LAW OF PARTNERSHIP

APPLICATION

 The Partnership Act of 1932 (Act IX of 1932) applies to partnerships created by

agreement between parties.

 The Act is not exhaustive.

 It does not apply to Joint Hindu Family firms.

ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF A PARTNERSHIP
1. Voluntary Agreement.

 The first element shows the voluntary contractual nature of partnership. A partnership
can only arise as a result of an agreement, express or implied, between two or more persons.
Where there is no agreement there is no partnership. But a partnership cannot be formed with
more than ten persons in banking and twenty persons in other types of business. A partnership
with persons exceeding the above limits must be registered under a Companies Act. [Section 4,
The Company Act, 1994]
2. Sharing of Profits of a Business.

 The second element states the motive underlying the formation of a partnership. It also
lays down that the existence of a business is essential to a partnership. Business includes any
trade, occupation or profession. If two or more persons join together to form a music club it is
not a partnership because there is no business in this case. But if two or more persons join
together to give musical performances to the public with a view to earning profit, there is a
business and a partnership is formed.
3. Mutual Agency.

 The third element is the most important feature of partnership. It states that persons
carrying on business in partnership are agents as well as principals. The business of a firm is
carried on by all or by any one or more of them on behalf of all. Every partner has the authority
to act on behalf of all and can, by his actions, bind all the partners of the firm. Each partner is
the agent of the others in all matters connected with the business of the partnership. The law
of partnership has therefore been called a branch of the law of agency.
RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES OF PARTNERS
Determination of rights and duties of partners by contract between the partners

 The mutual rights and duties of the partners of a firm may be determined by contract
between the partners. Such contract may be expressed or may be implied from the course of
dealings of the firm. The mutual rights and duties may be altered any time with the consent of
all the partners. [Sec. 11 (1)].
1. Rules regarding the conduct of the business. (Sec. 12).
 Subject to any agreement to the contrary, the following rules apply as regards the
management of a firm:
(a) every partner has a right to take part in the conduct of the business ;
(b) every partner is bound to attend diligently to his duties in the conduct of the business ;
(c) and difference arising as to ordinary matters connected with the business may be decided
by a majority of the partners, and every partner shall have the right to express his
opinion before the matter is decided but no change may be made in the nature of the
business without the consent of all the partners ; and
(d) every partner has a right to have access to and to inspect and copy any of the books of the
firm.
2. Mntuai rights and duties. (Sec. 13).

 Subject to any contract to the contrary, the mutual rights and duties of partners are as
follows :
(a) a partner is not entitled to receive remuneration for taking part in the conduct of
business;
(b) the partners are entitled to share equally in the profits earned and shall contribute
equally to the losses sustained by the firm;
(c) where a partner is entitled to interest on the capital subscribed by him such interest
shall be payable only out of profits;
(d) a partner making, for the purposes of the business, any payment or advance beyond the
amount of capital he has agreed to subscribe, is entitled to interest thereon at the rate
of six per cent per annum;
(e) the firm shall indemnify a partner in respect to payments made and liabilities incurred by
him—(i) in the ordinary and proper conduct of the business, and (ii) in doing such act, in
any emergency, for the purpose of protecting the firm from loss, as would be done by a
person of ordinary prudence, in his own case, under similar circumstances; and
(f) a partner shall indemnify the firm for any loss caused to it by his wilful neglect in the
conduct of the business of the firm.
3. Personal profits earned by partners. (Secret Profits—Sec. 16.)

 Subject to contract between the partners,

(a) if a partner derives any profit for himself from any transaction of the firm, or from the use
of the property or business connection of the firm or the firm name, he shall account for
that profit and pay it to the firm ;
(b) if a partner carries on any business of the same nature as and competing with that of
the firm, he shall account for and pay to the firm all profits made by him in that
business.

 Examples
(i) A partner without the knowledge of his other partners obtained for his own
benefit the renewal of the lease of the business premises of the firm. Held, the
renewed lease was partnership property. Featherstonehaugh v. Fenwick (1810)
17 Ves. 298.
(ii) P and Q were partners of a firm. Q was appointed to buy sugar for the firm.
Without the knowledge of P, he supplied his own sugar to the firm at the market
 price and made large profits. Held, he must make over the profits to the firm.
Bentley v. Craven (1853) 18 Beav. 75.
4. Continuance of pre-existing terms. (Sec. 17).

