STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Introduction:
Rollercoasters are the crown jewel of almost all amusement and theme parks around the world, proving society with
the thrilling rush of adrenaline while instilling terror as they tower over the carnival ground. These fast-pace ‘scream
machines’ configured in a rage of shapes and sizes implement a form of elevated railway tracks, designed to twist and
turn through tight-corners, steep slopes, and sometimes even through inversions. Behind the scenes, engineers use
mathematics in order to design these colossal machines that conform to safety regulations, ensuring the transition
from one section to another is as smooth as possible at all times.

Through the practical application of differential calculus, this investigation will attempt to be an engineer modeling
the path of such exhilarating ride by using various mathematical functions to represent the different sections of a
rollercoaster, connecting them seamlessly with a common gradient. This is important as it allows for the delivery a
ride with the same safety standard and the same smooth execution as it would in real life. In order to meet the
requirements of producing a minimum of 10 functions, a graphics calculator, as well as an online graphing software
‘Desmos’ will be utilized to help aid in calculations and displaying of the rollercoaster design.

Research:
There are many factors when considering the safety of a rollercoaster. However, much of these safety restrictions are
“in the opinion of the engineer” stipulating the most appropriate patron restrictions (e.g. minimum height), according
to WorkCover Queensland [ CITATION Saf13 \l 1033 ] responsible for more than six renowned theme and
amusement parks across the state of Queensland, Australia.

The word’s tallest roller coaster is estimated to be a breathtaking 140-meters tall, and the world’s longest spans a
lengthy 2480-meters of track approximately, while the biggest loop rises 50-meters from the center to the tallest
point. [CITATION WorNA \l 1033 ][CITATION Mik14 \l 1033 ] Taking these measurements into consideration, the
rollercoaster design will be confined to these dimensions in order to prevent unnecessary risk to the safety and
wellbeing of passengers. Having said that, the aim will be to erect a rollercoaster that is half the size of these ‘world
records’ allowing it to replace the school with some much needed entertainment, turning the school ground into an
amusement park and bringing endless adventure to the local youth of Adelaide city.

Figure 1. Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy Figure 2. Loss of Energy

Source: [ CITATION Kin15 \l 1033 ] Source: [ CITATION Ene15 \l 1033 ]
Even though there are a multitude of different rollercoaster designs that create breathtaking and terrifying thrills, the
fundamental principles of physics applied in these enterprises remain the same. Rollercoasters are a series of
connected carriages that speed on tracks due to gravity and momentum, eliminating the need for an engine. The only
power source required is at the start, where the carriages are slowly winched to the top of the first hill in order to
store a large amount of gravitational potential energy (GPE). This type of energy is dependent on the mass of the
carriage including its passengers, the gravity on earth, as well as its vertical displacement relative to the ground given
by the formula GPE=mgh. As the carriage crest over the first hill and begin to start coasting down, this potential
energy is converted into kinetic energy (KE) that accelerates the carriages towards the ground. This relationship
between potential and kinetic energy is given by GPE=KE . At the bottom of the hill (local min.) there is maximum
kinetic energy and little potential energy. This kinetic energy is converted as it propels the carriages up a second
hill or loop, building up the potential energy. This cycle repeats many times throughout the ride, hence allowing
freedom of motion without a propulsion system. (Figure 1) According to Kevin Hickerson, a senior physicist at the
California Institute of Technology, “All the energy a roller coaster gets comes from the initial point it’s cranked up to,
and from there, it just keeps on going until it loses energy”. [CITATION Int181 \l 1033 ] This loss of energy is caused
by friction between the tracks and the carriage wheels, as well as air resistance (Figure 2). It is for this reason that the
consecutive maximum points on a real life rollercoaster are lower than before, as when it loses energy it can no longer
achieve the same height as it did previously, unless another winching system is applied. This important aspect will be
taken into consideration when designing the roller coaster.
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Part A: Designing an ascent and drop for a section of the track

For the purpose of simplifying calculations for equations, it was decided the po
of P would be designated as the point of origin, giving this situation the
coordinate (0,0 ). Furthermore, the horizontal distance between point P and Q w
given at 16 meters, hence the coordinate is (16 , y ). These two key pieces of
information will be utilized to calculate the equations of the three segments of tra
indicated below for the given domains:
L1 ( x )=m1 x+ k 1 for x ≤ 0 It was also decided that
conditions for the slope of the
f ( x )=a x 2 +bx +c for 0 ≤ x ≤ 16 ascent would be 0.7 while the Figure 1. Diagram of Part A’s Design Section
slope of the drop is −1.8 Source: [ CITATION Hai18 \l 1033 ]
L2 ( x )=m2 x+ k 2 for x ≥ 0

Linear Function: (ascent) Since L2 is also tangent to the parabola

at point Q (16 , y ) which have a slope of
L1 ( x )=m1 x+ k 1 Quadratic Function: −1.8 for the same reason as L1, this
Since the first linear track must pass f ( x )=a x 2 +bx +c can be used to find a in the quadratic.
through point P (0,0 ) that has ascent
The quadratic function must meet the f ' ( x )=2ax +0.7
gradient of 0.7, then as m 1 influences
first linear function at point P (0,0 ),
the gradient while k 1dictates point of −1.8=2 a(16)+0.7
where the L1 is tangent to the parabola
intersection on the y−axis of any −1.8=32a+ 0.7
ensuring a smooth transition between
linear function, then: the two track segments. Since the slope
m 1=0 .7 k 1=0 is given by the derivative of a function at −1.8−0.7
& a=
a certain point, then by equating the 32
gradient (0.7) to the derivative function
Resultant Function : a=−0.078125
of the quadratic at x=0 , unknown
variables in the quadratic can be found.
As the value of “c signposts the vertical
f ' ( x )=2ax +b translation, it is also an indication for
Linear Function: (drop) the y−intercept of the function. Since
0.7=2 a(0)+b
L2 ( x )=m2 x+ k 2 the quadratic function passes through
b=0.7
(0,0) then the value must be c=0.
Because L2 is tangent to the curve at
point Q (16 , y ) with drop gradient
∴ f ( x )=a x 2+ 0.7 x+ c
Resultant Function:
of −1.8 when x=16 , these factors
can be substituted into the resultant
quadratic function (green box) to Summary of Equations
calculate the coordinate of point Q
using technology such as a graphics 1st Linear track Parabolic track 2nd Linear track
calculator as shown below:
L1 ( x )=0.7 x f ( x )=−0.078125 x 2 +0.7 x L2 ( x )=−1.8 x +20

Looking at GC, point Q is (16 ,−8.8)

Knowing the drop gradient (−1.8)

of L2 and the coordinate at which it
should pass through (16 ,−8.8), the
equation of L2 can be calculated.

