jrefrmh

pG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf
(2018)
 yxrtBudrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;? 2018 ckESpf? tkyfa&

trSwf 529-531? ukefonfvrf;? &efukefNrdKU

pmayAdrmef? pmwnf;rSL;csKyfu
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 07429 jzihf yHkESdyfí zdkwkdvpfokdyHkESdyfpuf½HkwGifyHkESdyfí
rSwfyHkwiftrSwf 03911 jzihf xkwfa0onf/

xkwfa0onfh uwfwavmuftñ Tef; - CIP

039.958
jref jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2018)^
pDpOfol pmayAdrmef/ ---- &efukef?
pmayAdrmef? 2018/
pm? "mwfyHk? 26 pifwD/

1/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;
(1) pmayAdrmef - pDpOfol
 'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;

à jynfaxmifpkrNydKuGJa&; 'd k Y t a&;

àà wd k i f ; &if ; om;pnf ; vH k ; nD ñ G w f r I r Nyd K u G J a &; 'k d Y t a&;
à tcsK y f t jcmtmPmwnf w H h c d k i f N rJ a &; 'k d Y t a&;
 jrefrmh&nfñTef;usrf;pDpOfa&;tzGJU
1/ pnfola'gufwmOD;aomfaumif;
2/ OD;wifc (wuúodkvfwifc)
3/ a'gufwmOD;cifat;
(armifcifrif-"EkjzL)
4/ a'gufwmwdk;vS
5/ a'gufwma':cifodef;
6/ OD;ausmf0if; (rEkóausm0f if;)
7/ a'gufwmOD;pef;0if;
8/ OD;armifvdIif (armifaqGi,f)
9/ OD;at;csKd (r[m0dZÆm)
10/ a'gufwmpdk;Edkif
11/ a'gufwmrif;aomif
Ouú| tzGJU0if? jrefrmordkif;tzGJU
'kwd,Ouú| OD;aqmifñTefMum;a&;rSL; (Nidrf;)
owif;ESifhpme,fZif;vkyfief;
'kwd,Ouú| tzGJU0if? jrefrmpmESifhbmompum;
ynmOD;pD;Xme? ynma&;0efBuD;Xme
tzGJU0if tzGJU0if? jrefrmordkif;tzGJU
tzGJU0if ygarmu© (Nidrf;)? ta&SUwdkif;ynmXme?
&efukefwuúodkvf
tzGJU0if nTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf (Nidrf;)
a&S;a[mif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme
tzGJU0if ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf (Nidrf;)
a&S;a[mif;okawoe? trsKd;om;
jywdkufESifh pmMunfhwdkufOD;pD;Xme
tzGJU0if pmwnf;rSL;csKyf (Nidrf;)? pmayAdrmef½Hk;
yHkESdyfa&;ESifhxkwfa0a&;OD;pD;Xme
tzGJU0if pmayynm&Sif
tzGJU0if ygarmu©^XmerSL;? jrefrmpmXme?
&efukeftaemufydkif;wuúodkvf
tzGJU0if ygarmu©^XmerSL;?
EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;ynmXme?
'*Hkwuúodkvf
12/ OD;pHoif;vdIif tzGJU0if wGJzufygarmu© (Nidrf;)? tbd"r®yd#u
r[mXme? EdkifiHawmfy&d,wdå
omoemhwuúodkvf? &efukef
13/ OD;cifpdk; (pdk;pdk;-yef;awmif;) tzGJU0if pmwnf;rSL; (Nidrf;)? pmayAdrmef½Hk;
yHkESdyfa&;ESifhxkwfa0a&;OD;pD;Xme
14/ a'gufwmat;ausmf tzGJU0if pmayESiahf q;bufqidk &f mynm&Sif
(aq;okawoe)
15/ a'gufwmapmjratmif tzGJU0if wGJzufuxdu? yd#uwfawmfqdkif&m
t*FvdyfpmayXme? EdkifiHawmfy&d,wdå
omoemhwuúodkvf? &efukef
16/ a'gufwmcifarmifndK tzGJU0if pmayynm&Sif
17/ OD;pdefvdIif (ol&aZmf) tzGJU0if pmayynm&Sif
18/ OD;ausmfOD; (ausmfOD;) tzGJU0if pmayynm&Sif
19/ OD;oef;tkef; (armifaZ,sm) tzGJU0if pmayynm&Sif
20/ pmMunhfwdkufrSL; tzGJU0if wuúodkvfrsm;A[dkpmMunfhwdkuf
21/ pmwnf;rSL;csKyf twGif;a&;rSL; pmayAdrmef½Hk;?
yHkESdyfa&;ESifhxkwfa0a&;OD;pD;Xme
22/ pmwnf;rSL; wGJzuftwGif;a&;rSL;(1) pmayAdrmef½Hk;?
yHkESdyfa&;ESifhxkwfa0a&;OD;pD;Xme
23/ pmwnf; (pG,fpHkESpfcsKyfXmepdwf) wGzJ uftwGi;f a&;rSL; (2) pmayAdrmef½Hk;?
yHkESdyfa&;ESifhxkwfa0a&;OD;pD;Xme
 pmayAdrmef? pmwnf;Xme
pmwnf;rSL;csKyf OD;ukdukdEdkif

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf? pmwnf;tzGJU
pmwnf;rSL; OD;pkd;jrihfoef; (aEGoifEdkif)
pmwnf; a':cif0gaqG (0g0g-tif;pdef)
pmwnf; a':tdcdkifZifxG#f (tdcdkif)
OD;ausmfolpkd; (ukdcufa0)
yHkESdyfuRrf;usif-3 (pmjyif) a':MuLMuLoef; (jrwfE;kd OD;-pmayAdrmef)

jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf? uGefys LwmXme

yHkESdyfuRrf;usif - 3 a':oGUJ oGUJ pef;
yHkESdyfuRrf;usif - 3 a':NzKd ;NzKd ;pH
yHkESdyfuRrf;usif - 4 a':pef;pef;aX;
 jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2018)
rmwdum
þusrf;udkr½Ipm;rD

tydkif; (1)

2017 ckESpfjzpf&yfrsm; 1

tydkif; (2)

ESpf 70 jynhf pmayAdrmef csKdjrEG,f 91-100

jrefrmh½dk;&maus;vufodyÜHynm rEkóausmf0if; 101-106

jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm; xdefvif; (ref;wuúokdvf) 107-114

&moDwkyfauG;a&m*g a'gufwmcifarmifvGif 115-118

tmqD,HESpf 50 c&D; wuúokdvf[efpkd;OD; 119-132

EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm; ukdukdvIdif 133-142

tydkif; (3)

2017 ckESpftaMumif;&yfrsm; (tu©&mpOf) 145

tu©&mpOftñTef;
 þusrf;udk r½Ipm;rD
jrefrmhp, G pf u
kH sr;f ESpcf sKyrf sm;onf xkwaf 0Ny;D jrefrmhp, G pf u
kH sr;f twGJ (15) wG\ J tjznfuh sr;f rsm;
jzpfygonf/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2018) udk ,cifu xkwfa0cJhaom jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf
(2017) yg taMumif;&yfrsm;ESiq hf ufpyfí zwf½EI ikd &f ef pDpOfjyKpxk m;ygonf/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;wGif
ryg0ifao;aom taMumif;&yfopfrsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/
þusrf;onf 2017 ckESpftwGif; xif&Sm;onhf tjzpftysuftcsKdUudk jyKpkyHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;
jzpf y gonf/ 2018 ckESpftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udkrl jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyf (2019) yHkESdyf
xkwfa0aomtcg qufvufazmfjyrnf jzpfygonf/
þusrf;ukd pm½Iolrsm; vG,fulpGmzwf½IavhvmEdkif&ef tydkif;BuD;oHk;ydkif;cGJjcm;í wifjyxm;
ygonf/ yxrydkif;wGif 2017 ckESpftwGif; xif&Sm;aomjzpf&yfrsm;udk jrefrmhowif;pOf? owif;vTm
rsm;ESihf ndE§ iId ;f í &ufpOfrw S wf rf;tjzpf azmfjyxm;ygonf/ 'kw, d ydik ;f wGif ESpf 70 jynhf pmayAdrmef?
jrefrmh½dk;&maus;vufodyÜHynm? jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;? &moDwkyfauG;a&m*g? tmqD,H ESpf
50 c&D;? Edik if w H umtMurf;zufrt I EÅ&m,frsm;[lonfh taMumif;t&mwdu Yk kd pkpnf;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
'kwd,ydkif;wGif azmfjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udk ynm&yftvdkuf uRrf;usifolynm&Sifrsm;u
avhvmokawoejyKí a&;om;xm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ wwd,ydik ;f wGif azmfjyxm;aomtaMumif;t&m
rsm;onf 2017 ckESpfü jzpfay:cJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHESifh EdkifiHwumtaMumif;t&mrsm; jzpfygonf/
taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jrefrmpmvHk;aygif;owfyHkusrf;yg tu©&mpOfpepftwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/
jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyfyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk tvG,fwul&SmazGzwf½IEdkif&ef tu©&mpOftñTef;
udkvnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
tw¬KyÜwdårsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif ESpfpOfqufvufxkwfa0aom jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyfrsm;
enf;wl 2017 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmESihfEdkifiHwumwGif uG,fvGefcJhaom xif&Sm;onfhyk*¾dKvfrsm;\
tw¬KyÜwdårsm;udk xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;ygonf/
taMumif;t&mrsm;wGif tnTef;rsm;udkjyqdk&mü ,cifxkwfa0NyD;aom jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;
ESpfcsKyfrsm;udkñTef;vQif pmtkyftrnf (Oyrm- pG,fpHkESpfcsKyf 2017) ESifh pmrsufESmtrSwfudkazmfjyí
nTef;ygonf/ ,ckxkwfa0aom jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;ESpfcsKyfrS 2017 ckESpfyg taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh
aqmif;yg;rsm;udkñTef;vQif taMumif;t&mESifhaqmif;yg;trnfukd azmfjyí ñTef;xm;ygonf/

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pum;0dik ;f (Nird ;f csr;f a&;pum;0dik ;f ) ukd aejynfawmf&dS
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usif;yonf/
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0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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jrefrmjynf)ü usif;y&m 'kwd,or®w OD;jrihfaqG
wufa&muf trSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
A[dk0efxrf;wuúokdvf (atmufjrefrmjynf)
jynfolY0efxrf;tu,f'rDzGihfyGJESihf jynfo0lY efxrf;
pDrHcefYcGJrI bGJUvGef'Dyvdkrmoifwef;trSwfpOf (1)
zGiyfh JG tcrf;tem;ukd &efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D vSnf;ul;
NrdKUe,f azmifBuD;aus;&Gm&Sd A[kd0efxrf; wuúov dk f
(atmufjrefrmjynf) üusi;f y&m jynfolYvTwfawmf
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3 &cdkifjynfe,f wnfNidrfat;csrf;rIESihf zGHUNzdK;rI
wd;k wufa&; taumiftxnfazmfa&;A[kad umfrwD
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aejynfawmf&Sd EdkifiHawmfor®wtdrfawmf tpnf;
ta0;cef ; rü usif ; y&m A[k d a umf r wD Ouú |
EdkifiHawmf\ twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;
pkMunf wufa&muftrSmpum; ajymMum;onf/
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Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyw JG Gif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMurnhf
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 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;xifausmf *kPfxl;aqmifbGJUrsm; csD;jr§ihftyfESif;jcif; tcrf;tem;okdYwufa&mufí

*kPfxl;aqmifbGJUrsm; ay;tyfcsD;jr§ihfpOf
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aejynfawmf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme {&m0wD
4 *kPfxl;aqmifbGJUrsm; csD;jr§if h t yf E S i f ; jcif ; cef;rü vufcaH wGUqHkonf/
tcrf;tem;ukd aejynfawmf&Sd EdkifiHawmfor®w &cdkifjynfe,f pHkprf;ppfaq;a&;aumfr&Sif
tdraf wmfobifaqmifü usi;f y&m Edik if aH wmfor®w Ouú| 'kw, d or®w OD;jrihaf qG OD;aqmifaom pHpk rf;
OD;xifausmf wufa&muf trSmpum;ajymMum;NyD; ppfaq;a&;aumfr&SiftzGJU0ifrsm;onf armifawm
*kPfxl;aqmifbGJUrsm; ay;tyfcsD;jr§ihfonf/ a'otwGif; jzpfyGm;cJhaom tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI
69 ESpfajrmuf vGwv f yfa&;aeY Edik if aH wmf jzpfpOfrsm;ESihfywfoufí 'kwd,tBudrfajrjyif
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 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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pkMunfonf csuo f r®wEdik if H Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D Xme
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ta0;ukd EdkifiHawmfor®wtdrfawmftpnf;ta0; wdk;wufrI yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;qdkif&m 'kwd,
cef;rüusif;y&m EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;xifausmf 0efBuD; H.E.Mr.Martin Tlapa ESihftzGJUukd aejynf
wufa&muftrSmpum; ajymMum;onf/ awmf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD ; Xme jynf a xmif p k
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Mr.George Soros ESit fh zGUJ ukd aejynfawmf&dS Edik if jH cm;a&; &cdkifjynfe,f tpkd;&tzGJU½Hk; tpnf;ta0;cef;rü
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tion of Japan Ouú| H.E.Mr.Ichiro AISAWA ukd trdeu Yf dk qefu Y sio f nhq f E´jyyGrJ sm; tar&duefEdkifiH
aejynfawmf&Sd vTwfawmftaqmufttHk jynfolY wpf 0 ef ; &S d Nrd K UBuD ; rsm;wG i f jyKvk y f a Mumif ;
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trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf y gwD Oya'
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ESijfh ynforl sm;u vdu k v
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olukd t&Sifzrf;qD;&rdaMumif; jynfwGif;owif; Lysholt Hansen? tar&duefoHtrwfBuD; rpöwm
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tzGJU½Hk; ,m,Dwm0efcH Mr.Colin Steinbach wdkYukd
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0efBuD;csKyf\ txl;tBuHay;yk*¾dKvf rpöwm[D½dkwdk vTwfawmf{nhfcef;rü vufcHawGUqHkonf/
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EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf EdkifiHjcm;a&; umuG,frIrjyK&ef trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonhf EdkifiHawmf
0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a':atmifqef; a&SUaecsKyf q,fvD,dwfpfukd &mxl;rS z,f&Sm;
pkMunfonf *syefEikd if 0H efBu;D csKy\ f txl;tBuHay; vd k u f a Mumif ; td r f j zLawmf u owif ; xk w f j yef
yk * ¾ d K vf rpö w m[D ½ d k w d k t d Z k r d u k d aejynfawmf&Sd cJhonf[k qif[Gmowif;wGif azmfjyonf/

8
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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azazmf0g&v
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xkwfjyefaMunmcsufukd a'oqdik &f m owif;Xme Ad k v f c sKyf r S L ;BuD ; pk d ; 0if ; wd k Y o nf jref r mEd k i f i H ü
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wyfrawmf (Munf;) wyf OD;pD;csKyf General JANG
2 Edik if aH wmfor®w OD;xifausmo f nf xdkif;EdkifiH Jun-Gyu udk aejynfawmf&Sd aZ,smoD&dAdrmefü
'k w d , 0ef B uD ; csKyf H.E.Dr.Somkid Jatusripitak oD;jcm;pD vufcHawGUqHkonf/
ESitfh zGUJ udk aejynfawmf&dS EdkifiHawmfor®wtdrfawmf
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rsm;ü acwå a jymif ; a&T U aexd k i f & ol r sm;twG u f aqG;aEG;onf/
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9
 2 01
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owif;Xmeu azmfjyonf/ pum;ajymMum;onf/
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tjynfjynfqdkif&m uGefAif;&Sif;A[kdXme (2) ü aMu;oGe;f ½kyw f k zGiyfh t
JG crf;tem;okYd wufa&mufum
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pkMunf wufa&muf*P k jf yKtrSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
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onf/ awGUqHkonf/
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10
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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zG H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf r I 0 ef B uD ; H.E.Mr. kai Mykkanen
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11
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 2 01
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26
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28
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27 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcH - (21) &mpk
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28 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;
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29 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;
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29
 2 01
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wufa&muftrSmpum; ajymMum;onf/ pkMunfonf Oa&myor*¾XmecsKyf? b,fvf*sD,H?

30

tD w vD E S i h f jyif o pf E d k i f i H w d k Y o k d Y w&m;0ifc&D;
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OD;aqmifaom ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGUJ onf AD,uferf
trsKd;om;vTwfawmfOuú| H.E.Madam Nguyen Thi
Kim Ngan \ zdwfMum;csuft& AD,uferfEdkifiHü
usi;f yrnht f m&S- ypdzw d af 'oqdik &f m aqG;aEG;yGo J Ydk
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31
2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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12 Edik if aH wmfor®w OD;xifausmo f nf *sDeDAmNrdKU
tajcpdkuf International Committee of the Red Cross
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bk&ihaf emif&yd o f m {nhcf ef;raqmifü vufcaH wGUqHk
onf/
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15 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;

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AD,uferftrsKd;om;vTwfawmf Ouú|
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vufcHawGUqHkpOf
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oGm;a&mufc&hJ mrS &efuek Nf rKd UokjYd yefvnfa&muf&o dS nf/

32

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Mr.Goran Aleksic ukdvnf;aumif; aejynfawmf&Sd
33
2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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24 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcH - (21)

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34

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{nhfcef;raqmifü vufcHawGUqHkonf/
25 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcH- (21)
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35
2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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27 Public Private Partnership tpD t pOf t &
pufr0I efBu;D Xme\ ulnDrIjzihf jrefrmEdkifiHom;ydkif
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pkMunf wufa&muftrSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
29 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&; nDvmcH - (21)
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169 OD; txd&SdNyD; tdrfajcaygif; 2000 eD;yg;
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awmifydkif; [J[dk;NrdKU&Sd Prime Farm ü acwfrD
30 obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fqikd &f m ppfwrf; (2016) pdkufenf;pepfrsm;jzihf pdkufysKd;xm;onhf oD;ESpH u kd cf if;
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36
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37
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38
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pkMunfonf uae'gEdkifiHESihf qDG'ifEdkifiHwdkYokdY
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2017) jzihf OD;jrihEf ikd Ef iS fh OD;oef;aX;wdu
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csKd ; azmuf r I j zih f 2016 ck E S p f ? Zef e 0g&D v wGif
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a&avSmifwrHwdkYukd Munhf½Ippfaq;onf/
17 wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D
rif ; atmif v I d i f o nf ½k & S m ;zuf ' a&;&S i f ; Ed k i f i H
umuG,fa&; 0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; Army General
tar&duefa&wyfrS zsufoabFm ,ltufpf
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19 Oa&myor*¾rS NAw d ed Ef ikd if H Ekwx f u
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21 aqmf't D ma&Asb&k ifu vuf&t dS rd af &SU rif;om;

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jzpfonf[k tifet f w
d cf saf uowif;wGif azmfjyonf/

41
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42
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28 ukvor*¾tzGUJ \ vufeuf zsufodrf;a&;Xme
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vuf e uf r sm; xk w f v k y f & mwG i f toH k ; jyKonh f
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tzG J U 0if E d k i f i H r sm;uk d wd k u f w G e f ; vd k u f a Mumif ;
tifeftdwfcsfauowif;wGif azmfjyonf/
29 EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a':atmifqef;
pkMunfonf tjynfjynfqdkif&m tPkjrLpGrf;tif
at*sifpD (IAEA) ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf Mr.Yukiya
Amano ukd aejynfawmf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme
jynfaxmifp0k efBu;D \ {nhcf ef;rü vufcaH wGUqHo k nf/
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BuD ; jyif ; vmaomfvnf; ravQmhaomZGJvkYHvjzihf
BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIaMumihf 2016-2017 ynmoif
ESpwf iG f wuúov dk 0f ifwef;pmar;yGJatmifjrifcJhol
rxl ; xl ; rG e f u k d 2017 ck E S p f ? ZG e f v twG u f
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EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf½Hk;u xkwfjyefonf/
30 &cdkifjynfe,fta&;udpöqdkif&m txl;tpnf;
ta0;ukd EdkifiHawmfor®wtdrfawmf {nhfcef;rü
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f jzpf vufeufrsm;a&mif;cs&ef qH;k jzwf
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 2 01
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vTwfawmfu, kd pf m;vS,f Mr.Madhav Kumar Nepal

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aejynfawmf&Sd or0g,rOD;pD;Xmeü usif;y&m
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f muG,af &;
wyfzGJUESihfoufqdkifaom owif;tcsuftvuf

47
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rsm;qdik &f m wwd,tBurd f ukvor*¾txl;tpnf;
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or®wjrefrmEdkifiH ukefonfrsm;ESihf pufrIvufrI
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wufa&mufcsD;jr§ihfonf/ wifajr§mufcH&onf/

48
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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24 EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHy*k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef; vQyfppfpDrHudef; taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Guf
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cef;rü oD;jcm;pDvufcHawGUqHkonf/ usif;yonf/

49
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0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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azmif a ';&S i f ; Ouú | Mr. Yohei SASAKAWA \
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50
 2 01
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NPO Asia Environmental Technology Promotion
Institute rS Executive Director. Mr. Akio Kawakami
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aejynfawmf& S d Ed k i f i H a wmf \ twd k i f y if c H y k * ¾ d K vf

51
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trsK;d om;vTwaf wmf Ouú| ref;0if;cdik o f ef;ESifh
rGefjynfe,f 0efBuD;csKyf a'gufwmat;ZHwdkYonf
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ok0PÖbrl o d moemhArd mefü usif;yonhf oxHkNrdKU
twGif;&Sd ausmif;rsm;wGif wufa&mufaeonhf
ausmif;ae uav;rsm;twGuf ausmif;0wfpHkrsm;
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kd f
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txdrf;trSwfO,smOfü usif;yonf/
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvfa':atmifqef;pkMunf 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,f ajrwdkifuefaus;&GmrS

a'ocHbdk;bGm;rsm;ESihf awGUqHkpOf

7 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;
pkMunfonf rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD; rdw¬Dvmc½dkif
0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,f ajrwdkifuefaus;&Gmü usif;yonhf
aus;vufjynfolrsm; Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;okdY
wufa&mufum &yfrd&yfzrsm;ESihf aus;&GmzGHUNzdK;a&;
udpö&yfrsm;aqG;aEG;onf/
tD&efEdkifiH&Sd NrdKUBuD;rsm;ESihfbmoma&;t&
txGwftjrwfjyK&mNrdKUBuD;rsm;wGif tMurf;zuf
wdkufcdkufrIjyKvkyf&ef pDpOfvsuf&Sdonhf tpövmr®pf
EdkifiHawmf xlaxmifa&;tzGJU(tdkiftufpf) tpGef;
a&muftzGJU0if 27 OD;ukd tD&efaxmufvSrf;a&;u
zrf;qD;&rdaMumif; qif[Gmowif;wGif azmfjyonf/
8 EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;xifausmfonf ESpf 50
jynhf a&T&wkEpS yf wfvnf tmqD,aH eYoYdk o0PfvmT
ay;ydkYonf/
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0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a':atmifqef;
pkMunfonf ukvor*¾zGHUNzdK;a&; tkyfpkOuú|ESihf
ukvor*¾zGHUNzdK;rItpDtpOf (UNDP) \ tkyfcsKyf
a&;rSL; Mr.Achim Steiner ESihftzGJUukd aejynfawmf&Sd
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeü vufcHawGUqHkonf/
9 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;
pkMunfonf EdkifiHawmfor®wtdrfawmf tpnf;
ta0;cef;rüusi;f yonhf &cdik jf ynfe,fwiG f vHNk cKH a&;
qdkif&m aqmif&Gufxm;&SdrItajctaeESihfywfouf
onhf tpnf;ta0;okdYwufa&muftrSmpum;ajym
Mum;onf/
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rif ; atmif vI d i f onf &cd k i f t rsKd ; om;ygwD O uú |
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jynfe,furG v f ef;NrKd U\ taemufajrmufbuf uDvkd
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urÇmvSnhfc&D;oGm;&SpfOD;tygt0if vl 19 OD;

53
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
rsm;

aoqH;k Ny;D 247 OD;xdcu kd 'f Pf&m&&Scd ahJ Mumif; qif[mG 15 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;
owif;wGif azmfjyonf/ pkMunfonf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd yk*¾vduydkifbPfrsm;rS
Ouú|rsm;ukd rGef;vGJ (2) em&Du aejynfawmf&Sd
10 EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;xifausmfonf ukd&D;,m; EdkifiHawmftwdkifyifcH½Hk; 0efBuD;Xme tpnf;ta0;
or®wEdik if H trsK;d om;vTwaf wmfOuú| H.E.Mr. Chung cef;rüawGUqHkum pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;qdkif&mrsm;ukd
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tdraf wmfow H refaqmif{nfch ef;rü vufcaH wG U qH k [kdw,fü usif;yonhf jrefrm-tdE´d, ESpfEdkifiH
onf/ oHwrefqufoG,frI ESpf 70 jynhf txdrf;trSwf
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Garden Hotel) ü usif;yonhf jrefrm-qGpfZmvef wufa&muf*kPfjyKqkawmif;pum;ajymMum;onf/
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ypdzdwfqdkif&mpD;yGm;a&;ESihf vlrIa&;aumfr&Sif\
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tion) zGihfyGJtcrf;tem;ukd aejynfawmf&Sd jrefrm eDaygoHtrwfBuD; H.E.Mr.Bhim K.Vdas ukd rGef;vGJ
tjynfjynfqikd &f m uGeAf if;&Si;f A[kXd me (2) (MICC- 2 em&DwGifvnf;aumif; aejynfawmf&Sd vTwfawmf
II) ü usif;y&m EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf taqmuf t tH k jynf o l Y v T w f a wmf {nh f c ef ; rü
a':atmifqef;pkMunf wufa&mufred cYf eG ;f ajymMum; oD;jcm;pDvufcHawGUqHkonf/
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tzGJU0if 0efBuD;a[mif; trfAefuD&efEdkif'l;onf tem;ukd aejynfawmf&dS ½Hk;trSwf (11) aqmufvyk f
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uGefAif;&Sif;A[kdXme (2) ü usif;y&m EdkifiHawmf\ taocHAHk;azmufcGJrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJh&m 27 OD;aoqHk;
twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;pkMunfwufa&muf cJNh y;D 83 OD;ausmf 'Pf&m&&Sad Mumif; tifet f w
d cf saf u
trSmpum;ajymMum;onf/ owif;wGif azmfjyonf/

54
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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17 EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;xifausmfonf wm0ef rav;&Sm;EdkifiHu tdrf&Siftjzpf vufcHusif;y

Ny;D qk;H í jyefvnfxu G cf mG awmhrnfh Oa&myor*¾tzGUJ ½H;k
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55
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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23 EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;xifausmfonf &cdkif
jynfe,fqikd &f m tBuaH y;aumfr&SiOf uú| a'gufwm
udkzDtmeefOD;aqmifonhf aumfr&SiftzGJU0ifrsm;ukd
Edik if aH wmfor®wtdraf wmfow
H refaqmif {nhcf ef;rü
vufcHawGUqHkonf/
24 Edik if aH wmfor®w OD;xifausmo f nf cspMf unfa&;
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*kPfjyKtcrf;tem;jzihf BudKqdkonf/
EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a':atmifqef;
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aejynfawmf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeü vufcH
awGUqHkonf/
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jrefrmEdik if &H wJ yfzUJG 0if 10 OD;? wyfrawmfom;wpfO;D ?
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aMunmonf/
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aMunmonf/
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 2 01
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pmayAdrmef ESpf 70 jynhf tcrf;tem;ukd twdkifyifcH½Hk; owif;xkwfjyefa&;aumfrwDu

&efukefNrdKU ukefonfvrf;ESihf (37) vrf;axmihf&Sd
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taqmufttHküusif;y&m jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme
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wm0ef&Sdolrsm; wufa&mufonf/
owday;csufwpf&yfxkwfjyefaMunmonf/
28 EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifp0k efBu;D a':atmifqef;pkMunf
onf International Commission on Financing Glo-

pmayAdrmef ESpf 70 jynhf txdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;wGif trSmpum;ajymMum;aeonhf

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owif;wGif azmfjyonf/
27 &cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; jzpfyGm;vsuf&Sdonhf
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axmufcHa&;om;jcif;wdkYukd rjyKvkyf&ef EdkifiHawmf
bal Education Opportunity rS aumfr&Sief m ukd&D;,m;
or®wEdik if H ynma&;? odyEHÜ iS efh nf;ynm 0efBu;D a[mif;
ygarmu© Ju.Ho Lee ukd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme
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onf/
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yHkrSefawGUqHkaqG;aEG;yGJtcrf;tem;okdY wufa&muf
trSmpum;ajymMum;onf/

