Drug List of Medical Year 3

CORE ADVANCED
19.9. Drugs which modify ventilatory and airway function
Anti-inflammatory/prophylactic agents:
Inhaled corticosteroids Beclomethasone Budesonide, Fluticasone
Oral corticosteroid Prednisolone
Mast cell stabilizer Cromoglycate Nedocromil
Inhibitor of 5-lipoxygenase Zileuton
Bronchodilators:
2-adrenoceptor agonists Salbutamol Terbutaline
Long-acting 2-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA) Salmeterol Formoterol
Non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors Theophylline Enprofyllene
Selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor Roflumilast
Muscarinic receptor antagonists Tiotropium ipratropium
Leukotriene receptor antagonists Montelukast Zafirlukast
Expectorant/Mucokinetics Guaifenesin Ipecacuanha
Mucolytics Acetylcysteine
Antimucokinetic Atropine
Decongestants Phenylephrine Pseudoephedrine
Peripherally-acting antitussive Benzoin
Centrally-acting antitussive:
Morphine-related drugs Codeine Dextromethorphan
Anti-histamines Diphenhydramine Promethazine

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20.5. Hypothalamus/pituitary pharmacology
Growth hormone related compounds
Somatostatin analogues
Dopamine receptor agonists
Oxytocic agents
Vasopressin related compounds
Somatropin (GH), somatrem, sermorelin Mecasermin
(GHRH), pegvisomant (GH antagonist)
Octreotide
Bromocriptine, quinagolide Cabergoline
Syntocinon (Oxytocin), ergotamine, carboprost Dinoprostone
Vasopressin, desmopressin, terlipressin

20.13. Insulin and oral hypoglycaemic drugs

Insulin preparations and analogues Regular, NPH, Lente, Ultralente, Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine, Detemir
Glargine
Insulin secretion stimulants Tolbutamide, glibenclamide, repaglinide, Glipizide, glimepiride,
nateglinide
Insulin sensitizers Metformin, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone
Alpha glucosidases inhibitor Acarbose, miglitol
Incretin mimetics and related drugs Exenatide, sitagliptin Liraglutide, vildagliptin, SGLT-2
inhibitors

21.3. Pharmacology of reproductive hormones

Oestrogens Oestradiol, ethinylestradiol, mestranol Oestriol, oestrone
Progestogens Progesterone, noresthisterone, levonorgestrel Hydroxyprogesterone,
gestodene norethynodrel, ethynodiol,
desogestrel
Oral contraceptives Combined, Progesterone only, Post-coital

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 SERMs and Anti-oestrogens Tamoxifen, raloxifene, clomiphene
Anti-progestogens Mifepristone

Drugs in pain control and anaesthesia

24.20. Pain: Drug Overview

NSAIDs as non-narcotic analgesics
24.21. Pain: The Opioids
Opioid peptides
Opioids receptor agonists; partial agonists; mixed
agonist/antagonists; antagonists
Aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen Naproxen, diclofenac
Leu-enkaphalin, met-enkephalin, -endorphin,
dynorphin
Morphine, codeine, fentanyl, pethidine, Tramadol, etorphine, nalorphine
methadone; buprenorphine; pentazocine;
naloxone, naltrexone

24.22. Local Anesthetics Lignocaine Levobupivacaine, Ropivacaine,

Benzocaine, Prilocaine,
Bupivacaine

24.23. General Anesthetics

Intravenous anaesthetics Propofol, Ketamine Thiopentone
Inhalational anaesthetics Sevoflurane, Nitrous oxide Halothane, Isoflurane,
Desflurane

24.24. Neuromuscular blocking drugs Vecuronium, Suxamethonium Tubocurarine

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Drug action on the central nervous system

24.25. Schizophrenia and neuroleptic drugs

Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Flupentixol, Haloperidol

Atypical antipsychotics Clozapine Olanzapine, Risperidone

Drug actions that supporting the Dopamine theory Amphetamine Reserpine

24.26. Depression and antidepressant drugs

Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Nortriptyline, Imipramine,

Desipramine

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Fluoxetine Paroxetine, Sertraline,

Citalopram
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors Moclobemide Phenelzine

Atypical antidepressants Mianserin Bupropion, Venlafaxine,

Trazodone
Treatment of bipolar affective disorder Lithium Valproate, Lamotrigine

24.27. Hypnotics and anxiolytics

Benzodiazepines Diazepam Lorazepam, Midazolam

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 Benzodiazepine antagonist Flumazenil
‘Z’-drugs Zolpidem Zopiclone

5HT1 partial agonist Buspirone

Beta blocker Propranolol
24.28. Epilepsy and anticonvulsants
Enhancing GABA actions Phenobarbitone, Diazepam, Vigabatrin Clonazepam

