ONIT= Vv a TYPES OF BRIDGES There are wo Tupes 4. D.c Bridges | 2. A.c Bridaes | 4.D.c Bridges: | This bridges are mainly used for Measurement of “Resistances. Here the excitatten Velkase 7s D.c Velkase A-wheatstone Bridge Q. Kelvin Bridge. 2 A.c Bridges: This types of Bridges are used to | Peasure the Tmpedances Consisting of | fnductances and capacitances. here the excitation Velkage is A.¢ Valtage 41. Maxwell bridge. Hay Bridge. Schering Bridge. Anderson Bridge owen Bridge. wein Bridge. po hue Classification of Resistances: A.low Resistance - 24.2. 2. medium Resistance- 4. toe lee Kn 3. High “Resistance — too=WHEATSTONE BRIDGE %* The Simplest form of bridge fs for the Purpose of measuring resistance) and is called the wheatstene bridge. x Tels bridge fs widely used for Precision meaSurement of ResiStane From 1.9 te the low mega ohm Yange. * rt fs Ehe most accurate method avaltable for measuring Resistance and 75 Popular for laboratory use Dirks FRatto arms ahead aS : aL : v 7 xy Ry, Stoned Rs Uninown ‘Resistor. 3 WheakStore Bridge. * This bridge Consists of four Resistive, arms , together with a De Source v| and null deflector.A TBe null deflecter may be galvanomebe | (G@) or okher Senattive Current meter, When HRe current through the galvane- -meter {3 zero, tRe circuit said to be balanced . Under balanced Cond?tfon —o i T=Ig= ¥ | Bit Rs Tism. + Pat By sub Zi23 tote @ v 7 = Re Fits Par Ba | R, Ba RitRe Barry Fi (Rat®y) = Ral yt Bs) RyHot BiR4= Bat Bas Ri R= BoksThe unknown Reafstor 7s Ry or Ry canbe found as follows. Ree Ry = te-Rs where. Ryaed Ra ave called Yatio arms Rs ts called Standard arm, Ry ot Rx fs unknewon 'Resigtana, KELViN's BrRipGe %* wheatstone bridge fs not Suitable fos Very Louw Resistance. * Kelvin Bridge fs a med? freation of wheatstene bridge, #xtis used to measure Value of Vesistence below 1.2. * Here Ky tsa resis tance of Connecting lead from Rs te Ra. The -dalvano~ cmeker Canbe Connected either to Post b or to pointe. | when fhe galvanometer 7s Connected ke Point a, the Resictancs Ry ts added to the unknown Resistas dsBa. Resulting fo too high an ent For Rec. when tRe galvanometer fs Connected te Peint b, Ry fe added to bridge arm Ra. Due to ths Reswti measurement of Rie will be lower. because now Efe actual Value of Rs fs higher Fhan its tovmal value by Yesistance Ry, kelvin's bridge. when EBe galvanometeriS Gnnected Grnrected to Pointe c, fn between two poines a andb. tHe yatfo of te btoe and is, Tn Sacha Way thak wesistances from a toc %s equals tHeYatfo of tke Yesistance R,and Ry ted Roe Rac Ra Under balanced Cond ftfeng Rx+ Rec BL (Rs Bac) -® Also RactRae= Ry Be. AL Bae Faay RETR Ry Be Py Bite Fe= FiRy Bit Bo Sub Roc and Ric Tnto equ A- Rat Hi _ Bly, Babe Ras, Bal” Rate Bor PRY _ Bias 4, Bars RR, Ra Ra Ba Kelvin double. bridge. aThis cewk consists of douwle be eae Because fr incorporates a Seand set OF Yabio arms. The Seend set of arms mand L. Connected He galvanometer toa point Fak rhe potential between Cc and d and fr eliminares Fhe effect’ of he vesistance Ry. ‘The ratio of TRe resistances ef arms mand 2 is the Same as the vatio of Bi and Ba The galvanometer