57
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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d´ Edik if jH cm;a&;
0efBuD;Xmeu xkwfjyefaMunmonf/
29 v,f,majrrsm;ESihf tjcm;ajrrsm; odrf;qnf;
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'kw, d or®w OD;[ife&DAefx;D ,lonf aejynfawmf&dS
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme tpnf;ta0;cef;rü usif;y
onhf v,f,majrrsm;ESihf tjcm;ajrrsm; odrf;qnf;
cH&rIrsm; jyefvnfppd pfa&;A[kad umfrwD\ (2^2017)
tpnf;ta0;okdY wufa&muftrSmpum;ajymMum;
onf/
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ARSA tpG e f ; a&muf t Murf ; zuf o rm;rsm;\
tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIjzpfpOfrsm;ESihfywfoufí
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&dyfomüusif;y&m umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf½Hk; (Munf;)
rS AdkvfcsKyfoef;xG#fodef;? wyfrawmfowif;rSef
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&Sdolrsm;? jynfwGif;? jynfyrS owif;axmufrsm;
wufa&mufonf/
30 EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a':atmifqef;
pkMunfonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk The Richardson
Center Ouú | e,l ; ruú p D u k d j ynf e ,f t k y f c sKyf
a&;rSL;a[mif; Mr.Bill Richardson ukd eHeuf 10
em&DwGifvnf;aumif;? Gavi-The Vaccine Allicance
tzGJUtpnf;\ 'kwd,trIaqmift&m&SdcsKyf Mrs.
Anuradha Gupta ESihf 'def;rwfESihfqDG'ifEdkifiHwdkYrS
vTwfawmftrwfrsm;ukd eHeuf 11 em&DwGifvnf;
aumif; aejynfawmf&Sd EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xmeü 2 &cdkifjynfe,f armifawma'owGif ARSA
oD;jcm;pDvufcHawGUqHkonf/
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usif ; yonh f trsKd ; om;,mOf t EÅ & m,f ? vrf ;
tEÅ&m,f uif;&Sif;a&;aumifpD (National Road
Safety Council-NRSC) \ wwd,tBudrfajrmuf
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trsK;d om;jyefvnf oihjf rwfa&;ESifh Nird f;csr;f a&;A[kd
Xme (NRPC) {nhfcef;rü vufcHawGUqHkonf/
wyfrawmfumuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D
rif;atmifvIdifonf aejynfawmf&Sd bk&ihfaemif
&dyo f müusi;f yonhf &cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f EdkifiHawmf
vHNk cHKa&;ESiu
fh muG,af &;wm0efrsm;ukd aqmif&u G v f suf
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okdY wufa&muftrSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;rsm;\ tMurf;
58

zufvyk &f yfrsm;aMumifh jynforl sm;ab;uif;vHkNcHKa&;?
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cJah Mumif; tifet
f wd cf saf uowif;wGif azmfjyonf/
4 EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a':atmifqef;
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0efBuD;Xmeü vufcHawGUqHkonf/
'kwd,or®w OD;jrihfaqGonf w½kwfjynfolY
or®wEdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;Xme tm&Sa&;&m
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awGUqHkonf/
2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
rsm;
jynfov Yl w
T af wmfOuú| OD;0if;jrihf acgif;aqmif
aom vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUonf w½kwf
jynfolYor®wEdkifiH? trsKd;om;jynfolYuGef*&uf
tNrJwrf;aumfrwDOuú| H.E. Mr.Zhang Dejiang \
zdwfMum;csuft & w½k w f j ynf o l Y o r® w Ed k i f i H o k d Y
cspfMunfa&;c&D;oGm;a&muf&ef xGufcGmonf/
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rif;atmifvIdifonf tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH EkdifiHjcm;a&;
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aZ,smoD&Ad rd mef{nhcf ef;raqmifü vufcaH wGUqHo k nf/
5 Edik if aH wmfor®w OD;xifausmo f nf jrefrmEdik if üH
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BudKqdkonf/
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pkMunfonf wl&uDEdkifiHor®w aw,pfyt f m'd*k ef\
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h nhf b&mZD;?
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aMumif; qif[Gmowif;wGif azmfjyonf/
pkd;rdk;a&;qdkif&mrsm; &Sif;vif;wifjyonhf tcrf;
59
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
rsm;

tem;ukd EdkifiHawmfor®w tdrfawmfüusif;y&m jynfolYcef;raqmifBuD;ü awGUqHkaqG;aEG;onf/

EdkifiHawmf or®wOD;xifausmf wufa&muftrSm ruúqu D Edk ikd if aH wmifyikd ;f yifv,furf;½d;k wef;
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k yI cf &hJ m vlu;kd OD;xufrenf; aoqH;k
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wdkYOD;aqmifonhf jrefrm-tdE´d,ESpfEdkifiH awGUqHkyGJ
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tdrfawmfoHwrefaqmifü usif;yonf/ pkMunfonf zdvpfydkifEdkifiHatmufvTwfawmfOuú|
vlr0I efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfae&m a[mif; Hon.Jose de Venecia udk EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;
csxm;a&;0efBu;D Xme jynfaxmifp0k efBu;D a'gufwm Xmeü vufcHawGUqHkonf/
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f zGUJ onf
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11 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;

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tNrJwrf;aumfrwDOuú| H.E. Mr.Zhang Dejiang uGrf;,mESihfaq;&GufBuD;xGuf ypö n f ; rsm;
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60
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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61
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
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18 'kwd,or®w OD;jrihfaqGonf xdkif;bk&ihf
wyfrawmf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf General Surapong
Suwanadth OD;aqmifonhf udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUukd
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62
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wd;k wufapa&;twGuf tar&duef jynfaxmifpu k 27 AD,uferfEikd if o H nf tifwmeufay:rS owif;
tul t nD a y;rnf j zpf a Mumif ; tar&d u ef rSm;rsm;ukd acszsufoGm;Edkif&ef wyfzGJU0iftiftm;
EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmeu ajymMum;onf[k a'oqdkif&m 10ç000 &Sdonhf ppfbufqdkif&m qdkufbmppfyGJ
owif;Xmersm;u xkwfjyefonf/ ,lepfudk xlaxmifvu kd af Mumif; a'oqdik &f mowif;
Xmersm;u xkwfjyefonf/
25 vlYtcGihfta&;csKd;azmufrIESihf t*wdvdkufpm;
rIwjYkdzihf jypf'PfuscaH e&aom yD½;l tmPm&Siaf [mif; 28 roefpGrf;olrsm;\ tcGihfta&;rsm;qdkif&m
t,fvfbmwdkzl*sDrdkwdkukd yD½l;or®w yD'½dkygbvdk trsKd;om;aumfrwD yxrtBudrftpnf;ta0;ukd
ulZifpuD;u vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihfay;vdkufaMumif; aejynfawmf&dS vlr0I efxrf;? u,fq,fa&;ESijfh yefvnf
a'oqdkif&mowif;Xmersm;u xkwfjyefonf/ ae&mcsxm;a&;0efBuD;Xme tpnf;ta0;cef;rü
w½kwEf iS *fh syefEikd if w H \Ykd pGr;f tifacRwma&;ESifh usif;y&m aumfrwDOuú| 'kwd,or®w OD;[ife&D
ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&;qdik &f m 11 Burd af jrmufzdk&rf AefxD;,lwufa&muftrSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
aqG;aEG;yGJukd *syefEdkifiHNrdKUawmfwdkusKdü 'DZifbmv wyfrawmfolemjyKESihf aq;bufynmodyÜHbGJU
24 &ufu usif;ycJhaMumif;? tqdkyg aqG;aEG;yGJwGif oifwef; trSwfpOf (15) ESihf trsKd;orD;olemjyK
ESpEf ikd if yH ;l aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI sm;jyKvyk rf nhf pDru
H ed ;f odyÜHbGJUoifwef; trSwfpOf (2) oifwef;qif;
23 &yftwGuf oabmwlncD surf sm;ukd vufrSwfa&; *kPjf yKppfa&;jytcrf;tem;ukd &efuek Nf rKd Uwyfrawmf
xd;k cJMh uaMumif; qif[mG owif;Xmeu azmfjyonf/ aq;wuúov dk f ppfa&;jyuGi;f üusi;f y&m wyfrawmf
umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf AdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD; r[moa&
26 jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;aumfyakd &;&Si;f \ Kan Thar Yar pnforl if;atmifviId f wufa&mufred cYf eG ;f ajymMum;Ny;D
International Specialist Hospital zGihfyGJtcrf;tem;ukd xl;cReq f &k oifwef;om;rsm;ukd qkrsm;ay;tyfonf/

87
 2 01
0177 ckESEpS f jzpf & yfrsm;
rsm;

EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf u,m;jynfe,f a'ocHvli,frsm;ESihf

Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;aqG;aEG;pOf

29 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef; tpnf;ta0;cef;rüusi;f y&m 'kw, d or®w OD;jrihaf qG
pkMunfonf wm0ef&o dS rl sm;ESit
fh wl u,m;jynfe,f wufa&muftrSmpum;ajymMum;onf/
vdGKifaumfNrdKUokdYa&muf&SdNyD; jynfe,ftpkd;&tzGUJ ½H;k ü w½kwfEdkifiH\ qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavQmhcsa&;
a'ocHu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;ESihf awGUqHo
k nf/ ,if;aemuf tpDtpOf &efyakH iGrsm;rS ravsmrf ueftoH;k jyKco
hJ nhf
EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvfESihf u,m;jynfe,f ,Graf iG oef; 730 ukd tmPmydik rf sm;u odr;f qnf;
a'ocHvil ,frsm; Nird ;f csr;f a&;pum;0dik ;f ukd vdKG iaf umf EdkifcJhaMumif; qif[Gmowif;wGif azmfjyonf/
NrdKU&Sd jynfe,fcef;rü usif;yonf/
jynfaxmifpw k &m;vTwaf wmfcsKyo f nf trd e f Y 31 Ed k i f i H w um\ ta&;,l y d w f q d k Y r I r sm;uk d
aMumfjimpmtrSwf (1018^2017) jzihf jynfaxmifpk csK;d azmufum ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;okYd a&eHxu G uf ek rf sm;
Oya'qdkif&m taxmuftuljyKay;a&;tzGJUukd wifydkYonf[k oHo,&Sdonhf yem;rm;tvHvTihfxl
jyifqifzGJUpnf;onf/ xm;aom oabFmwpfpif;ukd awmifukd&D;,m;
tdE´d,EdkifiHatmufvTwfawmfu ZeD;r,m; tmPmydkifrsm;u odrf;qnf;vdkufaMumif; ½dkufwm
rsm;ukd uGm&Sif;onhf rGwfqviftrsKd;om;rsm;tm; owif;wGif azmfjyonf/
w&m;pGJqdkEdkifa&; Oya'wpf&yfukd twnfjyKEdkifcJh tD&efEdkifiH ruf&Sf[ufta&SUajrmufydkif;NrdKUü
aMumif; ½dkufwmowif;wGif azmfjyonf/ tvkyv f ufryhJ rmP jrihw
f ufvmrIEiS fh ukeaf ps;EIe;f
Bu;D jrihrf u
I t
dk ajccHí tD&efacgif;aqmift,mwdv k m
30 yk*¾vduu@ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;aumfrwDESihf cgareDudk qE´jycJMh u&m &JwyfzUJG ESifh y#dyu©jzpfymG ;Ny;D
jrefrmhp;D yGm;a&;vkyif ef;&Sirf sm; 13 Burd af jrmuf yHrk eS f qE´jyolEpS Of ;D xufrenf; aoqH;k cJah Mumif; qif[mG
awGUqHyk u JG dk &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd jynfaxmifpo k r®w jrefrmEdik if H owif;wGif azmfjyonf/
ukeof nfrsm;ESipfh ufrv I ufrv I yk if ef;&Sirf sm; toif;csKyf H
88
 tydkif; (2)
rmwdum
1 ESpf 70 jynhf pmayAdrmef csKdjrEG,f 91-100

2 jrefrmh½dk;&maus;vuftEkynm rEkóausmf0if; 101-106

3 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm; xdefvif; (ref;wuúokdvf) 107-114

4 &moDwkyfauG;a&m*g a'gufwmcifarmifvGif 115-118

5 tmqD,HESpfig;q,fc&D; wuúokdvf[efpkd;OD; 119-132

6 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm; ukdukdvIdif 133-142

 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef
pmayAd r mef t rnf j zif h &yf w nf c J h a om
jrefrmEkid if H bmomjyefpmaytoif;Bu;D onf 2017
ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 26 &ufwGif ESpfaygif; 70 c&D;odkY
a&mufcJhayNyD/
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;tBudKumv 1947 ckESpf?
ZGefv 7 &ufwGif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;zcifBuD;
AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukefNrdKU? jynfvrf;
trSw(f 361) &Sd qk&d efwAdk v D mtaqmufttHk (,ck
qufoG,fa&;ESifhenf;ynmXme) ü vGwfvyfa&;
&&S d N yD ; ygu a&S U quf í Ek d i f i H z G H Y N zd K ;a&;twG u f
jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufMu
rnfhtpDtpOf(qkd&efwkdADvmpDrHudef;) ukd a&;qGJ&ef
jrefrmynm&Sdokcrdefrsm;ukd zdwfac:í pnf;a0;
wk d i f y if c J h & mrS jref r mEk d i f i H b momjyef p may
toif;BuD;ukd wnfaxmif&ef qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/
xkdtpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
]]jyef v nf x l a xmif z k d Y u d p ö r S m ynma&;buf r S
tvkdtyfqHk;jzpfw,f/....pmtkyfawG xkwfwJh
ae&mrSm vltrsm;twGuf ta&;wBuD;vkdtyfwJh
pmtkyfawG? toHk;usr,fhpmtkyfawGukd bmom
jyefNyD; yHkEdSyfxkwfa0zkdYukd pdwfxJrSmpGJxm;&r,f?
bmomjyefXmeBuD;BuD;wpfckukd zGJU&r,f...}} [k
ajymMum;cJhonf/
91
1947 ck E S p f ? Zl v k d i f v 19 &uf w G i f
Akvd cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESit hf mZmenfBu;D rsm;usq;kH cJNh y;D
Akv
d cf sKyaf tmifqef; OD;aqmifa&;qGcJ ahJ om pDru H ed ;f
ukd xkdpOfu EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfOD;Eku qufvuf
taumiftxnfazmfcJhonf/
1947 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 26 &ufwiG f Ekid if aH wmf
0ef B uD ; csKyf O D ; Ek \ aetd r f ü b@ma&;0ef B uD ;
OD;wifxGwf? jyefMum;a&;Xme? 'kwd,twGif;0ef
OD;oefY(yef;waemf)? t*Fvdyfpmuxdu OD;rsdK;rif;
(EG,pf ;dk -aemif-ygarmu©)? jyefMum;a&;XmetwGi;f 0ef
OD;cifarmifvwfwkdY twlpnf;a0;um jrefrmEkdifiH
bmomjyefpmaytoif;BuD;ukd pwifwnfaxmifcJh
onf/
toif ; BuD ; \aqmif y k ' f r S m jynf a xmif p k
jrefrmEdik if tH wGuf tusKd ;aqmif&ef (Service for the
Union of Burma) jzpfNyD; toif;BuD;\ &nf&G,fcsuf
rsm;rSm-
(1) jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm; todÓPfynm
A[k o k w wk d ; yG m ;aMumif ; jzpf a om
t*Fvyd b f mom? tjcm;Ekid if jH cm; bmom
jzif h yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0xm;aom pmtk y f
pmwrf;rsm;ukd jrefrmbmomodkYjyeffqkd
&ef/
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef
(2) jref r mbmomjzif h jyKpk x m;aom
(okdYr[kwf) jrefrmwkdif;&if;om; bmom
wpfckckjzifh jyKpka&;om;xm;aom pHrD
pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;bmom
rsm;okdY jyefqkd&ef okdYr[kwf jyefqkdjcif;ukd
ulnDtm;ay;&ef/
(3) vlxkynma&; wkd;wufaumif;rGefvm
ap&efESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ynmwwf
tqif h t wef ; jrif h w uf v map&ef
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh jrefrmpmayESifh jrefrmh
tEk y nm&yf r sm;uk d pl ; prf ; &S m azG & ef
odkYr[kwf pl;prf;&SmazGrIrsm;ukd ulnD
tm;ay;&ef/
(4) pmtk y f p mwrf ; rsm;? pmapmif r sm;ES i f h
tjcm;zwf ½ I z G , f & mrsm;ud k a&;om;
yHkESdyfxkwfvkyfjzeYfcsda0iS&ef ?okdYr[kwf
a&mif ; &ef ? xk d & nf & G , f c suf r sm;jzif h
½kyfyHkrsm;? tEkynm&yfrsm;? pmapmifrsm;
ESihf tjcm;zwf½zI , G &f mpmtkyrf sm;ukd yHEk ydS f
xkwfvkyfjzefYcsda0iS&eftwGuf pmyHkESdyf
puf u d & d , mrsm;ES i f h t vk y f o rm;rsm;
&,lwnfaxmif cefYtyfxm;&Sd&efwkdY
jzpfonf/
xk&d nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh jrefrmEkid if H bmomjyef
pmaytoif;Bu;D ukd wnfaxmifcNhJ y;D tkycf sKyaf &;tzGUJ
pnf;rsOf;rsm;ukd a&;qGJcJhMuonf/ 1947 ckESpf?
pufwifbmv 18 &ufwGif Cooperation Building
ukrÜPDtoif;tzGJUrsm; rSwfyHkwif½Hk;ü aiGpm&if;
t&m&Sd OD;nGefYatmifu jrefrmEkdifiHbmomjyef
pmaytoif;BuD;ukd 1860 jynhf tdE´d,tufOya'
yk'fr (21) t& rSwfyHkwifcJhonf/ rSwfyHkwiftrSwf
rSm (1946-1947) trSwf(11)jzpfonf/
1948 ckESpf? arvwGif qkd&efwkdADvmodkY
iSm;&rf;ajymif;a&TUcJhNyD; 0,f,l&efaps;EIef;nd§EIdif;Mu
onf / 1948 ck E S p f ? Mo*k w f v 8 &uf a eY
tk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J U tpnf ; ta0;wG i f aiG u syf
92
ESpf 70 jynhf pmayAdrmeftxdrf;trSwfvdk*dk
125ç000d^-(wpfodef;ESpfaomif;ig;axmif) jzifh
0,f,l&ef oabmwlnDcJhMuNyD; qkd&efwkdADvmukd
0,f,pl mcsKyf csKyq f Ndk y;D aMumif;ukd 1949 ckEpS ?f arv
24 &uf tpnf;ta0;wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
aemufydkif;wGif tzGJUBuD;onf jrefrmEkdifiH
bmomjyef p maytoif ; (pmayAd r mef ) [l a om
trnfjzifh &yfwnfco hJ nf/ pmayAdrmef\aqmify'k f
rSm ]]tarSmifciG ;f í tvif;aqmift}hH } (Light,Where
Darkness was) jzpfNy;D tqky d gaqmify'k u f dk q&mBu;D
rif;ok0Pf (OD;0ef) u tBuHjyKcJhonf[k od&onf/
pmayAd r mef o nf aiG a Mu;oH k ; pG J r I w G i f
Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &\axmufyahH iG? tpk;d &xHrS twk;d rJh
acs;aiGwkdYjzifh rwnfcJhNyD; pmaytoif;0ifrsm;xHrS
0if a Mu;ES i f h ES p f p Of a Mu;aiG 5d ^ -(ig;usyf ) pD
owfrSwfaumufcHcJhonf/ toif;xkwfpmtkyf
rsm;ukd 25 &mckdifEIef;avQmhí a&mif;csay;um
tcsd K Uuk d tcrJ h a 0iS o nf / 1948 ck E S p f w G i f
pmtkyfrsm; pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ wnfaxmifNyD;
10 ESpfwmumvwGif pmtkyftrsdK;aygif; 370
ausmfjyKpkxkwfa0cJhNyD; tkyfa&tm;jzifh 15 oef;
rQ&Sdonf/ pmzwfolonf ausmif;wpfausmif;?
pmMunh f w k d u f w pf w k d u f ? vl x k & d y f o mwpf c k o d k Y
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

pmayAdrmef ESpf 70 jynhf txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;okdY wufa&mufvmonhf jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;

a'gufwmazjrihfESihf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;? pmayynm&Sifrsm;ukd awGU&pOf
oGm;onfqv dk Qif xkad e&mü ]]tarSmifciG ;f í tvif; pG,fpHkusrf;BuD;twGuf odyÜHtaMumif;&yfrsm;ukd
aqmiftHh}} [laom aqmifyk'fjzifh pmayAdrmef vnf;jyKpkay;cJhonf/ vlxkodyÜHusrf;vkyfief;ukd
xk w f a usmif ; oH k ; pmtk y f r sm;? vpOf r *¾ Z if ; rsm;? 1954 ckESpfwGif pwifcJhNyD; 1956 ckESpfwGif vlxk
jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;BuD;rsm;? vlxkodyÜH usrf;rsm;ESifh odyXHÜ me[k topfzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/
tjcm; taxGaxGpmtkyf pmwrf;rsm;ukd awGU&rnf 1952 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmefr*¾Zif;udk pwif
jzpfonf/ xkwfa0cJhonf/ ynm&yftzHkzHkpHkvifpGm &SmazG
pmayAdrmefonf 0dZÆmXme? odyÜHXme[laom pkaqmif;í a&;om;xm;aomaqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh
pmwnf;XmeESpfckzGJUpnf;cJhNyD;? 0dZÆmXmeonf vlxk vpOfxkwf pG,fpHkusrf;i,fyrmxkwfa0EkdifcJhonf/
tvif;? vlxt k w
d af qmifEiS hf vlxw
k uúov dk pf mpOf 1959 ckESpf? rwfvwGif (twGJ7? trSwf 10)
pmtkyfrsm; jyKpkwnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJhonf/ 1952 xkwfa0cJhNyD;aemuf &yfpJcJhonf/
ckESpfwGif taxGaxG0dZÆmXme[lí zGJUpnf;vkdufNyD; 1952 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyf
urÇmh*E¦0ifpmpOf? orkdif;pmpOf? ESpf 50 pmpOf OD;Ek? pnfolOD;oefY? pnfolOD;aumif; ponhfyk*¾dKvf
wkdYudkvnf; xkwfa0cJhonf/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;BuD; rsm;u EkdifiHawmf&Sd &[ef;&Sifvljynfoltaygif;wkdY
twGuf 0dZÆmqkdif&mtaMumif;&yfrsm;? jrefrmrI ukd bmomjyefpmtkyftoif;\ ausmif;oifcef;pm
taMumif;&yfrsm;ukdvnf; wm0ef,ljyKpk&onf/ xkwfa0a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd wwfEkdiforQ 0kdif;0ef;
od y Ü H X meonf taxG a xG o d y Ü H X me? vl x k ulnDtm;ay;Mu&ef jrefrmhtoHrS ckepf&ufqufí
odyÜHXmetjzpfokdY tqifhqifhajymif;vJcJhonf/ toHvTifharwåm&yfcHcJhonf/
odyb HÜ momjyef pdppfa&;aumfrwDuzkd UJG í Basic Sci- xkdYaemuf ynm&Sifrsm;ESifhyl;aygif;í ausmif;
ence Series pmtk y f r sm;uk d od y Ü H p mpOf t jzpf oifcef;pmrsm;a&;om;jcif;? oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;rsm;ESifh
xkwfa0&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ ESpf 50 odyÜHqkdif&m pmpOf uk d u f n D a tmif p d p pf w nf ; jzwf j cif ; ? taxmuf
rsm;ukd a[mfvefEkdifiHwGif ½kdufESdyfcJhonf/ jrefrmh tuljyK"mwfyHkrsm; &SmazGxnhfoGif;yHkESdyfjcif;wkdY

93
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

aqmif&u G u
f m Ekid if w H pf0ef;xkwaf 0rIyrmP\ 80
&mckdifEIef;ukd pmayAdrmefu xkwfa0EkdifcJhonf/
ok c rd e f t zG J U uk d z G J U pnf ; í a0g[m&bPf
vkyfief;ukdvnf; 1950 jynhfESpfrSpí ckepfESpf
twGif; pmvHk;a& 66ç000 ausmfjyKpkEkdifcJhonf/
pmtkyf 24 tkyf xkwfa0EkdifcJhonf/
bmomjyefpmaytoif;Bu;D onf jrefrmpmay
ESifh jrefrmtEkynm&yfrsm;ukd pl;prf;&SmazG&ef
rsm;ukd zdwaf c:a[majymapcJo h nf/ a[majymcsuf
rsm;ukd pmtkyfrsm;xkwfa0cJhNyD; ,Ofaus;rIuyGJ
rsm;vnf; cif;usif;jyocJhonf/
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUonf ukefonfvrf;ESifh 37
vrf;axmifh&Sd tvsm;ay 200? teH 57 aycGJ&Sd
ajruGufukd 125ç000d^- (wpfodef;ESpfaomif;
ig;axmifusyf) jzifh 0,f,lNyD; jynfolYtkd;tdrf
jyef v nf x l a xmif a &;tzG J U tif * sif e D , mrsm;u

pmayAdrmef ESpf 70 jynhftxdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;wGif jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; a'gufwmazjrihfu

q&mBuD;a'gufwmcifat; (armifcifrif-"EkjzL) tm; trSwfw&vufaqmifay;tyfpOf
odkYr[kwf pl;prf;&SmazGrIukd tm;ay;&ef[laom wm0ef,u
l m (26-7-1953) &ufwiG f tkwfjrpfcscJhNyD;
&nf&G,fcsufjzifh pmayAdrmefv[mjyif Zmwf½HkwGif av;xyftaqmufttHkukd (5-5-1955) &ufwGif
aomMumaeYwkdif; ,Ofaus;rIa[majymyGJrsm;ukd tcrf;tem;jzifh zGifhvSpfEkdifcJhonf/ xkdtaqmuf
usif;yay;cJhonf/ *Dw? obif? yef;csD ponfh ttHk\ aqmufvkyfcukefusaiGrSm 1ç685ç000d^-
tEkynm&yfrsm;taMumif;udk uRr;f usiof yl nm&Sif (wpfq,fhajcmufodef;&Spfaomif;ig;axmifusyf)

94
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef
jzpf o nf / xk d t aqmuf t tH k o k d Y pmwnf ; Xme?
ta&mif;Xme? jynfolYpmMunhfwkdufESifh tkyfcsKyfrI
(pDrH)Xme? aiGpm&if;XmewkdY ajymif;a&TUcJhonf/
1963 ckESpfwGif pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU
Oya'udk jy|mef;cJo h nf/ ,if;Oya't& 1965 ckEpS f
Zefe0g&DvwGif pmayAdrmeftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUukd
zGUJ pnf;onf/ 1972 ckEpS ?f rwfvwGif A[kyd EkH ydS w f u
dk f
ES i f h y l ; aygif ; í yH k E S d y f a &;ES i f h p mtk y f x k w f a 0a&;
aumfykda&;&Sif;\ vufatmufodkY xnfhoGif;zGJUpnf;
cJo h nf/ 1992 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&DvwGif pmayAdrmef
tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJUOya'ukd zsufodrf;cJhonf/
ESpf 70 jynhf pmayAdrmeftxdrf;trSwf tcrf;tem;okdY wufa&mufcsD;jr§ifhMuonhf
jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;a'gufwmazjrihfESihf pmayynm&Sifrsm;
t"d u pmtk y f x k w f a 0a&;vk y f i ef ; rsm;
jref r mh p G , f p H k u srf ;
jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;BuD; xkwfa0a&;twGuf
1948 ckESpf? arvwGif aqG;aEG;qHk;jzwfcJhonf/
1954 ck E S p f w G i f jref r mh p G , f p H k u srf ; twG J (1)uk d
xk w f a 0aomtcg tzG i f h t rS m uk d Ed k i f i H a wmf
0efBu;D csKyu f , dk w f idk f vufrw
S af &;xk;d xkwaf 0cJo h nf/
0efBuD;csKyf\trSmpmwGif ]]þpG þpG , f p H k u srf ;
BuD;ukd wpfaeYvQifwpfem&Dzwfyg/ zwfNyD;orQukd
em&D0ufcefY rSwfom;yg/ rSwfom;NyD;orQukd em&D
95
0ufrQ qifjcifoHk;oyfyg/ þodkY wpf a eY v Qif
ESpfem&DrQig;ESpfcefY pGJpGJNrJNrJ BudK;pm;yg/ þodkY
BudK;pm;ol\ tarSmif"mwfonf rnfrQyif BuD;rm;
apumrl þpG , f p H k u srf ; BuD ; onf xk d t arS m if
"mwf u k d c G i f ; í tvif ; uk d a qmif u k e f v wå H / xk d
olonfzkd;oknyif jzpfapumrl þpG,fpHkusrf;
BuD;onf zkd;oknukd zkd;&mZmtjzpfokdY ajymif;vJ
ay;uk e f v wå H U}} [ka&;om;cJhonf/
pG,pf u
kH sr;f ? twGJ 1?2?3?4 wku
Yd dk t*FvefEidk if üH
yHkESdyfNyD; useftwGJrsm;ukd jynfwGif;ü yHkESdyfcJhonf/
1976 ckESpfwGif twGJ 15 txdxkwfa0NyD;pD;
cJo
h nf/ 1978 ckEpS rf pS í pG,pf u kH sr;f tjznhf ESpcf sKyf
usrf;rsm;ukd ESpfpOfxkwfa0cJhonf/ pG,fpHkESpfcsKyf
usrf;wGif jynfwGif;jynfyjzpfpOfrsm;? xl;jcm;jzpfpOf
rsm;? rS w f w rf ; rsm;? 0d Z Æ m ? od y Ü H t aMumif ; &yf
aqmif ; yg;&S n f B uD ; rsm; xnf h o G i f ; azmf j yvsuf
&Sdonf/ pG,fpHkusrf;jyKpka&;twGuf &nfnTef;usrf;
pDpOfa&;aumfrwDukd zGJUpnf;aqmif&Gufonf/
,cktcg pG,fpHkusrf;BuD;rsm;ukd acwfESifhtnD
jyefvnfjyifqifxkwfa0a&;twGuf xGef;azmifa';
&Sif;\ ulnDaxmufyHhrIjzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sd&m
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

a'gufwmOD;aomfaumif;u Ouú|tjzpfaqmif&u G f q&mBuD ; ? umwG e f ; q&mBuD ; rsm;jzpf M uaom

