Superior Group of Technology

ASSIGNMENT

NAME: JAWAD SANDHU

ROLL NO: BSEF-1707

SEMESTER: 6TH

TEACHER: NASIR NOOR SAAB

SUBJECT: MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT NO: 1

DATE: 05-06-2020
 1 where microwaves fall on the electromagnetic spectrum

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetism:
Light is part of a spectrum of electromagnetic energy that includes radio waves,
microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet "light", x rays, and gamma
rays. Electromagnetic energy travels as waves that vary in wavelength. Radio
waves and microwaves lie at the longer end of the spectrum of electromagnetic
energy (kilometers and meters to centimeters and milimeters), while x rays and
gamma rays have very short wavelengths (billionths or trillionths of a meter).
Infrared radiation, what we experience as heat when we hold our hand near a warm
object, is somewhat longer wavelengths than visible light. Visible light is simply
electromagnetic radiation in a range of wavelengths that our eyes are sensitive to.
Visible wavelengths range from 0.0007 milimeters for red light, through orange,
yellow, green, and blue, to 0.0004 milimeters for violet light. Ultraviolet is shorter
wavelengths than violet.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum:

The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all types of
EM radiation. Radiation is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes –
the visible light that comes from a lamp in your house and the radio waves
that come from a radio station are two types of electromagnetic radiation.
The other types of EM radiation that make up the electromagnetic spectrum
are microwaves, infrared light, ultraviolet light, X-rays and gamma-rays.
You know more about the electromagnetic spectrum than you may think.
The image below shows where you might encounter each portion of the EM
spectrum in your day-to-day life.

The electromagnetic spectrum from lowest energy/longest wavelength (at

the top) to highest energy/shortest wavelength (at the bottom). (Credit:
NASA's Imagine the Universe)
Radio: Your radio captures radio waves emitted by radio stations, bringing
your favorite tunes. Radio waves are also emitted by stars and gases in
space.
Microwave: Microwave radiation will cook your popcorn in just a few
minutes, but is also used by astronomers to learn about the structure of
nearby galaxies.
Infrared: Night vision goggles pick up the infrared light emitted by our skin
and objects with heat. In space, infrared light helps us map
the dust between stars.
Visible: Our eyes detect visible light. Fireflies, light bulbs, and stars all emit
visible light.

Ultraviolet: Ultraviolet radiation is emitted by the Sun and are the reason

skin tans and burns. "Hot" objects in space emit UV radiation as well.

X-ray: A dentist uses X-rays to image your teeth, and airport security uses
them to see through your bag. Hot gases in the Universe also emit X-rays.

Gamma ray: Doctors use gamma-ray imaging to see inside your body. The
biggest gamma-ray generator of all is the Universe.

Is a radio wave the same as a gamma ray?

Are radio waves completely different physical objects than gamma-rays?
They are produced in different processes and are detected in different
ways, but they are not fundamentally different. Radio waves, gamma-rays,
visible light, and all the other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are
electromagnetic radiation.

Electromagnetic radiation can be described in terms of a stream of mass-

less particles, called photons, each traveling in a wave-like pattern at
the speed of light. Each photon contains a certain amount of energy. The
different types of radiation are defined by the the amount of energy found in
the photons. Radio waves have photons with low energies, microwave
photons have a little more energy than radio waves, infrared photons have
still more, then visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and, the most energetic of all,
gamma-rays.

Measuring electromagnetic radiation:

Electromagnetic radiation can be expressed in terms of energy,
wavelength, or frequency. Frequency is measured in cycles per second,
or Hertz. Wavelength is measured in meters. Energy is measured
in electron volts. Each of these three quantities for describing EM radiation
are related to each other in a precise mathematical way. But why have
three ways of describing things, each with a different set of physical units?

Comparison of wavelength, frequency and energy for the electromagnetic

spectrum. (Credit: NASA's Imagine the Universe)

The short answer is that scientists don't like to use numbers any bigger or
smaller than they have to. It is much easier to say or write "two kilometers"
than "two thousand meters." Generally, scientists use whatever units are
easiest for the type of EM radiation they work with.

Astronomers who study radio waves tend to use wavelengths or

frequencies. Most of the radio part of the EM spectrum falls in the range
from about 1 cm to 1 km, which is 30 gigahertz (GHz) to 300 kilohertz (kHz)
in frequencies. The radio is a very broad part of the EM spectrum.