Indication fs Zeve when khe Pokential ak a and F ave equal. Vab= Voc Bur Nob = 2 ay = RyitRa and Vet lage nest Lo (md)4+ Ry Sub equ a fnte 4, : Cra) Ry Van = Be va] Tar nat © yt Pe (ona + RY Siwilarly Vees ==] at ai |eal[-e mth | (med) +RyBu Nab = Yor IR |e I pee (m429Ry es lnee od Py | Rit Bo (ma 2o4Ry “ror [mata Rat Ba 4 2% By i By Ro [re mBy (mr )4'RY Pa (rr) +R Rat Boe + OOD Fs aah mBy _ Se (mate By | Re nad) + BY mi me Ps (m4 DBy _ BP i met eR 4 HS Fart OES Be epee NW Era a. - PRs, mBRy reBy (or By = ames, hs im Ra BalmeleRy) mrt+ Fa ma day Re HRs | mBRY mBy-ABy- Rs 3. es nier “hao Bo Balmet+ BY Jame Ry Bez BBB, mAs _ IRs Ro Batrot §4Ty) mah+ Ry Rez WR, Rs on Bo matt Ry %- 7 ex B.t Pm.[Re | The Kelvin's bridge fs used to meaSure| Ver lew Resistance fron 1 n to o.ceeel Ac BRIDGES. 2.24 = zo.Za TR 1 242 Zee (Unknown Valued Sy-Zue Za.Za “5,2 =2=3 2)Cs — Keown Value [standard Value] | Ry- Leakage Resistor. Cx- Unknown Value. * The figure Shows a Schematic cireut OF Capacitance Comparison Bridae , KK Batts arms designed with purely Resistors Ki, Ro 4K Srandast Capacdibor CKnewen Value} Ca ts Connected Ts Sevies with Ra, K Hence Unknown Value Cx °S Calculated From known Value of Ca, Also Rx is Ereated as | | Jeatage Resistance of Cx, |Bridge @ Balanced andi sien Zi. 22 ZA5R) Za= Ra Zs- Rs-i_ re wes, 2n= Ba- I wea i_|. - aL podem de Ri Re — SRL = Fam, —-i Ra leCac wes By equating Real and smeginay Park Ry Bo RaksINDvcTANCE ComPARISON BRIDGE. * The figure ShowS a Schematte ctreuit OF Inductance Comparison BRE. * Ratfo arms designed wR Purely ‘Resistrers- ® Standard Inductor CKnown Valuey Ls Goonected fs Serfes with Resisrer Ba. % Hence unknown Value Ja fs Connected calcwated fren Known Value of 1s. Alse Ruts treated OS leatag. Vesistance of Lx. Bridge @ Balanced Condition zy. Zao ZeZe,z= Bi Zao Fe Za= Fat+fwls Zy= But Iwla, “Ri. (Bxs§ule)= Bal Ratfoled, RiPx+F wR Le = RaRsr+VoRola, By Equaking Keak and imaginary Tarr. Ri Res B23 VRilx= Rls Joes Bola Ri. MAXWELLS “BRIDGE * coll wit Jow Q. & Maxwell'S Bridge measure. untnown Inductance. From Standard Capacitor # Oe arm of Bridge Consicts of Paralle) Combination of C\ and R,,At Bolanced Condition. Z.Zx= ZaZs|, : fe Se | ae * a ved, a From fe Figure. Yrs tit Swe Ri Zoo Ro Zy=Rg Zx> RusSwle. RxtSwles RaRs [et Swei] Ruriwle = Rahs . Joc RaRs me PR. Bs equating Real and Imaginary Part. Rocz BBs Ry Loe = yt: Baka ee horeHAy'S BRIDGE. [Derecror [—S YS * Heals Bridge ts different From maxwell Bridge. by Commecting Resister Ri in Series withic, * Here also unknown Value of Inductance (Lx) 1S determined by Standard Capacitor) 2 e | * Hey bridge {Ss Suitable Sor wils with HIGH &, Bridge @ Balanced Gndition a —@ From Figure. Ais Ris we Zo>Ro | ZanesZa = Re + Stols (PZ) ( me sSutee) = RaBs | By Ree - TBE fore yy whee Re -Ba we, wer BiPoe ~ FR yt tee Rig $= RaBa +O we, a BS Equating Reel and Imaginary Pat Feet Le 2 Ra Rs —©® C1 Bx = Wl Fi, —® wer From Eqe @ |RxeuFlzeri| —© | Seb equ ne @ thts @ Ry Le cre, + Bee ‘Ra.Rs. 1 rout Efply cy on bots sides FiutixePRy4 les Ba Bac, be ( RAF cepa) = Ba Rec, des SctERING S SBRUDGE * Schering bridge ts widely used be measure Capacitance. of Capactbor and beiy inculabtn. Properbies, | 3K one arre °F Bridge. Consisting of Peraliel Combinatten OF Cvand RK, |14. 