aom jrefrmhp,
G pf u
kH sr;f Bu;D rsm; jyefvnfxw
k af 0a&; OD;bMunf? OD;ausmfqef;(u-q)? OD;oef;<u,f?
aumfrwDu ody?HÜ 0dZmÆ taMumif;&yfaqmif;yg;rsm;ukd OD ; atmif & S d e f ? OD ; armif p d e f E S i f h OD ; azod e f ; wk d Y \
pdppfa&;om;wnf;jzwfvsuf&Sdonf/ vuf&mrsm;jzifh a0a0qmqmxkwaf 0cJNh y;D aemifwiG f
OD;at;wifukdyg jznfhí q&mckepfOD;\vuf&m
jynf o l Y v uf p G J p mpOf r sm; rsm;jzifhxkwfa0&m tvGefvlBudKufrsm;cJhonf/
pmayAd r mef o nf vl x k o d y Ü H p mpOf ? vl x k 1979 ck E S p f ? Zef e 0g&D v 27 &uf w G i f
tvif;pmpOfESifh vlxktdwfaqmifpmpOfrsm;ukd t*F v d y f b momjzif h (Golden Child) ud k
xk w f a 0cJ h N yD ; ? 1958 ck E S p f w G i f jynf o l Y v uf p G JoD;jcm;xkwfa0NyD; 1980 jynhfESpf? Mo*kwf 16 &uf
pmpOftrnfjzifh xkwfa0cJhonf/ xkdodkY xkwfa0&m wGif a&TaoG;trnfjzifh wpfaygif;wnf; xkwfa0
wGif ynm&Sifrsm;xH Book Idea ac: xkwfa0oifh cJhonfrSm ,ckwkdifjzpfonf/ ,cifu a&TaoG;
onfhpmtrsdK;tpm;ay:rlwnfí tBuHÓPfay; *sme,fonf apmifa&ESpfodef;cefY ½kdufcJh&zl;NyD;
umtyfESHjcif;? pma&;q&mrsm;u rdrdwkdYukd,fykdif a&TaoG;*sme,f ESpfywfvnf txl;xkwfrsm;vnf;
tBuHÓPfjzifha&;om;NyD; wifvmonfh pmrlrsm;ukd xkwfa0cJhonf/
a&G;cs,fyHkESdyfxkwfa0cJh&mrS ,cktcg pmayAdrmef
pmrlNydKifyGJrS ESpfpOfqk&&Sdaom pmrlrsm;? yckuúL ok w ya'ompmapmif
OD;tH;k az pmayNyKd iyf JG (yckuLú pmayqk) rS qk&&Sad om jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D Xmeu xkwaf 0cJah om OM
pmrlrsm;ukd yHkESdyfxkwfa0vsuf&Sdonf/ (Open Mind) trnf & S d p mapmif u k d Spectrum
trnfajymif;cJNh y;D xkd Spectrum pmapmifyg t*Fvyd f
a&T a oG ; *sme,f aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd jrefrmbmomjyefqu dk m okwya'om
a&TaoG;*sme,fonf 1968 ckESpfukefykdif;wGif pmapmif [ l í oH k ; vwpf B ud r f xk w f a 0cJ h o nf /
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD; AkdvfcsKyfaomif;'ef pwif y H k E S d y f p Of u apmif a & 5000? wef z k d ;
ES i f h p mayAd r mef nT e f M um;a&;rS L ; OD ; xif B uD ; 3d^(oH;k usy)f jzifah &mif;csco hJ nf/ okwya'omwGif
(wuúokdvfxifBuD;)wkdY uav;pmayxkwfa0a&; pmay? ,Ofaus;rI? orkdif;? EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlrI
aqG;aEG;&mrS pwifarG;zGm;cJo h nf/ xkEd pS f rEÅav;NrKd U a&;ESihf odyb HÜ mom&yfqidk &f m wDxiG rf ?I use;f rma&;?
wGif usif;yaom ynma&;ESD;aESmzvS,fyGJrS tjyef aq;ynm? pku d yf sKd ;a&;? arG;jrLa&;? ukex f w k vf yk rf w
I Ydk
&xm;ay:wGif ynma&;twGi;f 0ef a'gufwmnDn?D tjyif &oaESmaomokwjzpf&yfreS rf w S wf rf;? [mo?
jyef M um;a&;XmetwG i f ; 0ef 'k w d , Ak d v f r S L ;BuD ; uav;tawG;ponfhtrnfpHkpGm t*Fvdyfbmom
wifxGef;(OW)? [Hom0wDOD;0if;wifESifh OD;xifBuD; rS jrefrmbmomjyefpmrlrsm;jzpfonf/ 1999 ckESpf?
wkdYaqG;aEG;cJhMuum pmwnf;rSL; OD;wifatmif? atmufwkdbmvrSpí ESpfvwpfBudrfESifh 2000
pmwnf;OD;ausmfvif; (xm;0,f ausmfvif;)wkdYu jynhfESpf? ZGefvrSpí wpfvwpfBudrfxkwfa0vsuf
taumiftxnfazmfcJhMuonf/ &Sdonf/ oHk;vwpfBudrf xkwfa0pOfu tkyfa&
1969 ck E S p f ? Zef e 0g&D v 4 &uf w G i f 40ç000 cefY yHkESdyfcJh&onf/
a&TaoG;*sme,fukd pwifxkwfa0onf/ tywfpOf tjcm;pmapmifrsm;taejzifh 1970 jynhfESpf?
xkwf*sme,fjzpfí wpfapmifvQif 25 jym; EIef;jzifh Zef e 0g&D v rS pwif í ynmavmupmapmif u k d
paeaeYwkdif; jzefYcsdcJhonf/ EkdifiHausmf yef;csD oH;k vwpfBurd f xkwaf 0cJNh y;D 1983 ckEpS w f iG f &yfem;

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 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

cJo
h nf/ 2011-2012 ckEpS rf pS í bmomjyef XmecGJ tif*sifeD,mvufpGJ? csdefEIef;jr§ifh'DZ,ftif*sif?
wpf c k oD ; jcm;zG J U pnf ; um ud k & D ; ,m;rD ' D , mES i f h ykpGefarG;jrLenf;? vQyfppfu&d d,mwyfqif toHk;jyKrI
tif'kdeD;&Sm;rD'D,mpmtkyfrsm;ukd bmomjyefqkd ESifhwkdif;wmrI? owåKyHkoGef;enf;? ½kyfjrifoHMum;
xkwfa0cJhonf/ jyKjyifxdef;odrf;enf; ponfhpufrIvufrIqkdif&m
pmtkyfrsm;udk xkwfa0cJhonf/
Ek d i f i H w umES i f h y l ; aygif ; xk w f a 0jcif ;
pmayAd r mef p mtk y f t oif ;
pmayAd r mef o nf *syef E k d i f i H wk d u sd K Nrd K U&S d
,l e uf pukd tm&S,Ofaus;rI&dyfom jrefrmEkdifiH 1960 jynhfESpf? ZlvkdifvwGif pmayAdrmef
ukd,fpm;vS,f tjzpf&yfwnfcJhonf/ pmayAdrmefrS pmwnf;rSL; q&mBuD; OD;pHxGm;\tBuHjyKcsufjzifh
pmwnf;rSL;csKyf? pmwnf;rSL;rsm;onf pDrHudef; pmayAdrmefpmtkyftoif;ukd pwifwnfaxmif
tpnf;ta0;rsm; wufa&muf&Ny;D pmwnf;rsm;onf onf/ 1990 jynhfumvrsm;wGif toif;om;
yHkESdyfxkwfa0a&;qkdif&moifwef;rsm; wufa&muf 20ç000 ausmf&SdcJhonf/ toif;0ifaMu;rSmvnf;
cJhMuonf/ xkd tpDtpOft& tm&S 19 EkdifiHrS pmrl 10 usyf rSpcJo h nf/ pmayAdrmefjynfov
Yl ufppJG mtkyf
rsm;ukd vpOftoif;ay;ESifh oD;jcm;a&mif;ESpfrsdK;
rsm;ukd aygif;í xkwaf om ]]tm&S½;dk &m yHjk yifrsm;}}
twGJ ajcmufwu JG dk jrefrmbmomjyefqx xkwfa0NyD; toif;ay;pmtkyfukd pmtkyftoif;0if
dk w
k af 0cJo
h nf/
rsm;okdY jzefYcsday;onf/ qk&pmrlrsm;ukd yHkESdyf&m
xkdYjyif *syefEkdifiH tjynfjynfqkdif&m pufrI
vufrIenf;ynmtzGJU (Association of International yxrqk&pmtkyo f nf toif;ay;jzpfonf/ toif;
Technical & Education Programme- AITEP ) wnfaxmifpu pmayAdrmefjyu©'defrsm;ukd toif;
tzGJUESifhyl;aygif;í armfawmf,mOfvufpGJ? vQyfppf 0ifrsm;tm; vufaqmifay;onf/

pmayAdrmefyxrxyfwGif zGihfvSpfxm;&Sdonhf jynfolYpmMunhfwdkuftwGif;

pmayavhvmzwf½Iaeolrsm;ukd awGU&pOf

97
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

pmayAd r mef j ynf o l Y p mMunh f w k d u f wpftkyfukda&G;cs,fí trsdK;om;pmayqkay;&efESifh

pmayAdrmefpmMunhfwkdufukd 1956 ckESpf? usefpmrlrsm;ukd pmayAdrmefpmrlqktrnfjzifh cGJjcm;
rwfvwGif pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ rnfolrqkd csD;jr§ifh&ef qHk;jzwfNyD; bmom&yf 11 rsdK;ay;tyfcJh
tcrJhiSm;&rf;zwf½IcGifh&SdcJhonf/ ,cktcg 0ifaMu; onf/ 1970 jynfhESpfwGif 12 rsdK; 1979 ckESpfwGif
1000 usyf owfrSwfxm;onf/ &efukefwuúokdvf 13 rsdK;? 1989 ckESpfwGif 14 rsdK;ESifh 2012 ckESpfwGif
pmMunhfwkdufynmXme\ vkyfief;cGifvufawGU 16 rsdK; jzpfvmonf/ trsdK;om;pmayqktwGuf
qif ; &mXmejzpf o nf / uav;pmMunh f w k d u f ? pmtkyfaygif; 556 tkyfcsD;jr§ifhcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
&nfñTef;pmMunhfwkdufwkdYvnf; zGifhvSpfxm;onf/ 2001 ck E S p f r S p í b0wpf a vQmuf v H k ;
pmaya&;om;cJhMuol q&mBuD;? q&mrBuD;rsm;
pmayAd r mef j yyG J r sm; ukv d nf; wpfoufwmpmayqk a&G;cs,cf s;D jri§ v hf suf
1957 ckESpfu yef;csDjyyGJjyocJhaMumif;ukd &Sdonf/ ,cktcg q&mBuD;? q&mrBuD; 22 OD;udk
yef;csaD 0zefa&;q&m ay:opf(OD;0if;wif) u 1958 csD;jr§ifhay;EkdifcJhonf/
ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 13 &ufxkwf aMu;rHkowif;pm jyifyrSapwem&Sif yckuúLOD;tHk;azu 1992
wGif aqmif;yg;a&;om;cJhonf/ ckEpS wf iG f Ekid if aH wmfoaYkd iG 7ç601ç279d^-(ckepfq,fh
pmayAd r mef u BuD ; rS L ;í 1972 ck E S p f ? ajcmufodef;wpfaxmifhESpf&mckepfq,fhukd;usyf)ukd
'DZifbmvwGif ,leufpukd\axmufyHhrIjzifh ]]EkdifiH vSL'gef;&mrS yckuúLOD;tHk;azpmayqkukd 1993 ckESpf
wumpmtkyfESpfjyyGJ}}? 1975 ckESpf rwfvwGif wGif pwifcsD;jr§ifhcJhonf/
]]pme,fZif;wkdif;acwforkdif;jyyGJESifh 1983 ckESpf?
arvwGif ]]pme,fZif;rsufESmzHk;? yef;csD"mwfyHkjyyGJ pmwrf ; zwf y G J r sm;ES i f h p mayES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J r sm;
(pme,fZif;pHkacwfaMu;rHk) jyyGJ}} wkdYukd jyocJhonf/ pmayAd r mef o nf pmayzG H Y N zd K ;a&;twG u f
pmwrf ; zwf y G J r sm;? pmayED S ; aES m zvS , f y G J r sm;
pmayqk r sm; csD ; jr§ i f h j cif ; usif;ycJhonf/ 1965 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif
1948 ckEpS t f wGuf pmayAdrmef usyf 1000d^- uav;pmayES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J ? 1967 ck E S p f ?
(wpf a xmif ) qk uk d 1949 ck E S p f w G i f pwif azazmf0g&DvwGif odypHÜ mayED;S aESmzvS,yf ?JG 1968
csD;jr§ifhonf/ wpfESpftwGif;&&Sdaom pmtkyfrsm;rS ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif pmMunhfwkduf ESD;aESm
taumif;qHk;pmtkyfwpftkyfukd csD;jr§ifh&m pma&; zvS , f y G J ? 1969 ck E S p f ? puf w if b mvwG i f
q&mrif ; atmif \ rk d ; atmuf a jrjyif u qk & &S d bmomjyefpmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ? 1970 jynfhESpf?
cJhonf/ xkdrS 1961 ckESpftxdwGif qk ckepfqk puf w if b mvwG i f jyZmwf E S i f h jyZmwf p may
csD;jr§ifhcJhonf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif tEkynmqkdif&m ES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J ? 1971 ck E S p f ? Zl v k d i f v wG i f
pmayqktrnfjzifh qkta&twGuf ukd;rsdK;jzpfvm tw¬ K yÜ w å d p mayES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J ? 1972 ck E S p f ?
onf/ 1963 ckESpfwGif pmtkyfomru pmrludkyg 'DZifbmvwGif EkdifiHwumpmtkyfESpf pkaygif;
qkay;&efqHk;jzwfí yxr? 'kwd,? wwd,? pwkw¬ pmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1973 ckESpf? pufwifbmvwGif
txday;tyfcJhonf/ uav;vli,fpmay pmayESD;aESmzvS,fyGJ? 1975
1965 ck E S p f w G i f trsd K ;om;pmayqk ckESpf? rwfvwGif pme,fZif;wkdif;acwforkdif;
trnfajymif;í pmayqk 10 rsKd ;cs;D jri§ o hf nf/ 1969 pkaygif;pmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1977 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif
ck E S p f w G i f yH k E S d y f N yD ; pmtk y f r sm;rS t aumif ; qH k ; okwpmaypmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1978 ckESpf? rwfvwGif

98
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

0w¬Kwkdpmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1979 ckESpf? rwfvwGif csuf w pf c k t jzpf pmaypum;0k d i f ; rsm;uk d v nf ;

c&D ; oG m ; pmaypmwrf ; zwf y G J ? 1979 ck E S p f ? tcgtm;avsmfpGm usif;ycJhonf/ jyifypma&;q&m
'DZifbmvwGif 0w¬K&n S pf mwrf;zwfy?JG 1981 ckEpS ?f rsm;ukd zdwfac:í 0w¬K&Snfpum;0kdif;ESifh0w¬Kwkd
azazmf0g&DvwGif jrefrmuAsm pmwrf;zwfy?JG 1981 pum;0kdif;wkdYukd usif;ycJhonf/

pmayAdrmefu BuD;rSL;usif;yonhf pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;rS ½dk;&myHkjyifpmaypmwrf;zwfyGJukd awGU&pOf

ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif jrefrmpum;ajypmwrf;zwfy?JG oif w ef ; rsm;yk d Y c say;jcif ;

1983 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif ynm&yfqkdif&m jrefrm pmayAdrmefonf a&S;a[mif;pmay,Ofaus;rI
pmaypmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1984 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif ukd xdef;odrf;ae½HkrQr[kwf? jynfolvlxk\ ynm
jrefrm&nfnTef; pmtkyfpmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1985 ckESpf? A[kow k t&mü topfopfjzpfxeG ;f vma&;twGuf
Zefe0g&DvwGif a0zefa&;pmaypmwrf;zwfy?JG 1986 aqmif&u G &f rnf[al om&nf&, G cf sujf zifh pmMunhw f udk f
ckESpf? rwfvwGif pmwrf;i,fpmaypmwrf;zwfyGJ? vkyif ef;? pmyHEk ydS v
f yk if ef;? owif;pmvkyif ef;wkw Yd ;dk jri§ hf
1987 ckESpf? rwfvwGif bmomjyef pmay pmwrf; vmapa&;twGuf oifwef;rsm; zGifhvSpfay;cJhNyD;
zwfy?JG 1987 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif ½k;d &myHjk yifpmay aemufyidk ;f wGif XmewGi;f oifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS yf cYdk sjcif;?
pmwrf;zwfyGJ? 1991 ckESpf? rwfvwGif *E¦0ifpmay rdrXd me0efxrf;rsm;ukd jynfwGif;jynfy oifwef;rsm;
pmwrf;zwfy?JG 1992 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif Zmwdrmef wufa&mufapjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
pmaypmwrf;zwfyGJ? 2000 jynhfESpf ZGefvwGif aemufykdif;umvrsm;wGifvnf; XmewGif;
bmomjyef p mayES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J ? 2016 ck E S p f ? oifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS yf cYdk sjcif;? rdrXd me0efxrf;rsm;ukd
ZlvdkifvwGif EdkifiHa&;pmaypmwrf;zwfyGJ? 2016 jynfwiG ;f jynfyoifwef;rsm; wufa&mufapjcif;rsm;
ck E S p f ? 'D Z if b mvwG i f acwf N yd K if o rd k i f ; qd k i f & m jyKvkyfay;cJhonf/
pmaypmwrf;zwfyGJESihf 2017 ckESpf? {NyDvwGif ,leufpukdrS BuD;rSL;í 1975 ckESpfwGif Mo-
bmomjyefpmaypmwrf;zwfyGJwkdYukd usif;ycJhonf/ bile Training for Book Production pmtk y f
pmayzG H U Nzd K ;a&;twG u f Bud K ;yrf ; aqmif & G u f xkwfa0a&;oifwef;udk pmayAdrmefü zGifhvSpf

99
 ESpf 70 jynfhpmayAdrmef

pmayAdrmef
aqmifyk'fESihf
vdk*dk

oifMum;cJhonf/ jynfwGif;yHkESdyfxkwfa0olrsm; vma&muftwk,lí Dewan Babasa dan Pustaka

wufa&mufEkdifcJhMuonf/pmayAdrmef pmwnf; (Institute of Malay Literature ) pmtkyfxkwfa0a&;
rsm;uvnf; jyifyXme oifwef;rsm;odkY oGm;a&muf vkyfief;BuD;ukd wnfaxmifcJh&m xkdvkyfief;BuD;rSm
oifMum;ykdYcsay;vsuf&Sdonf/ rsm;pGmzGHYNzdK;wkd;wufvsuf&SdaMumif; od&onf/
2017 ck E S p f ? Mo*k w f v 26 &uf w G i f
pmtk y f t a&mif ; qk d i f z G i f h v S p f j cif ; pmayAdrmef ESp(f 70) jynht f crf;tem;ukd oku
d Nf rKd Uuf
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f m;&m pmayAdrmefxw k f a'gufwmazjrifhu pmayzGHUNzdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;
omru jyif y pmtk y f w k d u f r sm;rS x k w f a 0aom qufvuf aqmif&Guf&efajymMum;cJhNyD; jrefrmpm
pmtk y f r sm;uk d y g a&mif ; csay;vsuf & S d o nf / ygarmu©(Nird ;f ) a'gufwm OD;cifat; (armifcifrif-
XmerSL;wpfOD;u BuD;Muyfwm0ef,lonf/ ,cifu "EkjzL)u ]]pmayAdrmefESifh uRefawmf}}? pmwnf;
xkXd merSL;wko Yd nf *smreDEidk if H z&efzY wfpmtkyjf yyGEJ iS hf (Nidrf;)?OD;nGefY[H(nGefY[H-MuLawm)u ]]tawG;ay;
td E ´ d , Ek d i f i H pmtk y f j yyG J r sm;ok d Y oG m ;a&muf í aompm tjrif a y;aompm}}acgif ; pOf j zif h
jrefrmEkdifiHxkwfpmtkyfrsm;ukd jyocJhzl;onf/ pmayAdrmef\orkdif;aMumif;ESifh pmayukdawG;yHk
pmayAd r mef o nf touf t &G , f toD ; oD ; jrifyHka&;om;yHkwkdYukd pdwf0ifpm;zG,fa[majymMu
twGuf ESpfpOf? vpOf? tywfpOfxkwf pmtkyf onf/
pmwrf ; rsm; yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0jcif ; ? pmMunh f w k d u f pmayAdrmefwGif acwftqufqufwm0ef
zG i f h v S p f x m;jcif ; ? pmtk y f t oif ; wnf a xmif xrf ; cJ h M uaom t&mxrf ; ? trI x rf ; wk d Y o nf
xm;jcif;? pmtkyfta&mif;qkdif zGifhvSpfa&mif;csjcif;? &mxl;*kPfodefxuf pmaytay: wG,fwmaom
pmayqk rsm; csD;jr§ifhjcif;? pmayESSD;aESmzvS,fyGJ? oHa,mZOfjzifh wm0efxrf;&GufcJhMuonf/ xkdYtwl
pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;usif;yjcif;ponfh pmayzGHUNzdK;a&; rsd K ;quf o pf w k d Y u vnf ; ES p f c k e pf q ,f j ynh f c &D ;
vkyfief;rsm;ukd aqmif&GufcJhonfh ta&SUawmif rSonf &mjynhfxufausmfvGefí pmayAdrmef\
tm&SEkdifiHrsm;wGif yxrqHk;XmeBuD;jzpfcJhonf/ *kPfukd jr§ifhwifEkdifMu&ef vkdtyfayonf/
jrefrmEkdifiH\aemuf 10 ESpfcefYMumrS vGwfvyfa&;
&cJ h a om rav;&S m ;Ek d i f i H o nf pmayAd r mef o k d Y csd K jrEG , f

100
 jrefrmh½dk;&m aus;vufodyÜHynm
1970 jynfhESpf? Ekd0ifbmvwGif &efukef
qdyfurf;rS 'vbufqDodkY vufcwf orÁefpD;í
ul;cJh\/ orÁefpD;eif;aepOf 'Da&wufrnfhtcsdefukd
odvkdí orÁeform;BuD;ukd ar;jref;rd\/ xkdtcg
orÁ e f o rm;BuD ; u acwå r Q pOf ; pm;NyD ; aemuf
,aeYonf wefaqmifrkef;vqef; wpf&ufaeY
jzpf&m wpfusyfwGif wpfrwfEkwfvQif oHk;rwfusef
rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh ,aeYrGef;vGJwpfem&D
rxk d ; rD wpf q ,f h i g;rd e pf t vk d w G i f 'D a &wuf
vdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif; ajzMum;\/ wu,fvnf;
xkdaeYwGif olajymcJhonfhtcsdefü 'Da&wufaMumif;
awGU&Sd&\/
txufazmfjyyg jzpfpOfESifhBuHKBudKufNyD;csdefrS
pí jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynmukd pdwf0if
pm;cJhonf/ odkYjzifh jrefrmEkdifiHa'ot&yf&yfokdY
a&mufonfhtcgwkdif; jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜH
ynmtaMumif; vufvSrf;rDorQ avhvmpl;prf;cJh
onf/ rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm (Myanmar
Traditional Folk Science) qkdonfrSm jzpfpOfwkdYukd
Munhfjrifí twdwfedrdwfaumuf,ljcif;rsdK;r[kwf
ovkd aA'ifwGufcsufNyD; a[mudef;xkwfjcif;rsdK;
vnf; r[kwfay/ obm0w&m;\ t&dyftuJjyrI
101
rsm;ukd teuft"dyÜm,fazmfNyD; tusdK;&Sdatmif
toHk;csonfh odyÜHynmjzpfonf/ acwfrDodyÜH ynm
tvG e f w k d ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf h 19 &mpk
aESmif;ykdif;umvrSpí jrefrmh½kd;&modyÜHynm\
tcef;u@onf wpfpwpfpESihf arS;rSed v f mcJ&h onf/
vH k ; 0aysmuf u G , f o G m ;&awmh r nf h tajctae
rsdK;okdYyif a&muf&Sdvmonf/
a&S;acwfjrefrmbk;d bGm;wku
Yd rdrw d \ Ydk tawGU
tBuHKt& wwfajrmufcJhaom ½kd;&maus;vuf odyÜH
ynmukd om;pOfajr;quf vufqifhurf;cJhMuonf/
acwftqufqufwiG f toH;k csNy;D rdrw d \ Ydk vlUtzGUJ
tpnf;twGuf tusdK;jyKcJhMuonf/ jrefrmwkdY\
j'yf r J h , Of a us;rI tarG t ES p f w pf & yf j zpf a om
]]jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm}} ukd azmfxkwf
xdef;odrf;&ef &nfoefí þaqmif;yg;ukd a&;om;
wifjy&jcif;jzpfonf/
rkd;av0oESifh obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm; r sm;
aeMuwfjcif;? vMuwfjcif;? xl;uJ'Da&wuf
jcif;? rkefwkdif;wkdufcwfjcif;tygt0if obm0ab;
tEÅ&m,ftcsdKUESifhywfoufí odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;u
BudKwifwGufcsufod&SdEkdifMu\/ okdY&mwGif rnfonfh
tcsdefwGif ivsifvIyfrnfqkdonfukd BudKwifrodEkdif
 jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm
yg[k ynm&Sirf sm;u 0efccH MhJ u\/ wd&pämeftcsKd Uurl
ivsifvIyfrnfhab;tEÅ&m,fwkdYukd BudKwifod&Sdum
tEÅ&m,fvw G u f if;rnfah e&mokYd ajy;vTm;wdrf;a&Smif
Ekid cf MhJ uaMumif; jzpf&yfom"ursm;&Sad eonf/ xko d Ydk
BuKd wifo&d EdS idk Mf ujcif;rSm ,if;owå0gwk\ Yd ADZtod
(Instinct) pGrf;&nfaMumifh[kqkdonf/
vG e f c J h a om ES p f a ygif ; 3780 cef Y u
tDwvDjynf yGefyDtkdifNrdKUBuD;teD;&Sd ADqlAD;,yf(pf)
rD;awmifBuD; aygufuGJNyD; acsmf&nfESifhjymylrsm;
atmufepfjrKyfcgeD;wGif wd&pämefrsm;u BudKwif
od&SdcJhMu\/ xkdokdYab;tEÅ&m,frusrD wpfn
tvkdwGif acG;rsm;u tlMuonf/ usD;uef;rsm;u
tkyfpktvkdufatmfMuonf/ csnfwkdifwGifcsnfxm;
onfh EGm;rsm;uvnf; BudK;jywfatmif ½kef;xGufNyD;
xGufajy;vGwfajrmufoGm;cJhMu\/ xkda'owGif
aexkdifaom vlom;wkdYurl wd&pämefrsm;jyoae
onfh edrw d u f dk teuft"dymÜ ,f razmfwwfMuaom
aMumifh trIrJhtrSwfrJhaexkdifrdcJhMuojzifh aemuf
wpfaeYwGif tpkvkduftNyHKvkduf aoyGJ0ifcJhMu&\/
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fukd teD;pyfqHk; cefYrSef;azmfjyavh&Sdonhf a&aysmfiSufrsm;
102
NrdKUjy,Ofaus;rIpwifxGef;um;cJhonfh vGefcJh
aom ESpfaygif; 5000 cefYumvrSpí vlom;
wk d Y o nf rd r d w d k Y t wG u f taxmuf t ul j yKrnf h
odyÜHud&d,mtawmfrsm;rsm;ukd wDxGifvmEkdifcJh
onf / ,if ; od y Ü H u d & d , mwk d Y u k d trS D o [J j yKNyD ;
touf & S i f & yf wnf aexk d i f vmMuaomaMumif h
ADZtodpGrf;&nfu wjznf;jznf; tm;enf;usqif;
vmcJh&onf/ ,cktDvufx&Gef;epfacwfwGifrlum;
,if;ADZpGrf;&nfonf aysmufuG,foavmufeD;yg;
jzpfoGm;&avNyD/ obm0w&m;u vlom;wkdY\
ADZpGr;f &nfudk jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f vku
d jf cif;jzpfonf[k
qkd&ayrnf/ wd&pämefwkdYwGifrl ADZtodpGrf;&nf
tm;ukd;jzifhom rsdK;okOf;aysmufuG,froGm;a&;
twGuf qufvuftouf&Sif&yfwnfaeMu&\/
a&S ; acwf u mv aus;vuf a 'owk d Y w G i f
aexkdifcJhMuaom jrefrmawmifolv,form;rsm;
onf ½k d ; &maus;vuf o d y Ü H y nm tm;ud k ; jzif h
&moD O wk t ajctaeud k cef Y r S e f ; wG u f c suf
EkdifcJhMu\/ olwkdY t"dutrSDo[J jyKcJhMuonfum;
 jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm
rdk;vmrnhf t&yfa'oukd todkufjzihf
ñTefjyEdkifonhf bDvHk;iSuf
aus;iS u f r sm;? td r f a rG ; wd & pä m ef E S i f h awm½k d i f ;
wd&pämefrsm;\ xl;jcm;aomvIyf&Sm;rIukd tuJcwf
Mujcif;yifjzpf\/
om"utm;jzifh ]]uGefua&mifiSuf}} tzkdESifh
trwkdY NydKifwlatmfaeMuNyDqkdvQif rkd;BuD;avBuD;
usawmhrnf[k odMu\/ ]]rk;d pmiSu}f } rsm; cyfjrifjh rifh
wG i f ysH oef ; aeMuvQif rMumrD r k d ; &G mawmh r nf ?
cyfedrhfedrfhwGif ysHoef;aeMuvQifvnf; rkd;rukefao;
aMumif;odMu\/ yef;&nfpkyfonfh rkd;apGiSufrsm;
atmfvQif rMumrD rk;d &Gmawmhrnf/ tenf;qH;k ESp&f uf
oH;k &ufcefY rk;d apGaevdrrhf nf[k odEidk Mf u\/ ief;rsm;?
0rf;bJEiS hf a&Muufrsm; nbufwiG f qlqn l n H HatmfMu
ysHMuvQif rkd;oufavjyif;usawmhrnfudk odEkdif\/
rk;d &moDumvü uke;f wGi;f ykid ;f &Sd v,fuiG ;f rsm;
qDodkY AsdKif;ajrmufjrm;pGmvmMuvQif xkdESpfwGif
rk d ; tvG e f a umif ; rnf [ k Bud K wif o d & S d E k d i f M u\/
bDvHk;iSufonf O½kd;OpOftwkdif; iSufusif;xJOvQif
xkEd pS w
f iG f rk;d tvGeaf umif;rnf/ uke;f ay:wGiOf vQif
rk d ; enf ; vd r f h r nf / bD v H k ; iS u f \ tod k u f w G i f
azmufxm;aom taygufudkMunfhNyD; rkd;rnfonfh
t&yf u vmrnf u k d o d E k d i f M u\/ xk d i S u f w k d Y \
todkufwGifazmufxm;aom tayguf\rsufESmpm
103
bufrS rkd;vmavhr&SdbJ tayguf\ qefYusifbuf
t&yfrSom rkd;vmavh&Sd\/
ESpfwpfESpfwGif a&BuD;rnf? rBuD;rnfqkdonf
ukd BudKwifodEkdifaom enf;vrf;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;
\/ jrpfem;acsmif;em;wGif&Sdaom ukdif;yifESifhcsHKykwf
rsm;ay:ü todkufaqmufavh&Sdonfh pm0giSuf
uav;rsm;onf tyif \ tud k i f ; xd y f e m;wG i f
tokdufaqmufMuvQif xkdESpfa&tvGefBuD;rnf/
tukdif;\ tv,fwGif todkufaqmufMuvQif
a&toif h t wif h B uD ; rnf / cyf e d r f h e d r f h w G i f
tokdufaqmufvQif xkdESpfa&BuD;rnfhtEÅ&m,f
vHk;0uif;&Sif;rnf[k odEdkifMu\/
ykpOf;xk;d iSurf sm;ukd avhvmNy;D ESpw f pfEpS w f iG f
a&Bu;D ? rBu;D qko d nfuv dk nf; cefrY eS ;f od&EdS ikd Mf uav
\/ xk d i S u f r sm;onf jrpf a csmif ; urf ; yg;wk d Y ü
taygufazmufí todu k af qmufavh&MdS u&m olwYdk
tokdufaqmufonfhae&mukd MunfhNyD; xkdESpfwGif
a&BuD;rBuD;qkdonfukd odEkdif\/ urf;yg;tjrifhwGif
taygufazmufNyD; todkufaqmufvQif xkdESpf
a&BuD;rnf/ tedrfhykdif;wGif taygufazmufNyD;
toku d af qmufvQif vH;k 0a&rBu;D / toku d rf aqmuf
awmhbJ ae&majymif;oGm;vQif xkdESpfurf;yg;NydK
atmif a&BuD;rnf[k odMu\/
iSufusm;? iSufBuD;0efykdESifh 'Hk;pyfiSufrsm; tpk
tzGJUjzifh rnfonfht&yfqDodkY ysHoef;aMumif;ukd
Munh f N yD ; ol w k d Y O D ; wnf y sH o ef ; aom t&yf ü
xkEd pS wf iG rf ;dk Bu;D rnf? a&vQrH nfqo dk nfudk odEidk \ f /
usD;uef;rsm; tcsdefapmpGm todkufaqmufonfukd
awGUjrif&vQif xkdESpfwGif rkd;OD;apmvdrfhrnf[k od&Sd
Edkif\/
apmif;q&mESifh ,m;emayG;uGuf? yg'&ufu
yk&Gufyvl? tEljy'g; aygif;&Spfyg;[lonfh vuFm
udkvnf; a&S;jrefrmBuD;wkdYu ½kd;&maus;vufodyÜH
ynmtwGuf azmfjrLvmwpfcktjzpf vufudkifjyK
cJhMu\/ rkd;&GmawmhrnfqkdvQif apmif;BudK;rsm;onf
tvkdvkdavsmhvmMu\/ xkdtcg apmif;q&mu
 jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm
rk;d &Gmawmhrnfudk BuKd wifo&d \dS / ,m;em&So d rl sm;ESihf
ayG;&Sdolrsm;uvnf; rkd;&GmcgeD;wGif BudKwifod&SdMu
\/ tb,faMumifhqkdaomf olwkdYonf rkd;&GmcgeD;ü
rcHr&yfEdkifatmif ,m;,HvmwwfMuaomaMumifh
jzpf\/ 'lvmyg'&uform;rsm;url rkd;&GmcgeD;vQif
rcHr&yfEikd af tmif taMumtjcifrsm;wif;vmMu\/
wGi;f atmif;aom yk&u G q
f w
d rf sm;tHzk UJG Ny;D wGi;f jyifoYdk
xGufvmvQif? yvlaumifrsm; awmifykdYtjyifbuf
okdY tHkzGJUysHwufvmvQif rkd;&Gmawmhrnfukd BudKwif
od&SdEdkifMu\/
rdk;&Gmrnhf vu©Pmukd BudK;tavsmhtwif;jzihf
ñTefjyEdkifonhf jrefrmhapmif;
uk|ElempGJuyfaeolrsm;onf rkd;&GmcgeD;ü
temrsm; xl t rf ; trf ; ysOf ; wG J w G J j zpf v monf /
t&nfrsm;vnf;pkd½TJvmonf/ xkdtcg ¤if;wkdYonf
rkd;&Gmawmhrnfukd BudKwifod&SdMu\/ jy'g;rlum;
tyl"mwfvGefuJvQif jyefYwefYwefYusJwJwJ jzpfae
wwf \ / tat;"mwf & aomtcgü od y f o d y f
onf;onf;usHKUoGm;wwf\/ xkdYaMumifh jy'g;usHKU
oG m ;onf u k d awG U jrif & vQif rk d ; &G m awmh r nf [ k
BudKwifod&SdMu\/
104
ykpOf;&ifuaJG umifrsm;atmfvQi?f bl;yg;aumif
rsm;tjyifxGufvmvQif rkd;usawmhrnf? rkd;&moD
a&mufawmhrnfukd odMu\/ 0gqkdykpOf;atmfvQif
0gqkdvü 0gqkdrkd;BuD;&Gmwwfonf/ rkd;wGif;ü wGif;
atmif;aom yk&pfrsm;xGufvmvQif rkd;BuD;wwf
onf[k od&MdS u\/ pku d yf sKd ;csed üf yk&pfwiG ;f rSy&k pfrsm;
xGufvmvQif aumufyJoD;ESHratmifjrifwwf[k
odMu\/
vxD;aqmif;vQifaeylNyD; &moDOwkom,m
wwfonf/ aexD;aqmif;vQif rkd;&Gmwwfonf[k
odMu\/ aA'grsm;urf;uyfvmvQif a&BuD;wwf
onf/ yk&Gufqdwfrsm;rkd;wGif;umvü tdrfay:
(okdYr[kwf) tjrifhokdYwufvQif a&BuD;a&vQHwwf
onf[k odMu\/ rkd;wGif;umvü zm;owå0grsm;
tdrfay: (okdYr[kwf) tjrifhykdif;okdYwufMuvQif
a&BuD;wwfonf/ qifESmarmif;yifrsm; rkd;ay:
axmif y G i f h v Qif a&BuD ; wwf o nf [ k od M u\/
refusnf;yifrS toD;tyGifhrsm;rsm;yGifhvQif? oD;vQif
xkdESpfwGif udkif;uRef;v,f,mrsm; oD;ESHtxGuf
aumif;rnf[k odMu\/
'efYuRJyiftoD;oD;NyD; &ifhvmvQif rkd;us&ef
eD;vmNy/D rk;d umvü 'efu Y RyJ iftoD;rsm;auG;vmvQif
]]'efYuRJvnf;auG;? rkd;vnf;ajy;}} [lí odMu\/
us;D uef;rsm; tyifjrifjh rifw h iG f toku d af qmuf
MuvQif xkdESpfwGif avrkefwkdif;rusEkdif? avrxef
Ekid ?f tyiferd efh rd w
hf iG f toku d af qmufvQirf l avxef
rnf? rkefwkdif;usrnf[k odMu\/ o&ufyifrsm;rsm;
yGifhvQif oD;vQif xkdESpfwGif avxefwwfonf[k
odMu\/
oBuF e f u sonf h a eY w G i f &S m ;yif u k d " m;jzif h
wpfxpfcsif; oHk;xpfxpfMunhfonfhtcg yxr
txpfrS &Sm;ap;txGufrsm;vQif rkd;OD;aumif;rnf/
'kwd,txpfrS tap;ykdxGufvQif rkd;v,faumif;
rnf/ wwd,txpfrS tap;ykdxGufvQif rkd;aESmif;
aumif ; rnf [ k od M u\/ oBuF e f u sonf h a eY
eHeufcif;wGif tdrfMuufu t&ifOD;pGmwGefvQif
 jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm

rdk;aumif;rnhf edrdwfukd ukef;wGif;ydkif; v,fuGif;rsm;qDokdY

pka0;vma&mufjcif;jzihf azmfjywwfonhf AsKdif;rsm;

rkd;OD;aumif;rnf/ awmMuufu t&ifwGefvQif &nf&G,fcsufrSm jrefrmwkdYukd ppfatmifEdkifcJhjcif;

rkd;aESmif;aumif;rnf/ tdrfMuufa&m awmMuufyg
NydKifwlwGefvQif rkd;v,faumif;rnf[k odEkdifMu\/
oBueF u f sNy;D aemuf rk;d OD;tpü&Gmaom rk;d a&ukd vQm
jzifhwkdYMunhfí csdKvQif xkdESpfwGif pyg;oD;ESHaumif;
rnf/ cg;vQif ykd;rTm;usNyD; pyg;oD;ESHysufvdrfhrnf[k
odMu\/
jref r mh ½ k d ; &maus;vuf o d y Ü H y nmES i f h pOf h u l ; rif ;
acgif ; avmif ; awmf
at'D 1824 ckESpf? yxrjrefrm-t*FvdyfppfyGJ
wGif ppfolBuD;r[mAE¨KvusqHk;cJhNyD; jrefrmwkdY
ta&;edrhfcJh&onf/ ]]&EÅykdpmcsKyf}}jzifh ppfajyNidrf;cJh&
onf/ t*Fvdyfppfwyfu a&Twd*HkapwD&ifjyifwGif
&S d a om pOf h u l ; rif ; \aumif ; rI aMu;oG e f ;
acgif;avmif;awmfBuD;ukd t*FvefokdYoabFmjzifh
o,f a qmif o G m ;&ef pD p Of t m;xk w f M uonf /
txdrf;trSwftjzpf ,if;acgif;avmif;awmfBuD;ukd
¤if;wkdY\bk&ifrtm; qufo&efjzpf\/ a&Twd*Hk
&ifjyifawmfay:rS xkdacgif;avmif;awmfBuD;ukd
od*Fkwå&ukef;ay:rS cJ&mcJqpfcsNyD;aemuf &efukef
qdyfurf;okdY o,faqmifMuonf/ ,if;aemuf
oabFmay:odYk acgif;avmif;awmfBu;D ukw d ifaqmif
Muonf/ odkY&mwGif qdyfurf;rSoabFmcGmoGm;NyD;
rMumrDrmS yif oabFmwdr;f apmif;oGm;um acgif;avmif;
BuD; a&xJokdYusa&mufcJh&\/ a&xJwGifepfjrKyf
aeaom acgif;avmif;Bu;D ukd t*Fvyd w f u
Ydk jyefvnf
q,f,&l ef BuKd ;yrf;Muaomfvnf; ratmifjrifcahJ cs/
&efukefqdyfurf;teD;wpf0kdufwGif aexkdif
vsu&f MdS uaom Ak'b ¨ mom0if Arm? rGe?f u&if? &Sr;f
ponfhwkdif;&if;om;rsm;u a&xJrS xkdacgif;avmif;
awmfBuD;ukd rdrdwkdY\ tpGrf;jzifh jyefvnfq,f,lvkd
ygaMumif;? tu,fí q,f,lEkdifcJhvQif ,if;acgif;

105
 jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm
avmif;awmfBuD;udk a&Twd*Hk&ifjyifay:&Sd rlvZ&yf?
rlvae&mwGif jyefvnfcsdwfqGJcGifhjyKapvkdaMumif;
t*Fvdyfppfwyf\ tBuD;tuJukd wifjycJhMu\/
tBuD ; tuJ u rd r d w d k Y \ ppf w yf w G i f acwf r D
tif*sifeD,mrsm; ygvmcJhaomfvnf; acgif;avmif;
BuD ; q,f , l a &;twG u f rpG r f ; aqmif E d k i f c J h M u
aMumif;? jrefrmaus;awmom;rsm;u pGrf;aqmif
Ek d i f M urnf q k d v Qif rd r d w d k Y t vG e f y if tH h M ornf
jzpf a Mumif ; ? tu,f í q,f , l E k d i f M uvQif
acgif;avmif;BuD;ukd q,f,lolwkdY\ oabmus
xm;vko d nfah e&mwGif xm;Ekid yf gaMumif; vku d af vsm
cGifhjyKcJh\/
jrefrmh½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynmtpGrf;jzihf
'Da&twuftus wGufcsufum
jyefvnfq,f,lEdkifcJhonhf
pOfhul;rif;acgif;avmif;awmf
106
jrefrma'ocHwkdYu ½kd;&maus;vufodyÜHynm
t& 'Da&twuftusukd wGufcsufMuNyD;vQif
'D a &uscsd e f ü aomif c H k a y:wG i f a y:aeaom
acgif;avmif;BuD;ukd opfvHk;rsm;ESifhwGJí BudK;jzifh
ck d i f c k d i f c snf aES mif Mu\/ 'D a&jyef w uf vmcsd e f ü
opfwHk;rsm;\ oabmobm0t& a&rsufESmjyif
ay:od k Y wuf v mMuonf / xk d t cg ¤if ; wk d Y E S i f h
wGJqufcsnfaESmifxm;aom acgif;avmif;BuD;yg
jrpf\ Murf;cif;rS <uwufvm&onf/ t&m0w¬KwkdY
\ tav;csdefonf a&xJü ayghonhfoabm&Sd&m
opfw;kH rsm;u acgif;avmif;Bu;D ukd jrpf\Murf;cif;rS
vGwfatmif csDrxm;EkdifMu\/ azmifuJhokdYjzpfae
aom xko d pfw;kH rsm;ukd avSrsm;? azmifrsm;jzifh qG,
J l
vmMuum a&Tw*d b kH &k m;\ awmifbufwnfw h nf&h dS
qdyfurf;a&wdrfykdif;ü acgif;avmif;BuD;udk csxm;
vkdufMu\/ 'Da&jyefusoGm;csdefü aomifcHkay:wGif
wifaeaom acgif;avmif;BuD;ukd opfvHk;wkdifrsm;
tm; ukwftjzpfoHk;í 0kdif;uavmfwGef;a&TUjcif;?
uRJ r sm;? qif r sm;\tif t m;jzif h q G J , l j cif ; ?
ukef;jrifhay:odkYwifjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfMu\/ vG,ful
aom tvkyfum;r[kwfay/ apwemo'¨gt[kef
aMumif h yif y ef ; pG m a&T U ajymif ; o,f , l c J h M u&m
aemufqHk;wGif acgif;avmif;BuD;ukd rlvZ&yfü
jyefvnfcsdwfqGJxm;EkdifcJhMu\/ Murf;wrf;cufcJpGm
o,f,l a&TUajymif;cJh&ojzifh acgif;avmif;BuD;wGif
yGef;yJh'Pf&mtcsdKU&&SdcJhaomfvnf; orkdif;0ifjrefrmh
,Of a us;rI t arG t ES p f y pö n f ; pOf Y u l ; rif ;
acgif ; avmif ; awmf B uD ; uk d ypö n f ; rS e f a e&mrS e f
jyefvnfxm;&SdEkdifcJhjcif;rSm wpfrsdK;om;vHk;twGuf
*kPf,lzG,f&myif jzpfawmhonf/
OD ; ausmf 0 if ; (rEk ó ausmf 0 if ; )
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;
jrefrmEkdifiHonf pdkufysKd;a&;ukd tajccHonfh
EkdifiHjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm pkdufysKd;a&;wGif r&Sdrjzpf
vdktyfonfha&twGuf obm0acsmif;? ajrmif;a&
wkdYukd wrHzdkYqD;wm;um vdktyfonfhtcg ajrmif;
oG,fa&ykdYvTwfonfh qnfajrmif;vkyfief;rsm;ukd
yk*aH cwfrwkid rf uD yif pwifvyk u f idk cf MhJ uNy;D a&S;rif;
tqufquf jyKjyifxdef;odrf;cJhMuonf/
vGwfvyfa&;r&rD 1902 ckESpfrS 1906 ckESpf
twGi;f NAw d od Quv dk edk t
D pk;d &onf a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;
vufxufu wnfaqmufcJhonfh a&vTJqnfrsm;
ae&mwGif uGefu&pfa&vTJqnfrsm;jzifh tpm;
xkd;um tckdiftrmwnfaqmufcJhonf/
t"duusaom a&vTJqnfrsm;rSm ppfukdif;
wkdif;a'oBuD;? rl;jrpfay:&Sd umbkd;a&vTJqnf?
rEÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD;? acsmif;rBuD;acsmif;ay:&Sd
qnf a wmf a &vT J q nf ? ausmuf q nf c ½k d i f & S d
yef;avmifjrpfESifh aZmf*sDjrpfay:&Sd a&vTJqnfrsm;?
ref;acsmif;ay:&Sd tkid ;f ra&vTq J nf? rke;f acsmif;ay:&Sd
rJZvDa&vTq J nf? pvif;acsmif;ay:&Sd vif;Zif;a&vTJ
qnfwkdYjzpfMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufrS
pí vGwfvyfa&;r&rDumvtxd wnfaqmuf
NyD;pD;cJhaom qnfajrmif;trsdK;tpm;ESifh ta&
107
twGurf mS a&avSmifwrHvyk if ef; 10 ck? a&vTq J nf
13 ck pkpkaygif; 23 ckjzpfonf/ qnfa&aomuf
{&d,m ({u) 9ç41ç432 &So d nf/ ,if; qnfajrmif;
23 ck teuf t "d u tusqH k ; [k q k d E k d i f o nf h
qnfajrmif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf-
umbk d ; a&vT J q nf
rl;jrpfonf jrefrmEkdifiHtxufykdif; uabmf
csdKifh0Srf;Aef;armufNrdKUe,f a&Tausmif;&GmteD;wGif
pwifjzpfzsm;cH pD;qif;vmNy;D ppfuidk ;f wkid ;f a'oBu;D
twGif; ajrmufrSawmifodkY 285 rkdifcefY jzwfoef;
pD;qif;um jrif;rlNrdKUteD;ü {&m0wDjrpftwGif;odkY
pD;0ifonf/ tqkdyg pD;qif;vmaom rl;jrpfrSa&ukd
pkdufysdK;a&tjzpf a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; tqufquf
uyif BuHqtoHk;jyKcJhMuonf/
tavmif;pnfolrif;vufxufwGif 0ufwkd;
&G m teD ; rl ; jrpf a y:ü a&vT J q nf w pf q nf
wnfaqmufum rkdif 50 t&Snf rl; wl;ajrmif;ukd
wl;í a&oGif;pkdufysdK;cJhonf/
jrefrmouú&mZf 1115 ck (at'D 1753)
tavmif;bk&m;rif;w&m;vufxuf jrif;cGmawmif
teD; rl;jrpfukd opfcwfqnfydwfí rl; wl;ajrmif;
a[mif ; uk d jyKjyif u m r[meE´ m uef a wmf o k d Y
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;
a&jznfhjcif;ESifh a&oGif;pkdufysKd;jcif; jyKcJhaMumif;
od&onf/
,if; rl; wl;ajrmif;ukd ukef;abmifrif;tquf
quf qufvufjyKjyifxdef;odrf;oHk;pGJcJhMuaomf
vnf; acwfumv Mumjrifhvmonfhtavsmuf
wjznf;jznf; wdrfaumysufpD;vmcJhonf/
wnf&NdS y;D rl; wl;ajrmif;a[mif;\tlaMumif;rSm
acsmif;aygif; rsm;pGm jzwfoef;azmufvkyf&rnf
jzpf&m ukefusp&dwf vGefpGmrsm;jym;rnfjzpfojzifh
t*Fvdyftpkd;&vufxufwGif ajrmif;tlaMumif;
topfukd xyfrH&SmazGcJhonf/
uefYbvlNrdKUe,f umbkd;aus;&GmteD; rl;jrpf
ay:wGif umbkd;a&vTJqnf wnfaqmufNyD; ,if;
tlaMumif;topft& wl;ajrmif;topfwl;azmf&ef
pOf;pm;wGufcsufcJhonf[k od&onf/
rsufarSmufacwfwGif jrifawGU&onhf umbdk;qnf
,if;okdYjzifh 1901-02 ckESpfwGif umbkd;a&vTJ
qnf u k d ausmuf y ef ; &ef trsd K ;tpm;jzif h
wnfaqmufí a&Tbdkwl;ajrmif;ukd pwifwl;azmf
cJh&m 1906-1907 ckESpfwGif NyD;pD;cJhNyD; ,if;ESpfü
108
yif pwiftoHk;jyKcJhonf/ qufvufí 1911-
1912 ckESpfwGif a&OD;wl;ajrmif;ukd azmufvkyfcJh&m
1918-1919 ckESpfwGifNyD;pD;cJhNyD; a&pwifay;a0
cJhonf/
umbk d ; a&vT J qnf \ yif r qnf tvsm;rS m
455 ayus,f NyD ; tjrih f 12 aycef Y jrif h o nf /
a&Tbdkbufurf;okdYa&ay;a0Ekdif&ef 19ay _ 7
'or 5 ay a&oGif;wHcg;BuD; ig;ayguf wyfqif
xm;NyD; atmufajctus,fay 100 &Sdonfhtvsm;
26 'or 86 rkdif&Snf a&Tbkdajrmif;rawmf? tvsm;
20 'or 1 rkdif&Snf vSawm ajrmif;cGJ? tvsm; 21
'or 6 rkdif&Snf rkqkd;NcHKajrmif;cGJwkdYukd wl;azmf
azmufvkyfcJhonf/
a&OD;bufurf;wGifvnf; 18 'or 33 ay_
5'or 8 ay a&oGif;wHcg;BuD; ESpfaygufwyfqif
xm;NyD; atmufajctus,f 80 ayus,fonf/ 44
'or 6 rkdif&Snf a&OD;ajrmif;rawmfESifh tvsm;
19 'or 1 rk d i f & S n f r&uef a jrmif ; cG J w k d Y u k d
azmufvkyfxm;onf/
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;
umbk d ; qnf E S i f h a&T b k d a jrmif ; rawmf
azmufvyk w f ;l azmfjcif;twGuf ukeu f sp&dwrf mS ½ly;D
76 'or 09 odef;? a&OD;ajrmif;rawmf azmufvkyf
jcif;twGuf ukefusp&dwf ½lyD; 62 'or 09 odef;
ukefusonf[k od&onf/
ajrmif;rawmf wl;ajrmif;rBuD; ESpfajrmif;rS
rk d ; pyg;{u 2ç50ç000 cef Y pd k u f y sd K ;a&ay;a0
tusdK;jyK EkdifcJhonf[k rSwfwrf;rsm;t& od&onf/
uif ; wm;qnf
yef;avmifjrpf trSDjyKqnfjzpfonf/ taemf
&xmbk&ifonf yxrOD;qHk;qnfwnfaqmuf&ef
aemufyga>c&Hrsm;ukd uRJacgif;awmiftaemufü
ajrmif;wl;azmfap&m ratmifjrifbJ odMum;rif;u
AsKdif;a,mifaqmifNyD; jyaomae&mwpfavQmufwGif
ajrmif;wl;azmfapawmhrS atmifjrifawmfrlonf/
qnfawmfpwifwnfaqmufonhfae&mukdvnf;
]]uif;wm;}} [k trnfay;í qnfawmfeHbk&m;ukd
]]raxmif;wm}} [k orkwfawmfrlcJhonf/
qnfawmfOypme,fajrum; ta&SUvm;aomf
yef;a&mif (yef;avmif) jrpf? taemufvm;aomf
ausmufyef;awmifajc wmESpfq,fhESpf?
ESpfawmif ESpfrkduf? awmiftvm;um; qifMunhf
awmif ausmufyHk/ ajrmuftvm;um; ausmuf
wef ; atmuf ? oif ½ k d ; wmES p f q ,h f c k e pf oH k ;
awmif w pf r k d u f / qnf a &aomuf v ,f u m;
66666 y,f[k azmfjyxm;onf/
uif ; wm;qnf a [mif ; uk d 1925-1926
ckEpS wf iG f acwfraD &vTq
J nfrsm;tjzpf jyefvnfjyKjyif
wnfaqmufcJhonf/ a&vTJqnftvsm; 394 ay
&So
d nf/ wl;ajrmif;rBu;D tvsm;pkpak ygif; 29 'or
31 rkdif&SdNyD; vufwHajrmif;cGJrsm; tvsm;pkpkaygif;
88 'or 76 rkdif&Sdonf/ qnfa&aomuf{&d,m
42ç400 {u[kod&NyD; ausmufqnfNrdKUe,ftwGif;
ü wnf&Sdonf/
109
iEk d i f a oOf q nf
yef ; avmif j rpf w G i f taemf & xmbk & if
wnfaqmufcJhaom 'kwd,qnfjzpfonf/ r&Suf
ajrmif;rawmfatmufwGif uRefawmfiEkdifaoOf
BuD ; Muyf q nf & aomaMumif h iEk d i f a oOf q nf
trnfwGifcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqkd&Sdonf/
qnfawmfeHbk&m;um; ]]yef;wif*l}} jzpfonf/
qnf r NrJ w pf p H k w pf c k j zpf v Qif yef ; wif * l b k & m;
ta&SUawmifaxmifw h iG f a&TouFe;f ESiq hf rG ;f oifywk f
wif & ef nT e f ; xm;onf / 0wf vJ awmf atmuf ü
qif½yk &f o dS nf/ xku
d mvu ]uefpeG ;f &Guu f kd pyg;ESihf
0,fr&atmif pyg;aygrsm;\} [k awGU&avonf/
qnfawmfOypme,fajrum; ta&SUtvm;
ajrmif ; rawmf a [mif ; / taemuf t vm;0wf v J
awmifajc? ajrmuftvm;yef;a&mif (yef;avmif)
wpf b uf b D v l ; oif ½ k d ; wmES p f & mh o H k ; q,f h w pf /
qnfa&aomufv,fum; 44444 y,f[ak zmfjyxm;onf/
ajymif ; jymqnf
yef ; avmif j rpf w G i f taemf & xmbk & if E S i f h
yk*Hom;wkdY wwd,ajrmuf wnfaqmufcJhaom
qnfum; ]]ajymif;jymqnf}} jzpfonf/ iEkdifaoOf
qnfatmuf uRefawmfiajymif jyonhfae&mukd
qnf&aomaMumif]h ]iajymifjyqnf}}[k wGicf o hJ nf/
aemufrSajymif;jymqnfjzpfvmonf[kqkdonf/
qnfawmfeb H &k m;um; ]]a&TyiG vhf if;}}jzpfonf/
qnfysuv f Qif a&TyiG v
hf if;bk&m;ukd a&TouFe;f uyfvLS &ef
&nfneT ;f xm;onf/ pyg;aMu;zk;d um; aiGwpfusyu f dk
15 jynf0if awmif;ESi1hf 0wif; &\[kawGU&avonf/
qnfawmfOypm e,fajrum; ta&SUtvm;
qnfawmf taemuftvm; a&TawmifOD;bk&m;
oif½kd;wmukd;q,hfig;/ awmiftvm;yef;a&mifjrpf/
ajrmuftvm; ajrmif;rawmftxdwm&Spfq,hfig;/
qnfa&aomufv,fum; 77777 y,f[kazmfjy
xm;onf/
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;

a&S;acwfjrefrmbk&ifrsm;vufxuf qnfwnfaqmufaerIukd
bk&ifrif;jrwfudk,fwdkif BuD;Muyfaeonfukd o½kyfazmfxm;yHk

usD ; rnf ; qnf EG m ;wuf q nf

yef;avmifjrpfwGif taemf&xmbk&if pwkw¬
ajrmuf wnfaqmufcJhaom qnfrSm usD;rnf;qnf
jzpfonf/ MuufOukd usD;csDí awmift&yfysH&mwGif
uRef a wmf i jynh f u d k rem;rae trD v k d u f a pNyD ;
Munhfckdif;pOf usD;iSufMuufOcsonhfae&m ijynhfu
jyonfukd qnfwnfaomaMumifh usD;rnf;qnf
ac:wGifaponf[k awGU&onf/ jrpfom;NrdKUESifh
ig;rkid cf efaY 0;aom(,ckurl NJ rKd UwGi;f &S)d qnf jzpfonf/
qnf a wmf e H b k & m;uk d ]]a&T u l r nf ; }} [k
orkwfawmfrlcJhonf/ qnfysufvQif qnfawmf
a&Tulrnf;bk&m;wGif qGrf;oifykwfouFef;rjywf
wif v S L &ef nT e f ; xm;onf / pyg;aMu;zk d ; um;
aiGwpfusyfukd21wif;&\ [kawGUavonf/
qnfawmfOypme,fajrum; ta&SUtvm;
yef;a&mifjrpf/ taemuftvm; ajrmufajrmif;
rawmf wpfzufvif;Zif;ajctxdwm ckepfq,fh
ajcmufwm?awmiftvm; ajrmif;awmf/
ajrmuftvm; qnfeHa&Tulrnf;bk&m;
ajrmufoif½kd; tjcm;wmoHk;q,fESifhoHk;awmif/
qnf a &aomuf v,f u m; 77777 y,f [ k
azmfjyxm;avonf/
aZmf*sjD rpf trSjD yKqnfjzpfonf/ aZmf*sjD rpfwiG f
yxrqHk;wnfaqmufaom qnfrSm EGm;wufqnf
jzpfonf/ EGm;ESifhomwufí qnf&aomaMumifh
EGm;wufqnfac:wGifaMumif; tqkd&Sdonf/
qnfawmfeHbk&m;um; ]]a&Tjrifrd? a&Tjrifwif}}
jzpfonf/ qnfysufvQif qnfawmfeHbk&m;wGif
qG r f ; oif y k w f a &T o uF e f ; rsm;uyf v S L &ef ? ta&S U
awmift&yfü anmifpkduf&ef nTef;xm;avonf/
qnfawmf Oypme,fajrum; ta&SUtvm;
ajrmif ; rawmf x D ; awmf & S n f / taemuf t vm;
awmufwJh awmifajc wmoHk;&mckepfawmiftvm;
ajrmif;rawmf?ajrmuftvm; qifwufawmifajc?
wmoHk;&mckepfckepfawmif/ qnfa&aomufv,f
um; 30ç000 y,f[kqkdxm;onf/
iajymif q nf
aZmf*sDjrpfü taemf&xmbk&if wnfaqmuf
cJ h aom 'k wd ,qnf r S m iajymif q nf jzpf onf /
uRef a wmf i ajymif acgif ; aqmif t k y f c sKyf N yD ;
wnfaqmufapcJhaomaMumifh iajymifqnfac:
aMumif; tqkd&Sdavonf/