−8.8=−1.8(16)+k 2
k 2=−8.8+1.8 ( 16 )
k 2=20

Resultant Function:
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Part B:
Track designs to the left of the point of origin must be developed backwards to enable easier track connections with
the same gradient, allowing for corrections if necessary to conform to the feasibility of real life applications.

Function 4: Considering a quadratic function connecting to L1 ( x) at the coordinates (−10 ,−7)

To create anticipation to the next drop (descent), 10-meters was chosen as the appropriate length of linear ascent.

I chose conduct this quadratic function in vertex form because

General Quadratic Function In Vertex Form
the standard form has already been utilized in Part A above.
Therefore, by using the vertex form it allows me to show
f 4 ( x )=a( x −h)2+ k ‘some’ complexity and variation. Also, it is cleaner to translate
the function if necessary.
Setting of a predetermined value:

f 4 ( x )=0.05( x−h)2 +k After experimenting with the effects of changing the ‘a’ value,
I settled on 0.05 as the vertical dilation allowed for a large
Derivative of the function: turn radius at the local minimum, proving smooth change in
direction so passengers won’t experience a sudden jerk as
they rapidly ascend, hence a smoother ride.
f 4 ' ( x )=0.1( x−h)

Finding the Translations ‘h’ & ‘k’ Horizontal translation ‘k’:

Vertical translation ‘h’: When L1 (−10 )=−7

When L'1 (−10 )=0.7 Then since f 1 ( x ) will pass through this position at the
point of connection, these coordinates can be
' substituted into the equation to find the value of ‘c’.
Then as f 4 (−10 )=L1 ' (−10 ) to have the same gradient
at the connection point, then f 1 ' (−10 )=0.7
f 4 (−10 )=0.05(−10+17)2 +k
f '4 (−10 )=0.1(−10−h) −7=2.45+k
k =−7−2.45
0.7=−1−0.1h
¿−9.45
−0.1 h=0.7+1
h=1.7 ÷(−0.1)
Resultant Function
¿−17
2
f 4 ( x )=0.05( x +17) −9.45

Graphical representation of Function 4: Comments:

In developing this function, it was much easier to
first experiment (trial and error) by manipulating
variables such as ‘a’ until a desired shape is
achieved, before calculating the remaining
f 4 ( x )=0.05( x +17)2−9.45 variables; as opposed to choosing a random point
and gradient due to the unpredictability of the final
Domain {x :−40 ≤ x ≤−10 }
shape. This method will be adapted throughout this
investigation.

Limitation:
Because this design aims to replace an existing
school in a suburban area, a rollercoaster that
travels underground is difficult to achieve in reality.
Therefore this function must be vertically shifted
upwards at a later date. (See pages 9 to 10)
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Function 5: Considering a sine function connecting to f 4 ( x ) at the coordinates (−40 ,17)

These coordinates were chosen simply because it is an integer, so it is easier to work with without decimals. Also, the added
'
benefit of this is that it allows for a relatively steep slope f 1 (−40 )=−2.3 which provides the thrill in the rollercoaster.

A sine function was chosen because it has all the features (shape) of a
General Sine Function quadratic function. This allows me to do everything that I’ll be able to in a
quadratic but still show variation and complexity.

f 5( x ) = Through experimenting, the value of ‘B’ was set as 0.1 because the
horizontal dilation (period) provided a relatively steep slope in
rise (amplitude)
Setting of a predetermined value: conjunction to the amplitude – gradient= principle
run ( period )

f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x−C ) ]+ D Since the gradient at the point of connection is −2.3, an amplitude of 23
was set. This is because after derivation the amplitude becomes 2.3, and
to later find the value of C, the new amplitude (2.3) will be divided by the
Derivative of the function: gradient (−2.3) resulting in −1. Through further calculations, it will
f '5 ( x )=2.3 cos ⁡(0.1 x−0.1 C) produce the expression cos−1 (−1) which equals to π , making it easier to
work with since there is only one value in the interested domain
(0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π ). Because the derivative is a ‘cosine’, any other value will
Finding the Translations ‘C’ &’D’ produce 2 answers, requiring more work to decipher which is the more
Also, the smallest possible value for A is 23, because if A=22
To find the gradient at a given
Horizontal translation ‘C’: for example, after derivation it will become 2.2, and then
x−value, the function was
graphed using a graphics
divided by the gradient −2.3 resulting in ≈−1.095.But the
When f '5 (−40 )=−2.3 calculator, then the gradient expression cos−1 (−1.095) is undefined because the x−value
was found accordingly inside cos−1 (x) have a restriction of (−1 ≤ x ≤1). Ultimately,
'
As f 5 (−40 )=f 4 ' (−40 ) to have the to have B=0.1 , then A<23 is a restriction.
same gradient at the connection point,
then f 5 ' (−40 )=−2.3 Vertical translation ‘D’:
When f 4 (−40 )=17
f '5 (−40 )=2.3 cos ⁡[0.1(−40)−0.1 C]
−2.3=2.3 cos ⁡( −4−0.1 C) Since f 2 ( x) will pass through this position at the connection point, these
−1=cos ⁡(−4−0.1 C) coordinates can be substituted into the function to find the value of ‘D’.
cos−1 (−1)=(−4−0.1 C)
f 5 (−40 )=23 sin [ 0.1 (−40+71.4 ) ] + D
−0.1 C=cos−1 (−1 ) + 4 17=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x +71.4 ) ] + D
D=−23 sin [ 0.1 ( x +71.4 ) ] +17
cos−1 (−1 ) +4 ¿ 17.00000001
C=
−0.1 Resultant Function
¿−71.41592654 f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+71.42 ) ]+17.00
For the brevity
For of this
the report,ofI this
brevity will report,
only display
I onlyupdisplayed
to 4 significant
3
figures, but the figures
significant exact value will exact
but the be used in calculations.
value will be used in
Graphical representation of Function 5: calculations.
Comments:
Although the radius of curvature at the local maximum of the sine
function may seem too small, it is going to be connected to two
functions f 8 ( x ) and f 10 ( x ) creating a steep incline. Therefore, as the
carriages gain height they lose speed, making it safe to crest over this
hill without dethatching from the track.

