J. W.

Baughn
Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California,
Davis, CA 95616
A Comparison of the Transient
Mem. ASME
and Heated-Coating Methods for
P. T. Ireland
St. Anne's College and Department of
the Measurement of Local Heat
Engineering Science,
Oxford University,
Oxford, United Kingdom OX26HS
Transfer Coefficients on a Pin Fin
Fellow ASME
Measurements of the local heat transfer coefficients on a pin fin {i.e., a short
cylinder in crossflow) in a duct have been made using two methods, both of which
T. V. Jones employ liquid crystals to map an isotherm on the surface. The transient method uses
Professor, the liquid crystal to determine the transient response of the surface temperature to a
St. Catherine's College and Department of change in the fluid temperature. The local heat transfer coefficient is determined
Engineering Science, from the surface response time and the thermal properties of the substrate. The
Oxford University, heated-coating method uses an electrically heated coating (vacuum-deposited gold
Oxford, United Kingdom 0X26HS in this case) to provide a uniform heat flux, while the liquid crystal is used to locate
an isotherm on the surface. The two methods compare well, especially the value ob-
N. Saniei tained near the center stagnation point of the pin fin where the difference in the ther-
mal boundary condition of the two methods has little effect. They are close but dif-
Lecturer, fer somewhat in other regions.
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California,
Davis, CA 95616

Introduction
The measurement of local heat transfer coefficients for ment. For example, Ireland and Jones (1986) have used the
complex geometries with their correspondingly complex flows transient method with a chiral nematic (thermochromic) liquid
is important in many applications. For example, in gas tur- crystal on the surface of a plastic (Perspex) substrate. These
bines local heat transfer coefficients are needed for designing were also the methods used by Jones and Hippensteele (1987).
blade coolant passages, and in electronic and computer Baughn et al. (1986a) have used the heated-coating method by
packages local heat transfer coefficients are needed to design applying the same liquid crystal directly on the surface of an
cooling systems to prevent chip overheating. Measurements of ultrathin (vacuum-deposited) electrically heated gold coating.
the local heat transfer coefficient provide both needed design An apparatus that was previously used for a study of pin fin
data and a check on computational models for the prediction heat transfer using the transient method (see Ireland and
of heat transfer for such complex flows. Jones, 1986) was selected for the present comparison for
Two experimental techniques that have been used for the several reasons: it provides an interesting and important com-
global measurement of local heat transfer coefficients over a plex flow; a full set of transient data existed; and a heated-
surface are the transient method (Ireland and Jones, 1985) and coating pin fin could be easily substituted in the existing ap-
the heated-coating method (Baughn et al., 1985). Other paratus for the transient method pin fin previously used. Flow
techniques for local measurements include the heat flux sensor around a pin fin (or pedestal, i.e., a short cylinder mounted
method (Baughn et al., 1987), which uses a sensor at selected across a duct with flow in the duct) is a complex three-
positions, and the naphthalene method (Sparrow et al., 1984), dimensional flow with flow separation and vortices. It is a
which makes global measurements of mass transfer that are geometry of interest in such areas as internal blade cooling in
then related to heat transfer by analogy. Direct comparisons gas turbines and electronic cooling systems.
of different methods under identical flow conditions are im-
portant. A recent comparison of the transient method and the
heated-coating method for heat transfer to the curved wall of
0 = 60,,
a wind tunnel by Jones and Hippensteele (1987) has shown
that these two methods produce consistent results for similar
flows, although there were large differences in the
measurements due to their differing thermal boundary
conditions.
This paper deals with a comparison of the transient and the
heated-coating methods for the case of flow around a pin fin
in a duct where a center line stagnation point exists. At the
stagnation point the heat transfer coefficient should be in-
dependent of the thermal boundary condition. Significant im-
provements in these two methods have recently been made by
adapting liquid crystals for the surface temperature measure-