 Subject to contract between the partners, the relationship between them is presumed to
remain the same if the constitution of the firm changes for any reason, or if the firm was for a
fixed period and continues to exist after the expiry of the term, or when business not included
in the original contract is undertaken.
DISSOLUTION OF FIRMS
What is Dissolution ?

 Dissolution of a firm means the end of a firm by the break up of the relation of
partnership between all the partners. Dissolution is to be distinguished from reconstitution of a
firm. In the latter case, the partnership continues but there is a change in the number of
partners. In the former case there is complete severance of jural relations between all the
partners.
GROUNDS OF DISSOLUTION
1. By agreement. (Sec. 40).

 A firm may be dissolved any time with the consent of all the partners of the firm.
Partnership is created by contract, it can also be terminated by contract.
2. Compulsory Dissolution. (Sec. 41).

 A firm is dissolved—
(a) by the adjudication of all the partners or of all the partners but one as insolvent, or
(b) by the happening of any event which makes it unlawful for the business of the firm
to be carried on or for the partners to carry it on in partnership.

 But if a firm has more than one undertaking, some of which become unlawful and some
remain lawful, the firm may continue to carry on the lawful undertakings.
3. On the happening of Certain Contingencies. (Sec. 42).

 Subject to contract between the partners, a firm is dissolved—

(a) if constituted for a fixed term, by the expiry of that term;
(b) if constituted to carry out one or more adventures or undertakings, by the
completion thereof;
(c) by the death of a partner; and
(d) by the adjudication of a partner as an insolvent.

 The partnership agreement may provide that the firm will not be dissolved in any of the
aforementioned cases. Such a provision is valid.
4. By notice. (Sec. 43).

 Where the partnership is at will, the firm may be dissolved by any partner giving notice
in writing to all other partners of his intention to dissolve the firm. The firm is dissolved as from
the date mentioned in the notice as the date of dissolution, or, if no date is mentioned, as from
the date of communication of the notice.
5. Dissolution by the Court. (Sec. 44).

 At the suit of a partner, the court may dissolve a firm on any one of the following
grounds:
(a) Insanity. If a partner has become of unsound mind. The suit for dissolution in this case
can be filed by the next friend of the insane partner or by any other partner.
(b) Permanent incapacity. If a partner becomes permanently incapable of performing his
duties as a partner. Permanent incapacity may arise from an incurable illness like
paralysis. In Whitwell v. Arthur (1865) 35 Beav. 140 a partner was attacked with
paralysis which on medical evidence was found to be curable. Dissolution was not
granted.
The suit for dissolution in this case must be brought by a partner other than the person
who has become incapable.

(c) Guilty Conduct. If a partner is guilty of conduct which is likely to affect prejudicially the
carrying on of the business, regard being had to the nature of the business. To justify
dissolution under this clause the misconduct must be of such a nature as to affect
adversely the particular business concerned. Misconduct which affects one business
may not affect another business. Therefore' the court must take into account the
nature of business that the partnership carries on. The test generally applied is
whether the act complained of is likely to affect the credit and custom of the
particular business.
The suit for dissolution on the ground mentioned in this clause must be brought by a
partner other than the partner who is guilty of misconduct.

(d) Persistent Breach of Agreement. If a partner wilfully and persistently commits breach of
the partnership agreement regarding management, or otherwise conducts himself in
such a way that it is not reasonably practicable for the other partners to carry on
business in partnership with him.

The suit for dissolution in cases coming under this clause is to be brought by a
partner other than the partner guilty of the acts complained of.

(e) Transfer of whole interest. If a partner has transferred the whole of his interest in the firm
to an outsider or has allowed his interest to be sold in execution of a decree.
Transfer of a partner's interest does not by itself dissolve the firm. But the other
partners may ask the court to dissolve the firm if such a transfer occurs. Only the
transfer of the entire interest of the partner gives ground for action. The transfer of a
part of the partner's interest does not provide any ground for dissolution. The
formation of a sub-partnership is, therefore, not a ground for dissolution.
The suit for dissolution on the ground mentioned in this clause must be brought by a
partner other than the partner whose interest has been transferred or sold.

(f) Loss. If the business of the firm cannot be carried on except at a loss. Since the motive,
with which partnerships are formed, is acquisition of gain, the courts have been given
 discretion to dissolve a firm in cases where it is impossible to make profits.
(g) Just and Equitable clause. If the court considers it just and equitable to dissolve the firm.
This clause gives a discretionary power to the court to dissolve a firm in cases which do
not come within any of the foregoing clauses but which are considered to be fit and
proper cases for dissolution.