MUC LUC Trang Lai n6i déu 3 Nhimng ki hieu trong séch 4 CHUONG 1 KHAI THAC CAC BAI TOAN TRUNG HOC CO SO Phén mot TOAN VE TAP HOP SO NGUYEN, SO HUU Ti Budi Quang Truamg C6 thé lam todn sinh dong hon durge khong ? 5 Buti Quang Truamg Cong va trir them mot con s6 thich hop. 7 Nguyén Ngoc Huong —Téng céc chit s6 cita mot sO tu mig... nnn 9 Lé Quang Trung Xay dumg cong thife tinh téng cde sO tw nhién bing da the owen Nguyén Hitu Bang ‘Vé bai todn so sinh phan $6... 12 Trén Xudn Dang Dinh If Trung Hoa vé s6 du 4 Ngo Han Phuong php cuc han... senmneiennnnnnn 16 Lé Hao Suy nghi tr Idi giai mot bai todn thi vo dich quéc té 18 Basi Quang Trudng Phuong trinh can déng dang bac hai . 20 Neguyén Ngoc Binh Phuong Mot s6 bai todn vé s6 hitu ti va s6 vot 2 Lé Quang Trung “Tinh bigu thie hii bing cfch xét dang da thc bing nhau tai nhigu sid ti 4 Trink Khoi Tap duct khai théc cfc ding thifc d3 biét 26 Phan hai ‘TIM GIA TRI LON NHAT, GIA TRI NHO NHAT Lé Hai Khoi ‘Vé méi quan hé gitta hai bat ding thite Cauchy va Bernoulli... 28 Vii Dit Tucéc tinh chat co bin cha bat ding thic. 29 Ngo Van Thai ‘Mot phuong phép danh gid téng céc phan thé. 31 Tén Nit Bich Van ‘Van dung hing ding thite Va? =IAl vio gidi toén..... 33Va dite Nguyén Dé Trinh Vinh Ngoc Phan Ngoc Théo Va dite Hujnh Van Trong Nguyén Van Hién Le Van Tién Hoang Hai Duong Nguyén Ngoc Khoa Pham Thi Viét Thai Nguyén Ngoc Khoa LéTruang Ting Ngo Vain Thai Lé Ngoc Thanh Vinh Vo Kim Hug Vai Hitu Binh Nguyén Minh Thong Dam Higu Chiéh Nguyén Ngoc Nam Lé Qué Hin TaToan, DéTign Hai Nguyén Van Vinh Ngo Thé Phigt Déing Van Biéw Nguyén Dit Tain Nguyén ite Truong Hoang Ngoc Céinh Nguyen Die Tain Lé Duy Ninh MOt s6 bai todn vé gid tri tuyét ddi....... Chitng minh bat ding thitc dang |Al < a. .. ‘Doi digu vé mot phuong php gii phuong trinh 6 cp trung hoc co sé Bai ton cue tri cia biéu thie chiéa dau can Suy luan hop If trong lai gidi c6 vé thiéw tu nhién, Mot s6 chii ¥ khi gidi todn tim cue tri dai $6... Mot s6 sai lm khi gidi ton eye tri , om Mot s6 lira ¥ Khi gidi bai todn tim gid tri lon ah tri nhd nat... Giai ton bat ding thite va cuc tri dya vao phuong trinh bac hai ‘Tim uc tri mot biéu thie bang nhiéu céch... so Sit dung phuong phdp tham bién dé tim cuc tri mot biéu thee . Gidi toan cue tri dai s6 v6i cde bign 06 didu kién...... Phan ba REN LUYEN TU DUY QUA TOAN HINH HOC PHANG Vé dinh If Steiner - Lehmus... : ‘Trd lai dinh Ii Steiner - Lehmu....... Sia sai thank... chua ding Dinh If bon diém va céch chiing minh hai i dung thing wuong g6c véi nhau . Khi dic bi€t hod bai toén... . Hay gidi mot bai todn theo nhiing céch nhin khéc nhau... Khai thc mot bai todn.. Tir ket qué ciia mot bai todn. ‘Tur mot bai togn hinh hgc 16p 9. Tir bat ding thc dai s6 dén bai todn cuc tri hinh hoc... Nhan xét Idi gidi bai tofn nhu thé ndo ? Phuong phép dign tich Giai duge bai todn chua hin [a ket thic... ‘Thay d6i diéu kign tht yéu trong bai todn hinh hoc Ung dung cia mot hé thie vé ti s6 dién tich... Ren luyén nang lye tur duy thong qua vige khai thc cfc bai toan.. VE mot bai toan cue tri hinh hoc... Phat trién tir mot bai todn hinh hoc... 62 65 66 9 70 n2 74 16 B 81 83 86 88 92 95 96CHUONG I NHIN BAI TOAN TU NHIEU HUONG Phan mot VAN bE NGHIEM VA NGHIEM KEP CUA PHUONG TRINH Trén Tit Quing Nguyén Phii Chign Pham Bao Trén Phuong Duong Quée Viet Pham Ngoc B6i Nguyén Van Quy Lé Thong Nhat Nguyén Anh Ding Dang Hing Thang Nguyén Viet Hai Vé Iii gidi cia mot bai toan co ban. Quy EE se Bac ciia tham s6 va hinh bao ciia ho duémg thing y = f(x,m) dai 56... Ho duding cong tiép xtc véi mot dudmg c6 dinh. ‘hin Iai khdi nigm nghigm kép cia phuong trinh vva vain dé duéng cong tip xiic vi truc hodnh Mot s6 van dé vé nghi¢m boi cita phuong trinh Bai toan tigp tuyén khi khong ding phuong phap nghiém kép.... Lai ban vé chuyén tigp xtc cia hai d6 thi ‘Vé bai todn phuong trinh tiép tuy€n.. Vé co si ciia phuong phap nghiém kép. Ban vé su tip xic cia hai d6 thi. Phéin hai MOI LIEN HE GIUA CAC DUONG THANG, DUONG CONIC Phan Nam Hing Lé Hao Lé Hao Bui Van Vién Lé Hitu Ding Pham Qué Phong Cao Trung Chink Trén Van Minh Nguyén Dao Phuong Nguyén Dao Phuong Nguyén Thite Hao H6 Cong Ding Nguyén Minh Ha Trinh Bang Giang ‘Mot s6 dang khdc ciia bai todn con bUGM en. ‘Mot s6 he thitc lien he gitta duimg thing va duimg tron. M& rong bai toan con buém cho céc dung cbnic.... Ho tigp tuy€n v6i dudng tron... Giai dieu parabol Viet phuong trinh parabol bang phuzong phép chim Di tim mot Idi gidi dep .. : Khoing cach tir mot conic dén mot loai dudmg thing...... Phuong tich cia mot diém 46i véi mot dutng conic Dudng conic ding phuong cita hai dutmg conic. Phuong trinh tiép dang cia dutmg conic... Phén ba ‘TU HINH PHANG DEN HINH KHONG GIAN Giai toan cyc tr} hinh hoe du6i cdch nhin dai s6.. Diém Torricelli cia tt dien..... Thir mé rong mot bai todn... 99 101 104 108 113, us 118 120 122 123 125 128 130 133 136 137 138 142 143 145 149 151 154 155 158V6 Giung Giai Mot vai két qua dep cia hinh hoc chimg minh bang phuong phép dign tich, thé tih..... 160 Hb Cong Ding Nhin tir djnh If Menelaus .... ennnninnnnnisninnnnnnnnes VOB Trinh Bang Giang ‘Di tim mot dang dinh If sin cho tt dien.. 165 Nauyén Anh Diing Tir dien gin 480... concen eons snonee 167 Hé Quang Vinh Mat cfu tigp xic v6i duémg thing chia céc canh cia kh6i ti dign..... 170 Lim Hing Vai tng dung cia dinb If con nhim ...... 173 Pham Dang Long Phat trién mOt bai 108M. nenrenrnn 176 CHVONG mI 100 DE TOAN HAY Phin mgt Phin hai DEBAL LOIGIAI $6 hoe. SAB. 197 Dai sO... | Gidi tien se BS ssn . 2 Hinh hoc phing..... 186 .ecncncnen 216 Hinh hoe khong gian a ne)“Guyén chon theo chuyén dé TOAN HOC & TUOI TRE QuyEn 3 te KHALTHAC CAC BALTOAN THES & NHIN BAITOAN TUNHIEU HUONG 100 DETOAN HAY NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUCChuong 1 KHAI THAC CAC BAI TOAN TRUNG HOC CO 8G aR TOAN VE TAP HOP SO NGUYEN, SO HU Ti CO THE LAM TOAN SINH DONG HON DUOC KHONG ? (Vé cdch gidi phuong trinh nghiém nguyén ax + by = c) Céc sich tham khéo vé toén da giéi thieu hang loat meo myc 4é tim nghiém nguyen cia phuong trinh vo dinh hai dn dang ax + by = c V6i a, b, ¢ 1A céc s6 nguyen. Day 1 mot bai toan don giin va ta sé phai lap di lap Igi cing mot kidu If luan dé ¢, f,, %,... nguyén. Cong vide d6 that don digu va rat nhiéu ban ngai khi phai tim 1G: tye tasty ‘Ching han, mot Idi gidi mau trong sdch gido khoa nhing nam 80 vé céch tim nghiém nguyén cita phuong trinh 23x + S3y = 109 () nh sau : Tir(1) ta.c6 109-53y_, 4, 17-7y wm 42+ og Muon x nguyén phdi 06 t= uo la s6 nguyén, hay BUI QUANG TRUONG (Ha N¢i) 234 Ty =17 Q TH (2) 06 y = 1723 29g 30 7 7 Mun y nguyen phii 6 324 hay 71, +2¢=3 Tr @) 6 t= v 1a ty nguyen nén phai 6 fy nguyen hay 24) +4 = 1 @ Tu (4) 06 4 =1-2 va f=1-3, +h = 1 3(1 ~ 2) + ty hay = —2 + Try. Khi d6 ta duge y = 2-31 +1) =2~3(-2 +7) + (1-2) = 9-231, vax= 4-2y +1 =4-209-23t)-24 Th = 716 + 53%.Phuong phip gidi 44 din ching ta t6i dich, nhung vic lam that té nhat, Neu nghi ring moi digu trong séch vi 1a 43 tuyet voi, kin ké r6i thi ching ta sé thy dong khong phat huy duge kha nang suy nghi sing tao. ‘Ching ta hay thir tim mgt con duvng khéc. Xét bai todn : Tim nghiém nguyén ciia phucomg trinh 12x — 6Ty = 43 o Tit (5) 66 T-Ty _ = J=y) xa 3-Syt TB =3-Sy+ 12 Vi 7 va 12 nguyén t6 cing nhau nén dé axnguyén thi 1 phai nguyen. Ty 46 suy 12 12r vax = 670-2, Phai chaing phuong phap gidi & day chi thuan Igi cho vige giai phuong trinh (5) ma thoi ? Dé tra li chiing ta hay thir giai phuong trinh (1) theo kigu da giai phuong trinh (5). 17-Ty 23 17 vA 7 c6 uée sO chung, hay dep hon nifa: 17 chia hét cho 7 (!). C6 tao ra con s6 chia hét cho 7, chiing ta cong va tri them 4 thi duge x = 1G-y)-4 23 43 gay them phién phtic, Néu né chia hét cho 23, thi t6t qué (!). Bing mot linh cém tryc giéc chting ta chon con s6 khéc : 46. Tir (1) tacé x = 4-2y+ Gid nh 4-2y+ Con 6 4 méi xuat hign Tavidtx= 4-274 = 4-2y4 oes =4- 79-y) =4-2y+ a 1 ag I= Tuyét | Nhu vay phai e6 —;”=+ nguyen suy ray=9-23rva 18+ 461 +71 = 53¢- 16. ‘m N6i mot céch khéi quét, dé’ tim ngh nguyén ctia phutong trinh ax + by = ¢ v6i cdc 86° nguyén a, b, c (6) chting ta 6 thé lam nhu sau : Chon A 1a boi nguyén cia a sao cho ¢ +A chia hét cho b, tite 1A = ma vac + A= kh v6i m, k la céc s6 nguyen. Lic dé Gin wie * aé dua vé dang ti giin 2 = v6i (a’, ) = 1, Mun x nguyen phai co “= nguyen, Tu d6 suy ray =k -a't, x= bit m. Nhu thé dé tim toan bo cae nghi¢m nguyen cla phuong trinh ax + by = c (6) chiing ta chi cin tim mot cp nghiém nguyen (9.99) = (-m,). Thi du. Tim nghiém nguyén cia phuong trinh 2 2 HIde +35 y = 395 o Loi gidi. 3 = 2 eye) 99 hay -108x + 29y = 353, Ti dé 5+21x 353 +108x Spt 123K Seta sss (Wi nan thay trong cc b9i SO nguyén cia 29 thi 58, khi cong 5 sé chia hét cho 21). Do d6 (7) > -12x+ 124+3x4 +x Ste, Muon y nguyen thi = phai 1a sO nguyen. Vay x=297—3 va y=10-94 87+ 21 =14108r. Vao mot Ie xudt than, su luon luon nghi En nhiing ci méi c6 thé khi€n ban téch vé phai ¢ cla phuong trinh ax + by = ¢ (6) thanh haiphan : mgt phén chia hét cho a, phiin cdn lai chia hét cho b, nghia 1A c= ag + by (8) véi Xp: Yo Ia cdc sO nguyen. The thi (6) <> ax + by = ay + by, eo rary + MOD. yy POV=D a ° @ Youd Do (a',b’)=1 nén =t 1 mot so nguyen. Vay x= ay th't, y= yy-a't. Ban chat cia phuong phép tach c thanh hai phan néu trén 1a gi? D6 1a khi bi mot cap nghiem nguyen (49.9) ea phuong trinh vo dinh (6) thi cé ngay cOng thc