Contributed by the Heat Transfer Division and presented at the 33rd Interna-
tional Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition, Amsterdam, The •• Flow during by-pass stage
Netherlands, June 6-9,1988. Manuscript received by the Heat Transfer Division
March 31, 1988; revision received January 23, 1989. Paper No. 88-GT-180. -^ FIOUJ during test stage
Keywords: Finned Surfaces, Flow Separation, Measurement Techniques. Fig. 1 Diagram of the apparatus

Journal of Heat Transfer NOVEMBER 1989, Vol. 111 / 877

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 Experimental Apparatus Plastic Walls & Pin Fin

A basic diagram of the duct used in this study is shown in

Fig. 1. The duct was 0.6 m wide and 0.12 m high. Diagrams of
the pin fin design for the transient method and for the heated-
coating method are shown in Figs. 2(a) and 2(b), respectively.
The pin fin diameter was 6.0 cm, which corresponds to an
L/D of 2.0. It was mounted 1.88 m downstream of a bypass
section giving an upstream development length of approx-
imately 16 duct heights. Upstream of the bypass section there
were heater and diffuser sections.
When used with the transient method the flow is initially
stabilized in the bypass line with no flow in the test duct. In
this case the heaters are used to raise the flow air temperature
to 60-70°C, while the apparatus remains at ambient
temperature. The test is begun by simultaneously closing the
bypass valve and opening the in-line valve. Details on the ex-
perimental procedure for the transient method with this ap-
paratus are given by Ireland (1987).
When used with the heated-coating method, the flow is
unheated and is stabilized directly in the main duct containing
the pin fin. The flow rate was adjusted so that the pin fin
Reynolds number based on the pin diameter and the center
velocity was 18,000 since a complete set of data using the tran-
sient method was available at this Reynolds number. The air
velocity distribution was measured just upstream of the pin fin
with a pitot tube and the air temperature distribution was
measured near the same location with a calibrated
thermocouple.
Transient Method
The transient method has a long history and a complete
review is beyond the scope of this paper. It was used for many
years at high temperatures in shock tunnels for the measure-
ment of heat flux (Schultz and Jones, 1973). In these applica-
tions the surface was usually a ceramic and the surface
temperature was measured with a film resistance thermometer
(usually platinum). Although some early external thermal
paint measurements are reviewed by Schultz and Jones (1973)
and Jones (1977), the use of the transient technique at lower
temperatures for internal flows has been developed more
recently. Clifford et al. (1983) first used phase change paints
on acrylic (Perspex) models to study heat transfer within gas
turbine blade cooling passages. More recently Ireland and
Jones (1985, 1986) have used liquid crystals on the surface as
the temperature sensor. The technique can be used for very
complex geometries including curved ducts (Metzger and Lar-
son, 1986) and complex gas turbine blade cooling passages
(Clifford et al., 1983; Saabas et al., 1987).
The basic principles and the data reduction for this method
are described by Ireland and Jones (1985, 1986) and Ireland
(1987) so only a brief review is given here. The transient
method uses the surface temperature transient in response to a
fluid temperature change as a measure of the surface heat flux
Fig. 2(a) Diagram of transient method
Electrodes
Gold Coating
with Liquid
Crystal
:^,.»^-^*.*. ~
Styrofoam , Thjn ^a||ed
b e a d s
plastic tube
Fig. 2(b) Diagram of heated-coating method
and the corresponding heat transfer coefficient. For example,
if a step change in the fluid temperature is induced, the surface
temperature for a semi-infinite body with one-dimensional
heat transfer is given by
Ww-T,)/lTa-T,) = l-e* 2 erfc( 7 )
(1)
7 = kit / ~ipckw
When the surface has a low thermal diffusivity (e.g.,
plastic), this one-dimensional assumption is often a good ap-
proximation, since the surface temperature response is limited
to a thin layer near the surface and lateral conduction can be
shown to be small (Dunne, 1983). In the present work,
although the inlet fluid temperature is very close to a step
change, the actual air temperature transient is measured and
used in the data reduction. Although both thermal paints and
melting point coatings (see Clifford et al., 1983, and Metzger
et al., 1986, respectively) and liquid crystals (Ireland and
Jones, 1986) have been used for the surface temperature
measurement, liquid crystals have been found to be particular-
ly suitable since their response is repeatable and their color
play can be easily recorded with a video system (Ireland and
Jones, 1986). In the present study the pin fin and duct walls
are Perspex and the liquid crystal is silk-screen printed on the
inside surface duct walls and on the pin fin (see Fig. 2a).
The video recording provides the time and location of the
color play on the surface. In the present study the initial sur-
face temperature is near 20°C, the flow temperaure is approx-
imately 70°C, and three liquid crystals were used
simultaneously in a single coating. The crystal color band

