papyrus Ebers written between 1900 and 1100 BC. (most probably written in 1500 BC. because Egyptian period ranges around 3000-years and it appears that around 1600 BC. that Egyptian medicine reached to its heights of clinical advancement), contains more than 700 drugs in more than 800 prescriptions also show the Glycyrrhiza. The root in Sanskrit called, "Yashtimadhu" and "Madhuka" aid must have been known to Indian inhabitant from a very early date as the record in two Indian text of Charaka and Susruta (c.a, 100 BC.) which list nearly 2000 items with diverse ethnopharmacological claims. The medical uses of Glyeyrrhiza plant was learnt by the Greeks from scythians, The Greeks living around the Acgeans sea received many outside stimuli which also consists of drug art from Nile Valley. Hence Hippo crates (460 B.C. — 370 B.C.) mentioned the use of Ghcyrrhiza in 400 BC., and Theophrastus (d 286 B.C.) two years later described the uses of Glyeyrrhiza as good for asthma, dry cough and all pectoral diseases. Around first century Dioscorides coined the name of Glycyrrhiza (Greek glukos: sweet; and riza: root) and described making extr 1 by maceration followed by evaporation. Pliny (23-79 AD) a contemporary of Dioscorides has also cited the medical uses of Glycyrrhiza. Galen (AD 131 - Ca.A.D. 201) who described 473 drugs of vegetable and mineral origin along with profusion of drug formulas [10,11]. In and around 7th and 8th century BC, the Arabs began to preserve and gave impetus to the art of drug leaning, It was in this period that the Arabs conquered the Near East Persia; part of Middle East and the coast of North Africa and in 827 brought Sicily under their domain and introduced Islam, In India Islam as one of the divine religion was introduced as far as Malaya, Ultimately Islam was extended from Spain to South East Asia. From the 9th century to 13th centuries a large number of books were written in ‘Arabic and other languages, and thus Muslims [12] contributed yery significantly with 1 work on drugs and their usage. There are many men of eminence in drug therapy around this period and some of the most outstanding personalities who have used Glycyrrhiza directly and indirectly are:AbSaidalani" Abu Quraish Isa Al Saidlani (775-785 AD). ‘Masawaih Hunain Tbn Ishag (807-877 AD). Jabir Bin Hayyn (702-765 AD). ‘At Razi" Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakarya Al-Razi (865-925 AD). ‘Abu Mansoor Muwaffik Herati (968-977 AD). Ton Sina" Abu Ali Hussain Tbn-Abdullah Ibn Hassan Abu Ali Ibn Sina (980-1037 AD). 7. Haly Abbas" Ali Ibn Abbas Al Majusi (d 994 AD). 8, Abull Casis” Abul! Qasim al Zahrawi (d 1013 AD) 9, Avenzoar", Abu Marwan Ibn Zubr (1113-1162 AD). 10, Ibn Al Baitar (1197-1248 AD). 11, Averroes", Ibn Rushd (b 1126 AD). 12. Al Ansari Haji Zainuddin Al Attar (b 1329 AD). 13. Aley Yousuf Yaqub Ibn Ishaq Al Kindi. 14, Abu Abdullah Mohammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Said Al Tamari Al Mugaddasi 15, Abu Ali Yahya Ibn Isa Ibn Jazia. 16. Ton Al Nafis (1200 - 1288 AD). 17, Abdul Qassim Ammar Ibn Al Mawsile. 18, AL-Biruni, The Muslims of Arabs, Persia and Moorish Spain have stated the many uses of Glyeyrrhiza and it appears that Al-Saidlani and the contemporary physicians of his age fully recognized the many cures which were practiced by Romans, Greeks and Indians. Rhazes the Arab physicians who was born in Persia in Ray near Tehran wrote a classical book, " Al-Hawi", his principal work was the out come of his traditional knowledge and his own clinical experience of vegetable drugs, has shown the varied claims for Glyeyrrhiza. Imam Abu Hanifeh described "Sus" as a ‘well known plant the expression of which is an ingredient of medicine, Ali Ibn Sina a persian born physician have indicated in his work the medical claim on Glyeyrrhiza as described by the earlier worker such as cough, asthma, cure of ulcer ete, also recommended that in cold colic it is also dropped into the eyes to strengthen the sight. 