Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Biomechanics
Orthodontics
IN
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
Contents
Preface vii
1 Physical Principles 1
5 Anchorage Control 83
Glossary 154
Index 156
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Preface
Once comprehensive diagnosis and treatment planning the configuration of orthodontic appliances, it is neces-
have set the stage for initiating treatment procedures, sary to understand and apply the principles of biome-
appliance design and systems have to be developed to chanics for a successful and efficient treatment outcome.
achieve treatment goals. Correct application of the prin- Lack of proper understanding may not only set up in-
ciples of biomechanics assists in the selection of efficient efficient force systems but also cause collateral dam-
and expedient appliance systems. age to the tissues. The path to successful treatment is
Over the last three decades, there has been an explo- through good knowledge of biomechanics.
sion in the development of technology related to or- This book is written with the purpose of introducing
thodontics. New materials and designs for brackets, a student of orthodontics to the evolving technology,
bonding, and wires have combined to create a nearly material properties, and mechanical principles involved
infinite number of possibilities in orthodontic appliance in designing orthodontic appliances.
design. As these new materials are brought together in
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c d
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Conclusion
a b c
Fig 3-22 (a) To avoid extrusion, if a straight wire passing through a vertically positioned canine bracket passes below the incisors, one should not
place the wire in the incisor brackets. (b and c) In this case, instead of using nickel titanium (NiTi) wires, thin stainless steel wires with step-up bends
bypassing the incisor brackets may be used. This is a desirable approach for treating anterior open bites needing correction by incisor extrusion.
a b
Fig 3-23 (a) The bowing effect may cause bite deepening because of the canine position. (b) If a bendable wire is used, a step-up can be bent
to bypass the incisors gingivally. If the stepped arch is engaged in the anterior brackets, it will cause the canine crown to tip distally because of the
clockwise moment.
The second effect is deepening of the bite (bowing ef- tip more distally owing to the clockwise moment oc-
fect; Fig 3-23a). Deepening of the bite during treatment curring on its bracket (Fig 3-23b).
is usually not a desired effect unless it is indicated in an In the explanations above, the main reasons for the
anterior open bite that needs to be corrected by maxil- adverse effects are the positions or axial inclinations of
lary incisor extrusion. To diagnose or predetermine this the teeth or the brackets. If the problem is caused by
effect, place the archwire in the canine bracket slot be- the axial inclinations of the canines, it is important to
fore ligating it. If the anterior part of the wire runs below upright them with a laceback before inserting a continu-
the incisor brackets, it should not be tied to the brack- ous wire.
ets to avoid incisor extrusion. If a bendable wire is used,
a step-up can be bent to bypass the incisors gingivally.
Another method is to place a continuous intrusion arch Conclusion
along with the straight wire. The extrusive effect of the
straight wire would therefore be compensated for by In the analysis of the relationship between two teeth,
the intrusion arch. the slot sizes and bracket widths are assumed to be
If the stepped, bypass archwire is not left passive and equal in all the examples given here. Naturally, as the
is engaged in the incisors to intrude them or prevent slot sizes and widths change, the magnitudes of the bal-
them from extruding, it will cause the canine crown to ancing forces and the moments also change. In clinical
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Tongue
a b
Fig 6-35 In open bite cases, control of vertical movement of the mo- Fig 6-36 (a and b) In open bite cases, erupting second molars can
lars can be achieved effectively with a high-pull headgear–transpalatal be controlled using a 0.016 0.022–inch SS segmented arch that
arch combination. If the transpalatal arch crosses the palate 2 to 3 passes through the auxiliary tube of the first molar.28
mm away from the mucosa, the molars will be intruded by vertical
tongue forces during swallowing.
trol their eruption before they reach the occlusal plane. patient cooperation. If the patient fails to wear the elas-
For this purpose, a 0.016 0.022–inch SS segmented tics, the premolars will extrude and cause the bite to
arch can be used as an occlusal stop28 (Fig 6-36). open more. Even though this approach is very effective
in closing the bite, the elastics should not be worn
Arches with reverse curve of Spee longer than 2 months because of the possibility of gin-
Anterior open bite can be closed with a combination of gival recession and a gummy smile from overeruption
a reverse-curved archwire and anterior box elastics31,32 of the incisors.
(Fig 6-37). The archwire tends to extrude the maxillary
and mandibular premolars, opening the bite, while Molar intrusion with microimplant anchorage
strong anterior box elastics prevent eruption of the pre- Molar intrusion may be required to control the vertical
molars and extrude the anteriors. Because the premo- discrepancy in skeletal open bite. However, using con-
lars cannot erupt, the molars intrude and tip back with ventional techniques, this movement is one of the most
reciprocal forces. These mechanics effectively close the challenging procedures in orthodontics—depending on
bite in 1 or 2 months, but they are heavily dependent on strong anchorage—but intraoral anchorage is usually not
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Fig 6-38 Molar intrusion using two TADs. Fig 6-39 Molar intrusion with one TAD and a transpalatal arch.
enough without extrusion of adjacent teeth. High-pull In either method, TADs can be placed between the
headgear with long arms in conjunction with a trans- maxillary first molar and second premolar roots or be-
palatal arch is usually needed to achieve effective in- tween the first and second molar roots. Molar intrusion
trusion of posterior teeth (see Figs 5-7 and 6-35). Mi- in the mandibular arch is usually more difficult than in
croimplant anchorage also is a very effective way to the maxilla. Because microimplant insertion is not rec-
intrude molars. ommended on the lingual of the mandibular dental
There are two basic methods to intrude molars with arch, a lingual bar can be used to control buccolingual
microimplant anchorage: molar inclination. Molar protraction in conjunction with
intrusion causes the mandible to rotate counterclock-
• Two TADs can be inserted, both buccally and palatally, wise and helps close the bite28 (Fig 6-40).
and elastic traction applied to the hooks (Fig 6-38). If A microimplant on the zygomatic cortical bone but-
two or more posterior teeth need intrusion, the force tress is also recommended for intruding molars more
can be applied to the archwire. effectively.33 Even though it is stronger, zygomatic mi-
• One TAD can be inserted buccally, while a trans- croimplant insertion requires flap surgery, which may
palatal arch controls buccolingual tipping of the cause soft tissue irritation.
molar (Fig 6-39). Tongue forces during swallowing will
assist this intrusion (see Fig 6-35).
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