Bending Stresses: Today's Objective: 7

BENDING STRESSES
Today’s Objective : 7TH September

To:
In-Class Activities:
a) Understand the context, concept and
derivation for bending stresses. •Follow up
b) Be able to calculate max and min •Concepts
stresses due to symmetric and
• Theory, formula, steps
unsymmetric bending on a given
body. •Applications
• Problem Solving
• Quiz types
• Video Project discussion
Beams subjected to
Bending and Shear
 Earlier in the semester you were able to find
bending moment and shear force diagrams for
these types of beams.
Chapter 6: Bending
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
Example 1:
SFD 
BMD 
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 2:
SFD 
BMD 
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 3:
The shear diagram represents a plot of Eqs. 1 and 3 
The moment diagram represents a plot of Eqs. 2 and 4 
Chapter 6: Bending
Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
 Cross section of a straight beam remains plane
when the beam deforms due to bending.
 There will be tensile stress on one side and
compressive stress on the other side.
Chapter 6: Bending
Bending Deformation of a Straight Member
 Longitudinal strain varies linearly from zero at the
neutral axis.
 Hooke’s law applies when material is homogeneous.
σ = Eε
 Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the
cross-sectional area for linear-elastic material.
Chapter 6: Bending
The Flexure Formula
 Resultant moment on the cross section is equal to
the moment produced by the linear normal stress
distribution about the neutral axis.
My
σ =−
I
σ = normal stress in the member
M = resultant internal moment
I = moment of inertia
y = perpendicular distance from the neutral axis
 By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

since it acts in the negative x direction.
Chapter 6: Bending
 A condition for flexure formula is a symmetric
cross-sectional area about an axis perpendicular to
neutral axis (symmetric bending)
 The flexure formula can also be applied either to
a beam having x-sectional area of any shape
 OR to a beam having a resultant moment that
acts in any direction (Unsymmetric Bending – see
later)
9
Example 6.15
The simply supported beam has the cross-sectional area as shown. Determine the
absolute maximum bending stress in the beam and draw the stress distribution over
the cross section at this location.
Solution:
The maximum internal moment in the beam is M = 22.5 kNm
Chapter 6: Bending
Solution:
By symmetry, the centroid C and thus the neutral axis pass through the mid-
height of the beam, and the moment of inertia is
(
I = ∑ I + Ad 2 )
1 2 1 3
= 2 (0.25)(0.02) + (0.25)(0.002)(0.16)  +  (0.02)(0.3) 
3
12  12 
(
= 301.3 10 −6 m 4)
Applying the flexure formula where c = 170 mm,
Mc 22.5(0.17 )
σ max = σ max = = 12.7 MPa (Ans)
I
;
(
301.3 10 )
−6
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 6.17
The beam has a cross-sectional area in the shape of a channel. Determine the
maximum bending stress that occurs in the beam at section a–a.
Solution:
The resultant internal moment must be computed about the beam’s neutral axis
at section a–a. Since the neutral axis passes through the centroid,
y=
∑ y A = 2(0.1)(0.2)(0.015) + (0.01)(0.02)(0.25)
∑A 2(0.2)(0.015) + (0.02)(0.25)
= 0.05909 m = 59.09 mm
Chapter 6: Bending
Solution:
Applying the moment equation of equilibrium about the neutral axis, we have
+ ∑ M NA = 0; 2.4(2 ) + 1.0(0.05909 ) − M = 0 ⇒ M = 4.859 kNm
The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is

1 2
I =  (0.25)(0.02) + (0.25)(0.02)(0.05909 − 0.01) 
3
12 
1 2
+ 2  (0.015)(0.2) + (0.015)(0.2)(0.1 − 0.05909) 
3
12 
(
= 42.26 10 −6 m 4)
The maximum bending stress occurs at points farthest away from the neutral
axis.
Mc 4.859(0.2 − 0.05909)
σ max = = = 16.2 MPa (Ans)
I 42.26 10 −6
( )
Chapter 6: Bending
Unsymmetric Bending
Moment Arbitrarily Applied
 We can express the resultant normal stress at any
point on the cross section in general terms as
= +
σ = normal stress at the point

Mz y M yz y, z = coordinates of the point measured from x, y, z axes
σ =− + My, Mz = resultant internal moment components directed
Iz Iy along y and z axes
Iy, Iz = principal moments of inertia computed about the y
and z axes
Chapter 6: Bending
Unsymmetric Bending
Orientation of the Neutral Axis