This section gave the opportunity to discover the properties of a

sine/cosine function. The biggest thing to take away from this is that
the value of the amplitude ‘A’ has a restriction depending on the
desired gradient, which as not previously known. Thus, the practical
application of differential calculus allowed for self-exploration by
f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+71.41 ) ] +17.0 utilizing what was studied in class to expanding ones knowledge.
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Function 6: Considering a surge function starting from the origin (0,0) with maximum height of 70-metres
through trial and error.
The original design was to start a surge function from ‘quadrant two’ of the graph, but after several calculations
attempting to achieve this, I realized that surge function always intersect the x−axis at the point of origin (0,0). This is
because surge functions are a graph of ‘something’ over time, and the smallest time possible time is zero.
Furthermore, the rollercoaster is restricted to a maximum height of 70-metres. This is because, as explained in the
introduction, the aim is to design a rollercoaster that is half the size of ‘world record’ dimensions. Since the tallest ride
in the world is approximately 140-metres, my rollercoaster will therefore be approximately 70 metres.

A surge function was chosen because it closely models the first track of a
General Surge Function real life rollercoaster, as it steeply increases in height before plateauing
to create the anticipation.
f 6 ( x )= At e−bt OR f 6 ( x )=xt e−bx
This expression was retrieved through an Internet search. This is because
Setting of a predetermined value: ' −bt
after derivation f 6 ( x )= A e (1−bt ) there are two unknown variables (A
f 6 ( x )=x e 1−0.01 x and b), making it impossible to solve relative to my knowledge. To
efficiently utilize time, this expression was gathered then manipulated
through trial and error to conform to the desires this track.
Resultant Function
In order to keep things simple, it was decided that the coefficient of x in
1−0.0142857 x the exponent would be manipulated. This is also because it looks cleaner
f 6 ( x )=x e
as compared to having decimals at the start of the function.

After trial and error to produce a local

maximum of 70-metres, Limitation:
b=0.0142857 was established. As a The limitation to this function is that the surge cannot be positioned at the
result, the local maximum occurs a the second quadrant. This means the first three functions in Part A as well as
coordinate (70,70) graph 4 & 5 must be reposition at a later date.

Graphical representation of Function 6: Comments:

Because this function is the starting track of the
rollercoaster to gain maximum gravitational
potential energy, it requires an ‘electric winch’ to
wind the carriages up this first hill.

Furthermore, rollercoasters do not just start

f 6 ( x )=x e 1−0.0142857 x ascending out of nowhere. There is usually a
platform to embark on the carriages before entering
Domain {x :0 ≤ x ≤70 } a track that is parallel to the ground, then only start
to slowly ascend to the top.

Comments:
The platform was designed to be 40-metres in length to
enclose a 20-metre long carriage. Such a long carriage
will compensate for the lower maximum height, as a
greater mass will gain more momentum at a given
velocity. According to ṕ=m v́ , momentum ( ṕ ¿ is
directly proportional to mass (m ¿.
A 40-metre long These functions will be
track and platform displayed that the summary of Limitation:
the report as they are not of
In a real life application, the 40-metre track will not
precedence.
connect to the surge function at the origin, but instead it
will curl around to the right and slowing increase in
Parallel track height before connection. Also, it will normally be
to the ground PLATFORM slightly elevated from the ground so as to avoid debris
such as rocks to be wedged between the wheels and the
track that may induce potential danger.
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Function 7: Considering a logistic function connecting to f 6 ( x) at the coordinates (71 , 69.9929958)

At coordinates (70,70) the surge function f 6 ( x ) have a gradient of 0, becae ut is the local maximum. But, logistic
functions are always increasing or decreasing and will never have a slope of zero; only infinitely close to zero.
Therefore, I made the point of connection between the two functions at x=71 where the gradient is −0.014 .

A logistic function was chosen because it slowly decreases before a rapid descend,
General Logistic Function creating the sinking feeling in the stomach as passengers anticipate the drop.

C
f 7 ( x )= +E The general function does not normally have D, but it is included in this case
1+ Ae− B(x− D) because the expression ( x ± k ) horizontally translates all types of functions.