nghiém cia (6). Dang thitc (8) 43 Khing dinh (1,yo) 1a mot cap nghiem nguyen cia (6). Qua cau chuyén vé céch tim nghiém nguyen cha phuong trinh vO dinh nay, t6i khong muén dimg & muc tiéu gidi thiéu véi ban doc mot phuong phép gidi khéc véi sich gido kho ma cdn mu6n néi ring : dimg voi thod man va yén Tong v6i nhimg két qua da néu trong sich vo ma phai Iudn luon nghi dén nhiing cdi méi t6t dep hon, trong sng hon va hay ding cém, kién tri ti€p can ching. Ngoai cdc cach giai trén con 6 cach gidi cia nha ton hoc An D6 Bokhatcara dau thé ki XI, cc ban 6 thé ty tim céc cach gidi khéc, hoa xem trong cdc cudn séch sau : ~ Sova khoa hoc vé s6; G. N. Becman ; NXB Gio duc, Ha N6i, 1962. Tim 10i loi gidi cde phuong trinh v6 din) Bai Quang Trung ; NXB Gido duc, Ha Noi 1995, CONG VA TRU THEM MOT CON SO THICH HOP Trong bai Cé thé lam todn sinh déng hon duge khong ? THTT s6 154 théng 2.1987 téc gid 4 gidi phuong tinh vo dinh ax + hy = bing cAch cong va try thém mot con s6 thich hop. Cach gidi 46 khong ding t6i qué nhiéu bude bign déi nhu séch giéo khoa, Nghiém nguyén (x, y) cia phuong trinh trén duge tim ra sau mot vai thir nghieém va bién déi. Trong bai Phuong trinh v6 dinh ax + by = c + dxy(*) (Tuyén tap 30 nam, tap chi Toan hoc é NXB Gido duc, 2004 trang 58 ~ 59) te gid vin ding céch cong, trir them mot con 86 thich hop dé tim nghiém nguyén cia phyong trinh vo dinh ax-+by=c+ay va dudng nh liing ting truée phuong trinh ax+ by =c+ dry a BUI QUANG TRUONG (Ha Néi) Con dung suy luan hop logic khong thang tugt duge nita, n6 6 vé da phai lugn cong di ? Khong ! NO thyc sy van thing. N6 dutng nhu chin Iai, gay hing trong long ban va kfch thich ban mun tiép tuc di trén con duémg thing bang : Cit cng, trit thém mot con sé thich hop thi dd sao! Céc ban c6 nghi nhu vay khong ? nhing ban tré yeu todn va ham mudn c6ng hin cho céc bai toan nhing 1di gidi dep va trong sang. C6 thé va hic ndo 46, ban nhin phuong trinh (1) tren trang gid tring truée mat va ban viét : (1) ax = c+ dry—by = c+ ydx-b) (2) Trang hop dx ~ b = 0 cho x nguyen, tife 1a bid thi ta chi viée thay x = s (nguyen) vio(2) duge ax = c. NEw 4 thi (1) 6 nghi¢m a 4 = 5, ki d6 y 1a 6 nguyen bat a ; con » thi truimg hop dx ~ b= 0 khong thé neu 245 xy ra, Trong truimg hop dx—b #0 (the & khong chia hét cho d), ta viet ax-c dx—b Qey= @) Néu aid tic 1& a = dm (m nguyen) thi cng va trir thém mh vao tit s6 duge dmx ~ mb + mb~c ~ deb be dx—b nguyen, hay dxt ~ bt = mb—c @ x= @ vi r 1 ude sO nguyen cia mb Tat nhién chi nhimng gid tr} x cho béi (4) 1a nghiém nguyén méi thoi man bai todn, lic 46 y=m +t, Nhumg néu a khong chia hét cho d thi sao? © (*) ta da biét mot céch gidi : Digu kign (3) nguyen Ia ax — ¢ = 0 hoae lax — cl 2 /dx - 4]. Binh phuong hai vé suy ra x; SxS xq, Nhung by gid ching ta mudn gidi (3) bing céch cOng, trir them mot con so thich hgp vao tir sé. VA sém hay mudn ban sé nay ra mot ¥ dinh : nhan hai vé cia (3) voi d dax ~cd deb Con s6 thich hop dé cong, trir them vao tir sO 6 ring [a ab. Vay : duge (3) <> dy = fy = Meecabtabmed _ , , ab—ed deb deb” Diéu kien céin dé y nguyen la M = abcd deb at Ta mot s6 nguyén. Lic dé 7 xe voi M Ta wée sO nguyen cia a ab ~ cd sao cho x, y nguyen. Ching ta goi 46 1a Cach 2 dé gidi (1) nhim phan bigt véi Cach 1 da dua ra trong (*). Ly hai thi du 4 (*) nhung giai bing céch 2. Thi du 1. Tim nghiém nguyén cia phucong trinh 2x ~3y = ~Sxy +39. 6) Loi gidi. (8) 2x = yB-5x) +39 © Vi xnguyén nén 3-Sx #0, do d6 2. Nhan hai vé véi 5 duge 3-51 Cong, triy them 6 vao tir s6 duge +6 x43 189 "5x43" Diéu kign cfn dé y nguyén 1a —Sx + 3 1a ude sO nguyen cia 189 = 3.3.3.7. Tie A -Sx+3=+k v6i k= 1,3,7, 9, 21, 27, 63, 189. Tir d6 x chi c6 céc gid tri nguyén x =-12, 0, 2, 6, Tuong ting 1a ys-l,-13,-5,1. Thi dy 2. Tim cdc s6 nguyen (x ; y) thod ‘man ddng shite 5x ~3y = 2xy =11 o Ldi gidi. (7) <> Sx= y(2x +3) 11 _ 5x41 23x43 eo 2yn let 5, 7 2x43 * Dead Diéu kién céin dé y nguyén lA 2x +3=+1,4+7 18 cle ube s6 cia 7. Vay ¢6 x = 2, -8,-1, -2 va tuong ting y = 3, 2, 6,-1. Tom lai, cong va trir them mot con sO thich hgp 1& phuong phdp tim dugc nghiém nguyen cia phuong trinh vo dinh (1). Nhung dy 06 phai Ia phuong php hay nhat khong ? Phuong php d6 c6 thé gidi quyét duoc phuong trinh téng qudt hon (1) hay khong ? Ching ta sé con gap nhau ban vé nhing phuong trinh vo dinh,TONG CAC CHU SO CUA MOT S86 TU NHIEN V6i mdi s6 ty nhien n, ta goi S(n) Ia tng cdc chit s6 cia n viet trong he thap phan, 1. Mét sé tinh chat cia ham S(n) (céc ban hay tw ching minh) 1) 0s S(n) 799..9 (sau rcé r chit 69). 5) S(n +m) < S(n) + S(m) véi moin, me N 6) S(nm) < S(n).S(m) véi moi n, m EN. Ta c6 thé sit dung céc tinh chat tren dé gidi céc bai ton vé cdc 86 viét trong hé thap phan. Il. Cfe bai tosn Bai 1. Tim s6 tu nhién n biét tng cdc chit so cla n bang n? -1999n + 28. Loi gidi. N6u 1 1999 thi ta c6 S(n)= n? -1999n + 28> n(n 1999) > n (loai). Sn} NGUYEN NGOC HUONG (Tién Giang) Vay n= 1999. Bai 2. Biét ting cdc chit s6 cha mot 36 tw nhién bang téng cdc chit 1998, ching minh ring 6 db chia hét cho 9 Loi gidi. Goi s6 ty nhién da cho Ian. Ta con (n) (mod 9) va 19981 = S(1998n) (mod 9) theo gid thiét S(n) = S(1998n) nen 1998n—n =0 (mod 9) => 199709 => ni9 (dpem). F ctia tich 86 db voi ma Sn) Seay 25 8 me Bai 3. Ching minh rang nen. Loi gidi. Ta c6 S(n) = S(1On) = S(5.2n) s S(5).S(2n) S(2n) S(n) Bai 4, a) Tim sé tw nhién n sao cho n+ S(n) = 1998. b) Ching minh réng c6 it nhdt mét trong hai 36 te nhién lien tidp bidu didn duge dudi dang n+ S(n) véi n ld mdt s6 tu nhién nao dé. Lat gid. a) Céch I :Tacé n= 1998 S(n) < 1997 => S(n)$9.3=27 => n= 1998-S(n) 2 1971. = 5.S(2n) => 2 = Voimoine N. Dat n= 19ah voi a,b EN; 0 Ia +2b=88 = 70S lla < 88 >a=8, Vay n = 1980, Céich 2. Ta 66 1998 = n + S(n) = n—S(n) + 28(n) => 28(n)?9 => S(n) 9. =0.Mat khéc n = S(n) $9.3 = 27. Do dé S(n) = 9, 18 hode 27. Thit truc tiép chi €6 S(n) = 18 thod man, tmg v6i n = 1980. b) Dat S, = +S(n) v6i méin e N. Nhan xét. # Neu n tan cing bang 9 thi S,,, <5, © Néu n tan cing khong phai 1a 9 thi Siu =S, 1. Doi véi s6 ty nhien m > 2 bat Ki, ta chon k 1a 86 lén nat sao cho S, S,,, Bai 5. Cho a la tong cde chit s6 cia (2°), la ting cdc chit s6'cita a. Tinh tong cdc chit so cia b. Loi gidi. Ta 06 n= (299199 = (23) 71999 = 5997 198997 => a= S(n) $ 9.5997 = 53973 => b=S(a) $4+94 = 40 > c=S(h) $349.1 = 12. Vin = (23) = 8 (mod 9) va b (mod 9) nén c= 8. Bai 6. Tim so’ ne nhién n sao cho luf thita hae 5 cia téng cdc chit sé cita n bang nr’, Léi gidi. Gia sit 86 n cén thm o6 k chit 36 va S ; la téng cdc chit s6 46. Tacé S° =n? voik22; Ss 9k, n210' = 92S =n? 210%? (1) KE Dat m = ot Se +18 s Tacé oon CD 528 <10 = 1quee-2 = — jp Voi moi k> 2. 10%? . Tir d6 m4, 6 @ 10 Tir (1), (2) phai c6ks5=>S< =45, Mat khéc $° = n? suy ra $ phai 1a s6 chinh phuong. Vay S cé thé 1a 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36. Thit truc tiép thi S® = n? chi diing khi S= 1 vaS=9 ling vi n= 1 van = 243. Bai 7. Ki higu binh phuong téng céc chit so cla nm IA fm). Dat f,(n) = f\(a(m). Tinh Figoa 2) va figoo(2!™). Loi gidi. Ta 06 n = 2'° = 2.8 = 2 (mod 9) fil) =4 (mod9) => fy(n) = 7 (mod), Mat khée n = 2.8666 < 1057 => fun) < (9.667)? = 36036009 => fyln) < (249.7) = 4225 => Ayn) < (3+ 9.3)" = 30° Goi $= S(f(m)) thi ta 06 S $<30. Suy raS bing 7, 16 hode 25 => f,(n) bing 49 ; 256 hode 625. Vi4t+9= (mod 9) va +54+6=6+24+5=13ntn alr) = 13? = 169 = fa(n) = 167 = 256, fe(n) = 169 néu k chin fiuln) = 256 nuk 18 Do 6 frggg(n) = 169, Figg9(n) = 256. Vay v6i k 2 4 thi { IIL. Cée bai tap tyrluyen Bai 1. Téng céc chit s6 ciia mot sO chinh phuong c6 thé bing 1995 hode 1997 dugc Khong ? Vi sao? Bai 2. Ngudi ta viet day s6 wy nhién lien tigp tir 1 d&n 1,000,000. Sau dé méi s6 duge thay bing téng céc chit s6 cia n6, Cit lam nh vay cho dén khi trong day chi cdn cfc 86 c6 mot chit 86, lic nay trong day cu6i cing chit s6 nao xudt hign nhiéu lin nhat ? Bai 3. Tén tai hay khong s6 wf nhién 7 sao cho S(n) =m, S(n?) =m? véi m IA mot sO ty nhién cho trudc ?Bai 4. Ching minh ring ee zt Yéi moi neN,n>0. Bai 5. Tim s6 ty nhién » nho nt sao cho S(S(n)) 210 va S(S(S(m)) <9. Bai 6. Véi mi sO ty nhién n, chimg minh ring t6n tai vo han sO ty nhién m sao cho S(nm) < 2S(m). Bai 7. Tim s6 tu nhién n thod man méi ding thife sau: a) n+ S(n) = 1999; ©) 2n+38(n) = 122 5 4d) 3n+ 28(n~3) = 6007 €) n+ S(n) + S(S(n)) = 1998 b) n-S(n) = 1998 Bai 8. Cho a IA tong cdc chit s6 cia (3°), bb la t6ng cc chit s6 cia a, c 18 téng céc chit s6 cia b, Tinh t6ng cde chit 6 ciia c. XAY DUNG CONG THUC TINH TONG CAC SO TU NHIEN BANG DA THUC Gia sit flx) 1A mot da thie 6 bac n(n 2 1). ‘Xét ding thite f(x) - f(x-1) = g(x) qd) Ta nhan thay g(x) 1a da thite ©6 bac (n - 1) va khi thay x ldn lugt bing 1, 2, 3,.... 2 r6i cong Iai ta duge téng : (1) + g(2) + + a(n) = f'n) ~ 0) Q) Do d6 xust phat tir yeu cdu tinh téng n sO ty nhién nao d6 ta sé chon g(x) va din dén bai toan "xe dinh da thitc fx) thoa mén flx) ~ fox - 1 g@)". Sau day xin néu mot vai vi dy minh hoa. Thi du 1. Tinh tong S=1424+3+..4n Ti t6ng trén va (1), (2) ta chon g(x) = x va f(x) 18 da thie bac hai, Do dé ta xét bai todn : Tim da thite bac hai fx) biét fla) Ax ~ 1) =x. Loi gidi. Gid si f(x) = ax? +bx +c (a0). Khi 46 ti (1) 66 2ax-a+b= x, suy rad ety Vay fad=3e there Thay x kin lugt bing 1, 2, 3,.., tit (2) 66 LE QUANG TRUNG (Bac Liéu) SHa142434..¢0 = f)-fO)= Thi dy 2,Tinh tong S=14+3+5+..