 The angle α of the neutral axis can be determined by
applying σ = 0,
= +
Iz
tan α = tan θ
Iy
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 6.19
A T-beam is subjected to the bending moment of 15 kNm. Determine the maximum
normal stress in the beam and the orientation of the neutral axis.
Solution:
Both moment components are positive,
M y = (15) cos 30° = 12.99 kNm

M z = (15)sin 30° = 7.50 kNm
For section properties, we have
z=
∑ z A = (0.05)(0.1)(0.04) + (0.115)(0.03)(0.2) = 0.0890 m
∑A (0.1)(0.04) + (0.03)(0.2)
Chapter 6: Bending
Solution:
Using the parallel-axis theorem, I = I + Ad 2 the principal moments of inertia are
thus
Iz =
1
12 12
( )
(0.1)(0.04)3 + 1 (0.03)(0.2)3 = 20.53 10−6 m 4
1 2
I y =  (0.04 )(0.1) + (0.1)(0.04 )(0.089 − 0.05) 
3
12 
1 2
( )
+  (0.2 )(0.03) + (0.2 )(0.03)(0.115 − 0.089 )  = 13.92 10 −6 m 4
3
12 
The largest tensile stress at B and greatest compressive stress at C.
Mz y M yz
σ =− +
Iz Iy
7.5(− 0.1) 12.99(0.041)
σB = − + = 74.8 MPa
20.53 10 (
−6
)
13.92 10 −6
( )
7.5(0.02) 12.99(− 0.089 )
σC = − + = −90.3 MPa (Ans)
20.53 10
Chapter 6: Bending
(
−6
)
13.92 10 −6
( )
Solution:
y must represent the axis for minimum principal moment of inertia, and z must
represent the axis for maximum principal moment of inertia.
( )  tan 60°
 20.53 10 −6
tan α = 
 13. 92( ) 
10 −6
α = 68.6°
Chapter 6: Bending
Composite Beams
 In reality, Beams constructed of two or more
different materials are referred to as composite
beams.
 The transformation factor is a ratio of the moduli of
the different materials that make up the beam.
Chapter 6: Bending
Example 6.21 (Not examined)
A composite beam is made of wood and reinforced with a steel strap located on its
bottom side. It has the cross-sectional area as shown. If the beam is subjected to a
bending moment of 2 kNm, determine the normal stress at points B and C. Take Ew
= 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.
Solution:
We will transform the section into one made entirely of steel.
bst = nbw =
12
(150) = 9 mm
200
The transformed section is as shown.
The location of the centroid (neutral axis),
y=
∑ y A = (0.01)(0.02)(0.150) + (0.095)(0.009)(0.15) = 0.03638 m
∑A (0.02)(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)
Chapter 6: Bending
Solution:
The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is therefore
1 2
I NA =  (0.15)(0.02 ) + (0.15)(0.02 )(0.03638 − 0.01) 
3
12 
1 2
+  (0.009 )(0.15) + (0.009)(0.15)(0.095 − 00.03638) 
3
12 
(
= 9.358 10 −6 m 4)
Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B’ and
C is
2(0.17 − 0.03638)
σ B' = = 28.6 MPa
9.358 10 −6
( )
2(00.03638)
σC = = 27.87 MPa (Ans)
9.358 10 −6( )
The normal stress in the wood at B is σ B = nσ B ' =
12
(28.56) = 1.71 MPa (Ans)
200
Chapter 6: Bending
Quiz 1: Where will the max bending stresses
occur for the following beam
a) Right hand side top face

b) Mid point bottom face
c) Left end bottom face
d) Left end top face
SFD & BMD
Chapter 6: Bending
Quiz 2: For a linear elastic material, neutral
axis will pass through the
a) Centre of gravity of the cross section
b) Centre of gravity along longitudinal axis
c) Through the shear centre
d) Centre of mass
Chapter 6: Bending
Quiz 3: The angle of inclination in
unsymmetric bending is calculated by
a) xtan α =
Ix
tan θ
Iy
b) Iy
tan α = tan θ
Ix
c) Iz
tan α = tan θ
Iy
d)
Iy
tan α = tan θ
Iz
Chapter 6: Bending

Bending Stresses: Today's Objective: 7

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BENDING STRESSES

Today’s Objective : 7TH September

The shear diagram represents a plot of Eqs. 1 and 3 

The moment diagram represents a plot of Eqs. 2 and 4 

 By the right-hand rule, negative sign is compressive

+ ∑ M NA = 0; 2.4(2 ) + 1.0(0.05909 ) − M = 0 ⇒ M = 4.859 kNm

The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is

σ = normal stress at the point

Orientation of the Neutral Axis

M y = (15) cos 30° = 12.99 kNm

a) Right hand side top face

SFD & BMD

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