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Japanese Grammar

Appendix

Shoko Hamano
George Washington University

1 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi


• A large number of Transitive and intransitive verb pairs
transitive and
intransitive verbs are
paired. They are only
Su- vs. non-su-ending
slightly different in
shape and meaning Transitive Intransitive
and may confuse なおす fix なおる be fixed
you. Here are some
practical hints for こわす break something こわれる break
telling them apart. つぶす crush つぶれる be crushed
こぼす spill something こぼれる spill
返す(かえす) return 帰る(かえる) return
戻す(もどす) put back 戻る(もどる) return
• Generally speaking,
if a su-ending verb 回す(まわす) turn around something 回る(まわる) turn around
has a non-su-ending 残す(のこす) leave behind 残る(のこる) remain
counterpart, the su-
ending one is the 散らかす(ちらかす) scatter 散らかる(ちらかる) be scattered
transitive one, and 離す(はなす) separate 離れる(はなれる) move away
the other the
intransitive one. 流す(ながす) flush 流れる(ながれる) flow
表わす(あらわす) express 現われる(あらわれる) appear
外す(はずす) remove 外れる(はずれる) come off
隠す(かくす) hide something 隠れる(かくれる) hide oneself
崩す(くずす) break down something 崩れる(くずれる) break down
倒す(たおす) throw down 倒れる(たおれる) fall

2 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi


• Here are more. Transitive and intransitive verb pairs
Su- vs. non-su-ending
Transitive Intransitive
起こす(おこす) raise 起きる(おきる) rise
落とす(おとす) drop 落ちる(おちる) fall
降ろす(おろす) lower 降りる(おりる) get off
過ごす(すごす) pass something 過ぎる(すぎる) pass
滅ぼす(ほろぼす) destroy 滅びる(ほろびる) perish

延ばす(のばす) stretch something 延びる(のびる) stretch

尽くす(つくす) exhaust 尽きる(つきる) run out

漏らす(もらす) leak something 漏れる(もれる) leak


荒す(あらす) devastate 荒れる(あれる) fall to ruin
燃やす(もやす) burn something 燃える(もえる) burn
冷やす(ひやす) chill 冷える(ひえる) be chilled
増やす(ふやす) increase something 増える(ふえる) increase

3 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi


• And more. Transitive and intransitive verb pairs
Su- vs. non-su-ending
Transitive Intransitive
減らす(へらす) decrease something 減る(へる) decrease
乾かす(かわかす) dry something 乾く(かわく) get dry
驚かす(おどろかす) surprise 驚く(おどろく) be surprised
動かす(うごかす) move something 動く(うごく) move

出す(だす) put out 出る(でる) go out

消す(けす) extinguish 消える(きえる) vanish

4 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi


• If an eru-ending verb Transitive and intransitive verb pairs
is paired with an aru-
ending verb, the eru-
ending one is the
Eru- vs. aru-ending
transitive one. Transitive Intransitive
ぶつける hit ぶつかる collide
まとめる organize まとまる be organized
つなげる connect つながる be connected
かける hang something かかる hang
暖める(あたためる) warm something 暖まる(あたたまる) get warm
上げる(あげる) raise 上がる(あがる) go up
終える(おえる) finish something 終わる(おわる) finish
始める(はじめる) begin something 始まる(はじまる) begin
広める(ひろめる) spread knowledge 広まる(ひろまる) spread
深める(ふかめる) deepen 深まる(ふかまる) be deepened
重ねる(かさねる) pile 重なる(かさなる) be piled up
固める(かためる) make solid 固まる(かたまる) become solid
変える(かえる) change something 変わる(かわる) change
曲げる(まげる) bend something 曲がる(まがる) bend
混ぜる(まぜる) mix 混ざる(まざる) be mixed

5 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi


• And here are some
more.
Transitive and intransitive verb pairs
Eru- vs. aru-ending
Transitive Intransitive
見つける(みつける) find 見つかる(みつかる) be found
閉める(しめる) close something 閉まる(しまる) close
止める(とめる) stop something 止まる(とまる) stop
泊める(とめる) lodge a person 泊まる(とまる) stay over
伝える(つたえる) communicate 伝わる(つたわる) be passed on
分ける(わける) divide 分かる(わかる) understand
受ける(うける) take a test 受かる(うかる) pass a test

つかまえる catch つかまる be caught

6 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi


• The dichotomy is a Transitive and intransitive verb pairs
relative one. Kasu
“lend” and kariru
“borrow” are both
More-or-less cases
transitive in one More transitive Less transitive
sense because they
take an o-marked 貸す(かす) lend 借りる(かりる) borrow
direct object. 預ける(あずける) deposit 預かる(あずかる) receive

• However, in terms of 教える(おしえる) teach 教わる(おそわる) learn


the meaning, kasu is
more transitive
because an object
moves away from the
lender. Kariru is
more intransitive in
the sense that an
object merges with
the borrower.

• The same
explanation holds for
the other two pairs.

7 © S. Hamano and W. Kikuchi

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