+Qn-1). Ta téng d6 va (1), (2) ta chon g(x) = 2e- 1 va xét bai todn : Tim da the bac hai fix) biet FQ) = f(x-1) = 2x-1. Loi gidi. Gia sit flx) = ax? + bx + 0 (a #0). Khi 46 tir(1) 66 2ax—a +b =2x-1, suy raa=1,b=0,c tay §. Vay fw =x +e. ‘Thay x Idn lugt bang 1, 2, 3,...1, tit (2) 66 4345 4..+2n—D=An)—RO) =r Thi dy 3. Tinh tng S=P +P 45? ‘Tir tong trén ta chon Qn-1) g(t) = (2-1? = 427-441 va xét bai todn : Tim da thie bac ba fix) biét fa) f(x 1) = 4x7 4x41 Loi gidi. Gia sit f(x) = ax? + bx? + ex td (a #0). Khi dé tir (1) 06 "1Bax? ~ (3a -2b)x—~b+e+a= 4x? 4x41 {4 [Ba=4 a3 ee? late- Vay f(x) Ln uot thay x bing 1, 2, 3,... 7 tir (2) duge Sa +P +004 Qn- 1? 4n} =n = f(n)- fO)= Thi dy 4, Tinh tong Sa eee cte Tachon g(x) =x? va xét bai ton : thie bac bon f(x) biét f)-f@-) Loi gidi. Gia sit P(x) = ax! + be? tex? + de+e (a #0). Khi d6 tir(1) c6 ax’ + (Bb —6a)x* + (4a-3h + 2a)x +h—-atd =, gidi rata duoc: uy, a 1 a d=0, e wy y va , 2 aelyvyleyl fayage tye tgrte Thay « lin luot bang 1, 2, 3,..., 7 tir (2) 66 SaP +P 43 +40? alavla 2 _ (ntl a pet eget sede? = OO Qua cae thi dy trén, chdc céc ban da nhan ra céch chon g(x) va tir dé tim duge f(x) thod man yeu cfu ciia phuong phép nay. Bay gid céc ban hay thir tinh hai téng sau day nhé ! Bai 1. Tinh $,=2+4464...42n. Bai 2. Tinh Sy = 1+ 2?+37 +... 47°, VE BAI TOAN SO SANH PHAN SO Trong phn on tap vé tinh chat cia bon phép tfah ca phan s6 duong cé bai todn : So sinh bang nhiéu phuong phép khdc nhau xem trong hai phan so 3 va 2 thi phan 36 nao lén hon ? Day 1 mot bai todn don gidn nhung chita dug nhiéu diéu tha vj trong chuong trinh Toan 6. ‘Truéc hét xin néu t6m tét nhiing céch so sinh phan sé dong quen thudc 1a : 1. Quy déng mau céc phan s6 44 cho r6i so sénh cdc tit v6i nhau. 12 NGUYEN HOU BANG (Nghé An) 2. Viet céc phan s6 a cho dudi dang céc phan s6 cing tirr6i so sinh céc mAu véi nhau, 3. So sénh phan s6 dya vao tinh chat : Neu ad 7 7. Dua vio tinh chat bic cu cia quan he thit ty: Neu cma MS mi <5 8. So sénh "phéin bir ciia céc phan s6 d6i véi don vi" dya vao tinh chat : Neu 4,5 déu nhé hom Iva 1-7 <1 Sth o> 5. bra Tiép theo xin néu thém vai céch gidi khée da vao mt s6 tinh chat mé rong hon, 9. Ta c6 tinh chat (ban doc ty ching minh) : a ate b+d Ap dung vao bai toan trén ta c6 : 5.803 53 Mig Nghia la : Cho hai s6 ty nhién bién thien c6 t6ng khong déi, thé thi tich cia chting cang lén nu higu cia chiing cang nhé. Vi du : 95.98 > 94.99 ; 1995? > 192.1998 ; d- @>(a-1Xa+1). ‘That ra tinh chat nay cing dting véi a,b, c,d 1a céc phan sé duong. Khi dé ta xét céc ti sé tuong tmg thay cho phan s6, RO rang mot bai todn don gidn nhumg cing chita dimg nhiéu van dé If thi. (Cu6i cing xin neu vai bai tap van dung. Bai 1. So sénh timg cap phan s6 sau theo céch hop li nhat : AT \y 49, 38, 383 , 625, 3871. 700 + 43" ag * 655" 3878 * By 7345 6551" 8Bai 2. Ching minh ring 1 9 Huéng din :1ac6 n° > n(n Din +1) > 2 2 1 1 we n= Dat) Da net)? voin =2;35.., DINH Li TRUNG HOA VE SO DU Dinh li Trung Hoa vé sé du duge phat biéu hu sau : Neu msm vum, lan sO nguyen duong nguyen 16 ting doi mot va A dyyod, 1d n 36 nguyén hat ki thi hé phuong cing nhaw trinh déng dit sau c6 nghiém 1 (mod m,) tp (mod mp) x x in (mod m,) Negoai ra néiu x = ¢ la mét nghiém nao db lia hé thi x = x, 1 mot nghiém cia hé Khi va chi Khi tn tgit € Z, sao cho x, = ¢+ (mymy...m, Mt. Ching minh. Voi méi i € (1, 2, 2), dat MI 1, Khi 46 va neN* (mn) = 1. (Kihigu (m,,n,) 18 USCLN cia m; van). Vi vay t6n tai b; € Z, sao cho hyn, =1 (mod m). Dat M =) ajbjn;. Khij # i thi njim,. Voi a moi f= 1, Qn mth Maan, =a, (mod m)). Vay x= M 1a mot nghiém cia he, Gi ¢ 1a mot nghiém cia he. Néu x=x Ta mot nghiém mio dé cia he thi (x, — ©) im, v6i moi i = 1, 2,..., m. qd) 4 TRAN XUAN DANG (Nam Dinh) DAL m= [rm myyans my] (mm TA BO: 86 chung hd mbit cika my, Mpyey My). VE My Myyey My nguyén 16 cing nhau timg doi mot nén ME My My, ‘Theo (1) thi x, — ¢ chia hét cho m. Vay t6n tai t € Z sao cho x, mt. Suy ra + mt. Nguge lai néu x, € Z thod man x, = ¢ + me thi 16 rang x = x, Ia mot nghiém cia he. Ap dung dinh If Trung Hoa vé s6 du ta cé thé giai duge cdc bai ton sau. Bai toan 1. Ching minh réng véi mdi sone nhién n, t6n tai n so tu nhién lién tie ma méi so trong n sOdé déu la hop 86. Lai gidi. Gia sit py, Pay Py WA n SO nguyen t6 khdc nhau timg doi mot. Xét he phuong trinh déng du.x = —k (mod pz) (k= 1, 2,..,). Theo dinh lf Trung Hoa vé 6 du, t6n tai.x, € N* sao cho xo = -k (mod p}) véi moi k = 1, 2... Khi dé cac sé gt Ly ty + Que Ay + 2 déu IA hop s6 (v6i 3 pe). Bai toan 2. Chimg minh rang vdi moi sé we nhién n, t6n tain sé te nhién lién tiép sao cho Isksnthi@+hdt ki 86 ndo trong cdc 36 dé cling déu khong phaii 1a lus thita (vdi s6' mit nguyén) ciia mot sd nguyen 16. (BE thi ton quéc té nam 1989) Loi gidi. Catch I: V6i mbi s6 tg nhien n, x6 n sO nguyén t6 khéc nhau timg doi mot p;, Pov Py Theo dinh Ii Trung Hoa vé sO dir t6n tai a € N* sao cho a = py —k (mod pz) voi k + aos m Khi d6, dé ding thay ring céc s6 a+1,a42....,a +n déu khong phai [a lug thira (v6i SO mi nguyén) cita mot s6 nguyen 16. Cach 2 : Gid sit n 1a mot s6 ty nhién bit ki VA Ps Paves Pav Uv avers Uy FA C8 86 nguyen 16 khéc nhau timg doi mot. Theo dinh If Trung Hoa vé s6 du, hé phuong trinh déng du x =-1 (mod p,q), 2 (mod 2242)... -n (mod p,q,) 66 nghiém. Chi ¥ ring cc $6 P41, Padre Pun nguyén t6 cing nhau timg doi mot. Hién nhién ring 06 thé chon x = c [A mot nghigm cia he nay sao cho c € N*, Khi dé cdc s6¢ + 1,6 + 2,..., c +n lan s6 tu nhién lién tigp va bat ki s6 nao trong cdc s6 6 cling chia hét cho ft nhat 2 s6 nguyen 16 khée nhau (c + 1) (pq), (¢ + 2) 2@aqa)ons(C +N)? (Pydy)- Vi vay khOng 06 86 nao trong céc sO d6 1a luy thita (véi 6 mi nguyén) ciia mot s6 nguyén 16. Bai toan 3. Ching minh rdng voi mdi sone nhién n, tn tai mot cdp s6 cong gdm n s6 hang sao cho moi sé hang ciia nd déu la luj thita cia mot sO tu nhién véi 86 mit nguyén lon hon 1. Loi gidi. Gi sit p; 18 s6 nguyen tht i (= 1, +n) va dat p = pypyPy. Ki higu g, = 2 Khi d6 (p,,9;)=1 (1 Sis n). V6i méii © (1, Queues M}, he phutong trinh déng du x = 0 (mod 4), x = -1 (mod p;) 66 nghiém x = a; € Ne. Xét cp sO cong gém n sO hang véi cong sai d= 1%2%..n% va s6 hang déu bing d. Véi 1 2' + 1 = Fy, Do (p, 2° ~ 1) = 1 nen theo dinh If Trung Hoa vé s6 du c6 vO han s6 ty nhien & thoa man (mod (2° - 1)641) va k =—1 (mod p). Ta sé chimg minh v6i k > p thi k2" + 1 (n= 1, 2, ..) déu Ia hgp 56. ‘That vay $6 n viei duge duéi dang v6im, 10. Khim =0, 1,2, 3,4 thi ary] =27"2r+1) vi ka" + 1s 2") 41 (mod (2? -1)) nen (k.2" +DiF,. Vik.2" + 1 > p > Fy (do k > p) nén k.2" + 1 la hop s6. Véi m= 5 thi k.2" + 1 = 2" +1 (mod 641) Mat khéc (2" + 1) ! Fs => (K.2" +1) 641, ma k.2" +1 > Fy > 641 = k.2" +1 lahgp 86. Véi m 2 6 thi n = 2h v6i h 1 mot s6 ty ahien. Tw day ta. 66 k:2" +1 = 2? +1 (mod p) hay 2" 4Dip wo 4ni@% 1 ma QO” -):F vaFip.Dok2"+1 >k>p nen k.2" + 1 Lahgp s6 ‘Tom lai c6 vO s6 ty nhién k dé k.2" +1 18 hop 6. 15Dang téng quat cia dinh If Trung Hoa vé so du nhu sau : Cho n sé nguyén duong nguyén t6 cing nhau ting doi mot m,,m,...)m, va cdc sO nguyén A4syyu yy PyPyrnby 80 cho (ajo) = (@y.mg) = ow = (yan, = Ae Khi db (a,x, =, (mod m,) he phuaomg erinh déng due \42%2 = 2 (mod ma) {any = b, (mod m,) 6 nghiém. Ngodi ra néu x = ¢ la m6t nghiém ndo dé vita hé thi x = x, 1a mot nghiém cia hé khi va chi khi tén tai t © Z, sao cho By = C+ (mymy...m, It Ching minh, Xét céc phuong trinh déng du ay = 1 (mod m) (1 $i $n). Vi (a;,mj)=1 thi hé nay 06 nghiém y;. Khi 46 (yj,m,) = 1. Vi vay phuong trinh déng du a,x = h, (mod m,) tuong dung wi phutmg tinh yj4;x = y,, (mod m).. Nhung phuong trinh nay Iai tuong duong v6i phuong winh x= y,b, (mod m,), Nhu vay ta dugc he phuong trinh déng du “= yb, (mod m,) X = Yb, (mod m) [x= ,b, (mod m,) Ap dung dinh If Trung Hoa vé thang du ta c6. diéu phai chimg minh, Cu6i cing 1 mot s6 bai tap danh cho ban doe. Bai 1. Xét mot cap sO cOng ting ©6 cdc s6 hang Ia céc s6 wy nhien. Ching minh ring cé thé chon tir cp s6 cong nay mot sO tuy ¥ cae sO hang lien tiép nhau sao cho tat cd déu 18 hop s6. Bai 2. Gid sit flx) IA mot da thitc véi cdc he 86 nguyén va m Ia mot s6 ty nhien, Biét ring s6 du cia phép chia cho m (m 2 2) cia cdc s6 ft), £(2),... bang 0 hoac bing 1. Ching minh ring m 1a lug thita cia mot s6 nguyen 16. PHUONG PHAP CUC HAN Khi gidi mot sO bai toan 6 céc yéu 16 rdi rac hode hiw han, néu ta ding phuong phép cuc han 4é chimg minh nhiéu khi rat thuan loi. Noi dung cia phuong phdp ndy 18 phai chon duge phan nit cue han (nhd nhtt howe Won nhst) cia mot tap hgp da cho. Dac biet néu tap hop a3 cho 1A mot t4p con cita tap hop c4c s6 thyc hoac tap hop 44 cho c6 quan hé véi mot tap con cita tap hgp cdc s6 thuc thi cé thé sir dung mot tinh chat (hay nguyén If) cha cée sO thuc (xem bai Nguyén li khdi ddu cue tri. Tuyén tap 30 nim Tap chf Toan hoc va Tudi tré, NXB Gio duc, 2004, trang 60 - 61). 16 NGO HAN (Ha Bdc) ‘Tinh chat d6 nhu sau : Trong mot tap hop hitu han khde rng cdc sO thyc luén chon duge sO nhé nhdit va s6 lén nhét. Dé céc ban lam quen véi phuong phdp cuc ‘han, xin gidi thigu mQt s6 bai todn sau. Bai todn 1. 