2% Here untnawn Value ef Capacitance. Cex] ts cetemined by Standard Capaci br cy) | Bridge @ Balanced Condit tien. — @ 2 Zx+ZeZa From bRe cfreute et. Y= ee + Swe, Zo-Re Za=Yocg Fxe Re Voc Zoe = Z2Za x- 3 og, ft we wes Bx i ATR Wee “Weg tr.By Equaking “Real and Imaginary Part. * wein Bridge » has one Series Re Combination fn on@ arm and one Povablal| Re Combination fn anetfer arm, * This Bridge measures unknown Value. of Frequency.24 | Bridge at Balanced cenditton Z\Za= Za 2s | —o® ZH 25 =3 —0 From Re Figure. Z,= KR, -3 wei Z2=Ro 24 Jwcs Ya a Zz=By. Sub 2,22,23 and 24 toro G) | Ras walm-5y [a5 + Soca] = [rns TR, [4,+49¢] 4 Re wey Boe BiB _ SRy +lwea Rings Paes Rs wes aa Equatiog Read and Imaginary, rpart.wows woR —WCaRIRZ=O = WCB Bh a [ weorp% Anderson bridge fsa modi fied Version of Maxwell inductance Gapaci bridge. kan Self inductance measwed interms oF Standard Capacitor. Jet lee - Self inductance to be meaSured, Rx~ Resisrance of seif inductor ‘Ry - Resistance Connected fn Series WIR Self tnducter, AY balanced Condition. GeTa and To=Tet Ty —9® { I, Ra = = ites Twa +e Te=IJweRs, Wri ¥ing Re otfer balance €quatfon. Ty (gt Rx +Swlex)= IaRatieR and xe (rr 3 oe) = Ga-T Ry 3 Ty vt Rat Footy ~iweRar) = t2Re -@ and 5) ( Swe, Bary Swe BgR4tRS)= TLR OGFrom [fe abe. te equations Ru - BRS 5, R4 Ba = ¢ 23 (ym yt Het BR bee = [rmas Had + Pas TRANSFORMER BATIO BRIDGE 4 Transformer Fatfo bridges ave. widely used Because of Versakiliey and accuracy of “Ratio Eransformer, rE Ts used for measurement of Fesisrance, Inductance , capacitance * ‘TBey ove “Replacing oF Ac bridges Applications: ) Measurement of unknown Bl anda by Comparing fem wit® Standard Value 2) Meswtemenr of Amplifier gain. 4) Measure tment of Phase Shift. 5) Measurement of Evansformer Ratio,Features : {characteristics of Ratio Trans forme]: Used on ae only: nek Th De 4) They have high Thpur Tmpedance and Low output fmpedance. 3) Small Yatio errors. A) wide Yange of Frequency SovZ Eo | Go KHZ. Bridge circuit: *® Ratio transformer fsa Basically Velkage vans farmer, Tt ts Cons Cructedl with Number of Lappin BA of | | | Providing Voltage. aiviston, we* IES Performs characteristics \Tke ideal bLransformer, [Ne leakage Flux,| Ne Gore less, Perfect Coupling bhe windings], XE muti Conductor Rope fg used for “Reduc Tag deakage Yeactance # Torvidal Cove ts Selected for “Reducing Tron Less. | * for ‘Reducing Resistance Copper wire! WiER large Cress Sectfon area fs Selected. Grsider EME equation o§ Transformer Es AGEN Ke If Fixed Valueoe band F ten, E= KX E,=KNy Ea = KNy From tRe cTreuir E,se Nt N Eas & Ne Nt3 Gnknmah | Impedance. | h & ; | B © —e Cucerent- Compara ter. | when bwo rem F's ave equal (tin.8 Fans) Hen here fs no “Reswhant emf fr | Secondary eF Current Comparator. Hence no Current Flow tRrough He detector, fr shows nuk @Balanced Gndftion Tim = Tane E Snes Ean, Zz, ZeBantry Kinane zy zs Nini None =x 2s Zxe Nim oe None Sreese unknown impedanae 7s ‘Pure ‘Fesistive, tfen. TF we wart te calculate Gnductand (Gtx) Oey