w=, = wie wil, = 2eT + ar pure aot 27 43 ie Ly = wy Lt) a? Bot +27 wilt) im radfec © 32 Problem-3.12 ja) wilt) = 2at +2 SLoPE=2a= eae > ae anl4)-27_ gg ENTEREPT = @ = uw, = 20 Soop l= 4rt® + 2nt rp CD fl) ia He . Wooo Te at t=94, (= 4He at t= %, £;> He. oe + 12 TIME’ (see) (F) Tn the time interval Lb StS 2 sec, He BH sinuseid looks a lot Ihe He chirp, so the Flt) 1S obviovsly close to BHe in the interval 1.62.0 33 Problem 4.1 ~ @) xin] =x(ntz)= 10cos(880m +P) —-T=0,0001 880T. = 880x101 = 0,088 = "Vas To find the number of Samples wi thin one period of the Continuous cosine x(t), find the largest integer satistying p80 aT, < am < Z_ a. 250, Ns Fay = BOs 22-73 There are 23 samples in one period, because samples h=o, 1,2,...22 are within one period. NoTE: the period of xin) fs not 23; it is actually 250. (b) yIn}= 10 cos (wan +P) Te get tHe same samples fr x{n] 2 yin) we solve: aynTs = 830rnT, +ankn Ae inkeger D> w= Bxor + anh 2. 2ac00" Take 2=1: y= 20,3907 (c) Find Jargest integer satisfying (20,8807) nT, £ 2r ne 2 which less thaw one | 2.0 “ only one sample per period is taken 34 Problem 4.2. 2 @) 2456 | 4. Copeeasey is A NEGATIVE (PDB cosnu, = cos(miuy + cos(nsdum B ( er) _ etree, epee eit cio = = Ss >,. . ene ey ub _tuw\ nit a(e™ ai) = (ei) i (eye > B= ees _ 2eesu, This result tan be generalized +O cosines wrth amy phase so we get a method fer ectracting phe Frequency directly from xfW] when we knour that xin] is xtwl= Acos( wont gy). The metHud is xfnti] + xIH-!] C05 Wy = ZxTw] wher. we use any 3 comsecuhve values in xf], 35 Problem 4.2 (more) cos, = X57 x17) _ - 4,5677- 4.5677 2x Ted —zls0) Balsa = 9135 = a) =P Wo = cos'(0.9/35°) = 4I40= 2m Let 2=tAeif xim|= Zes" , gteln e* e z xf em ele |= [tal Twet 2x2 matrix: z 1 a _e3* | [2.50 [3 |- ei ei [ei oie 6]. 1522 Now set up simultaneous. ams for Ate ve Ze ag Efe). fyae) ee” -e Now, plug In He numbers? cRoncn ; 5A = 20234; 047= ase > Aes = 1% = alee S cos( 2En + %) Os = 2% 5 36 Problem 4.3 You could estimate the valves frm a plot Looks Ike Ax We % am( a, 1)= 2. io. = -anw/ tL) v - 2 oe fr -2e( 2) 29%) = 14 Exact: write 3 consecutive valves of xn} tp jaune a x{n-]= A et eit ei be al? gin give x(n = Ae et" + belt ee" . ; ee xfar}= Sel tebMel™ + Fotis > xiniDeainvil= Beit I corws) Bei I aos) = (2 cos ty) xin] => wsu, = xin-) +xLnel] F =) 0S We penn 2.42714 2.9816 are 2 (2.4002) Let 2=Aedt ZEQNS in 2 UNKNowNS z kfol= 2+ 2" 22.4271 = xI= el 2 72" 2 2 a002 7 Problem 4.3 (more) Serve SimucTantous Eqns For Az ¢ let Z=ihelf £ 1 ZV {xt Lrvert +e 22 matrie: [: +) 4 (2 | ed” ad-bel-c a => 2 . 4 en -£ Pal Al aim me Lem 4s Wai 22 xe _ i —2) sin ay of = Ae “Pug ww S xTo1= 2.42712 ann SimPuFY x[11=24002 § : -{% > Z'= lias -jogen- 1s el” = A=3 @= -Ws 38 Problem 4.4 x= 7sin(Ihrt) aay Oe Ain1= Acos (An ve). = 7cos( lint -%) f= 10 samplerec «(bang = (%)= 7 cos (wea -™) = Teos( "aan 7) ~ "7 cos(—tan -%) = Teos(-Im+ TH). A>?, &,= 0-44, P= Th, (b) f= samples /sec alo} i x(")~ Zeos("E" - ™) Ve, = 7 cos(™—- ©) APT, G=Ey pee (©) fs= 15 sampleshee “ON ag = Ue) = Te06( "2 - 2) ao) A=7, Gy= We. 2e(SE) 4b e-y 39 Problem 4.5 xfwls 2.2008 (0.3r#-"7/5) | fs=000 | Compose fo reas A coe ef) 7 hn => are = O31, a OMFIn, a 03n-20. Seve? anf 503m => f= h(22)= occas Fs (= Joo Ha 7 X(t) = 2.2 cos(iFoont -m%) More: Fence ts & anf 2 23r > f. §(22)~ 6qoowe — XU4)= 2.205 (am (sredt FA), Frally, ant = chi => R= 6 (-22) = = S100H2. x w= 2.2 cos (an(-sie0)t -%s) — taza cos ( Bar (Si00)t + 1/3) 40 Problem 4.6 . j2m(2000) @ x)= [10 +4e + Leiameoonty There are six terms: j2maiot | ayamslote ze +te ) " ry o xlty= seim ie e sel A + sen 00) 1 -j2m(iz0ce)t +7e j it z Boooyt tb eiamitooey perm 000) Spectrum plot was created in MATLAB: Spectrum for AM Modulation 5 84 5 82 0.25 025 025 025 é f £ £ 12 10 -8 0 8 10 12 frequency (kHz) (b) Yes the waveform is periodic. The six Frequencies 412,200, -10,.000, -g000, $000, 10000, 120005 are al] divisible by 2000Hz. Therefore, fo=2000H2 is the fundamental Freqvency. The period fs “fy = Yooo sec = b msec (©) The sampling rate most be greater tran twice te highest Frequency im xl), => f > 2(12,000) = 24,000 He a Problem 4.7 (@) Let x(#)= 10 cos(wt +) Sampling at a rate of f => xinl= Olay = x(%) x[n) = [Dens ( Mee + 4) XQ (‘Cas>) Equate this te * Ha O2M > wz oawri000 x{n] = [0 cosla.aen-¥%4)* gem A second possible signal is the “folded alias" at (f,-f&) fs-fo = fo- Ye = 1000-280F = qooHe In this case, the phase (1p) changes. R(t)= [Ocos( am(fe- hE +) K[n] = 10 cos(am(Fe- fede. +) = 1Ocos(aen- afer +) = 10 cos(-2rfer = arden - lo cos(. refed + yp) [0 s( fen ¥) > p-% (b) Reconstruction of xlx] with fs= 2000 samplesfec - The discrete and continvovs domains are related by Met nee BE fs _ = So we replace en’ in xis] with ft. This is w on ideal D-t-A would do. X{a]= 1D cos(0.2rn -%) f 22000 xtt)= 10 cos(o.arbht -%) a1 tse? = s(400rt -™/y) a ( te wr =4goor => f=200H2. 42 Problem 4.8 _ SL -0.05StS0.05 1 Ors Ae ) pb io Free A O05" O08 In the formula for y(+) les ee + pled pled + yl) pU-Te) +y le pat-2t + The equare pulses will not overlap, so the values of yin? will be extended over an interval of Ts. pe © pure wee coisteot J TRIAGE ° otherwise A= rt In thie case, the neighboring terms de overlap ylt)= ee + ylelp le) + yo plt-) +yl2) plt-2Ts) ++ The result is linear interpolation. . f When we add these two Example: a triangles, the result behween ~ $201) and t20.2 isa straight Problem 4.82) Square Pulse Shape : o 1 “02 ° o6 08 02 ‘time (sec) Problem 4.8(b) Triangular Reconstruction Pulse ‘ime (sec) 43 Problem 4.9 xiel= 7 gilotaen- 0% 25m) eilorertnrn-o26n) j(0-22wn-0.25m) yil= 7 l4e + Teilo22tin-)- o.25m) = Teeter e077" ( "> gi2?r) -2+ —_—v—oaa a . 2cos(o.22r) — 2 = -0.957 = 0.4sqer” ' joa 0.229 = yinl= 1(o-4ste" genie giganm e784 0 joazm = 32132 Problem 4.10 ( ‘| ? ; Punse -%| 5) ; 9 D> sine FUNCTION 25 30 35 les - Neve 12 PeRIps = 25 same A, => Periop= SA => A, ~2w(0.06) + Yoo 2,7 (b) The vectr xx is actually xfn) xfo}= 4 cos ( 24394) n (0.01) +™%) = cos (2r(3-94)n +T/2) = 4cos (ar (0.14) n + TA) REMOVED MULTIPLE oF 2 = F cos ( an(-0.06)n +A) Xin] = 7 cos (ar (0.06)n - Te) (€) Derivation in part (b) shows that Alw1 looks like Samples 4 a 6He sinvioid taken at f=, = loons. 