7 nguoi vao ring hdi ndim duge tat cd 100 cdi. S6 ndim hai duege cia méi ngudi déu khdc nhau. Ching minh rang c6 3 ngudi hai duoc téng sé ndm khong it hon 50 cdi. Léi gidi, Goi s6 nm hai dugc cita méi ngudi Ta djsdy,.0ych duge sip xép tir nhd dn Ion : Q My a2 17; a> 18. Do dé tacé ds +dg+a7251 Q 2) as < 15. Goi N 18 tap hop gém 4 s6 nguyen d, dy, a3, dy. Khi d6 theo (1) ¢6 ays 14 Mat khéc a, 18 s6 16n nhat cia N nen a,$13;a)<123;a,<11 Taco: ay Hay +s tay $50 Suy ra ds + dg + a7 2 50 8 C&c bat ding thie (2) va (3) ching 16 bai todn duge chimg minh. Bai todn 2. Ching mink rang phuong trink sz? @ chi cé mot nghiém nguyén duy nhdt. Loi gidi. D& thay phuong trinh 43 cho © nghiém tdm thong Paya x =0. Gia sir phuong trinh cdn 6 nghi¢m nguyen (©i.y 52) khde véi nghiem (0 ; 0 ; 0). han thay nghiem nay phai cO x va y khong déng thai bang 0. Suy raz #0. Xét hai trudng hop = 1)z>0. Goi M la tap hop cdc sO nguyén z > 0 6 duge tir cdc nghigm nguyen (x ; y ; 2) cha phuong trinh, 1M cf 36 nh nt 2 tng wi nghiém (ry; Zo Tacé xo +96 = 32g 21uvtN CHON. THAT CQUYEN 3-8 Vi (x2 +y2) chia hét cho 3 nén x, va yo cing chia hét cho 3. That vay, néux, va yy déu khong chia hét cho 3 thi x2 + y2 khi chia cho 3 sé 6 s6 durla 1, do dé (x2 + y2) khong chia hét cho 3. DAt x5 = 3x) 5 Yo = 3y, trong 46 x, VA Va yy 1a céc s6 nguyén khong déng thoi bing 0. Taco: Ox? + 9y? = 322 hay 3x? +97) = 23 ‘Vi 22 chia hét cho 3 nén z, cing chia hét cho 3. Dat 2, = 32; trong d6 2; 1a s6 nguyén duong. Ta c6 ab + yp = 32? Ding thife may chting 16 (x, ; y ; 2,) eng [a nghiém nguyén cia phuong trinh (4). Nhung vi 0 <2; < zp nén khong thod man véi 2, 1a s6 nguyen duong nho nbét. Nhu vay phuong trinh khong 6 nghiém nguyen véi z > 0. 2) 2 <0. Nhan thay néu (x ; yj 2) JA nghiem cia phuong trinh thi (x ; y ; - z) cling la nghi¢m. Do 46 phuong trinh di cho khong 6 nghiém nguyen (x; y ; z) v6iz <0. ‘Tom lai phuong trinh da cho c6 mot nghiém nguyén duy nhat 1a (0, 0, 0). Bai ton 3. Trong mat phdng cho n dong thdng (n = 3) trong dé khong 6 hai dudng thdng ndo song song va khéng cé ba dudng thdng nao déng quy. Chimg minh rang tén tai ‘mét tam gide duge tao thank tit a ducéng thdng da cho ma tam gide nay khong bi chia edt béi hdt ki duéng thdng nao trong céc dudng thing con lai. Loi gidi. Gia sit d, 1& mot trong céc dudng thing da cho. Xét tat cd cdc giao diém clan - 1 dudng thing cén lai. Goi M 1a tap hop cac 17Khong céch (s6 do 1a s6 thye duong) tir céc giao diém d6 dén duvmg thing d). M c6 s6 nhd halt Ia f Gia sit P Ta giao diém cia hai dutmg thing dy va dy c6 khoang céch dén d, bing 1, Céc dung thing d, va d; cat dy tai céc diém Q va tuong tg (vi khong c6 hai dudng thing nao song song). Nhu thé tam gide POR duoc ta0 thanh tir ba duéng thing dj, dy, dy va khong bi cet boi bat ki dutmg thing nao. That vay, gid sir 6 dutng thing d, cat canh PR hoac canh PQ tai diém T # P (vi khong c6 ba dudng thing no déng quy). Khoang céch tir T dén d, 1a 1). RG ring 1 < t,. Digu nay trdi véi 1, 18 khoding edch nhé nhat. SUY NGHI TU LOI GIAI MOT BAI TOAN THI VO DICH QUOC TE Doi lic mot van dé di duoc gidi quyét xong Iai ggi § tim ra mot vin dé hoan toan khéc nhung lai rt c6 ¥ nghia, Néu loay hoay mai van khong gidi quyét duoc vain dé tht hai, céc ban thir "mo phéng” theo nhing lap lugn khi gidi quyét van dé thit nhat xem sao !. Mot sy "mo phong" c6 sing to, céi tin, bé sung cé thé gidip ta dat myc dich. Nhiéu khi nhé thé ma ban béng tim duge hing két qua thi vj bat ngo. Xin néu mot trudng hop nhu thé. Trong cu6n Tuyén tap nhiing bai todn thi v6 dich quéc té c6 néu mot bai ton do CHLB Dite 48 nghi (nm 1988) nur sau : Bai ton. a, b la hai so nguyén duong sao cho a? + b* chia hét cho ab + 1. Ching minh 24K rang OP’ 8 abel 1a s6 chink phuong. Tac gid néu hai céch giai khéc nhau. C4 hai cdch déu hay, lam thu hit su chi ¥ cia ti. 6 day xuat hién vin dé sau khi thay ab + 1 boi ah-1. Néu a, b © Ne, (a® +b?) : (ab - 1) thi c6 ash? ab—1 Két luan gi vé thuong 2 8 LE HAO (Phié Yen) Ta thay 243 (P #2?) dx2-1) va oa =5 23 2 4 32 -p alte (+3) x3 Diao Thir them vai cap s6 tr nhién nia, 161 cing tin ring ménh dé sau Ia ding : Memh dé 1. Néi a, b 1a hai so'nguyén ducong sao cho @ + B chia hét cho ab ~ 1 tht e+P ab-1 Ching minh mai khong dugc, toi bing nhé En céch gidi thir hai bai todn thi vo dich quéc t€ & tren. Céi c6t 10i cla céch gidi may 1a : Ty chd (a? +h?) (ab +1) chi ra c6 c,d ¢ N* ma +P 4d? “abet cd+1" Toi nhan thay 48 ching minh ménh dé 1 6 tren cén gidi quyét déu cOt 16i sau : Tir ché (a? +6”)! (ab—1) chi ra c6 c,d e N* ma ctd b, Néu b= 1 thi do (a? +1)i(a-1) suy ra 2! (a? ~1) nén a = 2 hoac a = 3. Liic d6 ese asl ab-1 a= Ta xéta>b> 1. Tir (a? +b?) (ab-1) 6 (a? +b): (ab -1) 4 = (b' +) (ab-1). Dat k = ae c6 kab — k= b* + 1 => k= =I (mod h), do d6 c6c E N*dék=he~1. >0ta Tw do b4 +1 = (ab - (be ~ 1). Tac Bb? +0? be B(a? +h?) ab—1 2 aR e+e Do 46 Oo abt be+ab ab + be. be~ ‘Tuong ty nhu tren thi b #c. Vib> 1 vaa>b nénab-1=h +14b(@—b)-220+1 =P + 1? > bY + 1 = (ab Ibe - 1) > (P+ Dibc- NP +1>be-1 => 2>Kce-h). Vib> I nen b>c. Néu ¢ > 1 thi lp lugn nhu tren, 06 d ¢ N*, a>b>c>ddé BB +e +d ab-1 be ed -1" Cot tigp tue nhu thé, qué trinh nay phai din dén t6n wi s6ue N¥ ma>b>c>d>..>u>1, 2 wel unl" Pah bec? ab-1 be Vi (+1) (w=) thi ohu da biét : w= 2 2 hoae u = 3, vay “+1 =5nén (dpcm). ‘Tirmenh dé 1 ta c6 ngay he qua sau : He qua. Phuong tinh x+y —my+m=0 c6 nghiém nguyén duong khi va chi khi m = 5. Diéu thd vi 1a tir céch chimg minh cia ménh dé 1, ta c6 thé chi ra cach tim tt cA nghigm nguyén ciia phuong trinh x+y? —Sxy45=0. Céc ban hay xét hai day s6 (a,) va (b,) vi k= 1, 2,... xc dinh bai cong thifc : ay = 1a) =2va ay + apy = Say, (K=1,2,3..) by = 1b) =3 Va by + Pega = Spgs = 12,3.) Tacé: Ménh dé 2. Cap so’ nguyén duong (xp y,) la ‘mgt nghiém cia phucong trinh ¥ + Sry +5=0 () hi va chi Khi x, + Yq 1a hai s6 ké nhau 6 mot trong hai day s6'néi trén. Ching minh. Diéu kign can, Gid sit (%9 ; Yo) 1a nghiém ciia (1), €6 thé xem.x,> yo. Khi d6 <7 XoYo— 1" NGu yy = 1 thi «2 +5x,+6=0 nén x, =2 hoc xy = 3, do d6 (x. ; yg) IA hai s6 lién tiép éu tien 6 mot trong hai day s6 tren. Néu yp > 1, theo chimg minh ménh dé 1, c6 2yyt yy? tg €N4,45> yg> 29 48 5= 227% = Yo *2S, %Yo~ 1 Yo%o~! Khi 46 phuong trinh bac hai X? ~Sy,X+54y2 6 hai nghiém x9, 2 ‘Theo dinh If Vidte x, + 25 19Cit theo Iap luan tren ©6 Ho, .. e Nt for fo MAX, > Yo > Zo > Ho > «= > Vo > fo > 1 V6i hai s6 lien tip 1a nghiem cia (1), nghia I Vay tor Vorees Moy Zor Yor Yo tO thanh che sé hang lien tiép cita mot trong hai day sO tren. Diéu kign di. NEu (xg ; Yo) 1& hai s6 ké nhau cilia mot trong hai day s6 tren. Gid sit x5, y. IA hai s6 lién tigp cha day (a) (k = 1, 2,..), 4) = 1, dy = 2, VOIX, = Ogg, Yo = ay. Ta C6 nan xét : néua>b>c,a+c= 5b, (b; c) a nghiém cia (1) thi (a ; b) cing 1a nghiém cita (1). Vidya > ay > > 2 = 2Zaq_= 1, Gj + Ginn = Sai (= 2, By. A), (a5 an) 1B nghigm cia (1), nén theo nhan xét trén (ay,) 5 4) 1a nghigm cia (1) (dpem). Ching minh tong ty khi (x 5 yo) I hai 86 lien tip cia day (bj) (k= 1, 2...) by = 1, by =3. Nhdn xét. N&u x5, Yo € Z, (% i Yo) nghiem cita (1), thi 19 rang x5, Yo khong thé tréi dgu. Vay néu tim duge céc nghiem nguyen duong ciia (1) sé suy ra cdc nghiém nguyén con Iai bing céch di dau, DEn day méi céc ban tiép tuc suy nghi. Co thé cén nhiéu diéu thi vi khéc chua duge khai thac hét. Nhu cdc ban biét, trang lich sit khoa hoc c6 nhiéu phét minh quan trong ra doi nha biét ké thi, cai tién, bé sung nhimg thanh tuu i c6. Céc ban tré hay hoc toan mot céch chit dong, biét phat buy, ké thita dé sng tao. Céc ban sé thay toan hoc that sinh dong, If thi. PHUONG TRINH CAN DONG DANG BAC HAI Trong mot ki thi chon hoe sinh gidi lap doi tuyén thi Todn Quéc t€ ciia nuéc ta ¢6 bai tosn sau day Tim tat cd cde cp 56 nguyén duong (x ; y) sao cho vai x 0 thi f phai nguyén duong. Cu6i cling x= Sa? = 5(1 +71)", y = Sh” = 5130-1)" voir 14 s6 nguyen duong. Nhu vay a Ching ta sé tim nghi¢m nguyen cia phuong tinh: av + by =Ve a) v6i a, b nguyen va c nguyén duong khong chinh phuong. Chiing ta c6 thé goi phuong trinh (1) fa phuong trinh vo dinh can déng dang. Dé gidi phuong tinh, ta viét ¢ dudi dang c= km? trong dé k, m IA céc s6 nguyén duong, k khong chia hét cho bait cit s6 chinh phuong nao Khéc 1. Vé phai Ve = mvk 16 rang 1A mot so vO ti, VE tréi 1a téng hai sO nen : hoe mot so bing 0, hogc cd hai Ia nhiing s6 vo ti déng dang véi Vk. Trudng hgp a = 0 hoae b = 0 don gidn. Ta xét trudng hop a # 0, b # 0, dé thay a, b khong cling am. Lic nay x=uvk, y= vVk voi u,v 1 cée s6 nguyén am. Thanh thir au + by=m @ Day [a phuong trinh vo dinh ma chiing ta da €6 céch gidi hét ste ngfn gon (xem bai Cé thé lam todn sinh dong hon duge khong ? trong quyén nay). Bay gid toi xin gidi thi@u mot phuong phép giai khéc. Phuong trinh (2) c6 thé vo nghiém (nguyén), nhung néu c6 mot nghiém ug, vg thi cu tric nghiém cia (2), do 46 cfu tric nghiém cia phuong trinh da cho, cé thé xc dinh nhu sau : Do Ug, vp nghiém diing (2) nén au + by = au, + by. =m. ily +bvy=bv _ |, bve=¥) Vivay b's -¥) @ =u,+ V6i a’, b' nguyén va (a’, b’) Dé u nguyen thi v, — v = a't véi ¢ nguyen, nen v= vo alt, w= Uy + bit. Dou, v20nénv,-ar20>ar 0 => r> aa #Néua' 0,a' <0. oNéua'>Othir< *~ VOI Ug, Voy b', a’ déu duong. Qudi cing x = ku? = Ku, +b", by? = k(vg-a't?. Phuong trinh vo dinh cin déng dang khong chi b6 hep & dang 48 néu. Nhigu phuong trinh sé duge gidi mot céch don gién néu nhin duéi con mat d6. Ching han bai todn sau : Tim tat cd cde nghiém nguyén cila phuong trinh Bai = 3y~ay-1+2. Nhan thy J4y—1 1a s6 vo ti voi moi y nguyen (vi binh phuong cia mot s6 18 6 dang (4m +1) ma J4y—1 -V2x-1 =3y +2- “ 1a s6 hitu ti nén diéu kien cfin (va di) 48 