Setting of a predetermined values:

Because a logistic function always increases as x increase, and I wanted it to
decrease after meeting the surge function, I hence made the whole logistic
−70
f 7 ( x )= +E function negative so that is it mirrored on the x-axis.
1+e−0.02( x−D)
At the point of connection y=69.99, I therefore made C=70 as ‘C’
Derivative of the function: determines the maximum height of the function. It would not have been
appropriate to make C=69.99 because the function never reaches that
−70[0.2 e−0.2 ( x−D ) ] height, only infinitely close to it.
f '7 ( x )= 2
( 1+e−0.2 ( x−D ) ) This leaves variables A, B, D and E. Because after derivation
70 AB e−B ( x−D )
14 e −0.2 ( x− D ) f 7 ( x )= 2 the function contains three unknown variables, I
¿− −0.2 ( x− D ) 2
( 1+ A e−B (x− D) )
( 1+ e ) must make two of the variables known. To keep things simple, I made A=1
Finding the Translations ‘D’ and ‘E’ then experimented with B, before settling on B=0.2 producing a nice steep
slope for rapid descent.
Horizontal translation ‘D’:
Vertical translation ‘E’:
When f '6 ( 71 ) =−0.014
When f 6 ( 71 ) =69.9
'
As f 7 ( 71 ) =f 6 ' ( 71 ) to have the same
Since f 7 ( x) will pass through this position at the connection point, these
gradient at the connection point, then coordinates can be substituted into the function to find the value of ‘E’.
f 7 ' ( 71 ) =−2.3
−70
−0.2¿
∴ f 7 ( 71 )= ¿+E
−14 e 1+ e−0.02 ¿¿
f 7 ( 71 ) = 2
( 1+ e−0.2 ¿ ) 69.9=−0.07007014037+ E
E=69.9+0.07007014037
−14 e−0.2(71−D ) ¿ 70.06306594
−0.014= 2
( 1+e−0.2(71−D) )
Resultant Function
Let D=x , the value of D can be
determined by graphing the function −70
f 7 ( 71 ) = +70.06
with a graphics calculator, then find x 1+e −0.02 ( x−105.53 )

when y=0.014 as shown below: −70

f 7 ( 71 ) = −0.02 ( x−105.53 )
+70.06
Graphical representation 1+e
of Function 7: Domain {x :71≤ x ≤ 100 }

Looking at graphics calculator,

D=105.5287614

−70
∴ f 7 ( x )= −0.02(x−105.53)
+E
1+ e
STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Function 8: Considering an exponential function connecting to f 7 ( x) at the coordinates (100 , 52.65661095)

There were no specific mathematical reasons to choose these coordinates other than x=100 is a nice integer.

An exponential function was chosen because it can rapidly descend.

General Exponential Function However, I also want the rollercoaster to rapidly ascend after
descending, creating a symmetrical shape. To do this, the exponential
f 8 ( x )=e x function must include another function that is periodic, so it is
reoccurring, like a trigonometric function. Since sine was previously
used, I then chose to use cosine for variations.
f 8 ( x )=e Acos [ B ( x−C )] + D

Setting of a predetermined values: Because after derivation f '8 ( x )=− Asin [0.05 ( x−B ) ]e Acos [ B ( x−C )] −D
there are three unknown variables (A, B, and C), I must make two
f 8 ( x )=e4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−C )] + D of the variables known. After experiment with the effects of
changing A and B, which are vertical and horizontal dilations, A=4
Derivative of the function: and B=0.05 were established producing large U-shape that are
approximately 126-metres apart from one local maximum to
f 8 ' ( x )=−0.2sin [0.5 ( x−C ) ]e−0.2 cos [ 0.05 ( x−C ) ] another. This allows for a loop to be designed in the middle – Next
function f 8 ( x)

Finding the Translations ‘C’ and ‘D’ Vertical translation ‘D’:

Horizontal translation ‘C’: When f 7 ( 100 )=52.66

'
When f 7 ( 100 )=−2.615 Since f 8 ( x) will pass through this position at the connection
point, these coordinates can be substituted into the function
to find the value of ‘D’.
As f '8 ( 100 )=f 7 ' ( 100 ) to have the same
gradient at the connection point, then When:
f 8 ' ( 100 )=−2.615 f 8 ( 100 )=e 4 cos [ 0.05 (100−85.34) ] + D
52.66=19.54426265+ D
f '8 ( 100 )=−0.2 sin[0.5 ( 100−C ) ]e−0.2cos [ 0.05 (100−C )] D=52.66−19.54426265
−2.616=−0.2 sin[0.5 ( 100−C ) ]e−0.2 cos [ 0.05 (100−C )] ¿ 33.11904086

Let C=x , the value of C can be determined by When:

graphing the function with a graphics f 8 ( 100 )=e 4 cos [ 0.05 (100−94.29) ] + D
calculator, then find x when y=−2.615 as 52.66=46.44205812+ D
shown below: D=52.66−46.44205812
¿ 6.214552825

Resultant Function

f 8 ( x )=e4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−85.34 )] +33.12

OR

There are two answers because there is a cosine function within

the exponential function. This will also result in two equations, of
Looking at graphics calculator, which I will have to decide which is the best one.
C=85.33744086∧94.29216023

∴ f 8 ( x )=e 4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−85.34) ] + D

Please turn to the next page to see
AND the graphs and comments.
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Option 1: f 8 ( x )=e4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−85.34 )] +33.12 Option 2: f 8 ( x )=e4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−94.29 )] + 6.215
×


Comments:
Option one was discarded because it is simply too high. Firstly, its decent after connecting to f 7 ( x) is too shallow to create the
thrill required as compared to option two. Secondly, if any function was to join with option 1 before its local maximum, the
resulting function will have a high possibility of ascending too high above 70-metres and therefore causing to carriages to
become stuck, as it cannot be higher than the tallest part of the rollercoaster because there will be insufficient momentum to
crest over the hill. Since option two conforms to the requirements, it was therefore accepted.

Function 9: Considering a circular function connecting to f 8 ( x) at the coordinates (157.124 , 6.232868281)

A circular function will create the inversion that is common is many rollercoaster designs. At these coordinates
(157.124 , 6232868281) the exponential function f 8 ( x) have a gradient of 0, as it is the local minimum, connecting to the
circular function tangentially and parallel to the ground.