Nu = local Nusselt number based

A = area of gold coating
c = specific heat of substrate
D = diameter of pin fin
f = gold coating nonuniformity
factor
FP = Frossling number = Nu/
VRe
h = heat transfer coefficient
H = pin fin and pedestal height
I = gold coating current
kw = thermal conductivity of
substrate
on D U velocity at position y
Qc = convective heat flux ucL centerline velocity
QL = heat flux loss due to V voltage across gold coating
conduction y distance from duct wall
Re = Reynolds number based on z distance from pin centerline
D and UcL e emissivity of liquid crystal
t = time surface
T„ = air temperature e angle around pin fin or
T, = initial wall temperature cylinder as measured from
Tu = liquid crystal temperature the front
T„ = wall surface temperature at p density of plastic substrate
time t a Stefan-Boltzmann constant

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 Table 1 Uncertainty analysis: contribution of individual
Liquid Crystal temperature measurands
aboue color play
temperatures.
&X; dNuxlOO
Xj Value SXj
Nil; dXj

A. Transient Method
Duct Center Line
t 12 s 0.1 0.8
pck 569 29 5.0
'Lc ~ 'a 14 K 0.5 3.6
T- — T 41.5 K 0.3 0.7
Nu uncertainty = 7.2 percent
Position of crystal
color play B. Heated-Coating Method
I 0.86 A 0.01 1.2
V 7.6 V 0.1 1.3
Liquid Crystal
temperature A 0.0226 m 2 0.00045 2.0
below color play
temperatures.
f 1.0 0.02 2.0
e 0.5 0.1 2.4
Fig. 3 Sketch of the pin fin from video frame showing location of the TLC ~ Ta 10.2 K 0.15 1.0
liquid crystal color play for the transient method (viewed from the side, T 31.6°C 0.2 2.0
0 = 90 deg) Nu uncertainty = 4.7 percent