phuong tinh c6 nghigm nguyén Ia cd hai vé bing 0, tite la V4y-1=v2xe+1, ayo . DE dang rit ra x = 5, y = 3, Nghi¢m ny thod man bai toan, 2Cu6i cing, ta ding phuong ph4p vira neu dé gidi mot bai todn da dugc dé nghi ding lam dé Thi Todn quéc t€: Tim tat ca cde s6 tu nhién x va y thod man phuong trinh (x ~ Jy)" = 3361-/11296320 3) Loi gidi, Nhan thay x, y IA cdc s6 nguyén Khong am va 11296320 = 8.41V105 la s6 vo ti, Viet lai (3) thanh (x + y)? + 4xy ~ 3661 = A(x+ yyy 8.41105 (4) VE trdi cha (4) 14 s6 hou ti nen diéu kign cfin va dit dé (4) c6 nghiem 1a c& hai ve cing bing 0. S? + 4P -3361=0 () Ta c6 he SP = 82V/105 © voi S=x+y, P = xy. Ty (6) 66 P= thay vao (5) dugc S* - 3361S? + 4.827.105 = 0. Biét s6 A = 1 nén S = 1681, 1680. Vi 1681 = 41? nen $ = 41, 16 rang 1680 khong Ia 6 chinh phuong. Lic d6 P = 420 nén x, y 1a hai nghiém cla phuong trinh z’~41z + 420 = 0, idi ra ta duge z = 20 ; 21. Vay (x; y) 8 (20; 21) hoe (21 ; 20). Cang 06 thé chi xét diéu kign cfin cia (3), Ding thie (4) xdy ra khi va chi khi- xy va VI05 1a cdc can thite déng dang, tic Ia Jy = kVI05 vi k nguyen duong, Nhu vay 82 | ay = 105%, tach x vay 1A hai sty 24 nghiém cia phuong trinh 12 2 105k? Phuong tinh nay chi cé nghiém néu A = 2 (2) = 4.105 20 > k<2.Nk=1, phuong tinh 7 — 82r + 105 = 0 khong c6 nghiém nguyen. Néu k= 2, phuong trinh ? ~ 411+ 4.105 =0 6 nghi¢m ¢ = 20 ; 21, Sau khi thir vao (3) thay ding, ta két luan (x ; y) 1a (20 ; 21) hoge (21; 20). MOT SO BAI TOAN VE SO HOU Ti VA SO V6 Ti NGUYEN NGOC BINH PHUONG (TP. Hé Chi Minh) Cling ta da bit Dinh li. Néu a [a so nguyén duong khong chinh phuong thi Va 1a s0'vo ti. Téng quat. Néu a la sO nguyén duong khong I s6 luy thita bac n cita bat ki so nguyén duong nao thi Ya 1486 vo ti (ne N;n22). Sau day 1 mOt sO bai tofn 4p dung. 2 Bai 1. Ching minh rang s6'a = V2 +3 la 86 v6 ti, Loi gidi. Gid sir a 1a 86 hitu ti, ta c6 a? =5+2N6 => V6 1a sO hitu ti (vo IP). 2 Vay a= V2 +3 I s6 vO ti (dpcem).Bai 2. Cho Vn 1a nghiém cia phwong trinh wax? +bx+e=0 véia, bce Q,nlasdne mhién khOng chinh phuong. Tim cic nghiém con Iai. Loi gidi. Tacé nn +na+bVn+¢=0 2 (n+bWn+nat+c=0 (na +0) Néun +b #0 thi Vn eQ nth (vo If), Vayn+b=Ovana+c=0=>b=-nva c= -na ‘ThE céc gid tri cia h va c vao phuong trinh, ta duoc 3 pax? x3 4ax? —nx—na=0 (2 =-nrt+a)=0. Ti d6 ta thay ngodi nghi¢m x= Vn, phuong trinh con c6 cfc nghiém x=—-Vn, x=-a v6i aeQ Bai 3. Cho hai thing dung nucée voi dung ich lén tuy ¥ va hai edi géo c6 dung tich ldn lugt la J2 lit va 2-V2 Itt. Héi 6 thé dang hai cdi géo dé chuyén 1 lit nude ut thing nay sang thing kia duge hay khOng ? Tai sao ? (Dé thi tuyén vao 16p 10 DHSP Ha NOi, 1995). Loi gidi, Gia sit c6 thé ding géo a (dung tich V2) va géo b (dung tich 2-2) 48 chuyén duge 1 lit nuée tix binh A sang binh B bing céch. dong m géo a va n gdo b véi m,n € Z(m>0 néu dong tix A sang B va m < 0 n&u dong ti B sang A ; twong ty d6i véi_n). Khi a6 m2 +n(2-V2)=1 > (m—n) V2 +2n-1=0 Néu me nthi J? = 2821 ™ € Qwvo lp. : (mau thudn véi m,n € Z). Ket luan : Khong thé ding hai cai géo d6 dé chuyén | lit nuéc tir thiing nay sang thiing kia, Bai 4. Ching minh rang vai moi s6 tw nhién n phuong trinh sau dy khong c6 nghiém hit tt (+ 3)" = 14 V3 (Vo dich toan Lien X0, 1987) Loi gidi. Voi n = 1, gid sit c6 x, y € Q tho’ xty3 =V1+3 = (xt V3)? = 14-3 x7 43y? -1=(1-2ayy3 man 3y?-1 2ay 24 Néu 1 - 2ey #0 thi V3 = (vol). Vay 1 - 2xy = 0 vax? + 3y?— eQ 0. Rit y th 1 ~ 2xy = 0 thé vao x? + 3y?- Ita duge 4x4 - 4x? +3 =0. Phuong trinh nay vo nghiém nén khong t6n taix,y € Q thoa x + yv3 = y+ V3. Néu x, y © Q thi (x+yv3)" =x, + V3 VOIX. € Qe (DE dang ching minh duge bang céch khai trién nhj thife Newton). Do dé néu tén tai n € N vax, y € Q sao cho (etyv3)" = Vi4+N3. Day 1a diu ma ta 45 cchimg minh 1a khong thé xay ra. Bai 5. Ching minh rng Y2_ khong thé biéu dién duoc é dang p+ qNr trong 6p, q.r € Q, r>0. Loi gidi. Gia sit t6n tai p,q, re Qu > 0 thoa p+qvr = 42. Tacé p> +3p"qvr +3pq°r + qirvr =2 23© Bp'g qr =2- p? —3pq?r. o Néu 3p2y4+q'r #0 thi vr 2- p~3pq?r 3p°q+q'r € Q(voll. # N&u 3p2g + qr =0 2 4GPtyn=0o R6 rang khong thé xdy rap Néug=Othi 92 =p < Qo. Vay khong t6n tai p, 4, € Q, > 0 thod p+qvr = 32 (dpem). BAI TAP TY GIAL Bai 1, Chimg minh ring céc s6.a = Y2 +93 ; b=V2+V3+V5 déu la cdc 86 vo ti. Bai 2. Biét phuong trinh x? + ax +b =0 véi 28 a, b € Q c6 mot nghigm Ia cap 86 (a, b). Bai 3. Gidi phuong trinh a3~3 = V3 ~Y3 voi nghiém hitu ti (V6 dich toén Anh, 1970). Bai 4. Cho a, b, c,d € Q va m,n la cdc sO nguyén duong khong chinh phuong. Chimg minh ring difu kien cin va di dé a+bym =c+dVn laa=cva bym = dvn. Bai 5. Cho 2, b Ia hai s6 hitu ti khac khong van 1A mot sO nguyén duong. Chimg minh ring s6.x= avn +bvn +1 1as6 voti. Bai 6. Choa, b, Q thod a¥4+n2+e=0. Ching minh ring a= b = c= 0. TINH BIEU THUC HOU Ti BANG CACH XET DANG DA THUC BANG NHAU TAI NHIEU GIA TRI 1, Khi giai mot s6 bai togn gém céc phan thie hitu ti, néu khai trién cdc phép tinh tren céc phan thic dai s6 thuimg gap nhimg bign d6i rat phic tap. Song néu ta biéu thi n6 duéi dang da thiic thi nhiéu khi cong viéc tré nén dé dang. Co sé cia céich lam nay dya vao cée menh dé dudi day. Menh 4é 1. Fx Néw nhi tite dang Ax+B (1) véi A, B la cdc tham sé ma 24 LE QUANG TRUNG (CDSP Bac Liéu) Sls) trigt tiéu tai hai gid tri khdéc mhau ctia x thi O hay lx) dng nhdt bdng khong. Ching minh. Gid sit v6i x, = a, x, =b (a # b) ma fa) = fib) = 0, hay Aa + B= 0 va Ab + B=0, tir d6 A(a - b) = 0, via— b #0 nén A =Osuy ra B=0. Meénh dé 2. Néw dang f(a) = AP + Bx+C (2) voi A, B, C la cde tham s6\ ma fix) trigt tiéu tai ba gid tri khac tam thitenhau clia x thi A = B= C =0 hay fix) déng nhdt héing khong. Chimg minh, Gia sit v6i x, = a,x = b, 4, =d (doi mot khdc nhau) ma f(a) = fib) = fid) = 0 hay Aa’ + Ba + C = 0, Ab? + Bh +C =0, Ad + Bd + C= 0. Tiree ding thite trén suy AG? ~ 1?) + Bla - b) =0, Aa? -) + Bla ~ d) =0, Via-b#0,a—d#0nénA(a+h)+B=0; Ala +d) +B=Osuy ra A(b-d) =0, ib-d#0 nén A = 0. Tir dé ta suy raB=0,C =0. 2, Mt s6 thi du Thi dy 1. Tinh téng sau (d=byd~e) | (d= =a) , (@—bNa—0) * @=Ob—a) (d-aXd-b) (©~ayle-h) Loi gidi. Téng trén chi xac dinh khi a, , c oi mot bang nhau. ‘Néu thay d bang x va dat téng trén bing f(x) thi lx) [8 tam thie dang (2) d6i véi x. Ta nhan thay : fla) = 0b) = fle) = 1. Nhu vay f (x)= 11a tam thiic nhan ba sO khéc nhau a, b, ¢ fam nghiém. Vay f(x) - 1 déng nhat bang 0 hay ‘fls) = 1 v6i moi xysuy rafid) = 1. Thi du 2. Ching minh rang vai a, b, ¢ la cdc 6 doi mot khée nhaw tht @ (x=b)x—c) |, B(e-e(x-a) (a-hNa-0) (b= b=a) 2(x-ayla-b)_ 2 (=aye-B) Loi gidi. Xét biéu thitc Flay = LEME =e) , =O = a) (a-hXa-o) * b-ob—a) * Ta thdy f(x) 1a tam thie dang (2) nhan ba sé khéc nhau a, b, ¢ lam nghiém, vay fix) déng nhat bang 0 va bai todn dugc ching minh. Thi du 3. Don gidn biéu thie a-b ca (a-bb~cle-a) ath bee cha’ (atb\brolera) bre Loi gidi, Sau khi quy d6ng miu s6 ta duge tit sola fla) = (a- bY b+ e+) + (b— Na+ bc +4) + (c~ alla + bb +0) + (a bb -e- a). Ta thay f(x) Ta tam thite dang (2) d6i voi a va 6 ba nghiém : a= b, 0. Néu b, © khée nhau va déu khée 0 thi ba nghiém nay doi mgt khéc nhau nén fla) déng nat bang 0 va ta c6 P= 0. Néu b =O hode c= O hoac b = c thi ta déu 06 fla) = 0 suy ra P=0. 3. Mot sé bai tap 4p dung Bai 1. Don gin biéu thie Babe, mae, muh riyate” be eMb+a)” Crayerh) Bai 2. Ching minh ring bretd + (b- aye — ald - a(x — a) ctdta * B= Pa BNC) + dtath = Ma= b= =e) + atbee (a-d)(b-dYe-dyx—d) _ x-a-b-c-d © (es a)r= bx rd) 25TAP DUOT KHAI THAC CAC DANG THUC DA BIET Khi 43 duge hoc phép nhan da thc, bat ki hoc sinh nao cing cé thé thyc hign phép tinh dé rit ra hing ding thie (athe aa’ + +2 + 2ah+2ac + Dhe (I) ‘Néu chi quan sdt ding thie (1) trong trang thai tinh thi qua thyc ta kh6 6 thé rit ra duge mot diéu gi thi vj ngoai tinh c&n d6i, dep mat cia né. Ta hay nhin ding thee (1) véi trang thai dong xem sao ! Trude hét chiing ta hay chi dong cho cdc d6i tugng a, b, ¢ thay Adi mot chit, ching han ta thay a, b, ¢ twong ting béi 1 11 theo ding thie (1) ta 06 wee 22,2 ab” ac” be 2ath+e) abe 2) RO ring ta c6 mot két qua thi vj : V6i abe #0, ath+c=0th @) Nhu vay, chi cin thay déi mgt chit ce dt kign, ta da thu duge mot két qua rat dep. Nhung néu ta dimg Iai & day thi sé khong thay hét duge tim img dung cia két qué méi. Ching ta thir cing xem vai tro cia ding theéc (3) qua mot logt céc bai toan 6 nhimg dang khéc nhau du6i day. Bai 1. Ching minh cdc ddng thite sau 26 TRINH KHOI (Bde Ninh) ) Huéng dén gidi. « Dé chimg minh ding thie (4) ta chi céin chit ¥ ring (@ + b)* = [-(@ +b)? nhu vay ding thife (4) duge suy ra tryc tigp tr (3) khi ta thay ¢ = (a +b). * Tuong ty (5) duge suy ra truc tip tir (3) Bai 2. Cho a, b, c la cdc 86 hitu ti doi mot khdc nhaw. Ching minh rang 1 i 1 = Gb? b=? Grae la 86 hitu ti. Hudng dén gidi. Chi ctn 48 § (a -b) + (b-c) + (c- a) = 0, nén ti (3) ta 06 5 = (a? +b?) vva 4p dung (4) mot Ian nifa dugeBai 4. Xér tong yt hott, x 4 ‘oe a a) Tinh S999. 