45 Problem 4.11 x(t)= cos (Sort) sin(7oowt) @y Pa (s sont gin) 1 jmont a) x(#) ze the (xe ~ ae = pitt pte 1 gitert on 45 4; 4 ete as tei” He ze SAME AS t ee 13% se" Loe ye 315-326 32s ons Fay SPecTRUM. OR ae (b) Samphrg Thom says sample ata rate greate, than Ltwo} Himes} Ha weg hest Freq. Wianest Freq = 375H2 = g = 7sd He. 46 Prohlem 4.12 (a) Draw a sketch of the spectrum of z(t) which is “sinecubed” x(t) = sin*(4007t) jagoont -sgoort \3 KH (2 -& ) zy er paart e -é . jrasowt t je” 328" 3 5iVe ree (b) Determine the minimum sampling rate that can be used to sample z(t) without any aliasing f= 2 Saen > {> {200He 47 Problem 4.13 Fo = 13; Period = 1/Fo: = Yee Te + 0.07; Femme = (AQ > oaq™ 14: 28He te 0: Ts > (13sPeriod); t pa saecn Nor GREATER THAN 2 a = Foal onp( se(2epieFoets ~ pi/2) 5 h te (Cte, x), xlabel TINE (sec)"), grid we obsere {see of the signa) which 5 1-28 perieds ‘0 oy 0203 0a_08 08 07 08 08 Tm osc) i finvous- Hime, He XIn]= cos( an(13)(0078)-"%) y ma eae : = cos (an (0-91) =") Forbin 14.26-13 = (.28He = cos(an(o.04)n +) DPotriods tye .ksec ©) Samecing Tie => Fane 2 2R = 2(13)= 26 Fame = Ty Te get Eee] plot need about 20 samples Per period, which is a saupling vate Of 20 Fo 1 ; so. tec “TS € Zon * 303) 260 48 Problem 2(t) = [3 + sin(t)]cos(13nt + 7/2) x cos(wt 74) (a) Use phasors to show that 2(t) can be expressed in the form: z(t) = A; comet + 91) + Acoslant + 02) + Ancostast + 63) where wy G 6s Highest Feeq = 7H => Fame 2B 2 (7) = {4He 49 Problem 4.15 (a) zip) = 10cos(0.138n + #/13) the sampling rate is Jf, = 1000 samples/second <3 q = an(oe6s)n = Aw(6S)M. | => ECHR is one Frew, X,(E1= 10 cos (aw (esdt + ™%s) Also, it coud be “folded” case; 1000-65= 93SHe Xa(t)= 10 cos( am(ass\t -— 7/3) hore phase reversal (b) Af the input z(t is given bythe twosided spectrum representation shown below, determine & simple] formula for y(t) when f, = 700 samples/sec. (for both the C/D and D/C converters) 1B ibe" Tete | | Te 000 200 F (in Hz) x(L)= 26 cos(Ar(z00)t +4) + 14 cos (2n(soo)t + 3%) XIn|= 26 cos( 24 (%)n +H) + 14 cos(an(F)n + 37%) THs TERM FeLDS xln)= 26 cos(an(B)n 1%) + [4 cos (20 (-B)n 43%) yt 26 cos(2r(z00)t+ %4) +14 ces (2r(a00)t — 3%) y@ 12 cos(an(20e)t +™%) Problem 4.16 (a) Assume that the disk is rotating ta constant speed of 13 revolutions per second. Ir the flashing rate i 15 times per second, express the movement of the spot on the disk as a complex phasor, p[n], that gives the position of the spot at the n-th flash. Assume that the spot is at the top when n =0 (the est ash) eae INITIAL, PHASE piid= r eit giant cB cad sa an( ya p= re Wve 4) 20 (%)n Ex PONENT. = re tile (b) For the conditions in par (a), determine the apparent speed (in evolutions per second) and direction of movement ofthe “trobed” spot, amn(2)n . * S77)" Lak te “coutinvous—tine Replace on with I5t y3" (at ae speed = 2 rev/rec Convert @ directim = CounTER-CLockWIse because sign of exponent i& positive (c) Now assume that the rotation speed of the disk is unknown. Ifthe flashing rate is 13 times per second, and the spot on the disk moves [counter-clockwise| by 15 degrees with each flash, determine the rotation speed of the disk (in rev/sec). If the answer is not unique give [all] possible rotation speeds 15° per Flach => { nev per 24 Flashes => pin= enraa Ge, period=24) Aley= el2™E here f= unknown speed. sample at 13 flashes /sec. 51 Problem 4.17 (6) 720 ¥pm = 12 retahos ec 7 Lf (4y) = He co-ordmates oh Hae spet we can also vse -C¥) rE len co-erds: rlo. + The radios 5f fhe spot & cospits oF The le Ha veehn Pram He ong to me A LetweEARey ” S= Rt w,t whee cp, i the imche phase > = trey 7% rotate in vad/ec. fo We = awl) + 240 cout je Se tia position 9 tHe sph = rey chs The mins Se fer chckise rotehon (bY Disk spot wit stad shill iF Flash mate is once per wtntion, once every 2 rhhous ote => pomble Flo mbe 12 pias fo wid spot Still Ze Se we ger on answer & fra = 1,2) 3,4,6, §12 parsec ae eka Je me eens) The robe most be a factr mz (29 fe= 13 po see => sample at ms. xIw\e rel’ eurtrys => w= ae Bot we vo Some ast ~2E ans ap, x{e]< rete errs = (ui take 03 Flashes pate rewlubes) Spot will wove Couwber -clockurise (dus + san) At what rate? once pan sec = 6Orpm Problem 4.18 1 Py, Os 0 7 2 -0.5) ‘1 1 20 ig oA 0 1 53 Period = 2e _ 25 08 ° > 2[s0} = 2fo1 z(asj- 2(8] When n=7 e(- eso l4a) seitin _ jad Nor Perwopic Problem 4.19 @) Gtx}= nl07%16*)n? This is Ole) in Rep? For n=10: [10] = w(D.7x15*) (O= O,074 = 12.6° For n= 50: Olsol= 1 (0.7x15°) (50)*= 1 (0.7516. 25% 107) =. 1.250 For n= 100: 318° O[100] = 1(0:7x107)/0%= Fe = rads, or 120° (€) Work part (€) before part (b) V[Ww] = cos (0.7m) f, = 8000Hs Ideal D/A => replace n with ft VE= VOT, aot = cos(0:7wsBooot) = cos(ar(2 t00)t ) by = 7103 n= (PY wiv= cos(w(0-71167)0t)_perace mn with oot Alt) = cos(7(0-7x 167) x 64 x10°E?) N=9)1,...200 eee = cos (1 (44.8 10°) t*) 04 €4 202 ~ 02580. l= (44.8 x10) t 5 fine ey = 2 (2m)(44-8x10")t = 44¢00t He 54 Problem 5.1~~ : (P) Les = ava. 5 peimts Moke toble: Ls AVG oveR S-PomTS s a (3) General formula: yinl= L357 ule k) keo ulr] + utr] +Laln2] +... +buln-Ler] For neo, yinl=o For nell, yinl= LCi t= (= £ L times Behween, for SNE, the output is linearly increasing yin}= n+l for ofn<éL-) 55 Problem 6:2 yln= 2xie1 - 3x {of + 2xhn-2) @ MaKe A TABLE; n [colols tzis|els lej7 | 2s xMfo it B\2)ifrqe yet) o lala le fa 2[a[cfe]a--. ylol= 2 fol -3xbr] + 2xh-2] y= 2x6] ~3«fe] + 2xf1] = 2f2)-30> £ y(al= 2xf2) -B 2(3)-3(2) 20) =2 ylst= 2(2)-3l3)82(2) = -£ ylal= 20-302) #20)= 2 yisq= 200 - 3) +2(2)= 3 ylel= 204) 3) 220) =f yi = 204) ~30 +204) =i yisy= 209 -3 (94200 = L (¢) capelse Response =2W)=2 hfoy= 241) -30) + 2(0) = 2 WUT= 20) -30) + 2(07=-3 W[2] = 2(09—3(0) #2(0) =2 Nokee hf] just Filter coefficients : ey him= >, n. Upeads ovt" tha 56 Problem 5.2 (plots) Plots via MATLAB INPUT SIGNAL x{n] OUTPUT SIGNAL yin} 3 3 > on ae 2 | | 4 1 | | o} o a1 a 0 5 10 0 S 10 ‘TIME INDEX (n) UNIT IMPULSE detta{n] IMPULSE RESPONSE h(n] Qi 2Fey fee 1 1 0} Le-c-e-o-e-2-2-0-0-0 9 a S 1 | n 2 int 2 3L at_ ob ° s 10 0 5 10 TIME INDEX (n) 57 Problem 5.3 yin} = x(n] - 3xCn-1] + 2x[n-2]. (a) xt) (b) Trawsposed Form xin 58 Problem 5.4 __ as (a) yh = 2 by xCn-k] x[n]=0 for nco £ n=n =o Assume B40 and by #0 eS Since xi*J=0 for neo, ylel= byxle] boyy» ete Thos ylol#o if xfo] #0. Write ovt the sum: yiw]= by XEn-M] + byeiXln-M +1] +by.xin-mtz] +... To find the largest n such that ylnl¢o, lock at the term x[n-m]. We need n-mNa This is just a Hme shifted version of part (a) The length of K[n] is No-A, tl which takes the Ploce of N- The output