method a very thin conductive coating (vacuum-deposited

Liquid Crystal temperature
below color play
temperatures, ^ trically heated. Conduction in the plastic substrate is generally
"s
Duct Center Line
Position of crystal
color play
^<J
Liquid Crystal
temperature
aboue color play
temperatures.
Fig. 4 Sketch of the pin fin from a 35 mm photograph showing location
of the liquid crystal color play for the heated-coating method (viewed
from the side, 0 = 90 deg)
(e.g., the range of temperature over which the colors occur)
was approximately 1°C and occurred at temperatures of 31,
35, and 41.2"C. Figure 3 shows the location of the liquid
crystal colors at a particular time as sketched from a video
frame. The line of constant color on this sketch would repre-
sent an isotherm and is a line of constant heat transfer
coefficient.
The uncertainty in the measurement of the heat transfer
coefficient with the transient method has been estimated for
these results using standard uncertainty methods (Kline and
McKlintock, 1953), with odds of 20:1. The individual con-
tributions of each measurand to the total uncertainty are given
in Table 1. The total uncertainty is estimated as 7.2 percent.
The uncertainty in the Reynolds number was estimated to be
approximately 1 percent, which is much lower than that of the
heat transfer coefficient, so the total uncertainty in the Fross-
ling number is essentially the same as that of the Nusselt
number (and the heat transfer coefficient). The uncertainty in
the position around the pin fin is estimated to be ± 5 ° on the
front and rear and ±2° on the side and the uncertainty in the
position along the pin fin (z) is estimated to be ±1.0 mm.
Heated-Coating Method
The heated-coating method also has a long history and
again space does not allow a complete review here. It has
recently been described by Baughn et al. (1985,1986a), so only
a brief description is included here. In the heated-coating
gold in this case) on the surface of a plastic substrate (a thin
polyester sheet mounted to a plastic tube in this case) is elec-
quite small (less than 1 percent of the surface heating) so that
the surface boundary condition is very close to a uniform heat
flux. An early example of this is the copper coating used in a
flat duct by Hatton and Woolley (1972). Several methods for
measuring the surface temperature have been used including
thermocouples (Baughn et al., 1985) and the resistance of the
coating itself (Oker and Merte, 1981). In recent developments
Hippensteele et al. (1983, 1985, 1987), Simonich and Moffat
(1982), and Baughn et al. (1986a) have used liquid crystals to
map the surface isotherms. Since the heat flux can be adjusted
by changing the electrical voltage on the electrodes, the sur-
face temperatures can be increased or decreased. When this is
done an isotherm on the surface corresponds to a line of con-
stant heat transfer coefficient. The local heat transfer coeffi-
cient at the position of the color play is then given by
h = qc/(TLc-Ta) (2)
where qc is given by
qc=fIV/A-eo{Tic-,n)-qL (3)
and/is the ratio of the local electrical heating to the average
heating and accounts for nonuniformity in the coating. The
radiation correction assumes the surrounding walls have a
large area and are at the ambient temperature.
In the present study, a narrow band liquid crystal with a col-
or play of 0.7°C at approximately 42°C is used. The ambient
temperature was approximately 25°C. The position of the col-
or play is moved on the surface by adjusting the electrical
heating. A typical photograph showing the color distribution
for a particular power setting is shown in Fig. 4. A line of con-
stant color represents both an isotherm and a line of constant
heat transfer coefficient, the value being given by equation (2).
The uncertainty in the measurement of the heat transfer
coefficient has been estimated for these measurements at 4.7
percent. The individual contributions of the measurands are
shown in Table 1.
Since at these low values of the heat transfer coefficient the
thermal radiation correction can be as high as 3-7 percent, the
uncertainty caused by the emissivity may be significant.
Measurements of the emissivity were made by inserting the pin
fin in a vacuum chamber. For the thin silk-screened liquid
crystal coating used here the emissivity was found to be 0.5
with an uncertainty of 0.1. A thicker brushed-on coating of
liquid crystal had an emissivity of 0.9. As shown in Table 1,
the uncertainty in emissivity is the largest contributor to the
total uncertainty. Another important source of uncertainty i s /

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 Velocity distribution (same for both methods) 1.2

Re == 18,000
.0 -- H L/D = 2
z / D = 0.75
/ D
0.5 f1
17
\
en 0.6
V J /
Temperature distribution (sc)

\ «EB- %
frf
0.4 -
! "~^X
? \ Transient
Gold cooling
i ] 0.2 _ o -- transient method -- pin fin
D - heated—coating me thod - p in fin
-

i 40
_
50
^ ^
60 70
i , , i i i i i i i i
Ta(y> 0.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Fig. 5 Typical velocity and temperature distribution upstream of the
pin fin
Fig. 7 Comparison of transient and heated-coating methods for a pin
fin at Z/D = 0.75
1.2
2.0
ta^c. Re 18,000
1.0 l 2
" %%
, ^ /P
z/D = 0
1.6
Re = 18,000
Ag L/D = 2
0.8
\
\ V
1.2
"0.6
\ /V
'/ en -o -O-B Q- _e -^j^^fr-
V
0.4
ystsooj
0.8

0.2 _ o transient method, pin f n

o heated coating metho d, pin fin
0.4
o transient method, pin fin
0.0 i i i i i D heated-coating method, pin fin
30 60 90 120 150 180
0.
Fig. 6 Comparison of transient and heated-coating methods for a pin .0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.C
fin at the centerline (Z/D = 0) z/D
Fig. 8 Comparison of transient and heated-coating methods along the
leading edge of the pin fin