1b) Ching minh ring vai moi n 23 thi S, la 86 hit ti nhung S, khong thé la s6 nguyén. Hung dén gidi. Hay chi § 1+ (n= 1) + (=n) =0, dp dung (3) ta c6 1 Gop Tird6 dB dang thay )e( Jeqr-aetet n) 2 Tir d6 gidi quyét duge a) va b). Bai 5. Dat S, =V1+99...9? +0,99...97 (hang tit thit hai trong can la bink phuong ciia 36° ty nhién c6 n chit $69, con hang tie thit ba trong can la bink phuong cita 36 thdp phan 6 n chit s6°9 sau dau phdy), 4) Ching minh rang véi moi n nguyén dong thi S,, lubn 1a sé hitu ti. b) Viet Syoqo duéi dang s6 thép phan Huong dan gidi, Chi ¥ 99...9 = 10" - 1 tréi 1A sO ty nhién 06 n chit s69). (WE 10" 10" nchit s6 9 sau dau phdy). Do 46 0,99...9 = (vé trai 1 sO thap phan c6 10" 10" S, = {1 +0" ot Ap dung (5) v6i a = 1, b = 10" ~ 1, ta thu duge $, =10"-1+ a nén viée gidi quyét cdc cau a) va b) khong cdn khé khan. Bai 6. Gidi cdc phuong trinh sau 1 3 a) +——- = — Qx-1?) Gx+t? (e427? b) x 2 46:+64(223) = =0. xe4 Huéng dan gidi, Ap dung c&c ding thite (4) va (5) dé gidi céc phuong trinh tren, Trén day chiing toi 4a gi6i thigu véi céc ban mot huéng Khai thc ding thee (1). Két qua thu duge 16 ring da gidp ching ta sing tao ra nhiéu bai tosn méi. (Cc ban hay t&p khai théc hang ding thic khéc dang hgc trong chuong trinh.eae TIM GIA TRI LON NHAT, GIA TRI NHO NHAT VE MOI QUAN HE GIUA HAI BAT DANG THUC CAUCHY VA BERNOULLI Bat ding thite Cauchy 6 dang Yayaya, (1) 4,20, mgin € N* Bat dang thic Bernoulli cé dang : (+ a)" 21+ nr 2) v6i moix 2-1, moin = Nt, Nhu ching ta da biét cé nhiéu céch ching minh céc bat ding thiic nay : tryc tip hay gin tip, dai hay ngén, don gidn hay phitc tap, v.v... Dui day trinh bay céch chimg minh bat ding thie nay nhés bat ding thie kia, Gia sir c6 bat ding thitc Cauchy, ta edn ching minh (2). Néu 1 + nx < 0 thi do vé tréi cia (2) khong am nén bat ding thic ding. Trong truimg hop | + nx > 0, xét n~ 186.1 va $6 1 + nx, theo bét ding thite Cauchy ta 66 Lal t A420 5 Tem Nang lén lug thita bac n hai vé ta duge (2). Nguyge lai, gid sir 06 bat ding thie Bernoulli (2) ta can ching minh (1). Dat 1 + x = ¢ ta cé thé viét (2) duéi dang : 11 21+ j(t-1), voi mgi 120, Vj e NF, 28 LE HAI KHOI (Ha Noi) hay a ¥ > jt-G-D), voi moi 20, Vie N* (3) Xét_n s6 khOng am ay, ap, .... dy. Trong truimg hgp c6 mot s6 ndo dé bing 0 thi bat dang thie (1) 1a hién nhién, do 46 c6 thé gid 1 Dye thiét ring a; > 0 v6i moi j= a + ay + i Kihieu S, oF ja 1,2,.40). vy) cho ta ( “GD. Do 46, $/2(i8, -(j-DS,-1)8/4 =a,5/+} 086, 5/2, --05,)871 =a 814 VGi j= 2, Byany 0. Vay Ia chiing ta 6 : St 24,80} 2 a,a, cn ta duoc bat ding thtic Cauchy.TU CAC TINH CHAT CO BAN CUA BAT DANG THUC Ta da biét céc tinh chat co ban cia bat ding thiic duge coi fa nhing yéu 6 nén tang, co sé dé tir dé xay dung duge cde bat ding thiic méi phic tap hon. Nguoc lai, mu6n chting minh mot bait ding thie, ta cfin phai sit dung cdc tinh chat co ban cita bat ding thie va céc bat ding thie quen thuéc nh Cauchy, Bunyakovski sau khi bien d6i biéu thife hoae them bet vao biéu thie mot s6 hang nao d6. ‘Sau day 1A mot s6 thi du minh hoa. Thi dy 1. Véi a,b, ¢ 1a ba 86 thye duong, ching mink rang (ary (beer (era)? c a” ob Loi gidi. Céch 1.Tacé 24(atb+e)(1) (h+ey? ? +a)’ eg (arb? W 2Bathtc) Mat khéc ta c6 +4(atb+c) 2) (a+b) ~4(at bye + 4c? 20 (ath? hay + 4e2 (a+b), Ching minh twong ty, ta ciing 06 2 2 O49 gaz arr o E2 a b Cong theo timg vé ba bat ding thic tren sé thu duge (2). Tu d6 06 diéu phai chimg minh. Céich 2. Ta 06 +4b24(c+a). aoa fees Wee er barra ¢ a b 24a +hece 8) Ap dung bat ding thie Bunyakovski, ta c6 Mat b+eP=[ath) +++ (c+al VU DUC (Ninh Binh) bee z 5] < f z vb ay (te) (2) Jue Palaravey] (c+? 2 2 [om (b+0) Jere. € a Suy ra bat dang thitc (3) ding. Tir d6 c6 diéu phai chimg minh. Thi du 2. Véi a, b, c la ba so duong, chiing minh rang (4) 2340+) () Ap dung bat ding thite Cauchy c6 aia 2 3] 2 SFr ele a’ hay 25+ b? >3a?. ‘Ching minh tuong tu, ta cing c6 3 3 2 4225; 2 C+ 2307 Cong theo timg vé ba bat ding thie tren ta thu duge (5). Tir d6 6 diéu phai ching minh. Thi du 3. Vdi a, b, c, d la cde s0 duong, dat ath | hte | e+d thee beerd c+d+ Ching minh ring :2. HEX -0+e-D)4+ye-) + Fe -y) oth bee (x = (2? 27) + (e207 -»°) athte+d atb+ce+d (x =y\(x -2)e+y) +2) etd da = (x -y@ 2) -2) 20 dox> y2z>0), atdtce+d at+b+c+d Vay H 20 suy ra dpem, 2 (©) Thi du 5. Vdi a,b, cla ba so duong, ching ‘minh réng ¢ (,__4 ame (ea )+(- sa) * _ Aathte+d) (esstal(lzet) c+dta d+ath p= — * bee cea ath Ge) =) _ on " = 4 OO OO Lai gidi. Do vai tro ota a, b, ¢ Ya nhur hau nén ta cé thé gid sit a> b2>c>0. (a) <44—0_,_ "5 2 2 atbtctd athter wiizbeso nen (4) 32 (J ee a) *a'\a) Sa ——)_,_) 2 2 atbterd atbterd sym 2yfoP S adb+ozav+e), aaa a —fatbrerd 5 Oy aabeeea Tw d6 ket hop v6i Tr © va(7) a6 2 0, ching minh ring a a _a@(h+c)-a(h? +0?) wy Pee bee H+ AG+0 z a (h+c)-alb? +02) 2 ®) @ +cat) 2 “ (et e) *e suyra S a c Ti gia thiet 2 < y Clatrh)— ela? +h?) oe @ +eYa+e) P-2)+G He 30e b (10) Ose cba” (a +b? ate) Cong theo timg ve (8), (9) va (10), ta duge bee ath Nhiéu bat ding thiic trong khi thi chon hoc sinh gidi hodc thi vao Dai hoc cé thé chimg minh twong ty nhur tren, Mai cdc ban thit stic véi céc bai tap sau. Bai 1. Voi a, h, ¢ 1a do dai cdc canh cia mot tam gidc, chtmg minh ring : eta @ B ¢ Voxena Vewanb *Varbme 23+ (a+b) +h 2Uath+o). Bai 2. Véi a, b, ¢ 1 ba s6 duong, chimg minh ring 2 2 Mab+be+ ca). Uatb+e) ath — + cra ab + be + ca abe Bai 3. Voi sO nguyen duong n ching minh ring: 1 1 ptpte Bai 4, Hay téng quét hod két qui cia thi dy 4 va thé du 5 6 tren, MOT PHUONG PHAP DANH GIA TONG CAC PHAN THUC NGO VAN THAI (Truéng PTTH bdn céng Qujnh Phu, Thdi Binh) C6 nhiéu bat ding thite di hdi phai dénh gid téng céc phan thic véi céc s6 hang hodn vi vong quanh, trong 46 06 hat dng thic Nesbit md rong : Cho 3, Xp» %y (4; > 0 VOI mai i, n € N*, n>3) thi: 4 ay gy ata n ara, aa Bat dang thic (1) trong trudng hgp téng quat 1a khong diing voi moi n 2 26. Tren tap chi THTT cing di dang li giai cho trutng hop n=3, 4,5, 6. Sau day la céch chimg minh cho tring hgp = 3, 4 kha gon danh cho céc ban THCS. Trong céch ching minh dudi day phai sir dung dén bd ddng thie Cauchy cia ba s6 khong 4m (ching minh danh cho céc ban) Cho ba s6'khong am X,, Xp, X, tht X, +X, +X3 2 3YX,.Xp.Xy. Ta ching minh bat ding thitc (1) véi n= 3 van=4, 1) V6i ba s6 duong a), ay,.a3 (n= 3) thi 4 a 414-2 4% 53 (+d, d;+a, a +a, 2 4 a +a, a % a, +4, +, a +a, Loi gidi, Dat P= + + a, +4, 4% a a) +4," ay +a, Dé thay P+Q=3. wuGoi vé tréi cia BDT tren 1a M. Voi phuong phép da trinh bay 6 trén, cde ban NC 8 gidi quyét duge mot céch ngin gon ba bai ear erea araTean toan sau day. TEEN Bai 1, Cho su s6 duong 34, 29, 3, X45 5, 6 Ne eae aaa sao cho trong séu t6ng sau (a, +9), ‘Theo bat ding thie Cauchy ta duge (2 +453), Oy +g) Oy +45), Os +46) M+P23:M+Q23, (x +4) €6 (4) +9) hd mht, (xy +5) Kon 3 hat. Ching minh ring Suy ra2M+P+Q>6=>2M23=>M> > ing thie xy ra khi va chi khi ay = a) => 0. 2) VGi bon s6 duong ay, iy, 45, a4 (n= 4) thi 4 a ay ay aaa aancasare ores Bai 2. Cho n € N, n> 3 va x; > 0 v6i moi Loi gidi. Goi vé u a BDT trén la M. i=1,2,...0. Dat x x x, % pup=(—l--! 4) Mot 2g et ye ytd; dytd, ay tay a, Fay ty tay TK Ha ty Tacé ve —28 at iG) +H) Gs +) dytdy dy tady dg tay oma[ S22, Bre ura) iy p ty 4d ay 4a, ay Fay Si 1X Xp, +) yy +42) (ace tem) sp ay Fay” aya, aya; ) Chimg minh ring max(M,N) 2 3. Ap dung bat dang thtic Cauchy cilia ba sO duomg trong timg ngodc don ta suy ra: Bai 3, Cho n ¢ N,n 23 vax; > 0 voi moi M23-14a,P=2+a,P QQ) 1=1,2,..n. Ching minh ring M23-1-a),P=2-a,P 2) Néu P > 0 theo (2) ta duge M > 2. Néu P <0 theo (3) ta duge M > 2. Tom lai M 2 2. Mong céc ban tigp tue trao dé. Dang thiic xdy ra khi va chi khi a, = a) = a3 = dy > 0. Bat ding thiéc da duge ching minh. 32VAN DUNG HANG DANG THUC YA? -\A| VAO GIAI TOAN TON NUBICH VAN (GV THCS Nguyén Khuyén, Da Nang) Trong chuong trinh toén THCS hing ding thic VA? =|Al c6 nhiéu van dung trong céc bai tap tir don gin dén phiéc tap. Tuy nhién, khi gap dang todn nay, nhiéu ban thudng ling ting, ngay ca hoc sinh gidi cing g4p nhiéu sai s6t khi trinh bay 1di giai. Bai viet nay néu mét s6 loai todn thudng gap cé thé van dung hai dang bign déi can thite co bin sau day. Dua ra ngodi ddu can A 2 Ve -lalaf ee -Anéu A<0 Dua vao trong ddiu can VA?B néuAz0 AvB= ne -VA?B néuA<0 Bién 4éi don gin can thie bac hai Thi du 1, Dua thia s6'ra ngodi ddu can 2 ty nga y20 Vor? =3x2)y[= 48% ee? -3x7y néu y0). C6 thé dat 8-27 =a+by7 véi cde 86 nguyen a, b r6i binh phuong hai vé dé tinh a, b ? Tuong ty, hay tinh 2002 + 2/2000 -2V1999. STUvEN CHON.THSTTCQUYEN 9-4 Thi du 2. Tinh gid tri cia A= 3x-1-V4x? -120+9 vi x= 1999. Loi gid, = A=3x-1-JQx-3P = 3x -1-|2x-3|. Véi x = 1999 thi 2x - 3 >0 nén A = 3x- 1 - (2x ~ 3) =x +2. Lilie d6 A 06 gid tri 1a 1999 + 2= 2001. Logi 3. Rut gon mot biéu thite Thi du 1. Riit gon B= \3x-4-2V3x-5. Loi gidi. Diéu kien x > 2. Bign d6i B= ¥3x-5-2V3x-5+1 = VW3r-5-1? = |V3r-5-1, Nu 3x—5-120 hay V3x-521 hay x22thi B= V3x-5- © Név V3x-5-1<0 hay x < 2 thi VBx=5. VBx=5-1 néux22 1-V3x=5 neu 3 3. Bign di vé trai thanh 34 Vx-342vr-3 41 +x -34+ 604-349 = VOle-3 +1? + Vx -3 +3) = Wx-3+1l+lvr—3 +3) Ve-3 414-343 =442Vx— Vay phuong trinh vo nghiém. 24, Loai 6. Tim gia tri cia bin thoa man diéu kign cho truée Thi du. Cho M = 4x-1-Vox? -12e +4. Tim x déM Loi git. M = 4x—1-yGx~2) =4x-1-[3x-2] Xét dau ciia 3x — 2 ta tinh duge 2 x+l ae +1 néuxes M= Tx 3nd x (1 — 2x)(2x ~ 3) 20. Lap bang xét dau x eo 2 2 2 “1-2 [+ 0 - ~ 2-3 |- - O +. (1-2 2x=3) |= 0 =Tirdo (1-29@r-3)200 fx Vay GINN D bing 2véi 4. pld={4 néua2>0 anéua<0 2) lal>O 3) lal =|-al 4) ve S)lalza 6) lal+la|>la+o) Chimg minh, Do hai vé cia bat ding thc khong am nén (6) twong duong véi (al+lpl? (a+b) < lable ab. Vay (6) diing. Ding thiic xy ra khi va chi khi ab > 0. He qué 2|a, +a, +...