Inhibiting Na+ channel function Phenytoin Carbamazepine

Inhibiting T-type Ca2+ channel function Ethosuximide

Multiple Actions Valproate, Lamotrigine Gapapentin, Pregabalin,

24.29. Parkinson's disease and its treatments

Dopamine precursor Levodopa

DOPA-decarboxylase Inhibitor Carbidopa Benserazide

Dopamine agonists Bromocriptine Carbergoline, Rotigotine,

Apomorphine
MAO-B Inhibitors Selegiline Rasagiline

COMT inhibitor Entacapone Tolcapone

Antimuscarinics Benztropine Trihexyphenidyl

Miscellaneous Amantadine

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25. DRUG INTERACTIONS/TOXICOLOGY

25.1. Hepatotoxicity of drugs Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Amphetamine, bromobenzene,

iproniazid, isoflurane, isoniazid,
lamotrigine, methotrexate,
troglitazone

Chlorpromazine Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid,

anabolic steroids, statins,
erythromycin, fluoroquinolones,
irbesartan oxypenicillins,
tamoxifen, terbinafine,
terfenadine,

Pyrrolidizine alkaloid-containing
herbs

25.2. Mechanisms of Drug Interactions

Pharmaceutical /pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interactions Diazepam, thiopentone, naloxone, proranolol
Distribution and clearance Warfarin, phenytoin, aspirin, probenecid, Metoclopramide, calcium
methotrexate
Albumin/P450/inhibition/induction Warfarin, cimetidine, phenobarbitone, Isoniazid, ketoconazole
grapefruit juice
Acute and chronic differences Phenytoin, rifampicin

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 Drugs with narrow therapeutic indexes Digoxin, warfarin, lithium

25.3. Mechanisms of Drug Interactions

Acute and chronic drug interactions Phenytoin, rifampicin Furosemide
Additive side effects Promethazine, alcohol, indomethacin, warfarin Phenobarbitone
P450 isoforms and drug interaction predictability Cimetidine, aprepitant S-warfarin, R-warfarin

Induction of metabolism Phenobarbitone, phenytoin Oestradiol

Traditional Chinese medicine Danshen, ginkgo, xaio chaihu tang St. John’s wort

26. HAEMOSTASIS AND BASIC IMMUNOLOGY

26.1. Haemostasis I

26.2. Haemostasis II
Antiplatelet drugs : Prostacyclin
Irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitors Aspirin Triflusal
Adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitors Clopidogrel Prasugrel, ticagrelor, ticlopidine

Protease-activated receptor-1 antagonist Vorapaxar

Glycoprotein IIB/IIIA inhibitors Abciximab Eptifibatide, Tirofiban

Adenosine reuptake inhibitor Dipyridamole

Thromboxane synthase inhibitor Picotamide

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 Thromboxane receptor antagonists Ifetroban, Terutroban

Anticoagulants:
Factor Xa inhibitors Heparin, LMW heparin Fondaparinux
Rivaroxaban Apixaban, edoxaban,
Vitamin K antagonist Warfarin

Direct thrombin inhibitors Hirudin Argatroban, dabigatran,

lepirudin, desirudin,
melagatran, ximelagatran,
Fibrinolytic (thrombolytics) drugs Streptokinase Urokinase
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activators Alteplase Reteplase, tenecteplase

27. AUTACOIDS AND INFLAMMATION

27.1. Pharmacology of autacoids and anti-inflammatory drugs I

Prostaglandins
Prostaglandin E1 Misoprostol Gemeprost, Alprostadil
Prostaglandin E2 Dinoprostone

Prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) Iloprost, Epoprostenol

Prostaglandin F2 analogues Latanoprost, Travoprost,

Bimatoprost

27.2. Pharmacology of autacoids and anti-inflammatory drugs II

Leukotrienes
Inhibitor of 5- lipoxygenase Zileuton

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 Leukotriene receptor antagonists Montelukast Zafirlukast

Histamine
H1 receptor antagonists (1st Gen.) Diphenhydramine Promethazine

H1 receptor antagonists (2nd Gen., non-sedative) Loratadine Fexofenadine, Cetirizine

H2 receptor antagonists Cimetidine Ranitidine

27.3. Pharmacology of autacoids and anti-inflammatory drugs III

Bradykinin des-Arg9-bradykinin
B1 receptor agonists (bradykinin1-8 )
B2 receptor agonists Bradykinin Kallidin

B1 receptor antagonists des-Arg9 -[Leu8]-bradykinin1-8,

des-Arg Hoe 140
B2 receptor antagonist Icatibant (Hoe 140)

Glucocorticoids Hydrocortisone (Cortisol) Prednisone/Prednisolone,

Dexamethasone,
Beclomethasone, Flucocinolone

27.4. Pharmacology of autacoids and anti-inflammatory drugs IV

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Non-selective cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors Aspirin Ibuprofen, Mefenamic acid,
Piroxicam

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 Selective COX-2 inhibitors Celecoxib Etoricoxib, Parecoxib

Paracetamol (acetaminophen)

Notes: Core column are drugs that are representative of the group and students should be able to name and have thorough understanding of their detail
pharmacology.
Advance column are drugs that are clinically used from the group and students are expected to recognize and describe any significant differences
from the representative drug(s) in the core column.

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