Infrared and optical astronomers generally use wavelength. Infrared

astronomers use microns (millionths of a meter) for wavelengths, so their
part of the EM spectrum falls in the range of 1 to 100 microns. Optical
astronomers use both angstroms (0.00000001 cm, or 10-8 cm) and
nanometers (0.0000001 cm, or 10-7 cm). Using nanometers, violet, blue,
green, yellow, orange, and red light have wavelengths between 400 and
700 nanometers. (This range is just a tiny part of the entire EM spectrum,
so the light our eyes can see is just a little fraction of all the EM radiation
around us.)
The wavelengths of ultraviolet, X-ray, and gamma-ray regions of the EM
spectrum are very small. Instead of using wavelengths, astronomers that
study these portions of the EM spectrum usually refer to these photons by
their energies, measured in electron volts (eV). Ultraviolet radiation falls in
the range from a few electron volts to about 100 eV. X-ray photons have
energies in the range 100 eV to 100,000 eV (or 100 keV). Gamma-rays
then are all the photons with energies greater than 100 keV.

2 process of use of microwave in oven

How Do Microwaves Work?
Microwaves Are A Form Of Energy:
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves that fly through space at the speed
of light. We can't see microwaves, but if you could, you would see the
microwave cooking chamber light up with an intense glow.

Microwaves are shorter than radio waves but longer than infrared
radiation. The microwave used for cooking is about 12 centimeters from
crest to crest, says Louis Bloomfield, a professor of physics at the University
of Virginia. At this wavelength, microwaves are readily absorbed by most
foods. But the particles in a microwave, known as photons, don't have
enough energy to damage molecules and cause cancer like ultraviolet rays
or X-rays.
The Microwave Oven:
A component called the magnetron generates microwaves from electricity
inside the microwave oven. To power the magnetron, a transformer
converts the standard household electricity from a wall socket of 120 volts
to about 4,000 volts or higher. The voltage heats a filament at the center of
the magnetron, boiling off electrons.

The electrons would rush out in straight line toward an anode, or positive
terminal, that surrounds the filament, but two ring magnets above and
below the anode bend the electrons back toward the filament and they fly
around in a circular path. Microwaves are created as the electrons whip
past cavities, or openings, in the anode.
"It's like blowing across the top of a glass bottle," says Bob Schiffmann,
president of the International Microwave Power Institute. But instead of
producing a sound whistle, oscillating waves are generated at a specific
frequency, typically 2.45 gigahertz. The microwaves are transmitted into
the cooking compartment by an antenna where they are bounced around
eventually penetrating the food. 
The microwave door contains a metal mesh that reflects the microwaves
like a mirror and keeps them from leaking out. The mesh holes are too
small for microwaves to escape through but large enough that visible light
can, so we can see what's cooking inside.

Most microwaves have a glass turntable that moves the food around like a
carousel so that it heats evenly. If the food wasn't being rotated, parts of
your meal would get stuck in the microwave's hot and cold spots.
How does a cell phone use microwaves to encode and transmit
sounds:
When talking on a cell phone, a transmitter takes the sound of your voice
and encodes it onto a continuous sine wave (see How Radio Works to
learn more about how sound is transmitted). A sine wave is just a type of
continuously varying wave that radiates out from the antenna and
fluctuates evenly through space. Sine waves are measured in terms
of frequency, which is the number of times a wave oscillates up and down
per second. Once the encoded sound has been placed on the sine wave,
the transmitter sends the signal to the antenna, which then sends the signal
out.

Cell phones have low-power transmitters in them. Most car phones have a
transmitter power of 3 watts. A handheld cell phone operates on
about 0.75 to 1 watt of power. The position of a transmitter inside a phone
varies depending on the manufacturer, but it is usually in close proximity to
the phone's antenna. The radio waves that send the encoded signal are
made up of electromagnetic radiation propagated by the antenna. The
function of an antenna in any radio transmitter is to launch the radio waves
into space; in the case of cell phones, these waves are picked up by
a receiver in the cell-phone tower.

Electromagnetic radiation is made up of waves of electric and magnetic

energy moving at the speed of light, according to the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). All electromagnetic energy falls
somewhere on the electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges
from extremely low frequency (ELF) radiation to X-rays and gamma rays.
Later, you will learn how these levels of radiation affect biological tissue.

When talking on a cell phone, most users place the phone against the head.
In this position, there is a good chance that some of the radiation will be
absorbed by human tissue. In the next section, we will look at why some
 scientists believe that cell phones are harmful, and you'll find out what
effects these ubiquitous devices may have.

In the late 1970s, concerns were raised that magnetic fields from power
lines were causing leukemia in children. Subsequent epidemiological
studies found no connection between cancer and power lines. A more
recent health scare related to everyday technology is the potential for
radiation damage caused by cell phones. Studies on the issue continue to
contradict one another.

All cell phones emit some amount of electromagnetic radiation. Given the
close proximity of the phone to the head, it is possible for the radiation to
cause some sort of harm to the 118 million cell-phone users in the United
States. What is being debated in the scientific and political arenas is just
how much radiation is considered unsafe, and if there are any potential
long-term effects of cell-phone radiation exposure.