+4,| [eal + a 7) la+ bl > lal -loll « Ching minh. Do hai vé cita bat ding thie khong am nén (a+b) 2 (lal-lb)? <> ab2>-lab| ding, do d6 (7) diing. Dang thite xy ra khi va chi khi abso. 8) lal |bl <> (a+ by(a—b)20 9) a2 |bl > azb2-a. VU BUC (Ninh Binh) IL, Phuong trinh, bat phuong trinh 6 dau gid tri tuyet déi Thi dy 1. Gidi bat phucong trinh lax? -3el<1. Loi gidi. Ta 06 4x? -3x1 <1 (ar -ay'sP <9 (4x° ~3x)°- 150 9 (4x ~ 3x + 1.485 - 3-1) <0 eo (e+ IA? — 4+ Ie DG? +4r41)<0 69 (8 - NQx- IP2x+ 1? <0 (0? - 14? - 1) <0 4x7 -1=0 x -1<0 xls. Thi du 2. Cho so’ the a 21 phuong trinh Gidi bat le? -2ar+ a Léi gidi, Ta 06 2 > (x? -2ax +a)? 2 (x? - a? x? -2ax+ al 35© (x? ~2ax+.a) -(? -a) 20 > [0 — 2ax +a) + (2 - a) IE? - 2ax + a) -@?-ay20 © (2x? - 2ax)(2a -2ax) 20 <= ~dax(x—I(r-a)20 © x(x I~ a) $0. Suy ra nghiém cia bét phuong trinh I «sO Isxsa. Thi du 3. Gidi va bién ludn hé phuong trinh sau theo tham s& m Ix-y]+bety/=m 7 @) 2 +)P Loi gidi, Gia sir he 06 nghiem (x ; y). DE ¥ ring néu xy 2 0 thi |x+y/=[x/+|y], con néu ays 0 thi |x-yl=[el+|y| nen tir (1) ta c6 m2 lal+{y]. Soy ra 2 fy? =m? 2 dale (yp? = +f + 3loldal+lyp. x=0 l+|y) <0 loldzl+bbsoe>| # Néu x =0 thi thay vao (1) va (2), ta duge m=Ovay + Néu y = 0 thi thay vao (1) va (2) ta duge m=Ovax= Vay néu he o6 nghi¢m thi m = 0 va tir d6 chi 6 mot nghi¢m x= 0, y=0. Két lugn : N6u m # 0 thi he phuong trinh vo nghiém. Néu m =O thi nghiém cia hé Ax =0; y= 0 Thi dy 4, Tim m dé hé phuong trinh sau cb nghiém duy nhdt » Ie+tl+|y— yt a}+le—3l= me 36 Loi gic Ta thay |(2- 4.) +1+|(2-y,)-3] 3-2] +]-¥6 -I] i. Gid sirhe c6 nghiem (x, 5 y4) + yo t+ va |(2-y,) +1] +|(2-x,)-3] -3)=m Ti d6 n€u he c6 nghiem (x, ; y,) thi he cing ©6 nghiém (2 ~ x, ; 2 yg). Dé hé c6 nghiem duy nhét thi hai nghiém nay phai tring nhau, tee 1a pee X=) ° Yo =2-Yo Yo = 1 V6i x, =yo= | tasuy ram =4, Néu m= 4 thi dé thay x=y=1vax=y=3 la nghiem cia he. Két ludn : Khong tén tai m dé hé c6 nghiém duy nat. ILL. Bat dang thitc c6 dau gid tri tuyét d6i Thi dy 1, Chimg minh ring néu ¢ # 0 thi ptfaa a Loi gidi. Xéthieu jo. “1 ? 2 41- en a +t-2ie _ (d= ol “Ad id Suy ra | +f 22. ‘Thi du 2. Tim gid tri nhé nhat cia ham so F(x)=lx- 1142x414 Bx-9 +44 x-16 4/5225, Loi gidi. Tac FQ) = (le- 1+ 1x 414 Bx - 91414 al + +125 — Sxl + 3lx— 41 2-1) + (2x-4) + Gx—-9) + 4-2) + 25 — Silt Be =15+3lx— 41215.Mat khéc, ta c6 F(4) = 15. Suy ra minF(x) = 15. Thi du 3. Biét ring da thie fx) = av + bx +e 6 tinh chat |fQist, |f(-DJst va [FO] <1. Ching minh rang | f(2)| <3 voi moi.x € [-1; Loi gidi. Ta c6 (0) =¢ ;fl)=a+b+e3 fCl)=a-b +e. Suyra: 2a = fll) +1) ~ 2A) ; 2h= fl) -f-D. Thay vao fix) ta duoc Fe fOABE2+ FO FCD. Ble x) Suy ra, v6i mgi x € [-1; 1] tao6 (pes) s|0 82 «| po.0-2) a + \rcn. = | = [fay te roth r= b+ jh a b@-al 2 e + lgve slelt—xb . rt Hla eest-a = 1-7 +lal Vay Ifeals 3 v6i moix € [-1; 1]. Thi du 4, Biét da thite fx) = aX + bx +0 66 tinh chat \Rx)l <1 voi moi x € [-1; 1]. Ching minh rang lal + Uhl + Iel <3. Loi gidi. Quy u6e ring $6 0 c6 thé mang du + hode dau -. Xét céc truimg hyp c6 thé xay ra : © NGu cd ba 86 a, b, c cing déu thi lal +lbl+idl=latb+cl=\{l) <1. © Néu a tréi du v6i b vac thi lal + tbl + lel = bal + Ibl + lel = =hatb+d=12K0)- DIS AAO! +A-D) <3. # Néu h trdi du véi a vac thi lal + bl + Icl = lal + HbI + Iel = la —b += WIS 1, © Néu c trai dau v6i a va b thi lal + lhl + Iel = lal + lhl + eel = la +b - 2axy tax 4y? Tir (1) va 2) 06 + y)* a Q) 2, Suy ra |x+y]s v2. Thi du 4. Cho x? + 4y? =1. Ching minh rang lk-s1s7F 38 NGUYEN DE (Hai Phong) Loi gidi. Tac S4dyrslored 120 GB) (4) ‘Thay (4) vao (3) ta duge phuong trinh véi én 86 x nu sau : 31? — Bax + 4a? A=5 —4a?. Phuong trinh tren c6 nghitm Khi A > 0 hay 5 ~ 4a” > 0. Ti d6 suy ra Kihigu.x-y=a, suy ray=x-a =0 tas hay |x-y|< : (épem). Qua thf dy trén ta thir dat vain dé ring khi nao viéc ching minh bat ding thic dang lAlsa@ duge dua vé tim diéu kign dé phuong trinh bac hai c6 nghiém. Thi du 5. Voi x, y, z la do dai cde canh cha mét tam gidc, ching minh rang x-y x+y yrz zea Loi gidi, Truéc hét ta ching minh dang thie z-x_@ zee Bay Y= ay y+t y= 2x = y) GF yNOFET AD () K{ higu v€ tréi ciia (5) Ia A va bién déi x - y =(¥-2)-(y-2), tac ja QE DA+I[e-2)-9-2)) GF NOFDEFA 4 LHe + yt 2) + E— 2) + My +2) (Cet yy + 2) +x) = &=DY-2r-y) Ct N+" Dén a ta aa 6) ca tird6 suy ra my yon, zoal _ [any yor en Sa “oe zal - FaeMat khac |x-y|a-b+e>-h Din dén |b| < h (7) Tr (11) va(16)tacé-hsa+csh — (18) h>c2-h (9) Tir (18), (19) 06 lal < 2h (20) Tir (11), (17), (20) ta duge \al+|b|+lcl < 4h (4pem), DOI DIEU VE MOT PHUONG PHAP GIAI PHUONG TRINH GO CAP TRUNG HOC CO SO Trong céc ki thi hoe sinh gidi THCS, hoc sinh thuéng gap cdc bai todn gidi phuong trinh va he phuong trinh ma cach gidi khong binh thuimg. Dé gitip céc ban tim hidu van dé d6, bai viét nay xin ban d6i diéu vé mot phuong phép giai logi phuong trinh tren. ‘TRINH VINH NGOC (Ha Tinh) Cho ham s6 y = fix) va y = g(x) c6 tap xée dinh tong ung 1A Dy, D, . Xét phuong trinh f(x) = g(x) (1) v6i tap xée dink D=D;nD,. 39Néw {fe = 64 moix € D, mla hing sO g(x) Sm thi phuong tinh (1) twong duong voi he {fe =m a g(x) =m Néu t6n tai x, € D thod man (2) thi x, 1a nghi¢m cita (1). é gidi mot phuong trinh cho truée theo phuong phép trén, van dé mau ch6t 1A phai dua duoc phuong trinh dé vé dang (1) ma viéc tim min f(x) va max g(x) khong gap kh6 khan Jim, Sau day I& mQt s6 bai todn. Bai toan 1. Gidi phuong trin 6x-27-2 + [2x-3]+|4x-13) 8 Loi gidi. Ta c6 thé gidi (3) bang céch lap bang xét dau vé phii cla (3), tir d6 suy ra nghiém. Song céch nay tung d6i dai, mat nhiéu thdi gian, Ap dung cach trén ta xét hai vé cia (3), ~Al+lx—2) + # Xét vé phi cia (3) lx +lx-2|+[2x-3]+l4x-13] = [e-14x-2+2x-3413-441 Dau bing xay ra khi va chi khi x-1, x-2, 2x-3, 13-4x cing khong am hote cing Khong duong. Ti 46 tim duge asxs 13 sxsz. e2sxsZ © Xét vé trai cia (3) 6x— 2? -2= 7-27 + 6x -9=7—(x-3)° 57 => max (6x ~ x” — 2) =7 va dat duge khi x= 3. 13 Dox=3e[ |] nen phuong sinh 66 nghi¢m duy nhat x= 3. 40 Bai toa 2. Gidi phuong trinh (8x = 47 - 10? +24 1) =407 +241) 4) Léi gidi. Néu khai trién vé tréi cia (4) thi ta duge phuong trinh bac bn di, nén kho tim nghiém bing kign thie 6 THCS. Ap dung cach trén nhu sau. Vi.x=-1 khong phai la nghiém cia (4) nén 2 8x-4x? ext (yep Sete tee 0 + 2xt] 2 + Xér ham s6 y= 272"! (2-1), Dé a+ 2+] dang tim duge min y =3 dat duge khi.x dat duge khix = 1. ‘Tir d6 phuong trinh (4) c6 nghi¢m duy nhat xsl Bai toan 3, Tim x thod man phuong trink 1624 +729 81x? +28-16(x-Vx+2)=0 (5) Loi gidi. Néu dat Jx—2 = 120, théx= P42 vao (5) thi ta duge mot phuong trinh bac 8. Dé ‘gidi phuong trinh nay phai c6 ki ning phan tich a thie thanh nhan ti hay tim nghiém da thie, Dé 4p dung c&ch tren dat Vx—2 = 120. Khi d6.x=24? va x-Ve-2 =x-2- Vx-2 42 =P-142, © xe fi) 142 vit © [0 5 +00) thi min fc =4, dat duge khi ¢ = ; hay min (x-Vx=2) =~ khix aelzt=) 44703-812 © Mat khéc —16x" + 72x" —81x* + 28 = 16 1 9Y 227 a (« Ves. Dau bang xdy ra khi oalo me 1 Teds taeb.x= Ja nghi¢m cia phuong tinh. Bai todn 4, Tim nghiém nguyén ciia phuong trink vee zrty Loi gidi, Néu trong ba s6 x, y, z 06 diing mot 86 am hod cf ba sO déu am thi “2+ zor y nén khong tho man phuong trinh. Vi vay trong ba s6.x, y, 7 thi cd ba s6 déu spl = 33foal 2 3 minA = 3 dat duge khi |x| = |y| =| xz Vay nghigm nguyén (x; y; 2) cia phuong ‘trinh Ia: (1515 Ds s-1s-Ds C1 D3CUs Lid. Bai todn 5, Tim m dé hé sau cé nghiém x, y, z déu dong xtytzel ay tyetex=9m ayz =m Gidi. Sit dung bat dang thite Cauchy cho ba 86 duong x, y,z ta c6 l=xty+z2> silo =m => ms © 9m = xy + yz taz2 3Yxty?’z? = 39m? => 1 me a7 ‘Tw (6), (7) phai c6 m= 27° Nguge Iai voi m = + ta thy ngay he da 1 1 cho o6 nghigm x= y=2= 5. Vaym= 55 1k gid tr duy nhat cén tim. Nhu vay, van dung phuong ph4p nay ta khong chi gidi duge phuong trinh dang can thiic, phuong trinh bac cao mot céch nhanh gon ma cOn xét duge mot 6 hé phuong tinh. Céc ban hgc sinh THCS cdn duge gap lai phuong phép nay khi gidi céc loi phuong trinh, he phuong trinh phong phii va da dang hon & céc 16p THPT. BAI TOAN CUC TRI CUA BIEU THUC CHUA DAU CAN PHAN NGOC THAO (Trung THPT chuyén Lé Khiét, Quéng Ngdi) Chuong I 1a chuong kh6 cia Dai s6 16p 9, cede bai toan tim gid tr} 16n nhat, gid tri nhd nha 6 chita dau cin thuimg hay gap trong céc ki thi tuyén sinh vao l6p 10 va céc ki thi hgc sinh gidi. Dui day 18 mot s6 dang ton thug gap va mot sO van dé ma hoc sinh hay sai s6t. Trong bai nay khi n6i vé gid tri nho nett (min), gid tri Ién nhat (max) cia biéu thiic P(x, y, 2) ta hidu ring céc bién x, y, z thude tap s6T sao cho P(x, y, 2) €6 gid tri xéc dinh, aA. Co sé li thuyét Xét bidu thie P(x, y) v6i céc bién x, y thude tap xéc dinh T. Dé chimg minh min (x,y) =a(a Ia hang 6) véi moi x, y thud tap T, ta ching minh hai phan 1. P(x,y) 2 a v6i moi x, y thude T, 2. C6 (%y,¥9) S80 cho P(x, Jy) = a. Chimg minh tuong ty véi_ max P(x,y) =a, chi edn d6i dau > thanh dau <, Céc dang thuimg gap Ia: a) Plx, y) = [Q(x )"" + a > a voi a Ta hing 36,n <= N* @ Néu C6 (4,,y9) sao cho Q(x,,y,)=0 thi min P(x,y) =a v6i mgi x, y thuge T. b) Plxuy)=AQyP"+b 0 thi min P(x) = Va véix, y thugeT. G cong thite (2) néu P(x,y)20 vab2 0th) max .J/P(x,y) = Vb v6i x, y thudcT. 2. Van dung bat ding thie lal +o] 21a +b Défu bang xay ra khi ab > 0. 