Algebraic structures

(Module 3)
Lecturer notes 1
Contents
• Groups
• Subgroups
• Lagrange’s Theorem
• Homomorphism
• Rings
• Fields –Properties
• Applications in Coding Theory
• Algebraic structures have applications in computing techniques
dealing with problems in operations research, graph theory, and
relational databases.

• Group theory has important application in coding theory, which is

used in communication systems. It helps in transmitting the data
without any noise by detecting distortion due to it and then rectifying
the messages by using encoder and decoder.
• Subtraction over the set of natural numbers N is not a binary operation.
Algebraic structures
A set S with one or more binary operations satisfying specific laws
(ex: commutative, associative or distributive) is called an algebraic
structure.

(S,+), (S, .) (S,+, .) etc.,

Associative binary operation:
Identity element
Inverse of an element:
Commutative binary operation
Distributive laws:
Semi group
Monoid
Group
Abelian group
Examples:

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.
Example

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.
Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.
Practice problem

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.
Example

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Properties

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Module(m) operations

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.
Example:
• Prove that the set G={0, 1, 2, 3, 4} is an abelian group under addition
modulo 5.
solution:
Given G={0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
here +5 0 1 2 3 4

0 0 1 2 3 4

1 1 2 3 4 0

2 2 3 4 0 1

3 3 4 0 1 2

4 4 0 1 2 3

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.

Dr. M. PHANI KUMAR, VIT-AP UNIVERSITY.