Much like in vertex form of a quadratic function, (h , k ) is a set of

General Circular Function coordinates on the graph of the function. In this case, they represent
the center point of the circle. Furthermore, ‘r’ represents the radius of
f 9 ( x) r 2=(x−h)2 +( y −k )2 the circle.
Because the largest loop in the world has a radius of 50-metres, this
Setting of a predetermined values:
design incorporated a 30-metre radius instead of a 25-meter because it is
relatively tall 66.223-metres, ensuring future designs are not too low
302=( x−157.1)2+( y−36.23)2 before completing the ride, as consecutive hills cannot but higher than the
previous.
Resultant Function As ‘h’ is the x−coordinate of the circle’s center point, and the circle has
to meet the exponential function at x=157.1, then as h=x , therefore
302=( x−157.1)2+( y−36.23)2
h=157.1
As ‘k’ is the y−coordinate of the circle’s center point, then when k =0
Limitation:
the local minimum will occur at y=−30 since it has a radius of 30-
In a real life application, loops are never circular, metres. However, as the local minimum have to meet f 8 ( x) at y=6.233,
rather a teardrop. This is because engineers decide on
the function must translate up by 36.23-metres to achieve this, hence
the maximum centripetal acceleration (a=
v 2 they k =36.23.
¿
r Graphical representation of Function 9:
wish to expose the patrons to, and then modify the
track profile to keep this acceleration constant. As the
carriages gain height, it loses speed because kinetic
energy is converted to gravitation potential energy.
Thus, as velocity reduces then the radius is decreased
to keep the acceleration a constant. However, this
design cannot be applied in mathematics method
because it requires specialist mathematics to create a
function that conforms to this physics concept. I can
however use functions such exponentials, quadratics, Circular function:
and a semicircles to model a teardrop, but I decided 2
against it to keep things simple as those functions
Track 1: 30 =( x−157.1)2+( y−36.23)2 Domain

have and will be used elsewhere in this investigation. {x :157.124 ≤ x ≤187.124 }

Furthermore, in 3D, the loop and f 8 ( x) would be Exponential function:
made of two tracks, one set going up and one set going 4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−94.29 ) ]
Domain {x :100≤ x ≤ 157.124 }
down. To achieve this, domains are used.
Track 1: f 8 ( x )=e + 6.215
4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−94.29 ) ]
Track 2: f 8 ( x )=e + 6.215 Domain {x :157.124 ≤ x ≤250 }
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Function 10: Considering a linear function connecting to f 8 ( x) at the coordinates (203.8273297 , 22.1465275)
The linear function will merge f 8 ( x) to the sine function f 5 ( x). I chose these coordinates because f 8 ( x) have a gradient of
2.3, corresponding to the gradient at point of inflection on f 5 ( x). To determine these coordinates, the derivative
function of f 8 ( x) was graphed to find the x−coordinate at which this gradient occurs, before substituting the value of
x into f 8 ( x) to find the y−coordinate.

General Linear Function Because the since function have a relatively small amplitude,
directly connecting the function to the exponential function will be
f 10 ( x )=mx+ c too low, causing the functions: [ f 4 ( x ) , L1 ( x ) , f ( x ) , L2 (x) ]
after the sine to be partially underground. To counteract this
and increase height, a linear function was used.
Setting of a predetermined values:
Since the ‘m’ in any linear function represents the gradient,
f 10 ( x )=2.3 x+ c
therefore m=2.3
A
Graphical representation of Function 10:
Finding the Vertical Translation ‘c’
When f 8 ( 203.8 )=22.15 f 10 ( x )=2.3 x−446.7
Since f 10( x) will pass through this position at Domain {x :203.8273297 ≤ x ≤213.2853593 }
the point of connection, these coordinates can
be substituted into the function to find the
value of ‘c’.

f 10 ( 203.8 )=2.3(203.8)+ c
22.15=468.8028583+c
c=22.15−468.8
c=−446.6563308
Resultant Function

f 10 ( x )=2.3 x−446.7

Translating of the first 5 functions to towards the right: [ L1 ( x ) , f ( x ) , L 2 ( x ) , f 4 ( x ) , f 5 ( x ) ]

To translate these functions, I first need to find the horizontal and vertical shift of the sine function that is to be connected to
the linear function f 10 ( x ). After finding these shifting values, they can be applied to the remaining functions

The original sine function has a local maximum of 40-

Original Sine Function – vertical translation
meters, and the quadratic function f 4 ( x )it is connected to
have a local minimum of −9.45 -metres. By shifting the
f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+71.41592654 ) ]+ 17.00000001 function up by 20-metres, the local maximum becomes 60-
Translate up by 20-metres metres, relatively high, but lower than the previous f 9 ( x )
local maximum. This also ensure the local minimum on
f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+71.41592654 ) ] + 37.00000001
f 4 ( x ) is well clear from being underground.

Original Sine Function – horizontal translation

Using graphics calculator, find the x−coordinate on the
Using graphics calculator, find the coordinates ( x , y ) linear function f 10 ( x ) which have a gradient of 2.3 at
at which the point of inflection occurs, giving a y=36.99
gradient of 2.3
f 10 ( x )=2.3 x−446.7
f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+71.41592654 ) ] + 37.00000001
36.99=2.3 x−446.7 (When: f 10 ( x )=36.99 )
'
When: f ( x )=2.3 x=−71.41592843
5
∴ x=210.2853593
∴ f 5 (−71.42 )=36.99999566
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

On f 5 ( x )the gradient 2.3 occurs at x=−71.42 f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+71.41592654 ) ] + 37.00000001
A B C C
But on f 10 ( x ) the gradient 2.3 occurs at x=210.3
Since ‘C’ determines the horizontal translation, 281.7-
To find the required horizontal shift for the sine function so meters must be added to the existing value of ‘C’.
that the two functions with the same gradient meet at the
same x−coordinate , the difference in horizontal distance New ‘ C ’=C+ 281.7
between them must be calculated. ¿−71.42+ 281.7 (When: C=−71.42 )
¿ 210.2853612
H . shift =210.3− (−71.42 )
¿ 281.7012877 New Resultant Translated Since Function
∴ The original sine function must shift 281.7-metres to the
right f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+ 210.3 ) ]+ 37.00000001