will start at n=N, because the time-invariance Property applies. The output will end at n= Mth, because phe Herm Dux{n-M] will be the last one used fw he sum. oN, ond Nya Nat Here's a sketeh xfer 59 Problem 5.5 Plots For parts (a), (b) and (c) are below. (2) This geveral solubton will alse apply te part ic). Xfm] = autn) et el rbd C2 xm) EAS a Ul-k] There are 3 cases. - eo 1.n yIw]= Oo because aes is always 2¢ro “a A OEME LN iat set *uln-k] = 90a" ko Se Se ‘et Unit Step un] 1 05) o| 3 5 10 x{n] =" ula 1 7 | 05] 1 125 °s 5 10 Filtered Signal o: rr) oa| ° o2| our oF 10 5 time index (n) Problem 5.6 w ln) = Yb, zin - &] (a) Determine the filter coefficients {hy} of an FIR filter When is an impulse. z\n| 4 with an input signal that din], the observed ourput from the filter 1s the signal h[n} shown below’ Ally 13, 1 forn=0 {0 tengo a <4 10 123 4 5 ‘n (index) The impulse will “read out" the FIR Filler cweffs. fey = 43714 53 be, Me4 Difference Eqn: yled = 3xtny + 7xtn-i] +B KIn-2) + Ox fad] + Sein-4] (b) If the filter coefficients are {bx} = (13, -13, 13} and the input signal is {° for n even 1 for nodd determine the output signal y(n| for all n. Give your answer as either a plot or a formula. Plot x(n} ain] yi idxied= Ba fori] + 18x09] neo yfete 1B (0-101) #13 (0)> =13 net yh}= B4)-= Bl) +O) 26 7 wer -ylzts 130) BO) isleye 13 ee y tl 61 Problem 5.7_ Linearity 2 (a) Yes. Let xivd= OX fn] +04 x2 fe] th— ytd => yin l= (Ax Le] + ota Xa [n}) cos(o2H ) Kate yan} = ALIN C05 (O.2WA) + ae X2[h] G05 (0.2m) mt yetey (b) yes. y= (4 X00) =a tafe) ~ (mi Er7] Hote ole-iT) = (Afe1 Ain) + oe (Helm) — xa 6e-'1) aa yen yee (c) No. Let KL] = Sin] and xa(nJ=-2 511. yale) = £"1 G yated= Laatma) = 2 861 Let xin] = xle) + Le} = b001- 24 twl= -S{(n) yiey=latet}= &l9) yeTe] + yp fx = fepe2 St] =380"] wer EaUAT (Q) No! if B#O if xfn] —> y, fo], test 2x\f0]—> Zyl7 A(2xt1) +B = 2(Axi]+8)—B # 21 Thwe - TvARiANT 2 @ No! Let x[n= Min], then yfel= (ny cos(0.2 S1 Try xIn-i]=Sin-f], then out pvt CEREALS &{n-i] cos(0.2n)= cos(o.2") b[9-]. Bor cos(0.2") Gli] # yfo-i} = Sf--] 62 Problem 5.7 (more) Time- Tavariant 2 (b) Yes. EE xfel—>yle], Let vin} x{n-ne] ovrpeT = vin}-v(n-1)= x[n-ng)- xLn-ng-1) This is the same as ylo-ne}= x[n-ne- xLn-ne-1} (¢) Yes. Output depends only on x[] at'n", so y frome) = fx n-ne] (8) Yes Yin-ne}= Axin-ne]+B is always true. Causar 2? (a) Yes. yin} at n=ny depends only ow xin] at n=mo, and not om past or fubbre values (b) Yes. yin] at nen, depends only on x(k} at name 4 n=Me- so tt only vses the ‘preseat* and tHe “pa (e) Yes yisjat nen, depends only ow xin) at n=no. ylne= | xf} (a) Yes yiLat nang depends only ow xin] at nano: yitel= Axia] +B 63 Problem 5.8 8m} ~ fa 1] — yln| = bln] - 5fn— 1] + 26(n - 3} = caalan/2) — a 3/4) (b) Use linearity and time-invariance to find the output of the system when the input is z[n] = 76[n} - 76[n - 2] Tn order to use Linearity $ Time-Tav, we need to express xfk] in terms of known signal. Let —xa\= Sin} - &fn-1] Thee tale 7h 7Stea) = Paid + Pxife-r] Because tani] = S(n-i]- Sh-21- Now, LTI system => Ix i<\ ——> 7b ix) -— TSinai] + 14 6in-3) Dx fei) ——> —Sin-i] ~'76In-21 9 14 &In-4] Add thew together. xx] ——» 7411 - 7bin-2} +14 Sim-3) +14 Sin 4] Problem 5.9 Win} = 3S {n]- 2 Sln-1] + 4 S(n-2] + Sin-4] > ylny= 3x[n)-2x[n-1] + 4x(n-2] + x[n-4] (A) Direct Form: xfal x00 6 Problem 5.10 X[n]= UL9) ——e yOn]= $01 +2 Sfn-i)- Stn-2] X,U9}= Sule) -2u[n-4] Use linearity and time-invariance : Yaln}= SyiLnI- 2y,Cn-4] = Bhim] + 68 (m1]-38 0-2] -2 bln-4] —4&[n-s] +2G[n-6]. List of values: WN \éo] O}1 {21344 |5 \el=7 yale}] © | 3) 6]-3]0\-2]-4] 2] 0 66 Problem 5.11 (ay hing= d092- &fn-1] hi(od = &{n1 + S(n-2] hg fr) = §fn-1] + &(n-2] (b) The overall hin] is the convolutron of the hj Ln. hiwl= hfrd hot] # hafn] Win] x hain) = (Stey— SLn-1) & (60 + Sin-2)) = fe] -—b{n-i] + &fn-2] - Mn-3] Now cenvolve with khaled 1-1 1-8 oil ooo o p-touo-t 1 a (6) yOu = Rox xlH1 _ = (Ain-i}- bE) & x0] yte\= Eni) - xfr-5] 67 Problem 5.12 The MATLAB program has two fillers that are. added together, and then filtered again MUV= x0) + xCn) § x2} + x[n-3} Yalml= x{n} -xfn-1 -X[n-2) + xin-3] wlnl= yife) + yoCn] yf] = win) + win-1) + win-2] Si Riley = Stede Gon] + 00-2) + 400-3] So Rafe = Sfn] -K ini] - GEn-2] + 8-3] Sot R&T = Sort Siri] + SE>2) (b) When xinJ=S(x], whnd= Ro + 4,09 =24[nj +2 63) Then yinl= Retr] e w0nd = 2.801 + 26 fni] 425-2] +2803) +2 8(H-4) + 2b{n-s) The overall difference equation is obtained by noting that the filter cetfs are equa) te the impulse response values; by = hole, yin] 2x (01 +2x bri] +2xln-2] + 2x[n-3] +2x(n-4] +2x(9-5] 68 Problem 6.1 xinje @P% eiednn ylnl= xb) —xtn-1] Ce" = 6%, eietrn _ o™ ‘el 0.4r(n-1) An ANGLE = =5# ) O.3 9 =I Thee O20 j\0.4mn Lite e Te @ enern(1— u A=1.176 P= Oren = 0.628 rads, 01 ~ 36° 69 Problem 6.2 ylnd= (xiv) () xine Aelfeien ylrl= (Acfel" YP. piel? oi2 (by No- The ovtput cannot be written as yim = (@) Aeif el because the Frequency has changed The new freq, is 20 70 Problem 6.3 ytn}= xln} (a) xinj= Aei# tien yon= Aeifeiton = Ael?eie" (b) No. The ovtput cannot be written as yim = id) Ae*fein because He fre emcy has changed From +2 =a. ” Problem 6.4 ylwy= 2xie\- Bxfn-1] 42x fn-2] (0) ld)= F bel". 2-365, 261 =o | Simpl fy with symmetrys Ho) = E74 28 312694 - & 3)? (4cos aye <@PunseD Term 18 mad) Excerr RA POSSIBLE AWNUS SIGN (b) cos S has PeRwp= 2x => H(é) has_period s29r (d) Curper 1s 2ERe when X(S)=0 => setve Geos —3=0 => &= cos'(%) =to230 (e) MAGNITUDE of Hiw) pf le — perio = 20 —s] a 4 J yer? | 2 4 = of 2 4 Ve ji 8 U aa? 230 v Lime 223" 3r PHASE of Hi) 200 1 100 2 # PUA 5 9 TOMP a of 180° 100 78 0 2 é 3 Se FREQUENCY (omega) (radans/sample) rR Problem 6.4 (more) (6) XB) ot S=%y is X(%)= 0.08380” Since the , Tesponse alters mag phase of He inpyt, we cam get output viat Kw]= sin( En) = cos(En —E) > yin]= 0.8838 cos (a - 0.se 0.077) = 0.8838 cos(n-0-577r) forall n Arnott approach which uses linear 7% =j7™a em(Ba)= Be MF e ~ inns / -% yim X(B) Be” — KCB) ayer” 5(7%-0.077m) = Fr fotwre 0.8838 e simon) = 0.8838 sin( -0.077r) “ yie|= 0.8838 eos (Hen 0.5778) NeoTe. THis MeETHS?s TRACKS THE Positive AND NEGATIVE FPREQUERCY ComPponENTs THRDOGH THE SYSTEM SEPARATELY. B Problem 6.5 yln) = x{n] + 2xMn-1] + x{n-2] (a) use filter coeffs. fbyZ= Qu 21} Hloy= 1+ 29, i sy- g3®/ 2i* =j5 sj a (b) 26S) = (ele 2+e") = |= (2 +2050) Phase=-= re, a We “ (¢) xf]= 10 + 4cos(En+%) 7 = 10+ 2! ei7" +2e%e™" Jisl= 1X) + Alm2e™*el™” + anememe* lo te!” HC%)= (2) A-w)>2€" ? yln)= 40 + 4ereiMei™ 14 hei oie =40 +3 cos(En -%) (4) xfr= Stel ap ytey= &04 +2 Snr] + &(n-2] aD n 4 Ira (€) xfn]= ale] yin} = ule] + 2uln-i) + uln-2] yinj=o for neo y(oy= ulet+2ur] tal-2]= lroro=t yiy= ulTr2ulel+uliy= 142r0=3 ylad=ulayt2uh]+afol= le2el=4 yinj=4 for n=2. 