There are two types of electromagnetic radiation:

 Ionizing radiation - This type of radiation contains enough

electromagnetic energy to strip atoms and molecules from the tissue and
alter chemical reactions in the body. Gamma rays and X-rays are two forms
of ionizing radiation. We know they cause damage, which is why we wear a
lead vest when X-rays are taken of our bodies.
 Non-ionizing radiation - Non-ionizing radiation is typically safe. It
causes some heating effect, but usually not enough to cause any type of
long-term damage to tissue. Radio-frequency energy,
visible light and microwave radiation are considered non-ionizing.
On its Web site, the FDA states that "the available scientific evidence does
not demonstrate any adverse health effects associated with the use of
mobile phones." However, that doesn't mean that the potential for harm
doesn't exist. Radiation can damage human tissue if it is exposed to high
levels of RF radiation, according to the FCC. RF radiation has the ability
to heat human tissue, much like the way microwave ovens heat food.
Damage to tissue can be caused by exposure to RF radiation because the
body is not equipped to dissipate excessive amounts of heat. The eyes are
particularly vulnerable due to the lack of blood flow in that area.

The added concern with non-ionizing radiation, the type of radiation

associated with cell phones, is that it could have long-term effects.
Although it may not immediately cause damage to tissue, scientists are still
unsure about whether prolonged exposure could create problems. This is
an especially sensitive issue today, because more people are using cell
phones than ever before. In 1994, there were 16 million cell-phone users in
the United States alone. As of July 17, 2001, there were more than 118
million.

Radar stands for:

Radar is an acronym for "radio detection and ranging." A radar system
usually operates in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or microwave part of the
radio-frequency (RF) spectrum.
Radars are critical for understanding the weather; they allow us to “see”
inside clouds and help us to observe what is really happening. Working
together, engineers, technicians, and scientists collectively design, develop
and operate the advanced technology of radars that are used to study the
atmosphere.
What are Weather Radars?
Doppler weather radars are remote sensing instruments and are capable
of detecting particle type (rain, snow, hail, insects, etc), intensity, and
motion. Radar data can be used to determine the structure of storms and to
help with predicting severity of storms.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy is emitted in various frequencies and wavelengths from large
wavelength radio waves to shorter wavelength gamma rays. Radars emit
microwave energy, a longer wavelength, highlighted in yellow.
How Do Radars Work?
The radar transmits a focused pulse of microwave energy (yup, just like
a microwave oven or a cell phone, but stronger) at an object, most likely
a cloud. Part of this beam of energy bounces back and is measured by the
radar, providing information about the object. Radar can measure
precipitation size, quantity, speed and direction of movement, within about
100 mile radius of its location.

How Does Doppler Radar Work?

Doppler radar is a specific type of radar that uses the Doppler effect to
gather velocity data from the particles that are being measured. For
example, a Doppler radar transmits a signal that gets reflected off raindrops
within a storm. The reflected radar signal is measured by the radar's
receiver with a change in frequency. That frequency shift is directly related
to the motion of the raindrops.
When a storm is When a  storm is When a  storm is
stationary, the moving towards the moving away from the
transmitted energy and radar, the transmitted radar, the transmitted
the reflected energy or wavelength's frequency wavelength’s frequency
“echo” will not change, will be lower than the will be higher than the
as shown below. reflected wavelength reflected
frequency. wavelength’s frequency.

Why does NCAR use radars for research?

Atmospheric scientists use different types of ground-based and aircraft-

mounted radar to study weather and climate. Radar can be used to help
study severe weather events such tornadoes and hurricanes, or long-
term climate processes in the atmosphere.
Ground-based Research Radar
The NCAR S-Band Dual-Polarization Doppler Radar (S-PolKa) is a 10-cm
wavelength weather radar initially designed and fielded by NCAR in the
1990s. Continuously modified and improved, this state-of-the-art radar
system now includes dual-wavelength capability. When the Ka-band is
added, a 0.8-cm wavelength radar, it is known as S-PolKa. S-PolKa’s
mission is to promote a better understanding of weather and its causes and
thereby ultimately provide improved forecasting of severe storms,
tornadoes, floods, hail, damaging winds, aircraft icing conditions, and
heavy snow.
Airborne Research Radar
In the air, research aircraft can be outfitted with an array of radars.
The NCAR HIAPER Cloud Radar (HCR) can be mounted to the underside
of the wing of the NSF/NCAR HIAPER research aircraft (a modified
Gulfstream V jet) and delivers high quality observations of winds,
precipitation and other particles. It was designed and manufactured by a
collaborative team of mechanical, electrical, aerospace, and software
engineers; research scientists; and instrument makers from EOL.