Graphical representation of functions being translated:

Original Functions
Summary Translated Functions Translated Dom
2
The vertical translationf 4 x =0.05(
( ) is 20- x +17) −9.45 f 4 ( x )=0.05( x +264.7012877)2−10.55 {x :241.7012877 ≤ x ≤271
metres upwards andLthe
1 ( x )=0.7 x L1 ( x )=0.7 ( x −281.7012877 ) +20 {x :271.7012877 ≤ x ≤281
horizontal translation 281.7-
2
metres to the right. f ( x )=−0.078125
This must x 2 +0.7 x {x :281.7012877
f ( x )=−0.078125 ( x−281.7012877 ) + 0.7 ( x−281.7012877 ) +20 ≤ x ≤297
be applied to the remaining
functionsL2 ( x )=−1.8 x +20 L2 ( x )=−1.8 ( x−281.7012877 )+ 40 {x :297.7012877 ≤ x ≤301
L1 ( x ) , f ( x ) , L2 ( x ) , f 4 ( x ) that
are connected to f 5 ( x ).

Function 11: Considering a cosine function connecting to L1 ( x) at the coordinates (298 , 10.66231786)

x=298 was specifically chosen because it limits the length of the linear function L1 ( x). If the L1 ( x) was allowed to be any
longer, it may cause the local minimum of the cosine function to either (a) touch the ground, or (b) travel underground.

General Cosine Function A cosine function was chosen because its symmetrical shape allows
it to increase and decrease in height. This motion causes one last
thrill as the carriages crest over the final hill, but at the same time
f 11 ( x ) =Acos [ B ( x−C ) ]+ D losing momentum because it is not as high.

Setting of a predetermined values:

Through experimenting with the shape of the function by
π changing the value of ‘A’, I discovered that a cosine function has
f 11 ( x ) =−9.167324722 cos
16 [
( x−C ) + D ] the greatest slope (point of inflection – POI) when the amplitude
is multiplied by the period. Since the cosine function is to connect
I wanted a period of 32-meters because the with L1 ( x) of slope −1.8, then the function must have a steepest
longer the track, the more energy the carriages slope at POI of −1.8 or greater.
will lose due to friction and air resistance, thus π π
substituting the break to slow the carriages POI= A × B−1.8= A × A=−1.8 ÷
16 16
2π π
down. Therefore by period= , then B= . ∴ A=−9.167324722
B 16
STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Derivative of the function: Vertical translation ‘D’:

π π When L1 ( 298 )=10.66
f '11 ( x ) =1.8 sin ⁡( x− C )
16 16
Since f 11 (x) will pass through this position at the
connection point, these coordinates can be substituted
Finding the Translations ‘C’ &’D’ into the function to find the value of ‘D’.

Horizontal translation ‘C’:

π
When L'1 ( 298 )=−1.8
f 11 ( 298 )=−9.167 cos
16 [
( 298−306 ) + D ]
10.66=0+ D
'
As f 11 ( 298 )=L ' ( 298 ) to have the same gradient
D=10.66−0
¿ 10.66
at the connection point, then f '11 ( 298 )=−1.8
Resultant Function
π π
−1.8=1.8 sin ⁡[ (298)− C]
16 16
π
π π
−1=sin ⁡[ (298)− C]
f 11 ( x ) =−9.167 cos [ 16 ]
( x −306 ) +10.66

16 16 −1 −π
Because sin (−1)= , there will only be one final answer,
2
149 π π as apposed to two if it was any other value. Ultimately, there
¿ sin ⁡[ − C] is no extra step to decipher which is the more appropriate
8 16
answer to use, like f 8 ( x ).
149 π π Graphical representation of Function 11:
sin−1(−1)= − C
8 16
π
−π
16
C=sin−1 (−1 )−
149 π
8
f 11 ( x ) =−9.167 cos
16 [ ]
( x −306 ) +10.66

Domain {x :298 ≤ x ≤330 }

149 π
sin−1 (−1 )−
8
C=
−π
16
¿ 306

Comments:
Proof of Theory
The point of inflection where the steepest slope occurs on any
trigonometric function can be found when the amplitude is
π
f 11 ( x ) =−9.167 cos [ 16 ]
( x −306 ) +10.66 multiplied by the period. However, further investigation is
required to ascertain this relationship between these two
quantities that affect the POI on the function.
gradient at POI= A × B
π Derivative Graph in Blue:
¿−9.167 ×
16
¿−1.8

To check graphically, graph the derivative of this

function. The greatest slope will occur at the
y-coordinate of the local maximum and
minimum, but in this case it will be the local
minimum since I am proving it is −1.8

π
f 11 ' ( x ) =1.8 sin ⁡( x−60.08295950)
16
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Function 12: Considering a quartic function connecting to f 11 (x) at the coordinates (330 , 10.66231786) that has
minimum (gradient is zero) at f 11 ( 350 )=0

There are no specific mathematical reasons to choose these coordinates other than it allows the carriage to complete one
full period. Additionally, because the x−coordinate is an integer, there are fewer decimals to deal with and therefore
minimizing potential mistakes when calculating.

Furthermore, x=350 was chosen to be the position of the local minimum because I want the local minimum to be relatively
far from the previous hill, but at the same time be approximately 1-metre off the ground. Through trial and error, if the
x−value is greater, integer wise, the local maximum will occur closer to the ground. Reasons to why I was it to be 1-metre
above the ground will further be explained in the next function as it is more applicable there.

General Quartic Function A quartic function was chosen because y=x 4 creates a U-shape that
somewhat plateaus before reaching a local minimum. If manipulated
f 12 ( x )=ax 4 + bx3 +cx 2 +dx +e correctly, the plateauing quality is perfect for merging this track
with one last track that is going to be parallel to the ground.
f 12 ( x )= A( x−B)4 +C Therefore, as the last track will have a gradient of zero, their
connection point will be at the local minimum of this function.
Derivative of the function:
As I wish to manipulate y=x 4 because it is less problematic, I
4 A ( x−B)3 therefore added (a, b and c) for manipulation.