110
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;
qnfawmfeHbk&m;um; ]]qkawmif;jynhf}} [k
qnfppfwrf;wGif awGU&Sd&NyD; q&mtkd\ bkd;c½kdif
orkdif;awmftw¬KyÜwådwGif ]]awmifawmfbk&m;}}[k
rluGJawGU&onf/
qnfawmfOypme,fajrum; ta&SUtvm;
qifwufawmifajc? wmESpf&mhig;q,f/
taemuf tvm;ausmuf t vm;ausmuf y H k ? wmck e pf q ,f
ajcmufav;awmif? awmiftvm; ig;c½kdifjrpf
wpf z uf M unf ; ajrmif ; / ajrmuf t vm; &if u yf
awmif a jc? wmig;&moH k ; q,h f o H k ; ? ES p f a wmif
ES p f r k d u f ? qnf a &aomuf v ,f u m; 4ç444
y,f [ k azmfjyxm;avonf/
uG r f ; aq;qnf
aZmf*sjD rpfü taemf&xmbk&if wwd,ajrmuf
wnfaqmufcJhaomqnfrSm uGrf;aq;qnfjzpf
onf/ bk&ifESifhtwlygvmMuaom ukd,fvkyfawmf
armif ; rrd ó H r sm;onf a&tvsOf w pf a e&mü
pm;awmfurG ;f cGurf sm;ukd a&aq;cspOf a&wGiaf rsmyg
oG m ;aom uG r f ; zwf r sm;ES i f h azmif ; yjym;yif wk d Y
Niduyfí a&0yfonfhae&mwGif qnfukd wnfaom
aMumifh uGrf;aq;qnfac:avonf/
aZmf*sDjrpfay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;onhf aZmf*sDa&vTJqnf
111
qnfawmfeHbk&m;? qnf;awmfOypme,fajr
rawG U rd a y/ qnf a &aomuf v ,f u m; 7777
y,f[k azmfjyxm;avonf/
uk d v k d e D a cwf t*F v d y f t k y f c sKyf a &;acwf u mv
jyKjyif a jymif ; vJ r I r sm;
taemf&xmbk&ifonf yef;avmifjrpfay:wGif
uif;wm;a&vTq J nfwnfaqmufí uif;wm;ajrmif;
BuD;azmufcJhonf/ ,if;uif;wm;ajrmif;rawmf
ay 19ç000 ta&mufwGif iEkdifaoOftrnfjzifh
qnfedrhfcHí vuf0JbufodkYajrmif;wpfoG,f cGJxGuf
apcJoh nf/ ,if;ajrmif;um; ajymif;jymajrmif; jzpfonf/
wpfzef uif;wm;ajrmif;rBuD;ü iEkdifaoOf
qnfedrfhcHNyD;aemuf a&SUqufvufpD;qif;oGm;aom
ajrmif;ukd iEkdifaoOfajrmif;[kac:wGifapcJo h nf/
,aeYacwfwiG f taemf&xmbk&if vufxufu
qnfcJhaom ajymif;jymajrmif;&if;ESifh ajymif;jym
qnf e d r f h w d k Y r &S d a wmh a y/ iEk d i f a oOf q nf e d r f h u d k
ausmfí iEkdifaoOfajrmif;trnfjzifhqufvuf
azmufvyk o f mG ;&m ay19000ta&mufwiG f t*Fvyd f
wkuYd a&wHcg;ajcmufaygufcí H atmifaoma&ukd
vuf0b J ufoYdk ,if;a&wHcg;jzifyh if ajrmif;wpfo, G f
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;

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rJZvDa&vTJqnf
cGJxGufapcJhavonf/ ,if;ajrmif;um; taemf
&xmbk&if\ ajymif;jymajrmif;&if;jzpfonf/
xkad &wHcg; ajcmufayguftxufudk iEkid af oOf
ajrmif;[lívnf;aumif;? atmufbuf ayaygif;
48ç000 ukd iEkid af oOfajrmif;opf[í l vnf;aumif;
,aeYac:a0:Muonf/ iEkdifaoOfqnf? ajymif;jym
qnf[lí rac:a0:Muawmhacs/
aZmf * sD j rpf w G i f taemf & xmbk & if o nf
EG m ;wuf a &vT J q nf w nf a qmuf í EG m ;wuf
wl;ajrmif;azmufcJhonf/ ,if;wl;ajrmif;tay:rSm
yif uGrf;aq;qnftrnfjzifh qnfedrfhwpfckcHí
vuf,mbufodkY ajrmif;wpfoG,fcGJxGufxm;onf/
uGrf;aq;ajrmif;[kac:onf/ taemf&xm wnfcJh
aom ,if;EGm;wufqnfESifh EGm;wufwl;ajrmif;ukd
t*FvdyfwkdYu 1891 ckESpfwGif zkdYypfcJhonf/
EGm;wufqnf\ awmifbufteD;wGif taemf
&xmbk&ifonf iajymifqnfESifh iajymifajrmif;
i,fwl;azmfcJhonf/ okdYaomf t*FvdyfwkdYvufxuf
1891 ckESpftwGif;rSmyif ,if;iajymifqnfukd
vuf0Jbuf EGm;wufwl;ajrmif;&if;odkY a&TUajymif;
aygif ; ,l v k d u f o jzif h taemf & xmvuf x uf u
EGm;wufwl;ajrmif;&if;&Sd uGrf;aq;qnfrSm ysuf&
avonf/ uGrf;aq;ajrmif;ukdum; e*kdrlvtwkdif;
EGm;wufajrmif;opfrS a&ausmfcH a&vTJaygufay;í
pD;qif;apcJhavonf/
,if;aMumifh aZmf*sDjrpftajcjyK aZmf*sDqkdif&m
taemf & xmqnf [ l í jy&ef iajymif q nf
wpfqnfom usef&Sdawmhonf/
tk d i f ; ra&vT J q nf
rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD; rif;bl;(puk)NrdKUe,f
twGif;wnf&Sdí a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufwGif
ref;acsmif;ay:ü wnfaqmufcJhaom a&vTJqnf
jzpfonf/ 1891-1925 ckEpS w f iG f uGeu
f &d^ausmuf
yef;&efqnftrsK;d tpm;tjzpf wnfaqmufco hJ nf/
1925-1926 wGif tckdiftrmwnfaqmufNyD;pD;
cJhonf/
a&qif;{&d,m 570 pwk&ef;rkdif&Sd ref;acsmif;
ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;NyD; qnftvsm; 580
ay &So d nf/ pkpak ygif; wl;ajrmif;tvsm; 100 'or

112
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;

14 rkid &f NdS y;D pdppfNy;D a&aomuf{&d,m 36ç189 {u a&S;a[mif;a&vTJqnf a&ay;ajrmif;pHepftwGif;rS

[k od&onf/ aeí rkd;pyg;omru aEGpyg;tjyif qDxGufoD;ESH?
yJrsdK;pHk? [if;oD;[if;&Guf? pm;zkdaqmifoD;ESH? opfoD;
rJ Z vD a &vT J q nf 0vH yef;ref? pufrIukefMurf;oD;ESHrsm;ukdyg pkdufysdK;
rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD;? yGifhjzLNrdKUe,f rJZvD aeNyD jzpfonf/
aus;&G m teD ; wnf & S d o nf / rk e f ; acsmif ; ay:ü umbk d ; a&vT J q nf t xuf w G i f uif ; wyf ?
wnfaqmufxm;aom a&vTJqnfjzpfonf/ 1903 a&vTJqnfESifh ozef;qdyfa&avSmifwrH? qnfawmf
ckEpS wf iG f pwifjyKjyifcNhJ y;D 1910 jynfEh pS w f iG f Ny;D pD;cJh BuD;a&vTJqnftxufwGif qnfawmfBuD;a&avSmif
onf/ wrH? yef;avmifaZmf*sD a&vTJqnfrsm;txufwGif
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ay:wGif wnfaqmufxm;NyD; qnftvsm; 838 a&avS m if w rH ? rJ Z vD a &vT J q nf t xuf w G i f
ay&Sdonf/ pkpkaygif; wl;ajrmif;tvsm; 222 'or Bu;D tHBk u;D 0a&avSmifwrH? rke;f acsmif;a&avSmifwrH
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{u&Sdonf/ a&vTJqnftoD;oD;\ a&aomufpHepfrsm;rSaeí
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vif ; Zif ; a&vT J q nf acwfopfqnfajrmif;wkdY csdwfqufvkyfukdifvsuf
rauG;wkdif;a'oBuD; pvif;NrdKUe,fwGifwnf&Sd &Sd&m tkdolESifhysdKolwkdY wufnDvufnDvkyfukdifvsuf
onf / a&qif ; {&d , m 810 pwk & ef ; rk d i f & S d &SdouJhokdYjzpfayonf/
pvif ; acsmif ; ay:wG i f wnf a qmuf x m;onf h uif;wyfa&xdef;wrHukd 1996 ckESpfwGif
a&vTq J nfjzpfonf/ uGeu f &d^ausmufyef;&efqnf vnf;aumif;? ozef;qdyfa&avSmifwrHukd 2001-
trsdK;tpm;jzpfonf/ 2002 ckESpfwGifvnf;aumif; wnfaqmuf NyD;pD;
vif ; Zif ; qnf E S i f h p vif ; ajrmif ; rawmf cJhonf/ ozef;qdyfa&avSmifwrHrS ajrmif;BuD;
wl;ajrmif;rBuD;ukd a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufwGif ES p f a jrmif ; jzif h v nf ; aumif ; ? uif ; wyf a &xd e f ;
pwif w nf a qmuf c J h o nf / 1927 ck E S p f w G i f wrHrScsay;aom a&tm;rlvumbkd;a&vTJqnfrS
tckdiftrm jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh&m 1934 ckESpf ajrmif;BuD;ESpfajrmif;jzifhvnf;aumif; a&ay;a0
wGif NyD;pD;cJhonf/ pkdufysdK;vsuf&Sdonf/ umbkd;a&vTJqnfrS 321ç667
pkpk ak ygif; wl;ajrmif;tvsm; 73 'or 44 rkid f {u a&ay;a0pkdufysdK;aeouJhokdY uif;wyfESifh
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&Sdonf/ ckESpf) pkdufysdK;vsuf&Sdonf/
xkdenf;wl jrefrmrif;rsm;vufxufu a&ay;
,aeY a cwf j ref r mh a &S ; a[mif ; a&vT J q nf r sm; a0pk d u f y sd K ;cJ h a om qnf a wmf B uD ; a&vT J q nf u k d
wkd;wufvmonfh vlOD;a&ESifhpm;eyf&du©m 1901 ckESpf u a&aomuf{&d,m 95ç000 {u
vkdtyfcsuft& jrefrmha&S;a[mif;a&vTJqnfBuD; quf v uf a &ay;a0pk d u f y sd K ;ae&mrS 1986-87
rsm; txufwiG f a&avSmifwrHrsm; wnfaqmufNy;D ck E S p f w G i f qnf a wmf B uD ; a&avS m if w rH t jzpf
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a&avSmifwrHrsm;u csay;aoma&rsm;ukd jrefrmh 127ç000 {utxd a&ay;a0pkdufysdK;vsuf&o Sd nf/

113
 jrefrmha&S;a[mif;qnfBuD;rsm;

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[Hom0wD? ukef;abmifacwfwkdYwGif jrefrmrif;
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tjzpf txift&Sm;&Sdonf/ ¤if;enf;ynm&yfESifh
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rif;rsm; vufxufu qnfrsm;wnfaqmufcJhí
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114
 &moDwyk af uG;a&m*g
2017 ckESpftwGif; jrefrmEkdifiH\usef;rma&;
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115
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116
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 &moDwkyfauG;a&m*g

2017 ckESpfwGif jrefrmjynfolrsm;tMum; wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;apcJhonhf

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touf½LS vrf;aMumif;odYk 0ifaf &mufomG ;avh&o dS nf/ ,ljcif;wkdYjyKvkyfygu wpfywftwGif; oufom
tqkdygenf;jzifh ul;pufrIrsm;ykdrkdrsm;jym;ojzifh aysmufuif;oGm;avh&Sdonf/
(txl;ojzifh trsm;oH;k ypön;f rsm; ukid wf ,G Nf y;D wkid ;f ) od k Y & mwG i f tcsd KUol r sm;wG i f a&m*grS myk d r k d
vufukdrMumcP aq;ay;&efvkdtyfonf/ jyif;xefvmNyD; tqkwfa&mifjcif;? AufwD;&D;,m;
ykd;rsm; xyfqifh0ifa&mufjcif;aMumifh tqkwfa&mif
&moD w k y f a uG ; \a&m*gvu© P mrsm; a&m*g ykdrkdjyif;xefvmjcif;? em;jynf,kdjcif;wkdY
&moDwkyfauG;Akdif;&yfpfykd; 0ifa&mufolwkdif; jzpfvmwwfonf/ txl;ojzifh a&m*gtcH&o dS rl sm;
a&m*gvu©Pmjyjcif;r&Sday/ tcsdKUukd,fcHtm;pepf (Oyrm-yef ; em&if u syf a &m*g? ES v H k ; a&m*g?
aumif;olrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufvmaomAkid ;f &yfpyf ;dk ukd qD ; csd K a&m*g)? aq;vd y f a omuf o l r sm;jzpf y gu
wk d u f c k d u f E S d r f e if ; vk d u f j cif ; jzif h Ak d i f ; &yf p f y k d ; rsm; ykdrkdqkd;&Gm;avh&Sdírjzpfrae aq;½Hkwuffa&muf
apmapmpD;pD;aoqHk;ukefí rnfonfhvu©PmrS uk o rI c H , l & ef v k d t yf o nf / aq;½H k o k d Y tcsd e f r D
rjybJ & S d w wf o nf / tu,f í a&m*gyk d ; rsm; wuf a&muf uk orI r cH ,l r d y gu touf aoqH k ;
quf v uf j zpf y G m ;vmygu ½k w f w &uf tzsm; onftxd jyif;xefaoma&m*gjzpfí rayghqoifah y/

117
 &moDwkyfauG;a&m*g
a&m*grjzpfap&ef umuG,f&rnfhenf;vrf;rsm;
&moD w k y f a uG ; jzpf y G m ;aeonf h a 'owG i f
aexk d i f o l r sm;onf vl p k v l a 0;ae&mrsm;uk d
twwfEkdifqHk;a&SmifMuOf&rnf/ (Oyrm-pwdwf½Id;yGJ
rsm;? ZmwfobifyGJrsm;? ½kyf&Sif½Hkrsm;) ,if;odkY
a&SmifMuOfjcif;jzifh a&m*gjzpfaeolrSwpfqifh wjcm;
vltrsm;pkokdY wpfNydKifwnf;ul;pufrIukd umuG,f
wm;qD;&ma&mufonf/
trsm;oH k ; ypö n f ; rsm;uk d uk d i f w G ,f NyD ; wk d i f ;
vufaq;&efvkdtyfonf/ (Oyrm-bwfpfum;wHcg;
vufudkifrsm;? xkdifcHkrsm;? trsm;oHk;tdrfomrSypönf;
urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJUBuD;u xkwfjyefxm;onhf
H1N1 Adkif;&yfpfqdkif&m ynmay;vufurf;pmapmif
rsm;) jyifyrS tdrfokdYjyefa&mufwkdif; tenf;qHk;
vuf a q;ajcaq;jyKvk y f & ef v k d o nf / a&csd K ;NyD ;
t0wftpm;vJvS,fay;oifhonf/ t0wftpm;
rsm;ay:wGif jyifyrSa&m*gykd;rsm;uyfNidygvmEkdif
ojzifh tdrf&Sduav;i,frsm;ukd rul;pufap&ef
vkyfaqmifoifhonf/
vd k t yf y gu ES m acgif ; pnf ; wyf & rnf /
,if;odw Yk yf&mwGiv f nf; Akid ;f &yfpyf ;dk rsm;r0ifa&muf
f nfh N95 trsKd ;tpm;ukd a&G;cs,t
Ekid o f oH;k jyK&rnf/
txl ; ojzif h vl e mrsm;uk d Munh f ½ I a e&onf h
118
aq;bufqkdif&m0efxrf;rsm;onf ESmacgif;pnf;
wyf&efvkdtyfonf/
a&m*g&SdoltaeESifh wjcm;olrsm;okdY rul;puf
ap&ef ES m acsjcif ; ? acsmif ; qk d ; jcif ; jzpf y gu
vufuidk yf 0g (okrYd [kw)f wpfcgoH;k puúLrsm;ukd pepf
wuspGefYypfjcif;? vufukdify0grsm;ukd pepfwus
avQmfzGyfjcif;wkdY jyKvkyf&rnf/
tu,fí rdrdwGif &moDwkyfauG;\vu©Pm
rsm; pwifay:aygufvmygu rdom;pkq&m0efESifh
tjrefqHk;jyoNyD; ukorIcH,ljcif;jzifh a&m*gykdqkd;
rvmap&ef aqmif&Gufoifhonf/
&moD w k y f a uG ; a&m*gumuG , f a q;
umuG,faq;rsm;vnf; xGuf&SdaeNyDjzpfí
vk d t yf r nf h o l r sm; Bud K wif x k d ; ES H j cif ; jzif h &moD
wkyfauG;ukdumuG,fEkdifonf/ umuG,faq;rsm;rSm
wkyfauG;a&m*gydk; wpfrsdK;rS av;rsdK;txd umuG,f
Ekid af omaq;rsm;jzpfonf/ &moDwyk af uG;rSm ESppf Of
ESifhtrQ Akdif;&yfpfykd;trsdK;tpm; ajymif;vJrI&Sdae
ojzifh ykd;trsdK;tpm;rwlnDygu rESpfuxkd;onfh
aq;ukd ,ckEpS w f iG f toH;k jyKír&Ekid af y/ xkaYd Mumifh
wkyfauG;pwifjzpfyGm;NyD; ykd;trsdK;tpm;od&SdNyD;rS
tqkdygykd;twGuf oD;oefYxkwfxm;aom umuG,f
aq;uko d m xk;d ay;&rnfjzpfonf/ umuG,af q;ukd
rjzpfraexkd;oifhaomolrsm;rSm wkyfauG;vlemukd
jyKpkae&onfh aq;bufqkdif&m0efxrf;rsm;? aq;½Hk
aq;cef;rsm;ü vkyfukdifae&olrsm;? a&m*g&Sdolrsm;
ESifhtwlaerdom;pk0ifrsm;? wpfaqmifwnf;twl
aeolrsm;jzpfonf/ okdY&mwGif umuG,faq;ESifh
"mwfrwnfholrsm;? OD;aESmufESifh tm½HkaMumqkdif&m
a&m*g&Sdolrsm;? yef;em&ifusyf&Sdolrsm;? MuufObJO
ESifh rwnfholrsm; umuG,faq;xkd;rnfqkdygu
q&m0efEiS w hf idk yf ifNy;D rS xk;d &rnfjzpfonf/ q&m0ef
u xkd;&efroifh[k qHk;jzwfvQif rxkd;oifhay/
a'gufwmcifarmifvGif (FAME)
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;
ta&S U awmif t m&S E d k i f i H r sm;toif ; -
tmqD,H (Association of Southeast Asian Nations-
ASEAN ) uk d 1967 ck E S p f w G i f pwif z G J U pnf ;
wnfaxmifcJh&m 2017 ckESpfwGif ESpfaygif; (50)
jynfhajrmufcJhonhftwGuf tmqD,Htoif;BuD;\
a&T&wktcrf;tem;rsm;ukd tmqD,HtzGJU0ifEdkifiH
wdkif;wGif usif;ycJhMuonf/ tmqD,Htoif;BuD;
onf ESpfaygif; (50) twGif; tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;
tMum; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifqdkifrI? e,fajr
wnfwrhH EI iS hf jynfwiG ;f a&; 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufa&;
[lonhf rlrsm;udk cdkifcdkifrmrmumuG,fEdkifcJhonfh
atmifjrifrIrsm; &&SdcJhonf/ wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif
urÇmhEdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;aMumifh arQmfvifh
rxm;onhf tcuftcJrsm;pGmudkvnf; aqG;aEG;
n§dEdIif;NyD; wlnDqE´&,ljcif; (Consultation and
Consensus) [laom tmqD,H enf;vrf; (ASEAN
Way) ESifhtnD atmifjrifpGm jzwfausmf EdkifcJhNyD;
&v'faumif;rsm;udk azmfaqmifay;Edik cf o hJ nf/
tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; onf pD ; yG m ;a&;?
ukeof , G af &;ESi&hf if;ES;D jrK§ yEf rHS t
I &vnf; urÇmay:wGif
ta&;ygaom toif;Bu;D wpfoif;tjzpf ay:xGuf
vmcJo h nf/ tmqD,\ H pkpak ygif; *s'D yD rD mS 2 'or 4
x&Dv, D H a':vm&SNd y;D urÇmay:wGif pD;yGm;a&;t&
119
owå r ajrmuf tif t m;tBuD ; qk H ; jzpf o nf /
vlO;D a&oef;aygif; 600 ausm&f o dS nhf tmqD,o H nf
urÇmay:wGif zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrt I jrefq;Hk aps;uGuBf u;D
wpfcjk zpfouJo h Ydk w½kwEf SifhtEd , d´ Ny;D vQif wwd,
ajrmuf tBu;D qk;H vkyo f m;tiftm; &SdonhftwGuf
tvm;tvmaumif;rsm;ESijfhynfah eonfh a'oBu;D yif
jzpfonf/ tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D onf ESpaf ygif; 50
twGi;f ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGi;f ü Nird ;f csr;f a&;
ESifhwnfNidrfrIudk xdef;odrf;EdkifcJhNyD;? a'ojyify
tiftm;Bu;D Edik if rH sm;\ Edik if aH &;ESihf ppfa&;NyKd iq
f ikd rf I
rsm;tMum;ü ajrpmyiftjzpfrcHbJ a&Smif&mS ;Edik cf ahJ y
onf/
ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'owGif; aygif;pnf;a&;tp
'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;tNyD; ta&SUawmif
tm&Sa'oonf ordik ;f aMumif; tarGtESpftjzpf
e,fajrydkifqdkifrItjiif;yGm;rIrsm;? tjyeftvSef
r,kHMunfrIrsm;ESifh tuGJuGJtjym;jym; usef&pfcJh
onf/ 'kw, d urÇmppfNy;D aemufyikd ;f umvwGif Edik if H
acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk t"dutm½kHpdkuf aqmif&u G f
cJhM uonfrSm EdkifiHjyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;ESihf
trsK;d om;vkNH cKH a&;udprö sm;jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifah 'o
wGi;f &Sd useEf ikd if rH sm;ESiyfh ;l aygif;aqmif&u
G &f ef tcsed f
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif; pwifwnfaxmifcJhonhf tif'dkeD;&Sm;? rav;&Sm;? xdkif;? zdvpfydkif?

pifumylEdkifiHwdkYrS EdkifiHtBuD;tuJrsm;ukd awGU&pOf
ray;Edik o f nhtf wGuf xdt k csed u f a'owGi;f yl;aygif; tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if EH iS hf rav;&Sm;Edik if w H t Ykd Mum;
aqmif&GufrI[lonf qefYusifbuf t,ltq jzpfyGm;cJhaom wdkufyGJrsm;rSm tmqD,Htoif;BuD;
wpf&yf (Alien concept) jzpfco hJ nf/ ay:aygufvmap&ef pwifcJhaom taMumif;&if;
a'owGi;f yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af &;twGuf rsm;rS wpfcyk ifjzpfonf/ 1963 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv
rlvueOD; pwifBudK;yrf;cJhrIrsm;rSmvnf; Mum&Snf 16 &ufwGif rvm,m? qmbm;? qm&m0yfESifh
rcH o nf u d k awG U &onf / zd v pf y d k i f ? xd k i f ; ES i f h pifumyljynfe,frsm;yg0ifonhf rav;&Sm;EdkifiH
rvm,mzuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk (pifumylyg0ifaom) pwifwnfaxmifcJhonfudk tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHu
oH;k Edik if aH ygif;Ny;D 1961 ckEpS w f iG f ta&SUawmiftm&S tjyif;txef qefYusifcJhNyD; or®wqlumEdkonf
toif; (The Association of Southeast Asia-ASA) rav;&Sm; acsrIef;a&;pDrHudef; (Crush Malaysia
udk wnfaxmifcahJ omfvnf; zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if EH iS hf rvm,m Campaign) wpf&yfuc kd srw
S uf m Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;
zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpt k Mum; qbm;a'o e,fajr 0g'jzefcY srd rI sm;ESihf pwifaqmif&u G cf ohJ nf/ odaYk omf
ydkifqdkifrItay: tajccHNyD; wif;rmrIrsm; jrifhrm; xd k a qmif & G u f r I r sm;rS m atmif j rif r I r &onf u k d
vmonhftwGuf tcsdefumvtm;jzifh ESpfESpfom awGU&S&d onht f csed w f iG f rav;&Sm;Edik if u H kd ppfa&;t&
wnf w H h c J h o nf / tvm;wl rvm,mzuf ' &,f 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufcJhonf/
jynf a xmif p k ? zd v pf y d k i f E d k i f i H E S i f h tif ' d k e D ; &S m ; tif'ekd ;D &Sm;wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;onf tif'ekd ;D &Sm;
EdkifiHwdkYtMum; 1963 ckEpS w f iG f wnfaxmifco hJ nhf EdkifiH? umvDrefwefa'orSaeNyD; rav;&Sm;EdkifiH?
rmzDvif'kd tzGUJ (Maphilindo) onfvnf; 1963 qm&m0yfESihf qmbm;jynfe,frsm;qDodkY e,fpyf
ckESpfrS 1966 ck E S p f t xd tif ' d k e D ; &S m ;Ed k i f i H E S i f h jzwfausmw f u kd cf u
kd rf rI sm; jyKvyk cf ohJ nf/ 1965 ckEpS f
rvm,m^ rav;&Sm;Edik if w H t Ykd Mum; jzpfymG ;cJah om ES p f u k e f y d k i f ; wG i f or® w ql [ mwd k tmPm&
e,fpyfwdkufyGJrsm;aMumifh wpfvcefYom wnfwHh vmNy;D aemuf rav;&Sm;Edik if t H ay: wdu k cf ukd af erIukd
cJhonf/ Ed k i f i H w umu axmuf c H r I r &jcif ; ? tqk H ; t½I H ;

120
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

rsm;jym;jcif;wdaYk Mumifh ESpEf ikd if t H Mum; Nird ;f csr;f a&; ig;Ed k i f i H r S m tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; \ yxrqk H ;
aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;pwifum 1966 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f 11 &nfrSef;csuftjzpf ]]tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;\ pkaygif;
&ufwGif ESpfEdkifiHtMum; Nidrf;csrf;a&;oabmwl tm;xk w f B ud K ;yrf ; rI E S i h f a'owG i f ; pD ; yG m ;a&;?
pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;jcif;jzifh Confrontasi [k vlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rIt& zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;udk
vlodrsm;aom wdkufyGJrsm;tqkH;owfcJhonf/ t&Sed jf ri§ w hf ifomG ;&ef? a'owGi;f &Sd Edik if rH sm;tMum;
tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if EH iS hf rav;&Sm;Edik if w H t Ykd Mum; qufq&H mrSm w&m;rQwrIEiS hf w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;udk
wd k u f y G J r sm;NyD ; qH k ; oG m ;NyD ; aemuf ta&S U awmif av;pm;vdkufemjcif;jzifh a'owGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
tm&Sa'otwGif; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;twGuf wnfNidrfa&;udk jr§ifhwif&ef? ukvor*¾ y#dnmOf
tcGit hf vrf;opfrsm; ay:aygufvmcJo h nf/ xdpk Ofu pmwrf;ygrlrsm;udk vdkufemusifhokH;oGm;&ef}} [k
xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;0ef B uD ; jzpf a om a'guf w m azmfjycJhMuonf/
xewfcrkd ef (Dr. Thanat Khoman) onf ta&SUawmif
tm&SEdkifiHrsm;tMum; wpfEdkifiHESihf wpfEdkifiH ydkrdk AD , uf e rf p pf y G J
odem;vnfrI&Sdvmap&ef? a'o\ bkHtusKd;pD;yGm; tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D pwifarG;zGm;vmaom
twG u f twl v uf w G J aqmif & G u f M u&ef E S i h f tcsd e f w G i f AD , uf e rf E d k i f i H ü ppf y G J r sm; t&S d e f
Nidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwGJ aexdkifEdkif&eftwGuf jrifhrm;aeqJjzpfonf/ tmqD,HtzGJU0if ESpfEdkifiH
a'oqdkif&mtzGJUBuD;wpfck wnfaxmifoGm;&ef jzpfaom xdik ;f Edik if EH iS fh zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if wH o Ykd nf ajrmuf
pwiftqdjk yKco hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu tif'ekd ;D &Sm;? rav;&Sm;? AD,uferfEikd if EH iS hf AD,ufaumif;wdt Yk ay: wdu k cf ukd f
xdkif;EdkifiHESifh zdvpfydkif av;EdkifiHtMum; pwif aeMuaom tar&duefEdkifiHESifh awmifAD,uferf
aqmif&Guf&ef pdwful;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYaomf Edik if t
H ay: wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;apvTwNf y;D wufwuf<u<u
rav;&Sm;EdkifiHrS 1965 ckESpfwGif cGJxGufcJhNyD; axmufct H m;ay;cJMh uouJo h Ydk ¤if;wd\ Yk a&jyifEiS hf
oD;jcm;vGwfvyfonhf EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHjzpfvmaom a0[ifyikd ef ufrsm;? qdyu f rf;rsm;? avwyfpcef;rsm;
pifumylonf ¤if;\Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D tufp&f m udkvnf; tar&duefppfa&,mOfESifh av,mOfrsm;
*smeufoef (Mr. S. Rajanathan) udk befaumufNrKd UokdY tokH;jyKcGifh ay;cJhMuonf/ AD,uferfppfyGJonf
apvTwcf NhJy;D pifumylEikd if u H v kd nf; xnfo h iG ;f zGUJ pnf;&ef ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oü uGefjrLepf0g'jyefYyGm;
arwåm&yfccH o hJ nf/ xdak rwåm&yfccH sut f ay: usef vmrIudk wm;qD;&ef tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\
av;Edik if pH vk;H u oabmwlco hJ nfth wGuf ig;Edik if H BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIrS xGufay:vmaom &v'f
jzifh pwifwnfaxmifco hJ nf/ wpfck[k EdkifiHa&;avhvmolrsm;u ,lqMuonf/
xdkig;EdkifiHrS EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;rsm;onf 1969 ckEpS w f iG f &pfcswef pfqif tar&duefor®w
xdkif;EdkifiH? befaumufNrdKUESifh yifv,furf;ajcNrdKU jzpfvmNy;D aemuf AD,uferfppfyüJG yg0ifwu kd cf ukd rf rI S
jzpfaom befqefNrKd Uü 1967 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f twGi;f tar&duefwyfzUJG rsm;udk pwif½yk o f rd ;f cJo h nf/ 1973
awG U qk H u m ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif ; ckESpfwGif awmifAD,uferf? ajrmufAD,uferfESifh
(tmqD , H ) ( Association of Southeast Asian tar&duefwt Ykd Mum; typftcwf&yfpaJ &;oabm
Nations-ASEAN) udk wnfaxmif&ef oabmwlnD wlncD sucf sKyq f Ekd ikd cf NhJ y;D aemuf tar&duefwyfzUJG rsm;
cJhMuonf/ 1967 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 8 &ufwGif tm;vk;H AD,uferfEikd if rH S jyefvnf½yk o f rd ;f cJo h nf/
xkwjf yefaom befaumufaMunmcsuüf tmqD,H 1973 ckEpS w f iG f AD,uferfppfyNJG y;D qk;H cJNh y;D uGejf rLepf
toif;Bu;D udk pwifwnfaxmifcMhJ uonhf tzGUJ 0if ajrmufAD,uferfEdkifiHu tEdkif&&SdcJhonf/ uarÇm