74 Problem 6.6 (0) yfnQ= xQw3-xEn-2] The filter wefficients are thxg=91,0,-13 Meee 1- -ei® lS) = (ee). zee!" sind (b> MATLAB plots Magnitude 025 0 025 Normalized Frequency (0/2) (6) xtel= 4 +cos(En-%) Nez Ho) L_—-Need 7405) Filo)= 260 6) sin(o) = o HE) = 2.6) 63" sin(%) = pe gin = 0+ Vz cos(Gn-F +H) =VZcos(Fn) for alln 15 Problem 6.6 (more) (2) xbJ= xfelutel, se xIn]=0 fer neo The FIR Filter is yln}= xfw) — x{n-2] Once (n-2)>0, the same numbers are involved in the calculation, se yln]= yLn] for n=Z. When n<2, then x,[n-2}=0 dud x,(n-2] XLA-2], so yl] ¥ yin] for n<2. Here ane the actual values for yin]; XIn=0 fer neo ylol= Xlo} ~x,C2]= xXLol= 44% w= K,07- x= 40) = 44a Y2I= u12I- Ki L1= 4 +4 -(44%)=0 yin} = FZ ces(Gn) for n22. 76 Problem 6.7 @) HUD)= (14 OO) (1-2 c08(H%) IF 4 g)2%) 3 = 2h)et = (HEP) - 20%, giz) 1 Py i298 _ gi? 53% =p +e Difference Equation: Yin = x0") + xin-3] (BY Whee xtn= 6001, ytet= tate &tee3] Ais) N PT Ste oe tet, the impale Vespunse (©) Need to find where FH#d)=o0. {+233 =0 es 4 = eitesae => e i) ae” jets 3 y= #0) Act ei* Thus when P#(iS)=0, te output is Bere. 7 Problem 6.8 a @ Heare L- e2\( 1-206 ene soste?*) =(I- oe \i-Se* +: yer") j2o 2 1-22) (4+ DE eee Difference Equation a ylwys XE} = 1G66KEn-1) + LNG Xin-2 — 4xtn-3) (b) when xtat= Sin], yinT= hie) inpulse response Ria Gla] - BLE SED + 1-116 BOn-29 — § SGn-3) (c) Find S where PHS)=0 The only frequency is B20, becaure then fre foctor (\-€ S12) 2 0. The other tvo Pactors in Hid) are never zero for -T4Oer, 8 Problem 6.9 3 (O xin} _ +H =n 2 (b) use Linearity 4 TIME-INVARIANCE 38x) —~ 3Sfn]- 38[n-3] ~28in-2] —> -2 bfn-2) 4.2 Sines] edn Sin-3] —> _ &{n-3] — Sin-b] together ourpeT = 38{n] —2&jn-2] -2 S{n-3] +26(n-5] = Gin-6], a CS nn 72 a (*) Use the third input/output pair: KM(%)=2 (ne phase). *. c0s( (N34) ——> 2 c0s( ln-3)/, ), (2) The is no direct ewdence about x (mM). Bur use impulse respome te get 3b3. Wind = S{nl- Sin-3] => foup = $1,0,0,-1% jae => H(S) = 1-€ X(v2)= 1-2" x) FO Slay 79 Problem 6.10 Dirichlet Function ‘0 8 6 4 Se (¢) 2ero crossings at vaultiples of Ann ter (®) Periop= 4 (wort: Pe riop =2 when L is odd) (e) Max of W202", * 4q. Take LMT sind b —> 42 +8 Bro sinh Sh BELAMSE 5inO 2 whin O-70- 80 Problem 6.11 yin}= xLn}-3xCn-] + 3x{n-2] -xLn-3] (a) use filter coeffs: {bugs Lug Hle)= 1-33 , 33% 63 _ (j_@3*)? - ee (o” em y (3 ; we pea 7S (22 (ayy Magnitude (Db) Manas a (c) xw]= 10 +4.cos(En+E) yls\= on (e) + 41A(E)| gos(Enr e+ LCD) Hw) = FEM M 2(G) = e(2yel™ . 286 Hlo= oO > yinj=10(0) + B12 yl = x(n-1) -x[n-5] 5a e 82 Problem 6.13 (a) hEnd= 3 Ste) + SOr-1) + £ fn-2] +b Sins] bY 24id)= (14d? 4 ei? 4 18?) = ee (e* +e? ate, ei**) = $e ** ( cos(28) + cos($)) (c) manag : terme fea, ea Novalzes Freavency (Size) Nisraita Frequency (side) (4) KInJ= 5S + 4 ws(o.2mn) + 3c0s(0.5in + 1%) Need Ho) need H (0.2) Latesn) Ho=1 Hloar)= 0.7692" —Angue= -54%=-0.942 rad Hlosa)= 0 => ym= 5+ 4(0.769) cos(o.amn -0.39) sre7e ©) Kbvl=o fir neo WUAV= (lw) + XEna1] eas tn-2] +X[n-3) Since xe} xTw] fer nzo, tHe filtered be the same when n-3 20 outputs will is the regim where yle] = ye] => n=3 Here's a table of the first few valves: 83 Problem 6.14 x(4)= 10 + $cos(200rt) + bcos(Soort + ™%) f= 1000 x[}= Oley, « » ooo =10+ Beos(aoomn ) + 6cos (soem, + ™) = |0 +3cos(0.arn) +b c0s(O.s51n + 17%) na H(0) ‘Need 7{(0-2r) u Hlo.sr)=0 Use frequency response values from Prob. 6.13 Hloy=1 74 (0.2W)= 0,769 E20” ylay= 10 4 (0.769)8 cos (0.2m -0-3r) =|O+ 6.156 cos(0.20n- 0.34) Yt= YE], eb ooot = 10 46.156 cos ( 200rt -0.39) 84 Problem 6.15 (4) System Z will bleck the DC component whieh os a constant. 7h (0)=0. Also yind= vin-vin-1) so the differencing operator removes De. (bY HUD) = P43) 74D) MEI SSO SEP Hedy = | -€® “ 1 3 A= 5-4 (Cc) manag septate vn Mame cteen et Pree em Be . i ie oe Sed Oe UN ee er : iJ Sos. asar Nevaies Froqensy (30) Nematzea Femiency(Sian Magnitude of Oven System —— Pe of Overt Sten S501 a2” 0 oz 04 os 05 04 eran Franc 28 (2) yled =~ Sxted- &xfn-3] 85 Problem 6.16 (a) Kenge - $£n) + 28n-2] - Sin-43 (by) 7eld)=-1 +2 278-14 . = pit _ eine +2- e”) sed . ( 2 -2cos(22)) e_ Rie) @ Magntude 25 Normalized Frequency (0/25) 86 Problem 6.17 X[n]= 5 4 20c0s(En+E) + job{n-33 Need Ho) DEPENDS Need impulse on H(%) response hln? Flo)= (1 j Mi-0yy) (141) = (l-piey)2 = 2244 HOR) = (1- jer) (14,1 +) =f (INU -j) =(I-NOUFNG-j)=0 To find hin, multiply out Ad) H(S)= (1 jE jes Nie) = (ire )(14e8?) meet, ei, err => Fin) = 8(") +$£r-1) + &(n-2] + S(n-3]) Finally, yled= 5(4) +0 + [OFR[n-3] =204 10 S(n-3] + 10 S{n-4] + 1o[n-S] +108fn-c] 87 Problem 6.18 0) Hid) = Ad) 740d) a aj ja 53D 74,1) =l- ee + ee e “ Ay (DS) = 1 +26 pes? Moltiply: « od A j25 535 =i pia HB) = 1-2 OP 28-2 sre _geit, get pt, iad _list Hm pres® — git>_ gir? (b> hfwy= Sin] + Stn-1) -Stn-4] -Sn-5] (6) The pelynomial coefficients of Hid) define fbx$ as $1,1,0,0,-1,-19. Use T bes as filter coefficients: yln} = x£n) + XLn- i] -xLn-4] -x[n-s] 88 Problem 6.19 (4) The highest frequency im xlt) is woz 24(Sc00) To avoid aliasing we must sample at F>2Furx => fF, > 2(SooHz) = 000 samples/sec. (b) Rin}= SEn-101, f and we to be determined XLMD= 10 + 20 cos( mo, + 1/5) yle}= x[n-10} = 10 + 20 cos( sb (n=e) +%) yler= yor pe gg = 10 +20 cos( Se (GE-10) +17) Since we want ylt)= x(t-0.001) , we need 22.0) = (0.0014 =7 '%,= ooo => f,= lo,000He Th order for the output Frequency to be the Same as the input Frequency We, there must be no aliasing, => auy< anf => up< Qn(S00) rad/cec © To Rove ylh)=A, we need y(n} =constaat. Since xLW)= 10 + 20 cos( eg, + 1%) the Filter must “null out" the cose term 4s A ., > = = Wr where coy. is one of * the zers of HS) PUSV=0 when We Bs, My, -2H/5 , ~ Ay, Se Wee Fe Suu = } 2n(400), am(g00), “an (400),- 2n(z00d? We must include all aliases: aw(400), a(agqoc), 27 (4400),.--.. 2r(4o0+20008) am ($00), 24(1G00), Aw (4800), ---- 2m(F0o+ 20008) In (-400), 2w( 1600), 2r(3600),.-.. Rrr(-400+ 2oook) Aw(-G00), 2w (1200), Aw(3200),.. 