Finding the value of ‘B’ at f 12 ( 330 ) A=verical dilation

B=horizontal translation
'
When f 11 ( 330 )=−1.8 C=verticaltranslation
Finding the value of ‘B’ at f 12 ( 350 )
As f '12 ( 330 )=f '11 ( 330 ) to have the same gradient
' '
at the connection point, then f 12 ( 330 )=−1.8 When f 12 ( 350 )=0 (because it is the local minimum)

−1.8=4 A (330−B)3 0=4 A (350−b)3

−1.8 0=(350−B)3
=(330−B)3
4A 0=350−B
B2=350 (lets call this B2 )
√
3 −1.8
4A
=330−B
Since we know ‘b’ in ( x−b) determines the horizontal translation,
naturally b=350 since that is where I want the local minimum to be,
B1=−
√
3 −1.8
4A
+300 (lets call this B1 ) as it is normally at the point of origin.

Equating B1 with B2 to find the value of ‘a’ Find the vertical translation ‘C’

−1.8 f 12 ( x )=5.625 ×10−5 ( x −350) 4 +C

350=−
√ 3 −1.8
4A
+300 4 A=
−203 When f 12 ( 330 )=10.66

−1.8 10.66=5.625× 10−5 ¿4 +C

20=−
−1.8
4A √3
A=
−20 3
÷4
10.66=9+C
C=10.66−9
C=1.66 231786
−20=
√3 −1.8
4A
∴ A=5.625 ×10−5
Resultant Function
−1.8
−203 = f 12 ( x )=5.625 ×10−5 ( x −350) 4 +1.66
4A
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Graphical representation of Function 12:

Limitation:
−5 4
f 12 ( x )=5.625 ×10 (x −350) +1.66
One major limitation is the inability to design the
Domain {x :330 ≤ x ≤350 }
track so that the local minimum is further away from
the Point of Connection due to the chosen
coordinates. If the connection point was
( 322< x <330 )and the local maximum was x=370
for instance, the slope will be shallower to
compensate for the great distance to travel.
Ultimately, the last hill will not be very exhilarating
as the shallower slope won’t provide the thrill
required.

Function 13: Considering a linear function connecting to f 12( x ) at the coordinates (350 , 1.66231786)

This linear function will run parallel to the ground as it approaches the last platform. Therefore, numerically it will
have a gradient m=0 , intersecting the y−axis at 1.66-metres from to the ground. This height was chosen in
consideration to the physics concepts of gravitational potential and kinetic energy. Because gravitational potential
energy is defined by the height of an object relative to the ground, by having the height at 1.66-metres it will have
‘some’ potential energy. Thus, as gravitational potential energy=kinetic energy , not all potential energy gained from
the last hill will be transferred into kinetic energy. By k =m v 2 the kinetic energy is directly proportional to the velocity
squared, hence, less kinetic energy available results in a slower speed; conditions idea for bringing the carriages
slowly into the platform.

General Linear Function A linear function was chosen connect with the local minimum of f 12 ( x )
because it is the only function capable of consistently having a zero gradient
f 13 ( x )=mx+ c as hotizontal distance ( x) increases. Another other function will have a
gradient of some sort before becoming zero. This quality of a linear function
Resultant Function is important in designing a rollercoaster because it allows the carriages to
still travel horizontally without gaining speed, but instead causes the
f 13 ( x )=( 0 ) x +1.66 carriages to lose speed as energy is dispersed over a distance to friction and
air-resistance. More importantly, the carriages won’t roll backwards as it
∴ f 13 ( x ) =1.66 loses speed, as it would compared to a track with a gradient.

Graphical representation of Function 13:

Comments:
f 13 ( x )=1.66 As previously stated, a linear track causes the carriages to
reduce speed due energy lost. A longer track means more
Domain {x :350 ≤ x ≤ 460}
energy is lost due to friction and air resistance before it
enters the platform. Hence, the last track was given a length
of 110-metres to allow the 20-metre long carriage to gradually
lose speed and thus momentum. Also, the rollercoaster
becomes less reliant on breaks. In case that the breaks were
to fail, a longer track combined with a smaller kinetic energy
will ensure passengers don’t go flying into the platform, thus
this design is safer real world application.

Furthermore, carriages don’t end just anywhere on the track.

Parallel track Like trains, they must enter a platform for passengers to
to the ground PLATFORM disembark safely. Hence, a 40-metre long platform was
designed to enclose the 20-metre long carriage.
STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Summary:
The functions that were used in this investigation, including the ones used to make the two
platforms are shown below systematically relative to the rollercoaster

Type of Functions Functions Domains / Range

Left of PART A
Linear x=40 { y :0 ≤ y ≤ 10 }
Linear x=80 { y :0 ≤ y ≤ 10 }
Linear y=10 {x :40 ≤ y ≤ 80 }
Linear y=0 {x :40 ≤ y ≤ 80 }
Surge f 6 ( x )=x e 1−0.0142857 x {x :0 ≤ x ≤71 }
−70
Logistic f 7 ( 71 ) = −0.02 ( x−105.53 )
+70.06 {x :71≤ x ≤ 100 }
1+e
Exponential (1) f 8 ( x )=e4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−94.29 )] + 6.215 {x :100≤ x ≤ 157.124 }
Circle (1) 302=(x−157.1)2+( y−36.23)2 {x :157.124 ≤ x ≤187.124 }
Circle (2) 302=(x−157.1)2+( y−36.23)2 {x :127.124 ≤ x ≤157.124 }

Exponential (2) f 8 ( x )=e4 cos [ 0.05 ( x−94.29 )] + 6.215 {x :157.124 ≤ x ≤203.8 }