121
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;
'D;,m;ESifh vmtdkEdkifiHwdkYwGifvnf; uGefjrLepfrsm;
tEdkif&&SdvmcsdefwGif ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'oü
uGejf rLepf0g'jyefyY mG ;vmrItEÅ&m,f BuKaH wGUvm&Ny[
D k
tmqD,Htoif;0if EdkifiHrsm;tMum; ydkrdk BudK;yrf;
tm;xkwfoGm;&ef aphaqmfrIrsm; jzpfay:vmapcJh
onf/ 1976 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif tmqD,H
tzGJU0ifEdkifiH tBuD;tuJrsm;\ yxrqkH;tBudrf
xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;udk tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? bmvD
uRe;f ü ESp&f ufwm usi;f yjyKvyk cf o
hJ nf/ xdt k pnf;
ta0;rS tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; \ xif & S m ;aom
cspfMunfa&;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;pmcsKyf
( Treaty of Amity and Cooperation-TAC ) ud k
1976 ckESpfu tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH bmvDuRef;wGif usif;ycJhonhf
tmqD,HEdkifiHtzGJU0ifEdkifiHtBuD;tuJrsm;\ yxrtBudrf xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; usif;ypOf
oabmwlvufrSwfa&;xdk;EdkifcJhonf/ pmcsKyfwGif
a'owGif;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;tMum; qufqHa&;twGuf
t"duusaom rl0g'rsm;udk csrw S af y;cJo
h nf/
TAC pmcsKyfr S m ¤if ; \0if a&mufrpGuf
zufa&;rlaMumifh vlord sm;aomfvnf; Nird ;f csr;f a&;
udk tajcjyKaom rl0g'rsm;vnf; trsm;tjym;yg0ifae
onf/ txl;ojzifh EdkifiHwdkif;\ vGwfvyfa&;?
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifqdkifa&;? wef;wlnDrQa&;?
e,fajrwnfwchH ikd Nf raJ &;ESihf trsK;d om;a&;vu©Pm
rsm;udk tjyeftvSeaf v;pm;a&;? tzGUJ 0ifEikd if wH ikd ;f \
122
trsKd;om;a&; wnf&SdrItay: jyifyrS0ifa&muf
pGuzf ufr?I zsuq f ;D rIEiS hf zdtm;ay;rIrsm;rS uif;&Si;f
pGmjzifh aqmif&GufEdkifonfh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk
av;pm;a&;? wpfEikd if EH iS hf wpfEikd if t H Mum; jynfwiG ;f
a&;wGif 0ifa&mufrpGuzf ufa&;? tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;udk
Nidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh ajz&Sif;a&;? tiftm;
ok;H pGjJ cif;? tiftm;tok;H jyK&ef Ncrd ;f ajcmufjcif;rsm;
rjyKvyk af &;? Edik if t
H csi;f csi;f tMum; xda&mufaom
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI sm; jyKvyk af &;wdYk jzpfonf/
1978 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 25 &ufwGif
AD,uferfwyfzUJG rsm; urfy;l csm;Edik if H (uarÇm'D;,m;
EdkifiH) udk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufNyD; crmeDtpdk;&udk
jzKwcf sco hJ nhaf emufyikd ;f ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o\
tajctaerSm ydkrdkqdk;0g;vmcJhonf/ tmqD,H
tzGJUBuD;onf AD,uferfEdkifiH\ usL;ausmfrIudk
cdik cf ikd rf mrm qefu Y si½f w
I cf scMhJ uonf/
tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; wjznf ; jznf ; ES i f h
&&Sv d maom atmifjrifraI Mumifh AD,uferfEikd if o H nf
tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D ü tzGUJ 0iftjzpf yg0ifjcif;jzifh
¤if;&&SdEdkifrnfh tusKd;tjrwfrsm;udk odjrifvmcJh
NyD;aemuf AD,uferfEdkifiHonfvnf; tmqD,H
toif;Bu;D ü yg0if&efq;Hk jzwfco hJ nf/ 1992 ckEpS ?f
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

ZlvdkifvwGif tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D \ TAC pmcsKyüf tmqD,\ H tqift h jrifq h ;Hk tpnf;ta0;jzpfonf/
yg0ifvufrw S af &;xd;k cJNh y;D 1995 ckepS ?f Zlvikd v f wGif
tmqD,H\ wpfESpfwmumvtwGif; aqmif&Guf
toif;0iftjzpf pwifyg0ifvmcJo h nf/ AD,uferf
&rnfh udpörsm;ESifhywfoufí tmqD,HtNrJwrf;
Edik if H tmqD,t H oif;okYd r0ifa&mufrD 1984 ckEpS ?f aumf r wD t pnf ; ta0;? tmqD , H t qif h j rif h
Zefe0g&Dvü b½lEikd ;f Edik if u H vnf; toif;0iftjzpft&m&SdBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;? tmqD,aH 'oqdik &f m
0ifa&mufcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ b½lEdkif;EdkifiHonf NAdwdef aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;wGif aqG;aEG;cJah om vkyif ef;pOfrsm;?
EdkifiHvufatmufrS vGwfvyfa&;&&SdNyD; wpfywf tmqD,q H ikd &f moabmwlncD surf sm;? aMunmcsu?f
twGif; tmqD,t H oif;0iftjzpf 0ifa&mufcJhjcif; em;vnfrIpmcRefvTmrsm;ESifhywfoufí tmqD,H
jzpfonf/ tmqD,Htoif;BuD;ü 1997 ckESpf? EdkifiHrsm;rS EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh tpdk;&tzGJU
Zlvikd v f wGif jrefrmEdik if EH iS fh vmtdEk ikd if wH yYkd g tzGUJ 0if
acgif;aqmifrsm;tMum; aqG;aEG;twnfjyKvufrw S f
tjzpf yg0if v mcJ h N yD ; yd k r d k u s,f j yef Y v mcJ h o nf /
a&;xd;k onhf tpnf;ta0;BuD;jzpfonf/ tmqD,H
uarÇm'D;,m;EdkifiHonf 1999 ckESpf? {NyDvü toif;BuD;\ yxrqkH;xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;udk
tzG J U 0if j zpf v mcJ h o nf / wD a rmvuf p f a wEd k i f i H
1976 ckEpS w f iG f tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Edik if ?H bmvDNrKd Uü usi;f y
uvnf; 2011 ckESpf? rwfvü tmqD,HtzGJU0if jyKvkyfcJhonf/ rlvu tmqD,Hacgif;aqmifrsm;
Ed k i f i H t jzpf yg0if c G i f h & &S d & ef avQmuf x m;cJ h N yD ;
ig;ESpw f pfBurd f awGUqkMH u&ef qk;H jzwfcahJ omfvnf;
avQmuf x m;rI t ay: pOf ; pm;aqmif & G u f a eqJ aemufyikd ;f wGif oH;k ESpw f pfBurd f avQmch scNhJ y;D 2001
tqifhüom&Sdaeao;onf/ ck E S p f wG i f ta&S U awmif tm&S a'oud k ½d k uf c wf
tmqD , H E d k i f i H r sm;tMum; rwl u G J j ym;
vmEdik o f nhf ta&;udprö sm;udk tcsed Ef iS w hf pfajy;nD
jcm;em;rIrsm; &Sdaejcif;aMumifh tmqD,H tzGJUBuD; aqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;Edkifa&;twGuf wpfESpfwpfBudrf
twGif; tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifEdkifiHrsm;twGif; awGUqkMH u&efq;Hk jzwfco hJ nf/ 2008 ckEpS w f iG f pwif
aqG;aEG;ndE§ iId ;f Ny;D wlnq D E´ (Consensus) &,lum touf0ifvmaom tmqD,Hy#dnmOfpmwrf;t&
qkH;jzwfcsuf csrSwfonf/ tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;\ ,ck t cg xd y f o D ; tpnf ; ta0;rsm;ud k wpf E S p f
Ouú|tjzpf tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;u jyu©'ed Ef pS t f vdu
ESpBf urd u k f
f si;f yvsu&f o dS nf/ tmqD,t H Bu;D tuJrsm;
t*F v d y f tu© & mpOf t & tvS n f h u swm0ef , l taejzifh tmqD,HjyifyEdkifiHrsm;rS acgif;aqmif
xrf;aqmifMuonf/ jrefrmEdik if o H nf 2014 ckEpS f
rsm;ESifh xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;rsm; usi;f yjyKvyk v f suf
u tmqD,t H vSnu hf s Ouú|wm0efukd xrf;aqmifchJ &S&d mwGif aqG;aEG;bufo;kH Edik if jH zpfaom *syef? w½kw?f
onf/ 2017 ckEpS w f iG f zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if uH tmqD,\ H
awmifudk&D;,m;wpfEdkifiHcsif;pDESifh tmqD ,H +1
tvSnu hf s Ouú|wm0efukd xrf;aqmifcNhJ y;D 2018 xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;rsm;&SdouJhodkY xdkoHk;EdkifiHrS
ckEpS w f iG f pifumylEikd if ?H 2019 ckEpS w f iG f AD,uferf
acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl tmqD,H+3 xdyfoD;
EdkifiHwdkYu tvSnfhusOuú|wm0efudk toD;oD; tpnf;ta0;rsm;vnf; jyKvkyfvsuf&Sdonf/ xdkY
xrf;aqmifoGm;&ef&Sdonf/ tjyif tmqD,H 10 Edik if rH S acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf *syef?
w½kwf? awmifudk&D;,m;? tdE´d,? MopaMw;vs?
xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0; (ASEAN Summit) e,l;ZDvef? tar&duef? ½k&mS ;Edik if w H rYkd S acgif;aqmif
tmqD,x H yd o
f ;D tpnf;ta0;onf tmqD,H rsm;yg0ifaom ta&SUtm&S xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;
tzGUJ 0if 10 Edik if u
H Edik if t H Bu;D tuJrsm;ESihf tpd;k & (East Asia Summit-EAS) udv k nf; tmqD,x H yd o
f ;D
tzG J U tBuD ; tuJ r sm; yg0if w uf a &muf M uonf h tpnf;ta0;ESihftwl ESpfpOfusif;yvsuf&Sdonf/

123
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

tmqD,Htqihfjrihf xdfyfoD;tpnf;ta0;yGJokdY wufa&mufaqG;aEG;aeonhf

EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf

0efBuD;tqifh tpnf;ta0; (ASEAN Ministerial tmqD,Htqifhjrifht&m&SdBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;

Meeting-AMM) ( Senior Officials Meeting-SOM)
tmqD,0H efBu;D tqifh tpnf;ta0;onf tmqD,t H qifjh rift h &m&SBd u;D rsm; tpnf;
tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;\ vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk aygif;pyf ta0;onf tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D \ vkyif ef;tpDtpOf
n§Ed iId ;f &efEiS hf rl0g'vrf;ñTecf surf sm;udk aqG;aEG;jyKp&k ef rsm;? Edik if aH &;ESiv
hf NHk cKH a&;udp&ö yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;aom
tmqD,EH ikd if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D rsm;\ wpfEpS w f pfBurd f tpnf;ta0;wpfck jzpfonf/ tpnf;ta0;&v'f
ykrH eS u
f si;f yaom tpnf;ta0;jzpfNy;D ESppf OfZv l ikd vf rsm;ud k tmqD , H 0 ef B uD ; tqif h t pnf ; ta0;ok d Y
wGif usif;yjyKvkyfavh&Sdonf/ tmqD,Hy#dnmOf wm0efcH wifjy&onf/ xdkYtjyif vkyfief;tzGJU
pmwrf;t& tmqD,H Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D rsm;yg0ifaom tpnf ; ta0; (SOM Working Group Meeting-
tmqD , H y l ; aygif ; nd § E I d i f ; a&;aumif p D (ASEAN SOMWG) rsm;ukd tcgtm;avsmp f mG usi;f yonf/
Coordinating Council-ACC) udk zGUJ pnf;xm;&So d nf/
tmqD,yH ;l aygif;ndE§ iId ;f a&;aumifpo D nf tmqD,H tmqD , H p D ; yG m ;a&;0ef B uD ; rsm;tpnf ; ta0;
xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;rsm;twGuf jyifqifrIrsm; ( ASEAN Economic Ministers Meeting-AEM)
aqmif&u G jf cif;? xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;rsm;rS csrw S f tmqD,aH 'otwGi;f pD;yGm;a&;u@rsm;
vdkufaom qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;ESifh oabmwlnDcsuf tvdkuf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIudpö&yfrsm;? ukefoG,fa&;
rsm;ud k vuf a wG U taumif t xnf a zmf a &;ES i h f qdik &f m udp&ö yfrsm;? Common Effective Preferential
ywfoufí nd§EIdif;aqmif&Gufay;jcif;? tmqD,H Tariff (CEPT Scheme) udk tokH;jyKNyD; tmqD,H
xd y f o D ; tpnf ; ta0;rS owf r S w f a om tjcm; vGwv f yfaomukeo f , G rf {I &d,mudp?ö taumufceG f
vkyif ef;wm0efrsm;udk aqmif&u G v
f su&f odS nf/ qd k i f & m yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f r I u d p ö & yf r sm;ES i h f

124
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

0efaqmifrq I ikd &f mudp&ö yfrsm;tay: ndE§ idI ;f aqG;aEG; zGUH NzdK;wd;k wufreI nf;yg;aom tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;
Ed k i f & ef t wG u f tmqD , H p D ; yG m ;a&;0ef B uD ; rsm; twGuf zGHUNzdK;rItqifhay:rlwnfNyD; enf;ynmESifh
tpnf;ta0;udk ESpfpOfusif;yjyKvkyfonf/ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrItpDtpOf
rsm;ESifh tmqD,Haygif;pnf;a&;udk t&Sdeft[kef
tmqD , H u muG , f a &;0ef B uD ; rsm;tpnf ; ta0; jr§ifhwifoGm;&ef jzpfonf/ xdkYtjyif tmqD,H 6
( ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting-ADMM) EdkifiHtaejzihf tmqD,Haygif;pnf;a&;tpDtpOfudk
2004 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvtwGif; usif;y quf v uf t axmuf t yH h a y;&ef E S i f h tmqD , H
jyKvkyfcJhonhf 10 Budrfajrmuf tmqD,HxdyfoD; aygif;pnf;a&;tpDtpOf taumiftxnfazmfa&;
tpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyKcahJ om tmqD,v H NHk cKH a&; twGuf urÇmb h PfEiS hf tm&SzUHG NzKd ;a&;bPfwu Ykd ohJ Ydk
todkuft0ef;\ vkyfief;tpDtpOft& tmqD,H tjynfjynfqikd &f m tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;buf
Edik if rH sm;rS umuG,af &;0efBu;D rsm;\ tpnf;ta0; EdkifiHrsm;rS vkHavmufpGm axmufyHhrI&&Sda&;wdkYudk
rsm;udk 2006 ckEpS rf pS í usi;f yjyKvyk v f suf &So d nf/ aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
tmqD,u H muG,af &;0efBu;D rsm;\ tpnf;ta0;rSm tmqD,HtzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;tMum; zGHUNzdK;
a'otwGi;f rS umuG,af &;qdik &f m ndE§ iId ;f aqG;aEG; wdk;wufrIuGm[csufrsm; usOf;ajrmif;vmapa&;
rIEiS hf yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf I tqift h jrifq h ;Hk aqG;aEG;yGJ aqmif&u G &f mwGif IAI Work-plan vkyif ef;pDrcH sut f &
wpf&yfjzpfonf/ ADMM aqG;aEG;yG\ J &nf&, G cf suf t"d u OD ; pm;ay;u@BuD ; 4 &yf & S d & m tajccH
rSm a'owGi;f &ifqikd Bf uKH awGUae&aom umuG,af &;ESifh taqmufttkH? vlYpGrf;tm;t&if;tjrpfzGHUNzdK;a&;?
vkNH cKH a&;qdik &f m pdeaf c:rIrsm;udk ydrk o kd &d edS m;vnfjcif;? owif ; tcsuf t vuf q uf o G , f a &;enf ; ynm?
yGiv hf if;jrifomrI&jdS cif;rSonf tjyeftvSe, f MHk unfrI a'oqdkif&m pD;yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rIu@wdkYjzpf
wdk;jr§ifhoGm;Edkif&efjzpfNyD; ADMM aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;udk onf / xd k u @BuD ; rsm;rS m zG H U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf a &;
ESppf Of usi;f yjyKvyk v f su&f o dS nf/ twGuv f yk if ef;pDru H ed ;f rsm;ESihf taumiftxnfazmf
aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
tmqD,Haygif;pnf;rIqdkif&m BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufrI IAI tpDtpOft& yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI
tpDtppOOf (Initiatives for ASEAN Integration-IAI) rsm;aMumifh uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtd?k jrefrmESihf AD,uferf
tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D BuKH awGUae&aom pdeaf c:rI Edik if w H \
Ykd pD;yGm;a&; zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrrI mS wd;k wufrrI sm;
wpfcrk mS tmqD,t H zGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;tMum; &Sad eaom &&Sv d mcJo h nf/ 2006 ckEpS rf S 2015 ckEpS f umv
zGUH NzKd ;rIumG [csuf (Development Gap) yif jzpfonf/ twGi;f xdak v;Edik if \ H ysr;f rQ*s'D yD w D ;kd wufrEI eI ;f rSm
tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;onf tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;tMum; 6 &mcdik Ef eI ;f rS 7 'or 8 &mcdik Ef eI ;f txd &Sv d mcJh
zGHUNzdK ;rIuGm[csuf avsmhenf;vmapa&;twG u f onf/ 2007 ckESpfrS 2015 ckESpfumvtwGif;
tmqD , H a ygif ; pnf ; a&; Bud K ;yrf ; aqmif & G u f r I xdak v;Edik if \ H Edik if jH cm;&if;ES;D jrK§ yEf rHS pI ;D 0ifrrI mS 2007
tpDtpOf (Initiatives for ASEAN Integration–IAI) ckESpftwGif; tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;&&SdcJhaom EdkifiHjcm;
jzih f aqmif & G u f v suf &S d o nf / tzG J U 0if E d k i f i H &if;ES;D jrK§ yEf rHS I pkpak ygif;\ 10 'or 9 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &S&d mrS
topfrsm;jzpfMuaom uarÇm'D;,m;? vmtd?k jrefrm 2015 ckESpfwGif tmqD,HtzGJUBuD; &&SdcJhaom
ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHrsm;taejzihf zGHUNzdK;rIrSm rlv EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIpkpkaygif;\ 14 'or 6
tmqD,H tzGJU0if 6 EdkifiHESihf trDvdkufEdkifa&;udk &mcdkifEIef;txd &SdvmcJhNyD; a':vm 17 'or 4
&nfreS ;f azmfaqmif&ef jzpfonf/ bDvsH&&SdcJhonf/

125
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

,cktcg IAI Work-plan III udk 2016 ckEpS ?ftmqD,t H zGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;tMum; ydrk akd ygif;pnf;Edik af &;
pufwifbmvtwGi;f vmtdEk ikd if ?H AD,ifuse;f NrKd Uü
twGuf wpfcw k nf;aom tjrif? wpfcw k nf;aom
usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom 28 Budrfajrmuf tmqD,H toGifvu©Pm? wpfckwnf;aomtodkuft0ef;
xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;ü tmqD,HtBuD;tuJrsm;u ( One Vision, One Identity, One Community )
twnf j yKay;cJ h N yD ; IAI Work-plan III onf [lonhf tmqD,\ H aqmify'k Ef iS hf pdwt f m;xufoef
tmqD,HarQmfrSef;csuf 2025 \ tpdwftydkif; rIudkazmfjyNyD; 2007 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvtwGif;
wpf&yfjzpfvmcJhonf/ pifumylEikd if üH usi;f yjyKvyk cf ahJ om 13 Burd af jrmuf
tmqD , H xd y f o D ; tpnf ; ta0;umvtwG i f ;
tmqD , H y #d n mOf p mwrf ; tmqD,Hacgif;aqmifrsm;onf (20-11-2007)
tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;udk pwifzGJUpnf;cJhaom &ufwiG f tmqD,yH #dnmOfpmwrf; (ASEAN Charter)
tcsed u
f yl;aygif;aqmif&u I qifh (Cooperation) udk vufrw
G rf t S af &;xd;k cJMh uonf/ tmqD,H y#dnmOf

tmqD,HtzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm; wnfae&mjyajryHk

rSpwifcNhJy;D aemufyikd ;f umvrsm;wGif aygif;pnf;a&; pmwrf;onf tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D \ tESpf 40 jynfh
vkyif ef;pOf (Integration) udk OD;wnf avQmufvrS ;f umvwG i f a y:xG u f v maom ord k i f ; rS w f w d k i f
vmonh f t csd e f ü toif ; tzG J U tajccH p nf ; rsOf ; wpf&yfvnf; jzpfonf/
r&Sdao;onfhtwGuf tmqD,Hy#dnmOfpmwrf; tmqD,yH #dnmOfpmwrf;onf tmqD,\ H
(ASEAN Charter) jyKpak &;om;&ef rav;&Sm;Edik if ?H aemufqkH;jzpfay:wdk;wufrI tajctaersm;udk
uGmvmvrfyNl rKd Uü 2005 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvtwGi;f xif [ yf a zmf j yaeonh f t jyif tmqD , H t od k u f
usif;yjyKvkyfcJhaom 11 Budrfajrmuf tmqD,H t0ef;udk 2015 ckEpS w f iG f xlaxmifEikd &f eftwGuf
xdyfoD; tpnf;ta0;rS tmqD,Hy#dnmOfpmwrf; taxmuf t ul j yKaom ,EÅ & m;topf r sm;ud k
a&;qG J a &;qd k i f & m uG m vmvmrf y l a Munmcsuf zGJUpnf;ay;cJhonf/ tmqD,Hy#dnmOfpmwrf;onf
(Kuala Lumpur Declaration) udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D pwifxal xmifco hJ nhf befaumuf

126
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

aMunmpmwrf;NyD;vQif tmqD,HtwGuf ta&; EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;ESifh tmqD,H

tBu;D qk;H toif;tzGUJ pnf;rsO;f wpfcjk zpfvmouJo h Ydk a'oqdkif&maqG;aEG;yGJrsm;tNyD; aqG;aEG;buf
tmqD,o H nf ydrk ckd ikd rf mNy;D pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ESihf EdkifiHrsm;ESifh 0efBuD;tqifhtpnf;ta0;rsm;udk
pepfwus zGJUpnf;xm;onhf tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf oD;jcm;pD usif;yavh&Sdonf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;\
topfwpfzef &Sio f efvmapcJo h nf/ &nf&G,fcsufrSm EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;
2007 ckEpS w f iG f vufrw S af &;xd;k cJNh y;D 2008 yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIvkyfief;rsm;wGif tmqD,H
ckESpfwGif twnfjyKEdkifcJhonhftwGuf tmqD,H a'owGi;f Edik if rH sm; tcsi;f csi;f omru tjcm;Edik if H
y#dnmOfpmwrf;onf tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D udk tpd;k & rsm;ES i f h yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f j cif ; jzif h Ed k i f i H a &;?
tcsi;f csi;f qdik &f m tzGUJ tpnf;wpf&yf\ w&m;0if pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;e,fy,fww Ykd iG f ydrk akd umif;rGeaf om
Oy"d½yk f (Legal Personality) udk &&Sv d mapouJo h Ykd tcG i f h t vrf ; rsm;ud k azmf x k w f E d k i f & ef j zpf o nf /
tzGJUBuD;\ wnfaqmufrIykHoP²mefudkvnf; ydkrdk tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D onf tar&duefEikd if EH iS hf 1977
cdik rf mvmapcJo h nf/ ckEpS ?f MopaMw;vsEikd if EH iS hf 1974 ckEpS ?f e,l;ZDvef
2008 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 15 &ufrSpNyD; Edik if EH iS hf 1975 ckEpS ?f uae'gEdik if EH iS hf 1977 ckEpS ?f
tmqD,yH #dnmOfpmwrf; touf0ifvmcJNh y;D aemuf tD;,ltzGUJ Bu;D ESihf 1977 ckEpS ?f *syefEikd if EH iS hf 1977
tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D onf Oya'ydik ;f qdik &f m tzGUJ tpnf; ck E S p f ? awmif u d k & D ; ,m;Ed k i f i H E S i f h 1991 ck E S p f ?
qdik &f mrlabmifrsm; ydrk ckd ikd rf map&ef aqmif&u G v f mcJh ½k&mS ;Edik if EH iS hf 1996 ckEpS ?f tdE, d´ Edik if EH iS hf 1995 ckEpS ?f
onf/ tzGJUtpnf;topfrsm;jzpfaom tmqD,H w½kwEf ikd if EH iS hf 1996 ckEpS ?f ukvor*¾tzGBYJ u;D ESihf
n§Ed idI ;f a&;aumifpD (ASEAN Coordinating Council- 1970 jynfEh pS u f pNy;D rdwb f ufrsm;tjzpf yl;aygif;
ACC)? todu k t f 0ef;oH;k &yfqikd &f maumifpD (ASEAN aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdonf/
Community Council)? *sumwmNrKd Uü tajcpdu k o f nhf
tmqD,q H ikd &f m tNrw J rf;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;aumfrwD tmqD , H a ygif ; pnf ; a&;vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;
(The Committee of Permanent Representatives to tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; pwif z G J U pnf ; NyD ;
ASEAN-CPR)? tmqD,H vlt Y cGit hf a&;qdik &f mtpd;k & q,fpkESpf ESpfckcefYtxd pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;?
tcsi;f csi;f aumfr&Sif (ASEAN Intergovernmental vkNH cKH a&;udp&ö yfrsm;wGif yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI &Scd b
hJ J
Commission on Human Rights-AICHR ) wd k Y u d k tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;\ jynfwGif;a&;wGif 0ifa&muf
zG J U pnf ; cJ h o nf / tmqD , H y #d n mOf p mwrf ; t& rpGufzufa&;udkom tav;ay;cJhMuonf/ 1990
tmqD,t H wGi;f a&;rSLcsKyf (Secretary-General) udk jynfEh pS w f iG f tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D onf tzGt YJ wGi;f
ig;ESpw f pfBurd o f ufwrf;twGuf tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;rS aygif;pnf;a&;BudK;yrf;rItay: pwiftm½kHpdkuf
pGr;f &nf&o dS ?l *kPo f u d m© Bu;D jrifoh ?l tmqD,q H ikd &f m aqmif & G u f v mcJ h a omf v nf ; pD ; yG m ;a&;t&
tawGUtBuHK&Sdolrsm;udk tmqD,HxdyfoD;tpnf; aygif;pnf;a&;udkom t"dutav;ay;cJhMuonf/
ta0;rS twnfjyKcefYtyfcJhonf/ 1997 ckESpfwGif tm&SaiGaMu;tusyf
twnf;jzpfymG ;Ny;D ta&SUawmiftm&SEikd if H trsm;pk\
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tmqD,aH 'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;\ Edik if aH &;? tajctaersm; BuHKawGUcJh&NyD;aemuf tmqD,H
vkHNcHKa&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vlrIa&; jzpfay:wdk;wuf tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;onf w½kw?f *syef? awmifu&kd ;D ,m;
ajymif;vJrIrsm;udk nd§EdIif;aqG;aEG;onhf tmqD,H Edik if wH EYkd iS t
hf wl csi;f rdik tf pDtpOf[k vlord sm;aom