21-800 + 20002) 89 Problem 6.20 (a) xa} = 10 + (0 cos(o.ann) + 10. cos(0.54n) Need H(0) Geet 24 (0.20) 34£(0.57) Hle)= 1 4 (0.a7r)= 0.9027 Fk (0.5w)= 0.00089 629777" AnyLE=-58.22°=-1.02 rads OT ANGLE =-71.98"= -1.26 rads yln] = 10 + 0.4027 eos (0.29 - 0-4) + (0.00084) [0 ees (0.5wn - 0.3237) Very close te zero ‘Magnitude of Frequency Response of System 05-04 03 02 01 0 01 02-03 04 05 Normalized Frequency (@/2n) Phase Angle of Frequency Response oR4o-ve Phase Angie (radians) 5-04-03 02 01 0 01 02 03 04 05 Normalized Frequency (/2n) e (b) The discontinuity at = arl0.25) is Caused by tHe 2¢7> near = aw(0.25). There is a sign change in Fh (27 which wmeaus the phase changes by 1 The discontinurty at = am(017) is a “Am jump" which happens when the Principal valve of fhe phase fries fo cross w. The arc tangent calculation flips the value from mw to -1r Creaking a "2m jump” 90 Problem 7.1 oo Side Se] => Kylzy= 5 Seda" = b n=0 X2fw] = Sint] = x, [n-1) > £le= 2X (2)= z X301= §Dn-7] = x,{n-7] > Ge- ZL (= 21 Xaln] = 26[m) - 38{n-1] + 4 S{n-3] = 2x)e] —3xLn-i) + 4x%,-3] XQ@)= 24 (2)-32'X 2) +42°L 2) = 2-32'+423 1 Problem 7.2 ie x02 gaa Fer) Yiz = K(z)- zZ'K(z) = (1-2) Xie H@= Y2. 2 u-e)E@_ | _y! Ea xe This difference equation is tHe definihtm of the “first (backward) difference opera tim. 92 Problem 7.3 (Ody r= xin Sxtn-1) -Schn-2] + Ex (n-3] 4.4 xIn-8] mes wee Ha)=1 +s2'-3e° 45 "44 i) when xfnj= Sil, you can subshbte, hw Sim] + S8fniT -38fn-2] + & Stn-3] + 4 fn] Mare A PLT: at Impuse nied Fe — Response 4 25 : | f .! —eeo sooo -- © } = =3 Nore - she diflewree epyaton can be writen asi oy yte] = 2 be Xin] Then he impulee Response will just take on He valves given, by He pbx $ blel=b hls by, hfcl=b, -- ete. 93 Problem 7.4 (a) use Filter coeffs: H(z): 542" eLe? (b) Use positive powers to extract poles and zeros Hle)= g3 (52745245) om ot. Two POLES AT 2=0 zeres at a= -I1t Via =te/8 = EHS a 2ems: {eh (C) Hi2)= H(ei*)= H2)lezei* aE ges yer a-plane i (e*4 1 +é!*) io =6 (#2) ANOTHER FORMULA: Hlo)= o* (ere) (4) use. MATLAB Bein“) Magnitude 1 308 | Bo. | = o2l | 05 0 030201 0 01 02 0% 04 05 NovBalived Froauency (SIE) Phase 2 } $ 0} é 2 } 05 04 03-02 01 0 01 02 03 04 05 Normalized Frequency (@/2n) Problem 7.4 (more) (€) Use Linearity % Freqpency response at 20, Sa m% ond S=2%/3. These are marked on the plots of the Freqoency response. yiml= 470) + 174(%)| cos(a- F +270) =37¢(2%)| cos (En + 2 749%) eas Hloy= Sreedat HR) = EFA(14 25, )/g = FEM 0.20476 HAY) =O because Hl2)=0 at 2-8°" Qo y= 4+ 0.2047 cos(Fn -% 95 Problem 7.5 @ Hle)= O-2')j2 HE )-098Y-0.1"4") a He 1 = (.9cos(%)E'+ 0.6127 : 7 4 H@)= (1-2'+2?-2*)( 1-092 40.81 2) = ong! + 27g? 2d Tet ONE Use polynomial coefts as filter coeffs: yin = xin}-1 4 xln-i] +271 xLn-2] - 2-71 x[n-3] + LTix{n-4]-0.Blxl0-5] (2-d(ajra-e(2-ode 2-016") (b> Hla)= i THE FACTORED zi ane FORM Gives ALL / % THE ZEROS ei” . z-plane {c) The zeroes on the unit civce will cause nulling of x[n\= Aeitei*" Ze\ Y@) Ze) (P) Stace Hal@H(2)= Hyle)Hale) because H,(2) and H2(2) are scalar functions. > : Y@)= Hl) H2(2) Ke) means that H(z) is applied first () H(er= See +27) by using the filter coeffs. H(a@) = Hi(2) H.l2) S EC ete 2g (it e427) = h(i t2d'+3e%e 2at+24) (4) Convert to difference equation (i.e, filter coe ffs) ylry= 5 (xt) + 2x[n-i) +3x{n-2] +2x[n-3] + x{n-4]) (€) Fina the poles § zeros of H2(e), then “double” them because H,(2)= H2(z). Hil2)= 5 27(2 +241) Problem 7.6 (more) (fF) Hles*)= Hile*)H,(e}*) =a seit ei y =1 ei?*(e* pte?) EME (1p 2costny IH(ei*)| = G(r 208630)" At So, IH| = 4(3¥=1 At W=™, IMl=4(% 4 At S = 2n/y |H| <0 because there is a zero on the unit circle. At Sem, WHI=4(1-2F= % 4 jute 98 Problem 7.7 wt = - Plays 1+ ee +her ye 4 Oo ~~ Root @ z=-4 a2 +z Nose ouaDRATic PoRMuLA ' — oN THis PART tty sos £t(%-4 5 tL. z ° a =L+; Je Eos 4-14 ee —— 4 o MAG OF THESE Roors +05 os a ‘Reel pet IS EXACTLY ONE. 99 Problem 7.8 (8) Wow) = 3 § Sie] + Stor} + Sinz] 4 S(n-319 win tir. 23 4 " (>) Hizy= £1 +e4E7 +z) by osing hind. (¢) Peles and zeros: 3. a2 = 12 +2 +24) H(z) a7 3 oe (e?* ei?) ern (23 a”) 5% sin(23) sin(gd) At Seo, He) = re? 4a t At = % 3,-™%, Hel”) =0 because sin(2d)=0 100 Problem 7.8 (more) (2) vse mamtag Magnitude 0.25 0 025 OS. Normalized Frequency (@/2n) Phase “0.25 0 0.25 0.5 Normalized Frequency (@/2n) (F) Evaluate H(e¥*) af S=0, S=0.2" and S=0.5r. These are marked on the Fregoemcy response plots weM=1 — H(ei227)= 020 ci" (ei?) =0 > ylel= 5 + 4(0.771) cos(o.2"n-0.31) + 0 = 5 + 3,084 cos(o.2mn- 0.37) 101 Problem 7.9 (ay A 4-point moving average is yEwt= Ap (xeed ¢ Cn] + xEn-2] + xtns}) H(@= Hel2)= f+ he atz? edz? H(2)= H@)H(2) = (14 eee 2,23) (b) Find the poles and zeros of H(@), then “double” them. Switch 4 positive powers of 2 H,(@)= B+ a4etlez Nomerater factors: 42> Ceenleten) 3 poles = (241 (24) 42-5) ak 2=0 =P Zeves od 2=-1, -}, +) © Fer the cd H(e)= H@I12..5% J). 4 soe sje) Hie) je (uel eeF e™) This can be reduced to @ Dirichlet form. 5). in (4°70) <5 94%, H(é (= A) 53 “y ©, ‘Numerator fs sin(®72) ere for 2d 24k = oi ( sin(27 > derky Asin(42) At &=0, denominator Gad is also Zero (d) w — Phase fu 2? “KO KX Bos 2 o. Bi a? RenmatenaFarwercy 0/95 “ 102 Problem 7.9 (more) © Ware de(ied' +2 Py BE +ze +3274-48%430%+ 227 42°) TKnver+ term by term bnln}= 2 SEAT + SLeiT + Fe Sl ZY +ZStr3] +3, $in-4] +£ Mins] te §[n-¢} 103 Problem 7.10 (4) Convert H(Z) to a difference equation: yin) = xEe1 - 3x[n-2] + 2xfn-31 + 4x{nb] The most delay fs 6 Samples, so the term 48In-4] in xfr] is delayed to 16 §{[n-10] The least amount of deley is 28(n) experiencing no delay. Thos the output starts ot n=o and ends at n=lo. => ylrl=o for neo 4 nro N,=0 and N2=/0. (b) Klz)= 24 2'-2274+48+ Y¥(2)= H(z) X(e) = (1-38%4 2234 42°)(2t2! 28% 424) = 2+e'-2d%4404~ b22-322 4 bet-122° +427 4204-425 4274 804 4d BE HbE” Combine ferms with common exponents Yeay= 24d! 222 4d ee Ae 4 eee” —8oFy [be nvert : yiry= 28001 + &t-1] 38 {n-2] + &r-3] +12 Sn-4 4h (n-57 - 4Sin-6) +128(n-7] ~¥S{n-8] 416 SLn-10] 104 Problem 7.11 oneg = pi/6; an = (0:29); mn = sin(onegenn); bb= [1 0 0 1]; wae Ci]; yas filter( bb, aa, mm); XK ernate form: yn = conv( bb, mm ) @ Hie) = 1+ 08's Of*s 12 -3 i% 3% = 142? —2—> poor: ; Le ,e (b) Determine a formula for y(n}, the signal contained in the vector yn. XIx}= sin(™) = cos(™% -%) Use H(e%*) at Se m| H(e%*)= Hida. ar Oh H(i). 