Linear f 10 ( x )=2.3 x−446.7 {x :203.8 ≤ x ≤210.3 }
Sine f 5 ( x )=23 sin [ 0.1 ( x+ 210.3 ) ]+ 37.00 {x :210.3 ≤ x ≤ 241.7 }

Quadratic f 4 ( x )=0.05( x +17)2−9.45 {x :241.7 ≤ x ≤271.7 }

PART A
Linear L1 ( x )=0.7 ( x −281.7 ) +20 {x :271.7 ≤ x ≤281.7 }
Quadratic f ( x )=−0.078125 ( x−281.7 )2+ 0.7 ( x−281.7 ) +20 {x :281.7 ≤ x ≤297.7 }
Linear L2 ( x )=−1.8 ( x−281.7 ) +40 {x :297.7 ≤ x ≤301.7 }
Right of PART A
π
Cosine f 11 ( x ) =−9.167 cos [ 16 ]
( x −306 ) +10.66 {x :298 ≤ x ≤330 }

Quartic f 12 ( x )=5.625 ×10−5 ( x −350) 4 +1.66 {x :330 ≤ x ≤350 }

Linear f 13 ( x )=1.66 {x :350 ≤ x ≤ 460}
Linear x=460 { y :0 ≤ y ≤ 10 }
Linear x=500 { y :0 ≤ y ≤ 10 }
Linear y=10 {x :460 ≤ y ≤ 500 }
Linear y=0 {x :460 ≤ y ≤ 500 }
total functions=13 (Not including platforms)
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Picture of the design is displayed on the next page

Graphical Representation Of The Overall Design In This Investigation

General Limitations
One of the biggest limitations in this mathematical investigation is only being able to design a rollercoaster
that is two dimensional (2D) instead of three dimensional (3D). It can be seen in the graph above that there
are two platforms, one for embarking on the carriages and one at the end for disembarking. In a real world
application however, there will only realistically be one platform, as the carriages must return to its starting
point to deliver and receive new waves of passengers. This cannot be achieved in a 2D design because it is
limited to the axis x and y whereas a 3D plane has a third z−axis. This third axis essentially allows the
rollercoaster to not only move left and right, up and down, but also into and out of the page as it changes
direction such that it returns back to the starting point.

Through utilizing Desmos software to graph functions in this investigation, the limitation that this incurs is
that it approximates values to 3 decimal places. Because using approximated values will cause inaccuracies
in calculations, to offset this limitation a graphics calculator was used to include as many decimal places as
possible. However, even a graphics calculator has its limitation in displaying up to seven decimal places, but
the consequences that this inherits is insignificant. Nonetheless, it is still more accurate that Desmos.

Although this rollercoaster design conforms to the basic physics concepts of gravitational potential energy
and kinetic energy, as well as having a longer carriage to mitigate loss of momentum due to the lower height,
whether this design is feasible in reality is a whole different story. There are more factors that need to be
taken into consideration when designing a rollercoaster, but these factors are beyond the limited knowledge
of a Year 12 student. Therefore, knowledge becomes a limitation to the real world application of this design.

Improvements
There are several improvements that will be made if given the opportunity to repeat this investigation. This
includes having a significant height difference from one local maximum to another so as to better conform to
the real world application. Another improvement is to design the two platforms with the same height from
the ground. With the same vertical displacement from the ground, at least then I can say that the carriages
will return to the starting point as it would in real life, just that it is limited to a 2D design.

Conclusion:
Through the practical application of differential calculus, this investigation have included a variety of mathematical
functions to model different sections of a real world rollercoaster, connecting each section seamlessly with a common
gradient. To achieve this, all decimal places were included in calculations to ensure functions align accurately although
it was significantly time consuming. However, technology such as Desmos and a graphics calculator were used in
 STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

unison to find accurate solutions to complex problems. Nonetheless, this design was also affected by limitations, but it
did not have a major impact on my ability to draw logical conclusion from mathematical results, allowing me develop
logical and concise arguments.

References:

Energy in a rollercoaster ride. (2015, November 15). Retrieved June 11, 2018, from Explain

That Stuff: https://www.explainthatstuff.com/rollercoasters.html

Guiness World Records. (2014, August 14). (M. Janela, Producer) Retrieved June 9, 2018, from

Roller Coaster Records: http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2014/8/8-roller-coaster-records-

for-national-roller-coaster-day-59634

Hay, H. (2018).

Kinetic and Potential Energy. (2015, August 15). Retrieved June 11, 2018, from Science Blog:
http://xiomarabgscienceblog.blogspot.com/2015/08/kinetic-and-potential-energy.html

Roller Coaster Wallpapers. (2018). Retrieved June 9, 2018, from WallpaperCave:

https://wallpapercave.com/roller-coaster-wallpaper

Safety of amusement rides. (2013, October 22). Retrieved June 9, 2018, from WorkCover Queensland:
https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/injury-prevention-safety/alerts/whsq/2013/safety-of-amusement-
rides

Student Interview. (2018). Retrieved June 10, 2018

World's Tallest Roller Coasters. (NA). Retrieved June 9, 2018, from Vacation Idea:
https://vacationidea.com/adventure/the-worlds-tallest-roller-coasters.html
STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H

Appendix:

Function 5: If another amplitude was used for ( A<23)

23 √ 3
Let A=
2

46 √ 3
f 2 ( x )= sin [ 0.1 ( x−C ) ]+ D
3

23 √ 3
f 2 ' ( x )= cos (0.1 x −0.1C )
15

When f 2 ' (−40)=−2.3

23 √ 3
−2.3= cos (0.1(−40)−0.1 C)
15

−√ 3
=cos(−4−0.1 C)
2

−√ 3
( ¿)+ 4
−1 2
C=cos ¿
0.1

5π 7π
+4 +4
C=
6 OR C=
6
0.1 0.1

∴ C ≈ 66.18 OR C ≈ 76.65

There is two values because it is a cosine function, hence there will be two
answers in the domain of 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 π
STAGE 2: Mathematics Name: Jay Patel SACE Number: 638623H