127
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

aiGaMu;zvS,af &;vkyif ef;pOfwpf&yfukd pwifwnf tmqD,Htodkuft0ef;rSm r@dKifBuD;oHk;&yfyg&SdNyD;

axmifcJhonf/ tmqD,Htoif;BuD;onf w½kwf? tmqD,EH ikd if aH &;ESihf vkNH cKH a&;todu k t f 0ef; (ASEAN
tdE, d´ ? awmifu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if w
H EYkd iS v
hf nf; vGwv f yfpmG Political-Security Community)? tmqD,p H ;D yGm;a&;
ukeo f ,
G af &;oabmwlncD surf sm; vufrw S af &;xd;k todu k t f 0ef; (ASEAN Economic Community) ESihf
EdkifcJhonhftwGuf tzGJU0ifEdkifiHrsm;tMum; ydkrdk tmqD,HvlrIa&;ES i f h ,Ofaus;rItodkuft0ef;
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufEdkifa&; ajcvSrf;wpfvSrf;xyfrH (ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community) wdjYk zpfonf/
vSrf;EdkifcJhonf/ tmqD,Htodkuft0ef;xlaxmif&mwG i f 2020
jynfEh pS t f pm; 2015 ckEpS w f iG f pwif wnfaxmif
tmqD,H vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,frIa'o (AFTA - Edik &f ef zdvpfyikd Ef ikd if üH usi;f ycJo h nhf 14 Burd af jrmuf
ASEAN Free Trade Area) tmqD,x H yd of ;D tpnf;ta0;u ajymif;vJtwnf
tmqD,Htoif;BuD;onf 1992 ckESpf? jyKcJhonf/
Zefe0g&DvtwGif; pifumylEdkifiHü usif;ycJhaom tmqD,HEdkifiHa&;ESifhvkHNcHKa&; todkuf
pwkw¬tBudrf tmqD,HxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;wGif t0ef;onf tmqD,t H zGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;tMum; Edik if aH &;
pifumylaMunmcsufudk xkwfjyefNyD; pD;yGm;a&; ESifhvkHNcHKa&;u@rsm;ü yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm;
yl;aygif;aqmif&u G rf rI al bmif (Framework Agreement tqifhwpfqifhodkY wdk;jr§ifhaqmif&GufEdkifjcif;rSonf
on Economic Cooperation ) t& tmqD , H tzGJY0ifrsm;tMum;? urÇmhedkifiHrsm;tMum; wef;wl
vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f , G rf aI 'o (ASEAN Free Trade nDrQaom? 'Dru kd a&pDenf;vrf;usaom? o[Zmw
Area- AFTA) ud k xl a xmif c J h o nf / AFTA ud k rQwaomywf 0 ef ; usif z ef w D ; um Nid r f ; csrf ; pG m
xlaxmifvu kd jf cif;jzihf tmqD,pH ;D yGm;a&;aygif;pnf;rI aexdik o f mG ;Edik af &;udk &nfreS ;f xm;&So d nf/
a'o ( Integrated ASEAN Economic Region) tmqD,H pD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef;onf
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AFTA udk xlaxmif&mwGif tmqD,t H zGUJ 0if aps;uGuEf iS hf xkwv f yk rf t
I ajccHa'o jzpfvmapa&;?
wpfEikd if EH iS hf wpfEikd if t H Mum; ukeo f , G rf t
I wm;tqD; pD;yGm;a&;t& ,SOfNydKifEdkifpGrf;jrifhrm;onhf a'o
rsm;udk z,f&mS ;Edik &f efEiS hf tcGet f aumufrsm; avQmch s jzpf v mapa&;? wef ; wl n D r Q pD ; yG m ;a&; zG H U Nzd K ;
jcif;tjyif tcGet f aumuf r[kwo f nhf ukeof ,
G rf I wdk;wufrI&&Sdaom a'owpfck jzpfvmapa&;ESifh
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avQmch s&ef jzpfonf/ aygif;pnf;vmEdkifonhf a'owpfckjzpfvmapa&;
[lonhf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESihf wnfaxmifcJhjcif;
tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;\ todkuft0ef; 3 &yf jzpfonf/
tmqD,HtzGJUBuD;\ arQmfrSef;csuf 2020 tmqD,HvlrIa&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItodkuf
(ASEAN Vision 2020) udk ydkrdkcdkifrmvmap&ef t0ef;onf tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;ESifh jynforl sm;tMum;
tmqD,aH cgif;aqmifrsm;taejzifh 2020 jynfEh pS w
f iG f pnf;vkH;nDñGwfrIESifh aoG;pnf;cdkifrmrI ydkrdkcdkifrm
tmqD,t H odu k t f 0ef; wnfaxmifEikd af &;twGuf vmap&ef jynfov l x l uk kd tajcjyKNy;D vlraI &;t&
2003 ckEpS w
f iG f bmvDueG af umhaMunmcsuf (2) wm0efow d wfaom tmqD,t H odu k t f 0ef;wpf&yf
(ASEAN Vision 2020) [k vlord sm;aom tmqD,H jzpfay:vmapa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKap&ef
uGefaumh aMunmcsuf (2) udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ &nf&G,fonf/

128
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;
tmqD , H t wG i f ; a&;rS L ;csKyf ½ H k ;
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rsm;rS tvSnfhuscefYtyfNyD; usefESpfOD;udkrl oHk;ESpf
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twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf½kH;wnf&Sdaom *sumwmNrdKUü
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tmqD , H tNrJ w rf ; ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;aumf r wD
(Committee of Permanent Representatives-CPR)
wpf&yfudkvnf; zGJUpnf;xm;&Sdonf/
tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; \ vuf & S d t wG i f ;
a&;rSL;csKyrf mS b½lEikd ;f Edik if o
H m; rpöwm vif*sKw[ f KdG if
jzpfNyD; 2018 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufrS pwif
wm0efxrf;aqmifvsuf&Sdonf/
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tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D \ qk;H jzwfcsurf sm;udk
aqG;aEG;nd§EdIif;jcif; (Consultation) ESifh wlnDqE´
(Consensus) rsm;ESifh csrSwfaom tajccHrl0g'udk
usifhokH;onf/ wlnDqE´&,ljcif;rSm tm;vkH;u
wnD w ñG w f w nf ; axmuf c H o nh f (unanimity)
oabmrsK;d r[kwb f J tm;vk;H oabmwl vufcEH ikd f
onhf taetxm;wpfcktxd a&muf&Sdvmap&ef
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129
wpfcktay: wlnDqE´&&SdEdkif&eftwGuf tzGJU0if
Ed k i f i H r sm;tMum; tjyef j yef t vS e f v S e f n§ d E d I i f ;
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tmqD,Ha'oqdkif&maqG;aEG;yGJ (ASEAN Regional
Forum-ARF)
tmqD , H a 'oqd k i f & mzd k & rf ( ARF) ud k
1994 ckEpS w f iG f a'owGi;f Edik if aH &;ESihf vkNH cKH a&;udpö
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uGmjcm;rIrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufaqG;aEG;ajz&Sif;jcif;
tm;jzifh vkHNcHKa&;qdkif&mpGefYpm;rIudk avQmhcsEdkif&ef
&nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh xlaxmifcjhJ cif; jzpfonf/ ARF
onf a'owGi;f Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESihf zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufa&;udk
xdef;odrf;xm;Edkif&eftwGuf a'owGif;pdefac:rI
rsm;udk avhvmokH;oyfjcif;? tm&S-ypdzdwfa'o
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bmoma&;t,l t q uG m jcm;csuf B uD ; rm;rI u d k
em;vnfvufcHNyD; uGm[csufrsm;udk vkHNcHKa&;
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a'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;\ e,ferd w d t f jiif;yGm;rIrsm;ESihf
t,ltquGmjcm;rIrsm; ydkrdkBuD;xGm;rvmapa&;
twGuf ndE§ idI ;f ajz&Si;f ay;&ef jzpfonf/
vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tmqD,Ha'oqdkif&m
zd&k rfü tzGUJ 0if (27) Edik if H yg0ifvsu&f o dS nf/ ¤if;
(27) EdkifiHrSm tmqD,H (10) EdkifiH? tmqD,H\
aqG;aEG;buf (10) EdkifiHjzpfaom Oa&myor*¾
(tD ; ,l ) ? tar&d u ef ? uae'g? MopaMw;vs?
e,l;ZDvef? ½k&mS ;? w½kw?f *syef? tdE, d´ ? awmifudk
&D;,m;wdkYeJYtwl ygyl0ge,l;*DeD? rGef*dkvD;,m;?
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uk d & D ; ,m;)? ygupö w ef ? wD a rmvuf p f a w?
b*Fvm;a'h&SfE S i f h oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwdkY jzpfonf/
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 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

umZufpwefEikd if ?H tmz*efepöwefEikd if ?H csv D ED ikd if EH iS hf Partnership-RCEP) aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; atmifjrifr&I &S&d ef

,lattD;EdkifiHwdkYonf ARF tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf quf v uf a qmif & G u f o G m ;a&;jzpf o nf / RCEP
0ifa&mufvdkaMumif; avQmufxm;Muonf/ aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;onf aemufq;kH twnfjyKcsu&f &S&d ef
owfrw S cf o hJ nhf tcsed u f mvESp&f yfjzpfaom 2015
EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;ESihf tmqD,H\ ta&;ygrI ckEpS Ef iS hf 2016 ckEpS w f iG f atmifjrifrI r&&Scd o hJ nfudk
tmqD , H + 3 vk y f i ef ; pOf r sm;rS xyf r H awGU&onf/ xdo k aYdk tmifjrifrI r&&Scd &hJ onhf t"du
ay:xG u f v monh f aqG ; aEG ; yG J r S m ta&S U tm&S taMumif;&if;rSm tmqD,Htoif;BuD;taejzihf
xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0; (The East Asia Summit-EAS) ¤if;\rdwfzufEdkifiH ajcmufEdkifiHjzpfaom w½kwf?
jzpfonf/ yxrqHk;tBudrf ta&SUtm&SxdyfoD; *syef? awmifukd&D;,m;? tdE´d,? MopaMw;vs?
tpnf;ta0;ukd rav;&Sm;Edik if ?H uGmvmvrfyNl rKd Uü e,l;ZDvef EdkifiHwdkYESihf vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fa&;
2005 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvtwGi;f u usi;f yjyKvyk cf hJ oabmwlncD surf sm; vufrw S af &;xd;k xm;aomfvnf;
onf/ yxrtBudrftpnf;ta0;wGif tmqD,H xdkajcmufEdkifiHtMum;wGif ESpfEdkifiHcsif;tvdkuf
tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;? w½kwf? *syef? awmifukd&D;,m;? vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fa&;oabmwlnDcsufrsm;
MopaMw;vs? e,l;ZDvefEiS hf tdE, H Ykd yg0ifcNhJ y;D r&Sad o;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh w½kwEf iS fh
d´ Edik if w
2011 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvtwGif; tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiH? tdE´d,EdkifiHtMum;? *syefESihf w½kwfEdkifiHtMum;
bmvDü usif;ycJhaom q|rtBudrf ta&SUtm&S vGwfvyfpGm ESpfEdkifiHcsif;tvdkuf ukefoG,fa&;
xdyo f ;D tpnf;ta0;wGif ½k&mS ;Edik if EH iS hf tar&duef oabmwlnDcsufrsm; r&Sdao;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/
Edik if w H Ykd yg0ifvmcJoh nf/ wpf c sd e f w nf ; rS m yif tmqD , H t zG J U 0if E d k i f i H r sm;
tmqD , H t oif ; BuD ; \ OD ; aqmifr I j zif h tMum; tjyeftvSef ajzavQmrh rI sm; jyKvyk Mf u&ef
pwifaom vkyif ef;pOfrsm;wGif tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D vdktyfaeouJhokdY aqG;aEG;yGJwGif yg0ifaom 16
taejzihf ta&;ygonhf OD;aqmiftcef;u@rS Edik if t H Mum; trsm;oabmwlvufcEH ikd o f nhf rlabmif
qufvuf yg0ifomG ;&ef arQmrf eS ;f csu&f adS Mumif;ukd wpf&yf&&Sda&;rSm vufawGUwGif tcuftcJrsm;
tmqD,yH #dnmOfpmwrf;\ pmyd'k f 41? tyd'k cf JG 3 &SdaeqJjzpfonf/
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tpDtpOfjzifhpwifaom a'oqdkif&mvkyfief;pOf aemuf x yf p d e f a c:rI w pf c k r S m w½k w f E d k i f i H E S i h f
rsm;ü t"duarmif;ESit f m; wpf&yftjzpf qufvuf tar&duefEdkifiHtMum; tiftm;NydKifqdkifrI ydkrdk
&yfwnfomG ;Ny;D a'oqdik &f m yl;aygif;aqmif&u G af &;eJY jyif;xefvmjcif;rSm taumif;qHk; Mum;aeEdkifrnhf
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ta&;ygonhf A[kcd suaf e&mwGif qufvufwnf&dS OD;wnfaqmif&u G jfcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdo k aYdk qmif&u G Ef ikd f
aqmif&u G o
f mG ;rnfjzpfonf}} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ &eftwGuf tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D \ &nfreS ;f csujf zpfaom
tmqD,t H odu k tf 0ef; atmifjrifr&I &Sad p&ef BuKd ;yrf;
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tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D twGuf yxrpdeaf c:rI Mum;aerl0g'ukd udkifpGJxm;onhf tmqD,Honf
wpf&yfrSm 2012 ckEpS u f pwifco hJ nhf a'oqdik &f m w½kwfEdkifiHESihf tar&duefEdkifiHtwGufyg tusKd;
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tpDtpOf (Regional Comprehensive Economic tmqD,o H nf rnfou Yl rdk S Ncrd ;f ajcmufjcif;rjyKaom

130
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

zdvpfydkifEdkifiHwGifusif;yonhf tmqD,H ESpf 50 jynhf txdrf;trSwftcrf;tem;wGifawGU&onhf

tmqD,HEdkifiHtBuD;tuJrsm;
tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf &yf w nf E d k i f r nf jzpf o nf / wdik f a'owGi;f y#dyu©rsm; jzpfay:vmjcif;r&S&d ef
tmqD , H t zG J U BuD ; onf a'o\Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;? xdef;odrf;cJhjcif;onf tmqD,H\ ta&;tBuD;qHk;
wnfNird af &;? vHNk cKH a&;ESihf zGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufa&;twGuf atmifjrifrw I pf&yf[k qdEk ikd of nf/
ta&;ygaom A[kdcsufae&mrS yg0ifaqmif&Guf tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D onf pwifzUJG pnf;csed u f
aejcif;jzifh ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'otwGi;f ü tiftm; ig;EdkifiHESifh pwifcJhaomfvnf; aemufydkif;wGif
av[me,fwpf&yfjzpfay:vmaprnf r[kwo f nhf a'owGif;&Sd EdkifiHrsm;tm;vHk; yg0ifvmcJhonhf
twGuf jyifytiftm;pkrsm; a'owGif;tpm;xdk; twGuf a'oukdtjynhft0 udk,fpm;jyKEdkifaom
0ifa&mufae&m,lvmrnfh tEÅ&m,fukd a&SmifvTJ toif;Bu;D wpf&yf jzpfvmcJo h nf/ xdt k csuof nf
Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D taejzihf Oa&myor*¾xufyif
tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D onf 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D tm;omonht f csuf jzpfonht f wGuf *kP, f zl ,G f
Ny;D qH;k Ny;D aemuf ppfat;wdu k yf JG t&Sed jf rihrf m;vmonhf jzpfonf/
tcsed w f iG f a'owGi;f y#dyu©rsm;? jyifytiftm;Bu;D tmqD,Htoif;BuD;\ pkpkaygif;*sD'DyDrSm
EdkifiHBuD;rsm;\ a'owGif; pGufzufNyD; wnfNidrf oH;k x&DvsaH ':vmeD;yg;&SNd y;D urÇmay:wGif pD;yGm;a&;
at;csr;f rItay: Ncrd ;f ajcmufvmrIrsm;ukd xde;f csKyf t& owå r ajrmuf tif t m;tBuD ; qH k ; a'o
Edik &f ef 1967 ckEpS w f iG f pwifzUJG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ jzpfonf/ xdktaetxm;onf vmrnfh 10 ESpf
tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D onf ta&SUawmiftm&S twGi;f tar&duef? w½kw?f *syefEiS fh *smreDEikd if H
a'oukd ]]Nidrf;csrf;rI? vGwfvyfrIESifh bufvdkufrI rsm;NyD;vQif pD;yGm;a&;t& yÍörajrmuftiftm;
r&So d nhZf ek }f } (Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality- tBu;D qH;k jzpfvmrnfh tvm;tvmrsm; &Sad eonf/
ZOPFAN) tjzpf zefw;D Ny;D ta&SUtkyp f Ek iS hf taemuf Oa&myor*¾? ajrmuftar&dua'oESifh
tkypf t k Mum; tm;NyKd irf w I iG f ryg0ifbJ oD;jcm;&yfwnf w½kwf^a[mifaumifNyD;vQif urÇmay:ü pwkw¬
aexdik cf o hJ nf/ tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D onf ta&SUawmif ajrmuftBu;D rm;qH;k yku dY ek w
f ifyo Ykd nhf a'oBu;D jzpf
tm&Sa'otwGi;f e,fajrtjiif;yGm;rIrsm; &Sad eonhf onf/ urÇmhydkYukef pkpkaygif;\ 7 &mcdkifEIef;&SdNyD;

131
 tmqD,H ESpf 50 c&D;

ajymif;a&TUvmaeonhftwGuf urÇmhpD;yGm;a&;wGif
tmqD , H t zG J U BuD ; \ ta&;ygrI o nf vmrnf h
q,fpEk pS t f xd qufvufjrihrf m;vmaernfh tae
txm;&Sdonf/
urÇmt h iftm;Bu;D Edik if rH sm;jzpfaom tar&duef?
w½kw?f tdE, d´ ? *syefEiS hf awmifu&dk ;D ,m;Edik if w H rYkd S
acgif ; aqmif r sm;tm;vH k ; uk d ae&mwpf a e&mü
tmqD,Htoif;\ vdk*dk pkpnf;Edkifapjcif;rSm toif;BuD;\ xl;jcm;aom
0daoovu©Pmwpf&yf[q k &kd rnf/ tmqD,aH 'o
tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;\ enf;ynmzGUH NzKd ;wd;k wufrt I vdu k f qdkif&mzdk&rfwGif ukd&D;,m;'Drdku&ufwpf jynfolY
ydkYukefypönf;rSmvnf; trsKd;trnfpHkvifvSonf/ or®wEdik if H (ajrmufu&kd ;D ,m;Edik if )H tzGUJ 0iftjzpf
ukeyf pön;f xkwv f yk Nf y;D jynfyydu Yk ek w
f ify&Ykd ef yg0ifaeonht f wGuf xl;jcm;&Sm;yg;aom aqG;aEG;yGJ
twGuf t"duusaom txl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkefrsm;rSm wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,cktcg tm&Sa'o jyifyEdik if H
vnf; ,cifu w½kwEf ikd if u H om Bu;D pk;d xm;cJ&h mrS tcsKdUonf ta&SUtm&SxdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;wGif
,cktcg txl;pD;yGm;a&;Zkefrsm;udk tmqD,HEdkifiH yg0if c G i h f & &S d a &;twG u f tmqD , H E d k i f i H r sm;uk d
rsm;üvnf; yDyjD yifjyifxal xmifvmEdik cf NhJ yD jzpfonf/ csOf;uyfpnf;½Hk;rIrsm; jyKvkyfvsuf&SdaeMuonf/
Oyrmtm;jzihf pifumylESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;zufpyf xd k tcsuftvufr sm;u tmqD , H tzG J U BuD ; \
bmwrfvGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,frIZkef (Batam Free aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm; ta&;ygrIudk taumif;qH;k xif[yf
Trade Zone)? xdi k ;f Edik if u H awmifyikd ;f a'opufrZI ek f azmfjyaeonhf om"ursm;yif jzpfonf/
( The Southern Regional Industrial Estate )? tmqD,t H zGUJ Bu;D ydrk akd ygif;pnf;vmonfEiS hf
tif'ekd ;D &Sm;u wef*Ret f ;D rm;pf ydu Yk ek x
f wk v f yk af &;Zkef trQ tmqD,EH ikd if rH sm;\ pD;yGm;a&;? vlraI &;tajc
( Tanjung Emas Export Processing Zone )? taewdkYvnf; vdkufygwdk;wufvmrnfjzpfouJhokdY
rav;&Sm;Edik if u H ydu Yk vrf vGwv f yfpmG ukeo f ,G rf ZI ek f Edik if w
H umwGiv f nf; cdik rf maom tzGUJ tpnf;tjzpf
( Port Klang Free Trade Zone )? jref r mEd k i f i H u ay:xGef;vmrnf jzpfonf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;tMum;
oD v 0gtxl ; pD ; yG m ;a&;Zk e f (Thailawa Special tmqD , H e nf ; vrf ; ES i h f t nD aqmif & G u f c J h r I r S m
Economic Zone) ESifh AD,uferfEdkifiHu wefxGrf; toif;BuD;\ &nfrSef;csufrsm; &&SdapcJhaMumif;
yd k Y u k e f x k w f v k y f a &;Zk e f ( Tan Thuan Export tmqD,t H oif;Bu;D \ ESpf 50 wdik w f ikd f &yfwnf
Processing Zone) wdo Yk nf oufqikd &f mEdik if rH sm;\ vmEdik rf uI taumif;qH;k oufaojycJNh y;D jzpfonf/
jynfyydkYukefjr§ihfwifa&;twGuf armif;ESiftm;rsm; tem*wfumvwGiv f nf; þokYd pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k jzifh
jzpfonf/ vufwaJG qmif&u G of mG ;Murnfqv kd Qif urÇmEh ikd if aH &;
vlO;D a& 635 oef;&SNd y;D pkpak ygif; *s'D yD D 2 ESihf pD;yGm;a&;rsufESmpmwGif xdyfwef;tzGJUtpnf;
'or 6 x&DvsHa':vm&Sdonhf tmqD,HtzGJUBuD; wpf&yftjzpf ay:xGuv f mrnfjzpfaMumif; oH;k oyf
onf zGUH NzKd ;qJEikd if rH sm;tMum; pD;yGm;a&;t& tiftm; wifjytyfayonf/
tBuD;rm;qHk; tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ,ck
tcsed w f iG f urÇmBu;D \ Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;ESihf ppfa&; wuú o k d v f [ef p k d ; OD ;
tiftm;rSm Oa&mya'orS tm&S-ypdzw d af 'oqDoYkd

132
 EdkifiHwum tMurf;zufrI
tEÅ&m,frsm;
tMurf ; zuf r I [ l a oma0g[m&uk d ,ck
aemufydkif;umvrsm;wGif toHk;rsm;vmjcif;jzpfNyD;
t*Fvyd b f mom ]Violence}, ]Terrorism} wdu Yk dk jyefqkd
oH;k EIe;f jcif;jzpfonf/ rSeo f nfqakd omfvnf; wdusrI
tm;enf;onf/ Violence [lonf tMurf;ywrf;
tiftm;toH;k jyKru I qdk vkd okd nf/ rdrdtdrfwGif;rSmyif
rd r d \ td r f o l u k d j zpf a p? uav;rsm;uk d j zpf a p?
tdrfazmfukdjzpfap ½dkufarmif;ykwfarmif;jyKvkyfygu
tdrfwGif;tMurf;zufrI (Domestic Violence) [k
qdkMuonf/ Terrorism qdkonfrSm xdkxufydkí
t"dyÜm,feuf½Idif;onf/ tMurf;ywrf;jyKvkyfwdkuf
cdkufrIoabmygaomfvnf; ,if;ü aMumufvefY
wkefvIyfoGm;apaom &nf&G,fcsufyg0ifaeonf/
wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk ypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufonfh
wdik af tmif ,if;rSm pHerlemjyvkyjf yjcif;jzpfNy;D tjcm;
olrsm;ukdyg aMumufvefYoGm;ap&ef oifcef;pmay;
jcif;? owif;pum;ay;jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
tMurf;zufrI (Terrorism) \ a0g[m&
&if;jrpfukd &SmazGygu ]Terronsm} [laom jyifopf
pum;vH k ; rS qif ; ouf v mjcif ; jzpf N yD ; jyif o pf
awmfvSefa&;acwf (1793-1794) wpf0dkufwGif
taMumufw&m;jzihf pk;d rd;k rI (Reign of Terror) umvü
pwifoHk;pGJcJhjcif;jzpf\/ ,if; ]Terrorism} rSmvnf;
133
vufwifbmompum; ]Terrere} [laom Bu, d myk'rf S
qif;oufvmjcif;jzpfum ]aMumuf&GHUxdwfvefYap
onf} [laom t"dyÜm,fudkaqmifonf/ rlvu
tkyfcsKyfolbufrS taMumufw&m;ukd toHk;jyKí
pkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyf&mü toHk;jyKcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf;
aemufydkif;wGif tkyfcsKyfcHwdkYu tkyfcsKyfolrsm;ukd
tiftm;enf;olu tiftm;BuD;olukd wGef;vSef
wdkufcdkuf&mü taMumufw&m;ukdtoHk;jyKum vl
trsm;xdwfvefYaMumuf&GHUapNyD; EdkifiHwnfNidrf
vHkNcHKrIysufjym;atmifjyKvkyfvmcJhMuonf/ 1869
ckESpfwGif ½k&Sm;Zmbk&ifukdqefYusifonhf ]jynfolY
uvJph m;}} tzGUJ ukx d al xmifcahJ om qm*seD cD sm,ufAf
onf rdru d ,kd u kd f tMurf;zuf0g'D ]Terrorist} [lí
f ,
pwifa<u;aMumfcH,lcJhonf[k qdkonf/
tMurf ; zuf r I \ t"d y Ü m ,f
tMurf;zufrI (Terrorism) ESihfywfoufí
Edik if t
H oD;oD;u ,if;wd\ Yk qdik &f mEdik if OH ya'rsm;wGif
trsKd;rsKd;t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdk jy|mef;cJhMuaomfvnf;
ukvor*¾uo hJ aYdk om Edik if w
H umtzGUJ tpnf;rsK;d wGif
tMurf;zufrI[laom a0g[m&ukd tvHk;pHkNcHKiHkrdNyD;
Oya't& pnf;aESmifrI&Sdaom t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkrIukd
,aeYxufwdkif rjyKvkyfEdkifao;ay/ 1994 ckESpfrS
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;

pí ukvor*¾taxGaxGnDvmcHu tMurf;zuf (i) tpk;d &r[kwaf om? Edik if w

H pfcu
k dk ud,
k pf m;
vkyf&yfrsm;ukd ½Iwfcs&mwGif toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom rjyKaom tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf&yfu OD;pD;
t"dyÜm,fzGihfqdkrIrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf- vkyfaqmifjcif;/
]]Edik if aH &;? tawG;tac:t,ltq? oabm
w&m;a&;? rsKd;EG,fpkta&;? vlrsKd;a&;? bmoma&; tMurf ; zuf r I t rsKd ; tpm;rsm;
okdYr[kwf tjcm;aom tvm;wlta&;udpörsm;ukd txuf y g t"d y Ü m ,f z G i h f q d k c suf r sm;uk d
toHk;csí trSefwu,fw&m;rQwrI r&SdygbJvsuf tajcjyKí vlYordkif;wpfavQmuf ay:aygufcJhaom
w&m;rQwrSefuefrI&Sdavoa,mif [efjytoGif tMurf ; zuf r I j zpf p Of r sm;uk d a,bk , stm;jzih f
aqmifum Edik if aH &;&nf&, G cf surf sm;jzifh jynfov l xl k atmufygtwdkif; trsKd;tpm;cGJjcm;avh&Sdonf -
twG i f ; üjzpf a p? vl w pf p k ü jzpf a p? vl w pf O D ; (u) EdkifiHa&;tMurf;zufrI
wpfa,mufüjzpfap taMumufw&m;rsm; jzpfay: (1) vl r sKd ; a&;ES i h f cG J x G u f a &;twG u f
vmap&ef wrif&nf&, G w f u G cf suv f yk af qmifonhf tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI?
jypfrIajrmufaom vkyf&yf}} (2) bmoma&;tajccHjzihf tMurf;zufr?I
tar&duefEdkifiH\ ukd"Oya' trSwf 22? (3) vuf0o J abmw&m;tajccH tMurf;
tcef; (38) tydk'f 2656 (p)(C) wGifrl aMumuf zufrI?
wwfrIukd atmufygtwdkif;zGihfqdkxm;onf/ (4) vuf,moabmw&m;tajccH tMurf;
]]a,bk,stm;jzihf ypfrSwfvltkyfpkwpfpk zufrI?
ukd vTrf;rdk;&ef&nf&G,fvsuf ukefonfvkyfief;vkyf (c) 'kp½dkuf*kdPf;rsm;\ tMurf;zufrI?
aqmiforl sm;? okrYd [kwf Edik if t H pk;d &r[kwaf om tpk (*) pdwf½l;aygufolrsm;\ tMurf;zufrI/
tzGJUrsm;u vufeufudkifr[kwfaom t&yfom; ,ckaqmif;yg;wGif EdkifiHa&;ESihfywfouf
ypfrSwfrsm;ukd EdkifiHa&;taMumif;&if;cHjzihf BudKwif onhf tMurf;zufrIrsm;ukdom avhvmwifjyoGm;
BuHpnfjyKvkyfaomtMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI}} rnfjzpfonf/
ynm&Sif onfa[mhzfrif;\ tqdkt&rl EdkifiHa&;tMurf;zufrIrsm;rSm vltkyfpk
tMurf;zufrIwGif yg0ifavh&Sdonfhtcsufrsm;rSm wpfpk\ oabmw&m;a&; ,HkMunfrIESihf txdrf;
atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf - trSwv f u©Pmwdt Yk ay:wGif tajcjyKavh&o dS nfudk
(u) Edik if aH &;&nf&, G cf su?f Edik if aH &;cHpm; jcm;em; awGU&Sd&onf/ rdrdtkyfpk\ txdrf;trSwfvu©Pm
csuf&Sdjcif;? ( Identity) ES i h f ,H k M unf r I (Faith) tay:wG i f
(c) tMurf;ywrf;wdkufcdkufrI? wdkufcdkuf&ef eufeuf½idI ;f ½Iid ;f pGNJ ruJ ikd ;f ñGwrf &I adS vav ,if;pHEeI ;f
Ncdrf;ajcmufrI&Sdjcif;? wefzdk;rsm;ukd umuG,f&eftwGuf tMurf;enf;oHk;
(*) wdu k ½f u kd w
f u
kd cf u
kd rf rI sm;tjyif tjcm;olrsm; wkHYjyef&ef tqifoihf&Sdavavjzpfonf/
ukdyg pdwfydkif;qdkif&mt& eufeuf½Idif;½Idif; Oyrm vlrsK;d a&;? cGx J u G af &;wdEYk iS yfh wfouf
xdcdkufcHpm;&ap&ef pDrHxm;jcif;? vQif NAdwdefrS tdkif,mvefcGJxGufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIonf
(C) tqihfqihfuGyfuJrI&Sdaom tzGJUtpnf; xif&mS ;aomom"uwpfcjk zpfonf/ ,if;cGx J u G af &;
wpf&yf? okdYr[kwf 0wfpHk trSwfwHqdyf vIyf&Sm;rIwGif t*Fvdyf (t*Fvdk quúqGef) ESihf
ryg&So d nhf ajratmufuvmyfpnf;wpfcck u k tdik ;f &pf[al omvlrsK;d a&;oGijf yifvu©Pm uGJjym;rI?
aqmif&Gufjcif;? t*FvDuefomoemESihf ½dkrefuufovpfomoem