3. Néu M > 0 mun tim GTNN, GTLN cia M tatim GTNN, GTLN cia M”, B. Bai tap 4p dung Bai 1. TimGINN cdc bid thie sau véi x € R. 42 Hung din gidi. 1) D=|x~1996] +|x-1997] Cach 1. Xét céc khodng gid tri cia x. © Voi x < 1996 thi D = 1996 — x + 1997 — x = 3993 -2r>1 * V6i 1996 1997 thi D = 2x - 3993 > 1. Do d6 Dinin = 1 xay ra khi 1996 0. |x - 1996] + |1997 — x] > [y- 1996 + 1997 — x1 Dain = 1 xay 1a Khi (x ~ 1996)(1997 ~ 2) 20 2 1996 0,a# 1. a a@tatl b) ViP min {a +a +1). Digu nay xay Osaal Osaxt rakhia=0. Ket lun : Pryin = —1 xdy ra khi a = 0. Chit § : Mot sO hge sinh nhém ln, quen digu kign a > O nen da gidi : Suy rt Pyag =~ Ray ra hi a= ; Bai 4. Tim GTNN ciia etc bidu thie 4-2 Vi-3? b) Kay xt2(4Vx41) ty xt20—Vie +1). Hudng dén gidi. 5-3x a) H= xée dinh khi -1 H>0. 25-30x+9x? _ 1-3? Vay Hyg = 4 Ki x= 3 b) Didu kign : x 2-1 = Ve 41+? + yor +11? Veet +i|+lxei -1l Veri+i|+h-Veril Vxsi+i+1-veeil=2 Kin = 26 We +1 + Vr 41) 20. Vive+l+1>0nénl-Vx4+120 ox<0, Vay Kin = 2 xay ra khi —1 Sx <0. Bai 5. a) Cho hai s6 thyc a, b véia b-a via-x>0. *Néuasxshtacd S=x-ath-x=b-a. @N&ux>htacd S=b-a+2%x—b)>b-a (Vix-b>0) Vay Spin = b-a@ xdy ra khi a Sx b. “ab) Ta xét hai trudng hop : + Voi n= 2p (chén) ; p ¢ N¥. Ta viet “le alefmae) (ia ety oot (Leap) fx apa) ‘Theo a) ta c6 min(|s—ay|+ khi ay $x 0). ath Thi dy 2 Cho cde so duong a, b, ¢ waa? +h +e? = 27, a+b +281 Vai trd binh ding ca a, b, ¢ ggi ta dur don dau bang trong bat dang thie trén xay ra khi =e=3, Ta cfin tim mot bét ding thic thé hign quan he gita a? +67 407 va ash +c3. To su chen lech sé mi cla a® va a” ta nghi dén 4p dung bat dang thitc Cauchy cho ba s6 duong a’, a? va hing s6 k, Nhung cén chon k IA s6 nao ? Dé ¥ ring dau bang trong bat ding thie Cauchy xy ra khia = b = ¢, lc 66 3a” = 27 > a =3. Do dé ta nghi dén thir chon k Tacba?+a°+272 Wada? Twong tb? +b? +272 967 Or 427292, Cong theo timg vé céc bait ding thic tren ta duge : ching minh rang a= 2¢a3 +b +03) 43.272 9(a? +b? +07), Suy ra a +b? +c3 281. Thi du 3. Gidi phwong trinh 4x? 4 J2e41 +5 = 128. hd kinh nghigm gidi mot s6 bai tuong ty, ta thir chuyén phuong trinh nay thanh hé phuong tinh d6i xing logi hai bing cach dat V2x+1 = ax +b véi tham 36 a, b ndo d6. Khi d6, ta 06 [4x2 4 ay+b45= 12x 2x+1=(ay +b? 4x7 -12e+ay+b+5=0 ay" +2aby—2x-+b? 0 Xée dinh a, b sao cho he trén la he d6i xing loai hai, tc 18 Rai fa BHS bas. Vay, néu dat J2x+1=-2y+3 v6i diéu a _ ab 4° 12a kitn-2+320e ys3, ta.06 he 4x? —2y 4345 = 12x 2x+1=(-2y +3)? 2x? -6x-y+4=0 2y? ~6y-x44=0 (2x? ~6x-y+4)-(2y? ~6y-x+4)=0 ee (AH 64-94 4)- Oy" —6y— 444) 2x? -6x-yt4= (x yQx+2-5)=0 ° 2x? -6x-y+4=0 Dén day viéc gi con may kho khan. Qua mot s6 th du trén ¢6 thé thay nhang Idi gidi thiéu ne nhién cing nhiéu khi 1a xudt phat tir su tim 16i, khai théc gia thiét két hgp véi vige nhan xét, dénh gid dé dua ra nhing dy doan hgp li, r6i chimg minh céc bai toén trung gian don gian. phuong trinh da cho khong 45MOT SO CHU ¥ KHI GIAI TOAN TIM CUC TRI DAI SO Trong dai s6 c4c bai todn cye tri c6 mot vi tri kh4 quan trong. Da cé rat nhiéu tai liu, séch, béo néi vé van dé nay. Bai nay trinh bay mot so ai lim thumg thay cila hoc sinh Khi tim cye tri cia bigu thic chita bién va mot vai dang todn tim cuc tr dai s6, ‘Xét bidu thitc chia bién P(x), P(x, y)... Ta ki higu gid tri lén nhat cia biéu thie P trén tap xde dinh cia bién Ya GTLN (P) hay maxP, cén gid {rj nhé nhat ciia P Ia GTNN (P) hay minP. L ‘ac kién thie thutmg ding 1) Cho P= A +B thi maxP = maxA + maxB va minP = minA + minB. trong d6 A va B 1a cdc biéu thitc chita cdc bién doc Iap véi nhau, hose néu A va B chia cing bign thi cling dat GTLN (GTN) tai mot gid t xc dinh x = x,, tie 14 maxA = A(x), maxB = B(x,) thi maxP = P(x,). | v6i A> Othi maxP = 2) Cho P Aa 30) V (seit mem a » MS (soy) ist v6i moi ke N,meR,MeR 4) A > 0 thi max(A?) = (maxA)? va min(A?) = (mind). 5) Cac dang cia bat ding thitc Cauchy : a) a+b2>2ab (a20,b20). Bing thite xy ra khi va chi khi a= b. b) 44222 @h>0). boa Ding thitc xay ra > a =. 46 HUYNH VAN TRONG (Binh Dink) 6) Bat ding thie Bunyakovski (ax + by? < (a? +b? (x? +y?), Diing thiie xdy ra ¢> ay = br. Cain chi ¥ ring sau khi tim duoc gid tri cha bign dé biéu thie P dat cuc tri cén thit Iai xem P 06 dat cuc tri tai dting gid tri dé khong va gid tri 46 cia bién c6 thoa min céc diéu kign gid thie. khong. IL, Nhimg sai s6t thudng gap khi giai ton tim cuc tri dai sé Bai toan 1. Gid sithai s6 thuc x, y thod man x > y vd ay = 1. Tim gid tri nhé nhdt ctia bibu ey? thite 5 x-y (x-yP +209) x-y . 2 242? “ Vay A cé gi tri nhé nit khi 2. 2 *x-y 2 2 (x-yP +4=4-y) 2 (x-y)? -Mar-y) 44 =0. Gidi phuong tinh duce x~y=2, m&xy= 1 nén (x;y) B (14 V2; -14+-V2) va 1-2; -1-V2) ary 2 => mind 42234203,Bai gidi tren [a sai. C6 thé bién d6i nur sau : Két qua diing 18 minA = 2V2 Khi (x, y) a (2 v6 BG, 8-6) 2 , 2 Vay sai ldm cia bai gidi trén IA bién di dén A), (thi 2+ > Khong phai la hing s6 ma con phu thudc vao bién x, y. Bai toan 2, Tim gid tri nhé mhdt cia biéwu thite Paxhs23 43x? 42041 C6 hoc sinh da gidi P= (+041 200 minP = 0. Diéu nay khong xay ra vi khong 06 gid tri nao cia x 1am cho P(x) = 0. Cé hoe sinh khéc da gidi : Pave 42+ 1) +2074 241 2 = Hos y+ (x+4) +424 => minp = } minP = 5. Dé thiy dap s6 nay sai vi lic d6 x déng thoi bing -1 va bang +}. =O? +a41?, Céch gidi ding nhu sau : ; 353 2 w (eet ad mes 2 Vivitar a tx a +1>Onén mina? +41) = 3 2 apa (3) -9 ese Vay mine = (3) 7g 28 Bai toan 3, Tim gid tri nhé nhdt cia biéu thite sau voi x20, 920. P= x~2yxy +3y-2Vx +1977. C6 hoe sinh da gidi nhu sau : polle-Wy? +(Vx-29 sey} SSS => min = a. Dap s6 nay sai vi khong thé xelvaxs4. (Céch gidi ding nhur sau : 3P = 3x —6yxy + 9y - 6Vx +5991 erat -aprea(ie- 2y I. Boel 2 2 => min. IIL. Bign déi mot bai toan cyc tri Khi gidi mot bai todn cue tri ta c6 thé quy vé bai toan g6c don gidn hon, hoac ngugc lai ty ‘mot bai ton géc c6 thé séng tgo ra bai todn méi phiic tap hon. Bai toan 1. Cho x, y © R thod man diéu kién a? + y? =1. Tim gid tri lon nhdt va gid tri nho nhdt cita x + y. Loi gidi, Tr (x + yP =? + yr + By s 2027 + y*) $2 din dén: max(x+y) = V2 @xsy= vamin(x + y)= -V2 @xsy Tyr bai todn trén o6 thé bign déi thanh cdc bai toan khdc nhu sau : Bai todn 1.1 Cho x? +4y? = 2. Tim gid tri dm nhait va gid tri nhé nhdt cha S=x42y, arBai tod 1.2. Cho 4x? +9y? =2. Tim gid tri lin nhdt, gid tri nhé nhdt cia § =2x+3y voi x20, y20. Bai toan 2. Tim gid tri lén nhdt ciia biéu thie A=Vx-24+V4—x. Huéng dan gidi. Xét A? voi2sxs4. Bai toan 2.1. Tim gid tri lon nhdt ciia biéu thie B = Vx -2.N6—2x. Huéng dén gidi. B xéc dinh khi va chi khi2< x < 3. Ap dung BDT Cauchy khi viet B=\2Nx-2N3-x. Bai todn 2.2. Gidi phuong trinh Ve-2 + Va—x =x? 6x 411 Huéng dén gidi. Dibu kign : 2 sp -2 1 fpr asta We ” 2 yw 1 Vr-3.8s5 > . 2 2 Zz WB Ding thiic xay ra khix=2, y=4, Do 46 max f(x.y.2) = 4 1 1 1+ +e], (ayadeD. al v2 V3 } BAI TAP Bai 1. Tim gid tri nhd nhat cia mdi biéu thifc sau : tay! Ae voix> yvaay= xeny’ aA 8432 aa, b) B= ) C=x-2 ay -Ve +2y voix20,y20. Bai 2. Tim gid tri lon nhat cia biéu thie P= 2x-1.V2-x. Bai 3. Giai phuong trinh Va=2 + V4—x =2+4 JE-D4-H). MOT SO SAI LAM KHI GIAI TOAN CUC TRI NGUYEN VAN HIEN (GV THCS Quynh Chau, Quynh Phu, Thdi Binh) Giai bai todn cyc tri thubng dua vé vigc tim gid tri lén nhat hode gid tr nhd nhdt cha mot bigu thiic dai s6, trong d6 bién s6 Idy gid tri trong mot tip hgp xéc dinh. Dang tosn nay rt hap din nhung tuong 461 kh6 cd vé vige tim gid tri Ién nhat (GTLN) hodc gid tri nhd nat 48 (GTNN) va cd vé phuong phép gidi. Bai viet nay xin néu ra mot s6 sai lm khi tim GTLN, GINN cia mot biéu thitc fx) v6i kién thite tosn & trudmg THCS bing céch bién d6i dai so biéu thiic dé dua vé cdc dang sau .Dang I. a) Tim GTLN cita f(x) khi xét A) < g(x) g) >a v6i a 1a hang s6. Dang 2. a) Tim GTLN cita fx) khi viet F(x) = h(x) + gx) vOi h(x) < 0 ri xét g(x) a Voi a Ia hing s6. Lam tong tw d6i véi truémg hop ©6 hai bién 86 tré len. Bai toan 1. Tim gid tj lan nhdt cia biéu thite fa) = 24 V1- 2-287, 2 Loi gidi. Céch 1. Biéu thitc f(x) 06 nghia khi 1-1-2 20 (e+ IL-2 20 e-lsrs @ Ap dung bat ding thitc (BDT) Bunyakovski 1a06 foy=datiainx2? < fist. fi eana ae s\gtl. 2 Tir d6 két Iuan rang khi x = (2) va (1) thi biéu thiie f(x) dat GTLN 1 3. Nhén xét. Goi biéu thttc cudi cing cia (2) 1a g(a) thi khi x = + 6 a(- 3 1 5 (-3) re(g}eo Sé di c6é digu nay vi dau bing 6 BDT Bunyakovski xy ra khi VI— x -2x? = 2x. 0 duge La x- 2x? =4y 62 6x? +x -1=0. Phuong trinh cé hai nghi¢m x, . nhumg x; =-4<0 nen bi loai, cdn 1)_5_5 ‘ , (4) = 3 2) va 22S = —0,68, nghi¢m nay thoa man (4). Vay GTLN cia fix) 1a 2-88). 35-1. Nhdn xét. Cich gidi & day 1a 4p dung BDT Bunyakovski dé sao cho biéu thitc trong can Khong cdn bién s6 x. C6 thé van dung BT Bunyakovski dé giai bai todn 1 bang cach thay * py 1 ( 1) 5 bei gt Pa2l xg). Bai toan 3. Tim gid tri nhé nhdt ciia biéu thite: f(x,y) = 4x? + dy? = 4xy - 3x. Loi gidi. Cach 1. Bién d6i nhu sau Flay)=x? day ty? +2074 2b? 44-2 = (x= 2y)? +241? $2? 44-2 2x? +x-2 voi moix a 2 artex-2-(_ nee =) Mi st)=x?+4-2=(445] -72-7 ®) khix = + nen két luan ring flr, y) 06 gid tri hd nat 1a —$ ki x ==} vax-2y205 zt 2 4° Nha xét, Datu bang xy ra 6 (7) khi x = 2y va.xr= 1, cdn dé bing xdy ra 6 (8) khix = -}. nhu vay hai dau bing xay ra khong dng thoi nén GTNN ciia g(x) khong phai ld GINN cia fey). Cach2 flny)= = 4y? - diy tx? 4 3(2? — 2) ; 5 1y 3, 3 ay-ntsx(eBf 22-8 4x? + dy? — day 3x = Ding thie xay ra khi x= 3 vay = lic d6 r(4, 1). 3 wom cia flr, y). Cc ban hay gidi cdc bai tap sau day vA nhé 1a dimg sai nhé ! Bai 1. Tim gif tr nhd nbat cba biéu tite f= = -V342x-27. Bai 2, Tim gid tr lon nhat cia big thie fy) = Sx? —2xy—2y? + 14x + 10y-1.