14M e eS 5 = Ze * ytet= HCE") lees (1% -% + ZHI) ) = {Zz cos(™™ -%-%) = Tz eos(m% - 3%) (©) Give a value of omeg such that the output is guaranteed to be zero, for n > 3. ALL ZEROS Lie ON UNIT CIRCLE IN 2-plane =>H(e*)=0 fa SO: ™%, war wher Hei) =o Hu cutpeb will be zero for nz3 omeg = ern omeg = 105, Problem 7.12 -1 A MULTIPLY (a) Hl2)= (Ir eee? (re ) Covrer Factors = (ewe = 1-24 a yln= xtn}- x|n-4] (6) Hiel*) = H @le-ei% = /- eine © Hte®)= (ee *) (4-28) = (2sinad Je : = 25 6)? sin 2d ALTHOUGH THIS HAS & SIGN CHANGE FoR B _— w= °o,%)T,-% (2) Need H(ei%) because that is the Freqvemery of the input H(e"*) = (2sin 28) mene = ah ee) 7 3 le = Ge - gee -fe "< ourPur ist yer {3 cos (m2 + SE) 106 Problem 7.13 yl} = x{n] ~ {2 xfn-i] + xf{n-2] (7.6.7) XInJ= Acos(En+q) = Qe§ Aertel? = gheter™ 5 Ae? ci Ph into the difference eqpations yids gaeitel™™ a peitei _ & Aes? eine _ & peter +ipei® eit + neste 2 Collect the common Ferme: yiel = taetei™ (1-6) + beter (_ ia on +e") The terms in parentheses ave Zero. 1-Zé 5M ei. 1-(1-jV 4-3) = 1 j-j=0 ae™ = |-(itj)+j= 0 A quicker solution uses H(z) = Ye) _ zt 52 H(z) zw {-Re'+2 The zeros of H(z) are 2-2 (2 tie-4 fa-4 - &+,2 2)” a= Btje-e8 <.— These zems are om fhe vnit circle, So He Signals ES" are polled. 107 Problem 7.14 H@)= 1-227-494 hin) = {01-2 Sin-2)— 4 SIn-4] xin] = 208°" + 20c0s(En +) - 204mm) H(e”)-20 weed H(el*) 20h fn} He) = ¢ -2 ?*_ gy siae H(e”)= 1-2-4 = -« Hei) = {-2e3"- 465" =1+2-42=-14 vs ylit}= -100 -20 cos(En+ ) - 20 Sin) + 40 S{n-2] + 80 b[n-4] 108 Problem 7.15 x(H)= 4 + cos(25drt-™%) - cos ( 200K t) with £= {000 xinl= x(B)] = 4+ coo( BH) —3ens( AEM) Now, run xin) through He Filter Hie) Te do se, we need Frequency Pesponse at Dao, %, a% ° H(e”)= tthe 4 oa Hees) = 4 (1465 ed) = 5(40 eR -se d) = a@ jue = 0.569 -j0.569 =.) H(e?™) = 4 (sei +E) = 0 So, the output of fhe digttal Alte ve: fi 3 -jed H(e*)~ ree ee yil= 4 + 0,047 cos(En-B) +0 Now convat back to analog, R—- ft = woot y(4)= 4 +0.8047 cos( 2s0rt-™%) n = 4403047 sin(zsort) 109 Problem 7.16 (@) Hey has_& 2eros 4 6 poles af ano The eros are: 2= 41, tj, 0.3 et (by) wrr~ xtn]—xtm-4] => Hiss 1-24 = (Ise) 27). Te ge4 Hala) divide : H,(@)= aE = (-03e%2")-¢ 10.9 eat) Hyle)= 1— Lb cos % 21+ 64 e* A y= xin —03z)xi-n £ 0:64 Kfn-2] 2 = 11314 110 Problem 7.17 H(z) = bp (i-#*) +b (z'- F*) = 2°b (2% 2*) + 276, (2-z') (@) Hie*)= H(2)h ei? = &* Ble 2d gis Gj 5 b(eee é*) ——— ajsin(25) “Zjsind H(e*) = [2b sin(2a) +2b,sint2)| eilt-25) () H(%)= be (1-24) +b,( 2-27) = a* h(a*-2*) + 2*b (2-2) =-24( 27h, (2-27)+27b(2-2")| H(z) 1 Wg =- 24H (2) (©) Generalize when by= —byy for k=0,h..M Whera M is even bap = —bymy = by, > bay = Then we can group terms as in part (a) tA H(z)= = b2* amy (2a) 4 2b (FEF )a... Each term in parentheses will become a sine forchon Problem 7.17 (more) tie ajmiy, fac! Hoe = MD | apb, sin( (4-15) kro for M= odd integer: SS is not an integer, so there is no by term 2 Zz We can shil pair Biba, bt bu, ete Therefore, the same formula as above will apply For example, when M=S we get a 5% . Hle*) = 2" 5S) 2) by sin((E-#)S ) Ko \(E- 5 3 2% = bysin( $3) + bsin(20) + bsin(0)) F NOTE: the upper limit on the sum is different: Since we pair bas with baw , the upper limit becomes Me, 12 Problem 7.18 (a) Hl2d= Hy(2)= 14d ot + zx (b) Hl2)= H(2)Hela)= (1+ e+ 274 2°)* «) Multiply out the product: H(a)= (#22 +32%4 4e% 4 3a%¢ 20% 2° Invert fterm-by-term: hin ]= 50m] +2 Sfn-1] +3$L0-2) + 460n-3] + 3h[n-4] + 26{n-5] +6Ln-6] (d) Use the pelynemial coeffs of Hl2) as Filter coefficrents: yln]= xln) + 2xfn-1] + 3xin-2) + 4xfn-3] + 34[n-4] #2x(n-5] +x[n-6] (e€) Linear interpolation uses & triangplarly Shaped impulse response, which is exactly the form of hlh7. hid) 59 2 4 i I te 123456 oS There are fue problems with using hfn] directly: The valve at the peak of the trianole is 4, net 1, so we need a scale factor of 4. The peak valve is at n=3, not n=0, so the ovtput is time-shifted — delayed by 3. Procedure: “(te inberpobte xIK] by 4) ipotiniscwcell Ya xfx|_ [Por 3 zeres yin] between ever Hlz) -@ Sample of eh [Hie] The ovtpot yim is xin) interpolated” but shifted by 3 samples. 113, Problem 7.18 (more) (f) Prove H,(2@)= (-2)H, (ay=(-e' eee ee") a setae tye? get ates =I-z# (9) H(#) and H2(@) have the same poles 4 zeros so we find the poles and zeros of H(z) aud plot them “twice” in the z-plane. ate | + — Roots = 1-1, j,-j 4 H(a> lo%° 2 Zot i-2" 2°(2-1) —— Roe#rs= 0,1 The numerator and denominater beth have foots of Z=1, So these cancel. We are | with 3 Zeres ab Z=-1,4),-j and 3 poles at eno => H(2) has 6 Zeros; twe 5 each at Ba -I,+j and-} H(@) has © poles ot a=o A) H(e)= H@led® ie | a (e*- ey) Ine ei (GSH) (My) = 6% sins) Sm(ES) ne wd Hle*)= Hi(e”) 533 (a8 y Wormatzed Frequency (a2 114 Problem 8.1 fn) = V2 yin-1] ~ y[n-2) + xin) » , yie-2} A xin $00] “At rest" condition => yi}=o for neo ylol= $2 ylr] -yl-2] +xfo]- E)o-o += 1 ylry= By foy-yl] +xi= (Wa) t-0 vo= VB yla} = &yl1- ylel + x2] = (@)E-1 +0 | yls]=(Z)I- Broz yla]=(@)o- 1 +0 = -1 The general formula ts yied= Avis +A, (Gy for nzo where 4 t % are the poles. _ 1 H@- ae Kn y= A (eS Ae? Now, we evaluate A, b Az from known values of yin]. We use n=2 and n=4 yiet= 1 = Ae Ale! = A-ha yl4l=-1= Ae” +A,e)" = -A\- Ad Solve the simultaneous equations: [j= -2)A2 amd 4p = 2A Am = 5-3 e Azar A Bei zy am a yTwy= B aMei¥ + Be) 4 for nz0 = {2 cos($n-F) = I cos(Fin-) 15 Problem 8.2 First of all, tabulate some values of hfnl. ym = yh) + y(n-2] + xIn} Niet Sin) When xinj= S[n] we use Win] in place of yl) 3 gia te LAST 2 OVUTPULTS Now we use 2-Transferm to get the formula for n=o. Fr nco, R[J=0. Yiay= Z'Y lz) +27 V2) + KE (2) (1-2-2) Yiz)= Kz) Hla)= YR/gi2zy = 2 The peles are ats 2 12 Sian UNE Zz 2 Te avoid the inverse 2-Tranform (for new ), WE use the idea that the output is “pole-to-the-n”™ n _ n > hbl= kK, (445) ul] +k. (5%) uln] Use hfe] hf}: Eee) t=hlel= ky +k, a Pte tae t= WET: (2 )K, +52) ke ee Ky= 116 Problem 8.3 yn) = gylni) + S$ yln-2] - x[n] + 3x{n-1] -2xfn-2] Ye ~ £2" Yay+ 42? Y2)- He) +32'Lle)-22* Lia) (1-g2'-£27) Yrs (-1+32'-22*) Le) Hi@= Y@) _ -1+32'-2¢% Ee) ~ [ga 4c? Change to positive powers of 2 te find roots H(ey= - 2223242 _ _ @-22@-) -ge-4 (2-0,879X2+0.379) For He second systewr only the signs om yin-2] and xfn-2] change, so we can write H(e) immediately = 2e* __ 2*-32-2 B-ga+d = 3.562, -0,562 Pores: 0.254 j0.52 = 0.5774. 