9Further Ibn Sina also mentioned the grades of temperament of Glyeyrrhiza, Al Biruni’s book on pharmacy and medicine published by Hamdard Foundation Pakistan [13] have given the account of Glycyrrhiza as, “Sus” known in Hindi as mublathi; as Shirin in Turky. In Sindhi it is muhlti and in one work occurs the name multi. In persian it is known as daza washk, darwad haram dar-icShirin_and Khwurd-e-plan where as the ‘magians of Sistan call it Bari harbazan. In Roman root is known as gluguruz. and in Syriac as aqarshusha. Some say that the arabic synonym is marhug, Galen gives it the name jalqurizum, were as Dioscorides and Oribasuis have it as a ghaluaquriza, Its tree is ‘two cubic high. The blossom is violet and the fruit in the manner of tentil is sheatbed, The roots are like those of boxwood tree and the extract like that of Iycium. Its flower is, known as Qarinu, and this on all account is the liquorice (Giyeyrrhiza) flower. Abul Casis (as mentioned by Hammarneh and Sonnedeyeker in pharmaceutical view of Abul Casis al Zahrawi in Spain) has described the preparation of great theriac " AL- TIRYAQUL KUBR" which was referred to in arabic as "Al-Faruq", and after comparing, several manuscripts, Al Zahrawi set down his modified formula with a procedure in seven stages by using honey as vehicle and 84 kinds of drugs such as psyllum, opium, black pepper, cinnamon, Glycyrrhiza, Safran, rhubarb, ginger etc. Therefore considering the active chemical constituents of these drugs will go more than hundreds and as the purpose of theriacs was to use as for antidotal poisoning, Further Abul Casis has recorded a preparation by al-Majusi, "preparation of rose troches” which is useful in stomach ache arid fevers caused by excess phlegm -take redrose the roots of Glycyrrhiza, grind, sift and knead them together and make into tablets. Abul Casis also reported that prescription of rose troches which is useful against (Excess) of blood in the stomach and the ailments thereof caused from the pouring in of yellow bile. Take of the red rose flowers the root of Glycyrrhiza whose top parts are removed red sandalwood yellow sandal wood, berry bark, melilot of each the pulp’ of melon seeds, mastic; spikenard, yellow amber white tragacanth of each white chalk, persian manna of cach Safran, grind the drug, sift and knead them together in dandelian, make them into tablets. The dosage is one tablet to be taken with dandelian or black morel, 10Glycyrrhiza Species Dymock [14] has described that Glyevrrhiza glabra grows wild in Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and has been introduced into the Punjab and Sind plains, Ali in Flora of West Pakistan: Papillionaceae {15] has reported that Glycyrrhiza is a genus of about 30 species but in Pakistan it is represented by three species, Glyeyrthiz triphylla, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Glvevrrhiza glabra, Index kewensis 1895 shows the world wide distribution of Glycyrrhiza species as follows: 1. Glycyrrhiza asperrima Linn, Russia, Central Asia 2. G astragalina Gill Chilli 3. G bucharica Regd Central Asia 4. G. echinata Linn Sicily, Syria 5. G. foetida Jacq North Africa 6. G. foetidissima Tausch Central Asia 7. glabra Linn Mediterranean region Asia 8. G grandiflora Tausch Central Asia 9. G. hybrida Gueldenst Russia 10. G. lepidota Pursch North America 11. G. macedonica Boiss Greek 12. G, pallidiflora Maxim North America 13. @. pancifolitta Hance China 14, G. psoraleoides Benth Australia 15. G spinescens Sieber Europe 16. G, squamulosa Franch China 17. G. triphylla Fisch North Caspian ( Iran) 18. @. undulata Ruis & Pay Peru 19. G. uralensis Fisch Siberia 20. G. viscida Trucz ex Bess Siberia Baucal (Russia) 21. G. acanthocarpa Black China22. G, lutea montbreat ex Turrill Central Europe 23. G. costulata Hand Mazz Mangolia 24. G. zaissanica Sergievsk Roos Asia 25. G. inflata Balatin China. Ethnopharmacology Enthnopharmacological or folkloric uses of Glveyrrhiza species as reported in the later part of the 19th century in various herbals, pharmacopoeia and materia medica show that: Tonic, cooling demulcent expectorant, emmenagogue laxative, in diseases of liver, urinary bladder, lungs, haemophysis bronchitis, cough, enlarged spleen, influenza, etc {16}. Demulcent, moderately pectoral and emollient, cough, bronchitis, sore throat and laryngitis, mild laxative, safe for diabetes, ete [17] Cold, cough, carminative, expectorant bronchodilator, in combination with other drugs, ophthalmia, stye, soreness aperient, nephritis, infection of urinary tract, laryngitis and anticatarrhal, persistant and recrudescent and dorment cough, sore throat, antisyphitic, emollient, detersive and discutient, prevention for menses during pregnancy, antitubercular, antiphistic, kidney, bladder and urinary tract ailment, and antidysentric ete {18}. splenic and gastric imbalance, abdominal pair, vomiting and diarrhoea, productive cough, parched and sore throat, and Swollen abcesses [19]. Indigestion, alleviating inflamed stomach, demulcent, expectorant, bronchitis, sore throat and cough diuretic {20}. 12