ee L | PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION mm 8PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS coe Drawbacks of Mandeleev's periodic table : Position of Hydrogen is uncertain becomes it resemble with IA group alkali metals elements and VII A (halogens) group elements. (i) Isotopes : Isotopes of an element have similar chemical properties but Cate ee oo CON me) Se a ee CoM ele) CM ate eee) atomic mass. So isotopes should be placed separately but no separate place was given to isotopes.(iii) Anamolus pairs of certain elements : Certain elements were not arranged according to their increasing atomic mass, Ce (a) Argon (Atomic mass 39.9) was placed before potassium (atomic mass 39.0) (b) Cobalt (58.95) before Nickel (58.70) (c) Tellurium (127.6) before Nickel (126.9) (d) Thorium (232) before Protactimum (231) (iv) Similar elements were placed in different groups. ee (a) Silver and thallium (b) Barium and lead (c) Copper and mercury (d) Platinum and gold. in(v) Dissimilar elements were placed in same group eg. silver and gold were placed in a same group while there is little similarity in physical and chemical properties. (vi) Cause of periodicity : Mendeleev did not explain the cause of periodicity in the physical and chemical properties of the elements. (vii) Metals have not been separated from non-metals. (viii) Position for elements of group (VIII) : There is no proper position for the elements of group (VIII) consisting of elements in three triads. These elements are placed out side the main structure of the periodic table.0 a) Periodic TableThe modern periodic table : In 1913 Henry Moseley showed that properties of the elements are determined by (atomic _numbers/ instead ri the atomic mass. It formed the basis of modern [tao 2 The law is - "The physical and chemical properties of the elements i h PreeThe physical and chemical properties depends upon the CMe MU meme eum Lalo) in turn depends upon atomic number (Z). So when elements are arranged in the increasing order of atomic ee CT Sata eae (Ce em RT aT Uo ee . A no. of valence electrons therefore chemical properties are repeated i.e. periodicity in the chemical properties of the elements occurs. eeFs Periodic Table of the Elements a 5 ocea Peon a Boe ar (oe Pet re = I HG ie are = Oy CS a ee x pe at 4 4 Wie BL x a eo aoa Bae Ho ea V2\Peslical Columns t erie a Table ore pour _ SN elie ca e ar Grp A - Tugresenisive lumen as aLi Na K Cs Fr Be Ing [cal Rb| [Ba 7 |Se] oy iv fe po Fe |Co} Ni Cul Zn Hf Tal W [Re Os| Ir | Pt | Au [Ha | Ti Pb] Bi | Po} At) Rn Rf |Db Sol Bh}Hs | Mt|Ds|Rg} Cn} Nh FL La jce| Pr Nd Br Pa Eu | Gd} Tb | Dy | Ho} Er jm Yb} Lu Ac ‘Th ‘Pa U ‘Np! Pu Tamicm |Bk | cf Es | Fm] Md) No| LrModern periodic table or long form of the periodic ara BRM ete (te LA Ll BL PO Coe ei Cd (1) It is based on the Bohr-Bury electronic configuration concept and CaCl Tem lol am ON aa Se This table is based o1 the elements are arranged in the increasing order of atomic numbers in such a way that elements having the same number of valence electrons are placed in the same vertical TTT <2.It consists of 18 vertical columns and 7 horizontal CM ats Mme Lats MK Me MLO) as groups while horizontal rows are known as ala The Periodic Table Column = Group or_Eamily. 