10 ANGLE is #74 54° ot + |.123 rads. 7 Problem 8.4 ie = &ylo-1) - & yln-2) - xn) Y= £2'YR)- 427 V2) - Ke) (1-k2'+42)Y@)= -X@) H(@)= ¥@) 2 _ at Ke) 1-4 e+ ye Change to positive powers of & when Finding poles and Zeros. H(z) = -2 poles are ot ~ gteek B= OSL jO-Se 2 3 tj0.357r =0.5774e7 Nowerater is 25 so we have two zerms at #=0. Rae caeees ov thizzrads yiy= Sy On} - $y fn-2] -xfn-2] H@=—=— = 2! Eevype Be yery Gre le) If we take fim H(z) we get H(z)—> ke so we 2-0 have 2 2eres at @=00 yied= syle} -¥ yle-2] — xlr-4] z+ -1 H(@)= 2 = 5! __ Tael+ge* — z*(@*-g2 45) Now H(2)— Yet as 2-200, so we have 4 zens at B200 we have 4 poles. The same two as above, plus Z more poles at z=0, 118 Problem 8.5 (ye =e y fn) tx fn Tf re-aranged: w-fort +4), ) yOel+ sy fa] = xtn7 bea H@)= — aos zero B {tse zh Pour @ =-£ (bY Do this by making a toble. n inl yield <0 ° ° ° 1 L iol =-3 y Plt xlel = 1 1 Orie A “lea H% y[31=-% GA) to y lala” (ey +o- nit 2 nse espouse ytd ne a Bewaves uKe Yeeon=) A 35)" for w22 > Yas WE2 7 Pore 119 Problem 8.6 @ H(a= -o8+2! 17 O82" BY PKEING THe COEFFS From (b) pre @z-08 Be! @ 2- Ke Shas © Me)= Heed), 0 = -O%+ I> 1- ogei® (4) [Heel aI"s Hie He) 8 +23") (0.8 460%) (1-oes*)(1 - 0.8e*) 6441 7~ bets” 1464+ Oed* 08ev* bcos bcos Wace 917 120 Problem 8.7 @) Hiey- t+ =F (b) Five Rous. Find pots of 2Btl=0 i”% We -j i ae em el mT 2 heal fe Xfm Ce eee n \eolojij2)a) S\6)718\4 {lol uj te mat sSSEERE RSE Et yi] (4) Peries = 10 which can be determined frome the plot above. 121 Problem 8.8 yin) = -0.9 y{n-6] + x(n} i (ey Yas 092 Y@) +Xlz) H@-=-— = _# 1+ 0.926 Wea > Peles are found as the solutions to 2409-0 This involves the *roots of unity” jr anh goa -0.9= 0-9 ee” f= 212,345 2 = (6a ees fmt ANGLES ARE: = 0.933 e Tae, Se Oe Se, UE, Ee ODD MULTIPLES of 30° 122 Problem 8.9 ylsd= -$ yln-1] + xfn] @ yas -£2'Y@) +X) (1+32')Y@)=-Ee) => y(2)- Yer. 1 X@ ite! Te find poles ¢ Zeros change te ositive powers of Zz. Ps P Hia= = _x! zem of Z=0 Zee ~~ one. pole at e=-'h (b) The impulse respewse of the system is the inverse transform of H(z)! \ uy = R= (-2) H(@)= ra RoQ= (-E)u To get the output when x[n]s bin] eS{n-1] + Sln-2] use superpesihi then. yixy = Rin + Ron} £ Riz] = (AYU Cayo + CS aln-2] Fer nso, yfey= 1 Oro = ' For nef, yfi]s-gtleor 2 For n=2, yled= (44S +(-5) = (-5Y (1-2 +4) = 3(-4)” Formula for yids yi Gord +4 Sb] + 3(-£Y'uln-24 123 Problem 8.10 (2) Use tong division as in Example 8-11 0.772! tl)-z'e) "fi fem 2.3 NOTE: Lg |.298T2)3 O77 cn Use 2-Trans form pair: 2)=-13 USSD . cane tai batulr) hale Y= -1.3816) + 2.3 (0.77) uh] (b) vse long division: { +032" i, Uy(2y= TORE L 8 4 ve" Taz q * \ronz! > Aim -2 So + 2 orvum (c) Use the ees property + + B™ Hz) > Rinne] 2 He@)= 2 (ow)= FQ) 2 ge= (09S ub. Relmd= qla-2]= (0477-2) ~De gl ED n=2 (4) This is an FIR filter. Lavert term by term; Hyl2)= 1-2! +227-32* “os ~3§[n-4 Se] -&{n-i] Nae 28a) Wylnl= Six) S(-i} +283] -3 &{n-4} 124 Problem 8.11 Xalnd= -3 (4)%ated + (4yaer ) X= +e? tse" 10.4 wrens =e + Ke 1- ond me! \-0.9Eiez" K.= %oe) = 1.2346 sso K,=Kf <0. gssce’” Xyin)= 1.234bsin 40.6556" (09 CP ute] $0,6556 60.4)" Eun) = 1.2346 8[e) 4 1.31 (0.9)" cos(2E"4 0.557") alm] e) = tee! = Kk Ka O Re l-o1z'-072e* T=09e! * T4088" Pi . K= 12 _~ 1+! _ 4 " 17087" lesa "R27 a Lu se 7 ez! |-09z' Vaso = = B=-0 u76 melel= (Lube - CE wld 125 Problem 8.12 ylel=$ylr-i} +xin]) => H(2)= 1- (a) Thpok is wl] > Klay Ylz)= Hlz)X(2)- ——! __ NERO EO: Cae) Do a partial fraction expansion: Yay= Ke, ke 1-2" " 4a =- 2 ! (=e [eae yiel= 2utn) - (£yule % —=— db) x= em => Kite) = ae Yay= Wa) K(2) = ——t 2)= H(z) X(z2) (ene PF) Partial Frachion Expansion: __A A NOs ye Dene _ 0-59 7, j yids 068227" (£)" ulm) + 136°" (Cin Jum) This term dies ovt Steady-state term ©) HE yo.gg = Hlei) = Hl2)], ey. Ny ay jolt H( ) 1-464 136€ 126 Problem 8.13 Pole-Zero Pit #1 Pole-Zero Plot #2 1 1 ° ° o5| os [= \ f x ° F oolo x) 05] -05| 4 al ° a 4 0 7 4 0 7 Real Real Pole-Zero Plot #3 Pole-Zero Plot #4 To a 1 os os l> ° x 6 Fool x ° S 05 0s 3 a{_° g 4 a ° 7 4 0 7 Real Real For each of the pole-zero plots (#1. #2, #3 and #4), determine which one of the following systems (specified by either an 71(z) or a difference equation) matches the pole-zero plot. Si: yn] =0.77y[n 1] + z{n] + z[n— 1] > POLE AT B= 40.77 Sp: yln) =0.77y{n — 1] + 0.772{n] - zi — Ww tee Beko at B=) SMG) = Tort Pous @ 2-20-77 6 Ss Vesta y at 5 2&Ros AROuwND , UNIT CIRCLE, NOT AT Be- Ss: Szin-k] HAS 7 BERos om mS Se: H(z) =3-3271-—* BERO AT 2H1 Sr: yln] =2[n] + z[n— 1] + 2[n - 2] + z[n — 3] + z[n— 4) + 2/0 — 5] G sacees Hz) = 122° BUT No ZERO AT z= 4 127 Problem 8.14 FREQ RESPONSE: A FREQ RESPONSE: B 7 a | S Bees él 4 BER AT 2 2 —s — — 0 2 FREQ RESPONSE: C FREQ RESPONSE: D Zee @ S-0 os oO 2 a) ° 2 FREQ RESPONSE: E FREQ RESPONSE: F one ‘ 7 BERos eee Slane marx d 2 a) ° 2 2 0 2 FREQUENCY (omega) FREQUENCY (omega) For each of the frequency response plots (A, B, C, D, E. F), determine which one of the following systems (specified by either an 21(z) or a difference equation) matches the frequency response. Si: yln] =0.77y[n - 1] +z[n] + z[n— Je LowPAss “7 ZERO ar Ser = _ ne 2077-2) 7 Sr: yln] =0.77y[n - 1] +0.77z{n] —z[n- 1] >» H(z) cone * ALL-PASS Ss — -HIGH-PASS “7 BRO AT Dao Anes “Dirichlet” Ss t+2*-2 Sa — HIGH PASS W7S 2ERos ow UC. z Dirichlet” Ss: ylnl= ozin-k] = Low PASs NZ 7 ZEROS oN U-C. is Sc: M(z)=3-32"" HIGH-PASS W7 1 aEeeo Suh) = [rn] + z[n — 1) + 2[n - 2) + 2[n — 3} + z[n — 4) + 2[n 5] “Dirichlet” LowPass WH 5 ZEROS ON U.C. 128 Problem 8.15 @ H(z= OB +2" BY _PIEING THE CCEFFS Fron 1-082" THE DIFF. Ean, (b) me @ 2-08 bos. tere Bem @ z- Ke pele S125 2-plane © Hle*)2H2)) . . o%+e* | ei? 1_ oeei® (2) tHcelatts Hee HVE) CONTUGATE. 