(the nonuniformity in the coating). For a small carefully

selected sheet such as used here the nonuniformity may be as
low as 2 percent as given here. In general, it may be much
higher (up to 6 percent).
The uncertainty in the Reynolds number is estimated at 1
percent, which contributes little to the total uncertainty in the
Frossling number. The uncertainty in position is the same as
that for the transient method.
Results
The velocity and temperature profiles upstream of the pin
fin are shown in Figs. 5(a) and 5(b), respectively. Although the
velocity profiles are the same, the upstream air temperature
distributions are quite different. The air has been heated for
the transient method and has a distribution across the channel,
while it is at ambient temperature and is uniform for the
heated-coating method. The distribution for the transient
method is caused by the heat transfer to the upstream duct
walls, while in the heated-coating method the walls are at am-
bient temperature (the same as the air) and act as adiabatic
boundary condition. Only the pin fin surface is heated for the
heated-coating method results reported here.
The heat transfer coefficient distribution around the pin
(given in terms of the Frossling number based on the
centerline velocity, pin fin diameter, and centerline
temperature) is shown in Fig. 6 for the centerline (z/D = 0.0)
and in Fig. 7 for a position farther out along the pin fin
(z/D = QJ5). In both methods and for both of these distribu-
tions the heat transfer coefficient is based on the centerline air
temperature measured just upstream of the pin fin. The
Reynolds number is based on the centerline velocity near the
same position.
For the centerline position (z/D = 0.0) the results from both
methods are very similar and agree well within the estimated
uncertainties at the stagnation point. Farther out on the pin
fin (z/D = 0.75) the heat transfer coefficients over the front
of the pin fin for the heated-coating methods are higher than
those for the transient method. This is a consequence of the
difference in the temperature distribution across the duct for
the transient method and heated-coating method. The heat
transfer coefficients are based on the centerline air
temperature and the wall boundary conditions are different in
both cases. As a result, as we approach the duct wall, the two
methods diverge. This is shown in Fig. 8 where the Frossling
number distribution along the leading edge of the pin fin is
compared.

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 In order to understand these results, it is helpful to recall the
effect of wall thermal boundary condition on the heat transfer
coefficient distribution around an infinite cylinder (Papell,
1981). The stagnation line values for the infinite cylinder
should be independent of the thermal boundary conditions.
However, the distribution of the heat transfer coefficient
around the cylinder is quite different for different boundary
conditions. A cylinder with uniform heat flux boundary con-
dition has a higher heat transfer coefficient on the front and in
the region of separation than one with a uniform temperature.
At the rear of the cylinder the heat transfer coefficient for the
uniform temperature boundary condition increases rapidly
and becomes greater than that for the uniform heat flux.
The heated-coating method provides a uniform heat flux
boundary condition and the transient method approximates a
uniform wall temperature boundary condition. The results
shown in Figs. 6 and 7 are consistent with these boundary con-
dition effects.
Conclusions
Heat transfer results for the transient and heated-coating
methods have been compared for a pin fin in a duct and found
to compare well in absolute value in the stagnation region.
Differences observed away from the stagnation point are con-
sistent with the effect of the different thermal boundary condi-
tions imposed by the two methods. This comparison increases
the confidence in both of these powerful methods. The tran-
sient method (which approximates a uniform temperature
boundary condition) is very useful for handling very complex
geometries. The heated-coating method (which provides a
uniform heat flux boundary condition) is restricted to
geometries with curvature in one direction, but provides
relatively low uncertainty absolute results, which are useful
for comparison to computational results.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the
University of California UERG program, the S.E.R.C, the
Ministry of Defence (procurement executive) and Rolls Royce
Ltd., and kind permission of Rolls Royce to publish the work.
The technical support of Mr. P. Timms is also gratefully
acknowledged. The authors are listed in alphabetical order.
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NOVEMBER 1989, Vol. 111 /881