18 _ columns on The Periodic Table Periodic TableThe co-relation between the groups in long form of periodic table and in modern form of periodic table are given below :- i \ any \ jot} ah YES Mam) ames agora) ion} sy rd 3 oa 5 6 uv 8,9,10 11 12 pon W eas ee ZY VIA VIIA 0O 13 5 15 16 sv 18Elements belonging to same group having same number of electrons in the outer most shell so their properties CU MTTT(-a Gasca Cad)Characteristics of the elements present in groups are listed. (i) The elements present in a group are separated by definite gaps of atomic numbers (8, 8, 18, 18, 32). (ii) There are eighteen (18) independent groups in the PT Me uM me al: MK CMT lon x from 1 to 18. (iii) The elements present in a group have the same number of electrons in the valence shell of their atoms.(iv) The elements present in a group have the same Nelo (v) The elements present in group have identical chemical properties. (vi) The physical properties of the elements in group such as melting point, boiling point, density vary gradually. (vii) Atomic radii of the elements present in a group increase downwards. ‘SSSCharacteristics of the element present in period (i) In all the elements present in a period the electrons are filled in the valence shell. jie 4 yy (ii) As the number of electrons in the valence shell change, the chemical properties of the elements present in a period also change. ee (iii) Atomic radii of the elements in a period decrease Ste Uae eaND odie We a PAC Com od at tue Coa tao a LT elements decreases and the non-metallic character increases. (v) Along a period, the reducing character of the TTC TT a Ce A Co increases. hori EERE EEE1 Putbour ae @ an Th dictaby Hre manner in which efectos ouee BAC in a adnate IC ne (Naan Pitoa ra An ee a 3s 3pSee oon The elements Preto tu | vere Clase a In Berea one called s- block elements Serer aice oom accommodoale Pence itaalaiss tom Cae re aaa ee | ey eaees|Ae Block LCM MAC al =o ls blak Borges ee SCRE CC I enn Sa aa (es invke ee Ee electrons = 2 Llil Jf ey a) (Cums Ba Re Ty neP- Block Cleruats, [Bel DIANNE eetcels aU last olecton gobs Filled up vn the porkital Pees (2 eda on Rr ers Vet EV ennae PVR eeaa ean asee a (a 2 - block albrwedts Ny nee ims 6 ee formule is ns op Cory >)ROCCO Grew ae Sar Amn Oren d eamney 1 me ee ee ] a) N 4 a fb Bi IN RORLCA 7 a nC Vaor I Gyovp C= & a cote eaeos Nee — _ IO) i pede —Lo Neale aa on yaar Cae Daas AL np iceman err ake lls a Pr ea i Co Done Ta ae CGca oeeaees aes BONE in which Se last a poco ae sD enTEE ae eA peas eres eo aon The d-bbck elments are pad im T WB,VB ever Wheaten eaOSD Dana ae a) P—Hock elena rN BENE (n-)s- pe, dv-0 neler ASN ae een Ce! All tte elemunts are metaboe 1 7s Bf s block iS acenics ee ote a a el mae Oe cna a ae ers a0) Ce ead ie murals’ = 5% Tot] ond AD fe [03 26teen (yo-103) ™ Lnuthon de aac Non-vadiioodtive (Aare ane (renal ———Advantages of Long form over Mendeleev's Periodic Table (i) It is based upon atomic number which is a fundamental property instead of atomic mass. (ii) The elements have been grouped as s, p, d and f- block elements. Which helps us to understand the Ce A (iii) In the long form of periodic table, the elements are Clase to MM Moe ete ole a i A lo numbers therefore, no separate place is required for isotopes. ee eed sed1 (iv) The position of some of the elements which were a misfit on the basis of atomic mass is not because argon LCM OTM la eM La oa a a potassium which is 19. (v) Metals, non-metals, metalloids, transition elements, lanthanieds and actinides are nowbetter classified.IMPORTANT QUESTIONS Me 88 (In rel RS erepeeboesnocseeod and IT period COLOS cepceorssaescesicuscunc OTT ee 2. Group 17 elements are called .............. 5 3. Group 18 elements are ....................- OTe 4. Name two elements whose valencies are equal to their group numbers.6. How many elements are there in the 4th period. 7. Give two examples of elements of Groups 1, 2, 16 CUT i ae 8. Group 2 elements are known as ................te 5 Ge arik %, be fe eS