8 +E3*) (0.8 +604) (1~c.8e3*)(1 - 0.8%) = 64 +1 ~ 08e39_o.FeN* 1+.64- o8eI* -o8ev* = 64 — 1.64 = bcos : — bcos edt «6 cosh (e) xi= 4+ cos(Fn) - 3e0s(7En) ; af Need Hie) Ny He) \iteed He") Since IHle%)] = 1 for all fregs, only the phase of the cosine terms will change. Alse, He phase ot ao is Ze, so y(n|= 4 + 005(Fn +2H(e™)) -3c0s(4Fn +zH(e"™*)) ZH( 8%) = -149.97° = -2.617 rads = -0.933 rads ZH (ei?) = -172.66° = -3.013 rads = -0.95 79 rads 129 Problem 8.16 General Commects : (1) Pole-Zer plots #42 #2 ave for FIR fillers because all poles are at z=0 (2) Frep: Responses Ail have wang Zeros which correspond te 2€fDs on ONIT CIRCLE (3) Fre Resp ¢ 1s a lowpass Bilken so tts pole- zero plot should have no 2e2r0 near 2=0 " p2 #4 —=~ Cc #2 -—~A (4) Freq. Resp. D has prominent peaks aie gi ot ty => poles nur Z-€ - #6 =<—»> D. (5) Fre, Rasp & has several peaks cack Caused by different pole- pairs Note peaks ab =2m% #3 -—~-E& (0) Freg Response Bs Hiyhpass Filtey whi R needs a neon Ba -] #5 ~—-B 130 Problem 8.17 Comments * (1) Ble- Zev plots #4 $ #2 are FIR so the only candi ‘dales an BE (2) Fer impulse ier Ee Hz) = )+e'+ e742? roteetae! Which has reots of numeater at = an, én ew Me BERS #i-—-—eE #2 +— 8 (QQ) For By He) = es oe we [+z (4) For Az decay is Kke @4)" so we need a pole at B= 04 #4 +—~A (5) Fac: we need a difference like y= —0.98 yin-2] + xin) Ha ieoniee #6 > Co (6) For Ds the hind ts Complreated #3-->D (7) #5 would behave Ike (-0.9)” which would oscillate back & forth which is not D 131 Problem 8.18 Movltiply out H(z) H(jy= GED 5A HZ) (i- oe" 21-09") = G2" +27) 1 = 2(0.9) co5(2%)Z'+ (0.2 t-e'+ze7-23 1-0.92'+0.81e7 (0) Use the numeratr i denominator polynouial coefficients as filter coefficients: YY= 0-4y(n-1]~0.81 y(n-2] + x(W)- x(n-i] #xLn-2)-xIn-3] (b) Multiply numeratnr 4 denominator by 23: Haye 622-3 aH) 2(2-0.4¢e)9%)(2-0.96°") Geroes, Z=1,} and-)j ajar Poles: t=0, 2=0.9E7 "% ° 2-plane (c) The Zems of the numerotr Polynomral are on the unit circle at zee 2-0i% ad zee when xiK1= AeFe®™ the outpul yin) is yo1= H(e!*)-Aedt eS There the outpot will be zero when Hlei*) a0. Thot is, for a0, B=, ad Sa-my. 132 Problem 8.19 Using f,= 1000 samples/sec, we can determine x{n) xin] = Olay = 4 + cos(s0onn-,)~Scos(2000y. 2.) nln ]= 4 + cos( En) 3 c00(2E) Use the wency response at = 0, TE aud ar to determine yin]: yind= 4 H(e%) + |H(ei™)| cos( Ene ZH(e™)) -3|H(e?™)| cos( AF +L (eh) Since H(2) has zeros ot Z=/ and 22 eU"™% the frequency response fs Zero at Se0t S=y% Thos we only need H(e!7"*): H(i) = Le ey ee )(1- MP (1-09) (1-0-9 E59) = 0.52280 ere = B20 2 2.064 rads Yin} = - 3 (10.522) cos( En 40.6577) CORPORATE MINUS SIGN = 31.566 cos( En 0.3437) MRE PHEse Now convert back te continuous-time. yl)= cal = B1Sk6 ens (APO) 0,343.0) 133 Problem 8.20 (9) pays Leo.be! z +08 (-0.92" 2-0-4 + BM ok B= -08 pole at Z= 0.9 (P) yi) = O-dyfn-i] + xin] + 0.8K ini) (c) H(ei#) = love 7 '- ios CONTLGATE Jue) = He) H%e*) _ Le ogel” 1-09 e* mbt +082 40.8 ES* 181 -o4e!? 0.9 es = Lb4t+hecos® _ 324 d=o 481- cose oom Sar @ rise 2a) LowPAS 5S F15|--— PASSBAND FILTER rol LHe!) see plot—7 4 Yas Ke) => H(2?=4 > Hy (er= re Hla) = Hale) He) H(a=1 1 = H2(20(1+%Z") Difference. Gee yin] -Lyh-'1 + xin] (9) H,(2) bewmes the denominator polynomia] in Hi(2= 'Zy(e). Thos the zeros of H(z) will have fo be inside the unit circle iF H2(z) iS geting to be a stable system. 135 Problem 8.22 @) Le pro 4 use MATLAB te make the plot yn = 0.99% cos(2"pF'0.123°n) os} 0.5} o 2 s 6 @ 10 12 14 16 18 20 ‘TIME INDEX (n) (b) TS synthesize we need 2 poles of ze 0.99 eo me) H(z) = ~— (I- ongeronns 1 _ pages nen ey = t 1 = 1.98 cos(a.246n)é' +(0.99)? 27 1 |= L4arnbe! + 0.201 2% yin) = + 1.4176 yt9-1] -04Bolyfn-2] + x1H] NOTE. thes will not produce the ld case 136 Problem 9.1 e-2un 5 0.2 xine 34 2e2° 7, DEI 7. 9 0eTen +7)" vn (@ Gqeste — Caeitt Se-0.29 is same as Oe 2r-0.2r= 1.89 Se -0.7rm —e O=anw-0.?r= 1.30 3 2 om % Ole © Ibe ir Lar (9 xycey = xine All Freguewcies will be increased by 0.417 On o4r 9 Otwrhir Sn 2.a0 O.2r— 0.67 bow — be = 2.a9-27 = 0.2 TE 4 705% SPECTRUM, of XC"1 p 026 O04" Or TK, te ar ey Cis*= 2, so all Frequencies increase by T. , v y oo on lar 130-7 2.8 0.9 Oars har |. Bre 2.3 = 2.9K-am = 0.3 2, Ome ON Nar te ae 137 Problem 9.2 O) Xe Ud= = XI €& p31 P%)mnk Kb? = Xonly non-zero for n=o (by X= Les tamernk we = le smo) ok j-€ - . 1. citer = ream LO ib keband a . (A X.IK= Zameiowr = Ell Me)4k * non-zero only for n=4 Kyl OK foe kaa 2nd (4) X,0a= bs ei gilantoink j(2%e)(2n-nk) 3 ° {0 +——~——__ whew k=2 e2(?%)10(2-*) eis RE ky tet wher kez denon Bslk]= $10 for k=2 © for h=O1,3,4,567,8,9 a 138 Problem 9.3 @ ximet ee RKedOm* 2 sere \— non-zero only for k=0 1 — giPrveyion (by m= eiemnk pe Numerator is always zero because )_ pi?™"_ )_;20 The denominator is non-zero when n=12,...9. Whea n=0, we jean fvaloate the Sum divectly + Xlel= 4, Bete” = ploy=4 XelX}= 0 for n=h2,3,.0..9 © kis + = Raley rren non-vero at K23,7 eilameyn) A giant _ ig 24 (eil@m3m jam (Ate) Wind = 4 esl) (8) Kyle] = cos(2"hs)= + i (F%e)ek +e xe \ =z for n=28 Oo for n= O434547 9 139 Problem 9.4 (0) Yok]= e+ eilemaye eeiltvadak eil3"/a)3k silAHeyUSK/ SAMaN-SK —g3(ami2)ek —_(ampa)bk =é (é +e + i) $esemaisk Yid= EiYSE( 9 cos (ESR) ‘ 2eos((4¢)4b)) (bY yond = 4 for n=2l, £-0,1, s W{k]= 3,1 eiemayiene = Ss exPmrte ino &e The sum is to 6 when k= multiple 5] 6 “This can be proven with the orthogonality property of Prob 9.5. Thos Ying.) fr koe © fr k= 42345 73,4100 Yalk= 5 eit gilemrns os 13) Let O= aw($-'iz). Then the sum is Sem aro [-e® Give” IRR eI — oit® _sin(5%) ~ sin(56) ope ee’ 140 Problem 9.5 Rt jamke/y _jdrks, Nl 1 > e V ed irkn/y = x eo emntd kn nso 1- eiMnd-HIN i ed aruy-F) The nomerater is always ze because ely Zon = ele 1 The denominator is zere when £-k=N er whea L-k = multiple of N. Whee we get %, we have £-k = pN, so fhe summation is: nel JAMIL sappy te! ae = 2. Sen neo no The condition A-k = multiple of No can be expressed as: Lek= Oo med mr R= kwodN Thee, wl St i amet oj arev N 2k mod n=o O Ltkmodn 141 Problem 9.6 The S-point running sum Filter has coefficients UbeZ= FLT C8 wef Ficientsy Lis frequency response is: a ak 2. -jok Hle*) = be =ye kso Keo After some manipulation H(e}*) can be expressed as a “Dirichlet” form: H(e#*) = eit sin(@d) (eM) = € Sin( $0) Since the numerator, sin(4), is ZERO for B= 1%) We and 30/4) the spectrom Components ak ,=0.257, S.<0,5 and Wy= 0.757 will all be removed. The output yin] will be the pc value of xIn] multiplied by H(ei°) which vs , 2: Zz Hle*)= Se = 34 =8 ko kee => yh=8K= 8(2)= 24 142 Problem 9.7 The (2-pt running sum filter has filter coeffs: GouZ= {Lub '$ (Twelve ones) (@) The impulse response Win] consists of twelve ones i hit = 3 Ste-k) Ht wee ,esas ww ”" (b) The frequency response . * . contriveba "Dirichlet" form: H(e%*)- sin(6i) when xini= EF" , the output f: sin(e) wEl=Hie™ er" _ (gil sin) sin("78) Hlei4) = 2.gr3ei2 —— angie -675°= 1.178 rads yon] = 2.613 gilt) (€) When the input signal xIn] has a starting time at n=o, the filter exhibits a atyansient” over the vegiow bencit. For n=il the ootpet Can be determined by using the frequency response, as in part (b)— we Jost yoke the real part. ela] = 2.613 cos(Hn- 3) for nen — fer n

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