134
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;

[lí ud;k uG,, f MHk unfaom c&pf,mef*P kd ;f ESp*f P kd ;f
uGJjym;rI? ordkif;aMumif;t& t*FvdyfwdkYu tdkif;&pf
e,fajrukd odrf;ydkufxm;rIponhf aemufcHordkif;
aMumif;rsm;yg0ifonf/ xdkYaMumihf tdkif;&pfwdkYu
'kwd,urÇmppfaemufydkif;rSpí cGJxGufa&;twGuf
pwifvyI &f mS ;cJMh uonf/ 1970 jynhv f eG Ef pS rf sm;wGif
td k i f ; &pf v G w f a jrmuf a &;wyf z G J U \ tMurf ; zuf
wdkufcdkufrIESihf AHk;cGJrIrsm; t&Sdefjr§ihfvmcJhonf/
t*Fvefjynh&f iS f bk&ifrBu;D ESifh armifESr 0rf;uGJ
awmfpyfonhf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;armihfbufwef onf
yifvQif tdkif;&pfvGwfajrmufa&;wyfzGJU\ AHk;cGJ
wduk cf u kd rf aI Mumihf 1979 ckEpS wf iG f uG,v f eG cf o
hJ nf/
bmoma&;tajccHtm;jzihf tMurf;zuf
rIrSm bmomw&m;wpfckukd tvGeftuRHpGJvrf;
udkif;½Idif;um trSm;trSef ra0cGJEdkifavmufatmif
t,ljyif;xefvmcsdefwGif jzpfay:avh&Sdonf/ xdkokdY
aomtMurf;zufrrI sm;rSm vlo Y rdik ;f wpfavQmufwiG f
vlom;rsm;ukd owfjzwfpaw;í ,pfZfylaZmfonhf
"avhrsm;rSpí a&wGuv f Qif umv&Snv f sm;cJo h nf
jzpf o nf / om"utm;jzih f tv,f a cwf w G i f
pkef;r[kpGyfpGJum rD;½IdUowfjzwfypfjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
eu©wåaA'ynm&Sif *,fvDvD,dkonf urÇmu
aeuk d v S n h f y wf a eonf [ l a om t,l t quk d
xkwfazmfcJhí usrf;pmESihfqefYusifonf[kqdkum
okwfoifjcif;cHcJh&onf/ trsKd;ZmwfcGJjcm;rIjyif;xef
onhf bmomrsm;wGifvnf; Zmwfysufrnfukdpdk;&drf
onh f t wG u f Zmwf r wl o l c sif ; aygif ; zuf y gu
t&yf r S 0 d k i f ; í *k P f o d u © m twG u f owf j zwf r I
(Honour Killing) jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/ bmom
ud k ; uG , f , H k M unf o l E S i h f r,H k M unf o l w d k Y t Mum;
cGJjcm;rItvGefBuD;rm;onhf bmomrsm;wGifvnf;
r,HkMunfrIonfyif tBuD;qHk;bmoma&;jypfrI[k
,lqolrsm;u bmom0ifr[kwfolrsm;ukd ypfrSwf
xm;í wdkufcdkufjcif;? bmomrwlolESihfpHkzufygu
tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufjcif;? rdrdwdkYudk;uG,fonhf
bmomrS bmomajymif;ygu ao'Pfay;jcif;? 0dik ;f 0ef;
owfjzwfjcif; ponfwdkYukd jyKvkyfwwfMuonf/
bmoma&;tajccH tMurf ; zuf r I w G i f
vuf0JtajccHESihf vuf,mtajccH[lí cGJjcm;xm;
aomfvnf; rdrdwdkY\ EdkifiHa&;,HkMunfcsuf atmif
jrifa&;twGuf bmrqdkvkyf&J&rnf[laom tpGef;
a&muftawG;tac:rSmrl twlwlyifjzpfonf/

tdkiftufpftpjyK&mtpövmrfnDaemiftzGJU0iftcsKdU

135
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;

rsm;aomtm;jzihf vuf0JtajccHoabmw&m;rSm olukdvnf; tm;enf;olu tjcm;enf;jzihf txd

vlwef;pm;0da&m"dtay:rlwnfí ay:aygufvmNy;D ematmif wdkufcdkufEdkifonf/
vuf , mtajccH o abmw&m;rS m vl r sKd ; a&;? tMurf;zufwu kd cf u
kd o
f nht
f aMumif;w&m;
bmoma&;t,ltpGJrSwpfqihf vltkyfpky#dyu©rsm; ukd vlrIaA'tjrifjzihf qef;ppfvQif vlYtzGJUtpnf;
tay:ü tajccHum aygufzGm;vmcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ twGif; tvTmwpfckESihfwpfcktMum;jzpfap? tkyfpk
vuf0t J ajccHtMurf;zuftyk pf rk sm;wGif *syefwyfeD wpfckESihfwpfcktMum;jzpfap tusKd;pD;yGm;csif;
ESihf csDvDrS Shining Path wdkYrSm vlodrsm;onf/ y#dyu©jzpfaecJNh y;D tiftm;Bu;D uGm[rI&adS eonht f cg
vuf,mtMurf;zuftyk pf w k iG f emZDvufopfrsm;u tm;enf;olu jzpfEikd o f nhf bufrnDppfyt JG oGijf zihf
emrnfBu;D onf/ vljzLvlrnf;cGjJ cm;rI jyif;xefaom ppfqifwu kd cf u
kd af vh&odS nfudk awGU&onf/ okaYd omf
acwfwGif tar&duefrS auoHk;vHk; (Ku klex Klan) taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;aMumihf orm;½dk;ustiftm;
tzGJYrSm vlrnf;rsm;ukd ypfrSwfxm;wdkufcdkufonhf &Sdaomfvnf; tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIenf;vrf;rsm;
tMurf;zuftzGJUwpfzGJUjzpfonf/ ukd oHk;wwfonfvnf;&Sdonf/ Oyrm EdkifiHwpfcku

tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf;wdkY\ ajrpmyifjzpfae&onhf NrdKUjyrsm;

acwf t quf q uf t Murf ; zuf r I r sm; tjcm;EdkifiHwpfckudk taESmihft,Sufay;vdkaom

tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf ppfa&; tcg xd k E d k i f i H \ axmuf v S r f ; a&;tzG J U tpnf ;
tjrifjzihMf unhyf gu bufrnDppfqifrI (Asymmetric uJo h aYkd omXmewpfcu k ud,
k w
f ikd jf zpfap? tjcm;tzGUJ
War Fare) yH k p H w pf & yf j zpf o nf / buf r nD p pf y G J tpnf;wpfckukd toHk;jyKíjzpfap tMurf;zuf
qdo k nfrmS orm;½d;k usppfqifryI pkH rH S cGxJ u G íf &efol wdkufcdkufrIzefwD;wwfonf/
tay: wpfzufowftompD;&Edkifaom enf;vrf; acwf t quf q uf t Murf ; zuf r I r sm;ud k
rsK;d pHrk S wpfenf;enf;udk toH;k jyKwu kd cf u
kd af omenf; Edik if aH &;tjrifjzihaf vhvmygu xdak cwfxu kd mvwGif
jzpfonf/ þenf;jzihf orm;½d;k ustjrift& tm;Bu;D ay:aygufcahJ om vlrpI ;D yGm;a&;ESiEfh ikd if aH &; qufqrH I

136
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;
urÇmukd wkefvIyfapcJhonhf 9^11 tMurf;zufrIjzpfpOfESihf ,if;ukdBudK;udkifcJhol tdkprmbifvm'if
tajctaersm;ESifh qufpyfaeonfudk awGU&onf/
taMumufw&m;ESihfpkd;rdk;rIukd pwifusihfoHk;cJhonfh
jyifopfawmfvSefa&;bufom; *sufukdbiftkyfpk
onf rlvu tmPmydkifpkd;xm;onhf oufOD;qHydkif
ya'o&mZfpepfudk tMurf;enf;jzihf awmfveS jf zKwcf s
cJhNyD; awmf0iftiftm;pk\ qefYusifckcHrIukdvnf;
acgif;jzwfpufjzihf owfjcif;uJhokdYaom &ufpuf
onhf tMurf;zufenf;jzihf aMumufvefYatmif
jyKvkyfum tkyfcsKyf&efBudK;pm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
tvm;wlyif oufO;D qHyikd yf a'o&mZfpepf
ukd qefYusifwdkufcdkufrIrsm; ay:aygufcJhonhf 18
&mpk? 19 &mpkumvrsm;wGif ay:aygufcahJ om rif;rJh
0g'D (Anarchish) rsm;onf tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufrI
ukd enf;vrf;wpf&yftjzpf tav;xm;oHk;pGJcJhMu
onf/ ½k&mS ;wGif ya'o&mZfqefu Y siaf &;ü rif;rJ0h g'D
rsm;udk qufco H nhf aAmfv&f ADS pfwuYkd vnf; ]]MuufO
rsm;ukdcGJrS MuufOaMumf&Edkifonf/ wdkufyGJrsm;rsm;
&SdrS atmifyGJBuD;BuD;&Edkifrnf}} [laoma<u;aMumf
oHjzihf tMurf;zufrIrsm;jyKcJhonf/ 'kwd,urÇmppf
aemufyikd ;f vuf0EJ iS v
fh uf,mtkypf t k Mum; ppfat;
wdkufyGJjyif;xefcsdefwGif vuf0JpGef;ESihf vuf,mpGef;
137
tMurf;zufwdkYacwfpm;vmonf/ Oa&myü vuf0J
tpGef;a&muftMurf;zufrIrsm;ukd pydef? jyifopf?
*smreD? tDwvD ponhfEdkifiHrsm;ü awGU&onf/
Oa&myESihf tar&du&Sd vuf,mtpkd;&rsm;uvnf;
vuf0JpGef;rsm;ukd tMurf;zufenf;jzihf wdkufcdkufcJh
onf/ rmzD;,m;'kp½du k *f P kd ;f rsm;onfyif ,if;ppfyüJG
vufudkifwkwftjzpf toHk;cscH&onf/ uGefjrLepf
qef Y usif a&; emZD v uf opf ? zuf qpf vuf opf
acgif;wHk;qHyifjzihf vrf;ay:vlrdkuf*dkPf;qefqef
tkyfpkrsm;vnf;&Sdonf/
tcsKdUrSm r[mvlrsKd;BuD;0g'jzihf aemuf
0ifvmolrsm;ukd wdu k cf u
kd Mf uonf/ 1970 jynhv f eG f
ESpfrsm;wGif vlrsKd;a&;ESihfET,faom tMurf;zufrI
rsm;vnf;ay:aygufcJhonf/ txl;ojzihf ta&SU
tv,fydkif;ü ygvufpwdkif;EkdifiH xlaxmifa&;
vIyf&Sm;rIESihf awmiftm&SrS oD&dvuFmEdkifiHwGif
wrD;vfusm;vIy&f mS ;rIwo Ykd nf tMurf;zufwu kd cf ukd rf I
rsm;ESihf aqmif&GufaecJhonf/ tvm;wl xdkif;EdkifiH
awmifyikd ;f cGx J u G af &;? zdvpfyikd af wmifyikd ;f cGx
J u G af &;
vIy&f mS ;rIwrYkd mS ,aeYxufwikd f tMurf;zufrIrsm;ukd
zefwD;aeqJjzpfonf/
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;
vl, Y Ofaus;rItzGUJ tpnf;rsm; wGe;f wdu k rf ?I *vdb k ,f
vdkufaZ;&Sif;ESihf bmoma&;tMurf;zufrI
1980 jynhfvGefESpfrsm;wGif urÇmay:ü
enf;ynmwd;k wufrEI iS t fh wl *vdbk ,fvu kd af Z;&Si;f
jzpfpOf us,fjyefYvmcJhonf/ *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;
rSmvnf; pD;yGm;a&;ysHUESHYa&muf&SdrIomru taemuf
wdkif;vpfb&,fpHEIef;? tawG;tac:ESihf taemuf
wdkif;,Ofaus;rIrsm;yg urÇmt&yf&yfokdY jzefYMuuf
csJUxGifvmcJh&m &Sd&if;pGJbmomw&m;? ,Ofaus;rI?
tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf wGef;wdkufrIjzpfvmcJhonf/
,if;udpEö iS yfh wfoufí ordik ;f ynm&Sif [efwifwefu
]vl, Y Ofaus;rItzGUJ tpnf;wd\ Yk wGe;f wdu
k rf }I [laom
pmtkyfukd a&;om;jyKpkcJhonf/
[efwifwef BudKwifwGufqcJhouJhodkY
1990 jynhfvGefESpfrsm;rSpí taemufwdkif;bmom
a&;ESihf ,Ofaus;rIukd qefYusifaom bmoma&;
tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; pwif
us,fjyefYvmcJhonf/ txl;ojzihf a&S;,cifuyif
&[l'Dbmom? c&pf,mefbmomwdkYESihf xdyfwdkuf
awGUcJhaom tpövmrfbmomrS tpGef;a&muftkyfpk
rsm;rS tMurf;zufvIyf&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;
tkyfpkrsm;rSm bmomrwlol (r,HkMunfol) rsm;udk
okwo f ifz,f&mS ;&rnf[al om a&S;½d;k pGt J pGe;f a&muf
*sD[wf (bmoma&;ppfyGJ) t,l0g'ukd vufcH
,HkMunfolrsm;jzpfMuonf/
xdktkyfpkrsm;rSm rlvu rdrdwdkYae&if;a'o
rsm;üom tajcjyKvyI &f mS ;Muaomfvnf; aemufyikd ;f
wGif EdkifiHwumtqihftxd wdk;csJUí uGef&uf
jzefEY ikd v
f mcJo
h nf/ ,ckEikd if w H umwGif vlord sm;aom
tMurf;zuftzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzpfonhf tdkiftufpf
(Islamic State) ESifh t,fvaf u'g paomtzGUJ rsm;rSm
rlvu tD*spEf ikd if w H iG f pwifzUJG pnf;cJo
h nhf tpövmr®pf
nDaemiftzGJU (Islamic Brother Hood) rS qif;ouf
vmcJjh cif;jzpfonf/ pwifzUJG pnf;onhf 1950 jynhv f eG f
umvrsm;twGif; ,if;tzGJUrSm pl;tufwl;ajrmif;
vkyif ef;cGiw f iG f Edik if jH cm;om;rsm;\ cGjJ cm;zdEydS rf I cHae
138
&onhf tD*spfvlrsKd;rsm;ukd umuG,fapmihfa&Smuf&ef
&nf&, G of nhf vlraI &;tzGUJ tpnf;jzpfonf/ ok&Yd mwGif
aemufydkif;ü oabmxm;wif;rmolrsm;u taemuf
wdkif;qefYusifa&;ESihf *sD[wfbmoma&; ppfyGJt,l
tqrsm;uk d y g wif o G i f ; vmum Ed k i f i H w um
tMurf;zuf tzGJUtpnf;tjzpf a&muf&Sdvmonf/
t,f v f a u'guk d pwif w nf a xmif o l
tdpk rmbifvm'ifrmS aqmf't D ma&AsrS xif&mS ;aom
aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;&Sif bifvm'ifrdom;pkrS
qif ; ouf v mol j zpf o nf / tpö v mr® p f n D a emif
tzG J U rS oabmxm;jyif ; xef a om bmoma&;
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ oabmw&m;½du k o
f iG ;f jcif;cH&Ny;D
*sD[wf0g'DjzpfvmcJhonf/ 1980 jynhfvGefESpfrsm;
wGif tmz*efepöwefü 0ifa&mufwyfpGJxm;aom
qdAk ,D ufwyfrsm;ukd wdu k cf u kd &f eftwGuf tar&duef
pDtdkifat axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJUESihf yl;aygif;cJhNyD;
tmz*ef e pö w ef E d k i f i H w G i f tm&yf v l i ,f r sm;ud k
udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ qdkAD,ufrsm;
tmz*efrq S w k cf mG oGm;Ny;D use&f pfcahJ omtm&yfwu Ykd dk
pkpnf;í t,fvfau'gtzGJUukd pwifzGJUpnf;onf/
t,fvfau'gqdkonfrSm pcef;[kt"dyÜm,f&NyD;
tm&yf r l * sm[pf r sm; pk p nf ; aexd k i f & mpcef ; uk d
&nfñTef;jcif;jzpfonf/
bifvm'ifonf ol\ t,fvaf u'g&Jabmf
rsm;ukd OD;aqmifí yifv,fauGU yxrppfyGJtNyD;
aqmf ' D t ma&Asü quf v uf w yf p G J xm;aom
r,H k M unf o l tar&d u ef w yf r sm;uk d 1990
jynh f v G e f E S p f r sm;rS p í tMurf ; zuf w d k u f c d k u f
vmcJhonf/ aemufydkif;wGif tar&duefwdkY\ zdtm;
ay;rIaMumihf ta&SUtv,fyikd ;f ukd pGecYf mG Ny;D r[mrdwf
wmvDbefrsm;&Sd&m tmz*efepöwefokdY xGufajy;
ykef;a&SmifcJh&onf/ tmz*efü ykef;cdkaepOftwGif;
urÇmtESHYuGef&ufjzefYMuufNyD; tMurf;zufwdkuf
cdu
k rf rI sm;ukd aqmif&u G cf &hJ m 2001 ckEpS ?f pufwifbm
11 &ufwGif tar&duefEdkifiH&Sd t"duypfrSwf
oHk;ckukd OD;wnfwdkufcdkufaom 9^11 tMurf;zuf
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;
rIrmS t,fvaf u'gtzGUJ ukd urÇmuodomG ;apcJo
tqdyk gwdu k cf u kd rf rI mS vloHk;axmifcefY aoqHk;cJh&
ojzihf xdcu kd qf ;kH ½I;H rIBu;D rm;onf[k qdEk ikd af omfvnf;
pdwfydkif;qdkif&mxdcdkufoufa&mufrIu ½kyfydkif;
qdkif&mxdcdkufrIxuf tqrsm;pGm rEIdif;omatmif
ydrk Bkd u;D rm;cJo h nf/ e,l;a,mufNrKd U&Sd urÇmu h ek of ,
XmetaqmufttHkESpfckudk av,mOfjzihf 0ifwdkuf
cJhojzihf rD;avmifNydKusysufpD;yHkukd wpfurÇmvHk;u
½kyfjrifoHMum;rSwpfqihf wdkuf½dkufMunhf½IcJh&NyD;
rsm;pGmwkefvIyfacsmufcsm; oGm;cJh&onf/ xdkYaMumihf
wpfurÇmvH;k ukd t,fvaf u'gwdaYk y;vdak om pum;
jzpfonhf taMumufw&m;ukd aumif;pGmzefwD;EdkifcJh
ojzihf ,if;wdkY\&nfrSef;csuf atmifjrifonf[k
qdkEdkifonf/
t,fvaf u'gwdu Yk ,if;wd\ Yk &efol tjzpf
c½l ; qd w f ' g (c&pf , mef b mom0if r sm;ES i h f
tar&duefOD;aqmifonhf) taemuftkyfpk? &[l'D
(*sL;-tpöa&;EdkifiH) ESihf tjcm;bmom0ifrsm;ukd
owfrw S xf m;onf/ a&&Sn&f nfreS ;f csurf mS urÇmukd
BuD;pdk; tkyfcsKyfonhf Nidrf;csrf;e,fajr ('g½kqvrf)
xlaxmif&efjzpfonf/ xdk&nfrSef;csufukd taumif
txnfazmf&ef tar&duefuo hJ aYdk om r[mtiftm;
BuD;EdkifiHukd orm;½dk;us ppftiftm;jzihf rwdkufEdkif
onhftwGuf udk,faysmuf&efoltjzpf tcsKd;rnD
ppfyq JG ifEu JT m tar&duefjynforl sm; t&dyu f dk &efol
xifvmap&ef enf;AsL[mcsaqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpf
onf/ pm&Gufjzwfprsm;ukd toHk;jyKí av,mOf
tydik pf ;D um rd;k arQmt f aqmufttHu k dk wdu k cf u kd Nf zKd cs
zsufqD;cJhaom 9^11 tMurf;zufvkyf&yfonf
,if;enf;AsL[mukd azmfaqmifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
xdkvkyf&yfaMumihf t,fvfau'gukd wpfurÇmvHk;u
od o G m ;NyD ; aMumuf & G H U rI r sm; zH k ; vT r f ; oG m;onf /
bmoma&;tpG e f ; a&muf tk y f p k r sm;twG i f ; ürl
tdkprmbifvm'ifonf aeYcsif;ncsif; ol&Jaumif;
jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ t,fvfau'gtMurf;zuftzGJYrSm
vnf; aiGaMu;axmufyo hH ?l ud,k w f ikd yf g0ifwu kd cf u
h nf/ vd k ol r sm;jzih f tif tm;awmih f wif ; oG m;cJ h onf /
,if;rSm urÇmhordkif;wGif yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf
tpk d ; &r[k w f a om tzG J U tpnf ; wpf c k u r[m
tiftm;BuD;EdkifiHwpfckukd zufNydKifwdkufcdkufvmcJh
jcif;vnf;jzpfonf/
G af &; 2001 ck E S p f r S p í tar&d u ef u
tmz*efepöwefukd wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJhNyD; tdkprm
bifvm'ifudk vufa&mufzrf;qD;Edkifa&;twGuf
aiGtm;? vltm;oH;k um zdtm;ay;aqmif&u G cf ohJ nhf
twGuf bifvm'ifonf ygupöwefodkY xGufajy;
ykef;a&SmifcJh&jyefonf/ xdkYaemufydkif;rSpí 2011
ckESpfwGif bifvm'ifukd ygupöwefü taozrf;rdcJh
onftxd t,fvaf u'g\vIy&f mS ;rIrmS wjznf;jznf;
avsmhusvmcJhonf/ bifvm'ifaoqkH;NyD;aemuf
t,fvaf u'gtMurf;zuftzGUJ rSm vH;k 0csKyNf ird ;f oGm;rI
r&Sdaomfvnf; urÇmhEdkifiHa&;bufpHkwGif arS;rSdef
avsmhyg;vmonf[k qdkEdkifonf/
arS;rSdefoGm;aomt,fvfau'gae&mwGif
tpm;xdk;ae&m,lvmaomtzGJUrSm tdkiftufpftzGJU
ac: tpövmr®pEf ikd if aH wmftrnfcH tMurf;zuftzGUJ
jzpfonf/ tdik t f ufpt
f zGUJ onf t,fvfau'gtzGJUrS
qif ; ouf v mjcif ; jzpf N yD ; 2006 ck E S p f w G i f
t,f v f a u'gtzG J U \ tD & wf t zG J U cG J u k d tD & wf
t,fvfau'gtzGJUrS qif;oufvmonhf
tdkiftufpftzGJUukdxlaxmifol Zmum0D
kd f
139
 EdkifiHwumtMurf;zufrItEÅ&m,frsm;
tpövmr®pEf ikd if aH wmftzGUJ [k cGx J u G zf UJG pnf;cJjh cif;jzpf
onf / td k i f t uf p f t zG J U uk d p wif w nf a xmif o l
tbl,lqefZmum0DrSm oabmxm;jyif;xefol
t,f v f a u'gtzG J U 0if a [mif ; wpf O D ; jzpf N yD ;
t,fvaf u'gtzGUJ ukyd if aysmn h v hH eG ;f onf[k xifjrif
oljzpfonf/ ,if;\t,ltqrSm t,fvfau'g
uJhokdY a&&Snfajymufusm;qefqef tMurf;zuf
wdkufcdkufrIrsKd;r[kwfbJ a&S;,cif cgvpfapmfbGm;
rsm;\ cgvDzdwfEdkifiHawmfyHkpHrsKd; EdkifiHwpfckukd
tiftm;oHk;wnfaxmifoGm;&efjzpfonf/ odaYk omf
ol\t,ltqukd taumiftxnf razmfEdkifrD
tD&wfEdkifiH rdkql;vfNrdKUukd tdkiftufpfwdkYvufrS jyefvnfwdkufcdkufaeonhf tD&wfwyfzGJU0ifrsm;
2006 ckEpS üf tar&duefw\ Ykd avaMumif; wdu k cf u kd f
rIaMumihf tD&wfwGifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf/ ,if;ukd
qufcaH om tblabumt,fvb f *¾'g'D vufxuf
wGif qD;&D;,m;jynfwGif;ppfESihf tD&wfEdkifiHa&;
tm;enf ; csuf w d k Y u k d tcG i h f a umif ; ,l í 2013
ckEpS w
f iG f tD&wfEiS q
fh ;D &D;,m; tpövmr®pEf ikd if aH wmf
tzGJUtjzpf wdk;csJUzGJUpnf;um 2014 ckESpfwGif
qD ; &D ; ,m;ta&S U yd k i f ; ES i h f tD & wf a jrmuf y d k i f ; ü
vQyfwpfjyufxdk;ppfqif wdkufcdkufodrf;ydkufcJhonf/
xdktcsdefrSpí tdkiftufpftzGJUonf wpf[kefxdk;
vlodrsm;vmcJhonf/ tdkiftufpftzGJU\ Murf;wrf;
140
&ufpufrIESihf owif;rD'D,menf;ynmxda&mufpGm
toHk;jyKrIwdkYaMumihf urÇmwpf0ef; xdwfvefYacsmuf
csm;apouJhokdY urÇmt&yf&yfrS tpGef;a&muft,l
tq&S d o l vl i ,f r sm;uk d v nf ; tzG J U twG i f ; ok d Y
0ifa&mufvmap&ef qGaJ qmifEikd cf o hJ nf/ tdik t f ufpf
wd\Yk e,fajrodr;f ppfqifraI Mumifh odr;f ydu k ef ,fajr
rsm; NrdKUrsm;rS &vmonhf tarGrsm;? a&eHwGif;rsm;?
tzdk;wefypönf;rsm;&&Sdum 0ifaiGawmihfwif;vm
ouJhodkY xGufajy;oGm;onhf tD&wfwyfzGJUrsm;xHrS
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tpkd;&ukd av,mOf? wihfum;? tajrmufBuD;rsm;jzihf
ypfulay;cJhonf/ xdkokdY EdkifiHwumrS tvHk;t&if;
jzihf 0ifa&mufx;kd ESuw f u
kd cf u
kd rf aI Mumihf 2017 ckEpS f
tukefydkif;wGif tD&wfESihfqD;&D;,m;&Sd tdkiftufpf
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147
 udkeD? OD;

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toif;\tvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if wpfOD;vnf;
jzpfum ajyma&;qdkcGifh&dSoltjzpfvnf; vIyf&Sm;
aqmif&GufcJhonf/ OD;udkeDonf EdkifiHwum a&SUae
toif;\ toif;0ifwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ 2012
ckEpS f Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyJG tBudKumvrS pwifí
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ydcYk srrI sm;aqmif&GufcJhonf/
2013 ckEpS w f iG f trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyf
odkY0ifa&mufcJhNyD; Oya'a&;&mtMuHay;aumfrwD
OD;ukdeD
tzGUJ 0if? zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'jyifqifa&;A[dak umfrwD
i,fpOfu ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f ? uomNrKd U? trSwf (1) tzGJU0if? A[dkOya'taxmuftuljyK aumfrwD
tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum; tzGUJ 0if tp&do S nfw h m0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifco hJ nf/
cJhNyD; 1971 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf0ifwef;udk tqdkyg OD;udkeDonf Oya'qkdif&mpmtkyf 6 tkyf
txufwef;ausmif;rSyif atmifjrifco hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf a&;om;xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ ,if;pmtkyrf sm;rSm w&m;cGirf S
&efukef0dZÆmESifhodyÜHwuúodkvf Oya'ynmXmewGif wku d yf rJG sm; (vufaAG&iS b f ,fov l )J (2010 jynfEh pS )f ?
qufvufynmoif,lcJhonf/ 1975 ckESpfwGif vmrnfah &G;aumufyrJG mS rJb,fvakd y;&rSmvJ (2012
B.A(Law) bGUJ udv k nf;aumif;? 1976 ckEpS w f iG f LL.B ckEpS )f ? *VKeq f &mpH &mZ0wfw&m;cHvm;ESihf w&m;
(Oya'bGUJ ) udv k nf;aumif; &&dcS o hJ nf/ Oya'bGUJ Oya'pd k ; rd k ; a&; aqmif ; yg;rsm; (2012 ck E S p f )?
&&dSNyD;aemuf &efukefta0;oifwuúodkvf? Oya' zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'udk b,fvjkd yifMurSmvJ (2013
XmewGif tcsed yf ik d ;f enf;jyq&mtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif ckEpS )f ? PR qdw k mbmvJEiS hf uifwm;em;? jrefrmEdik if H
cJNh y;D wpfzufwiG f a&SUaeBu;D OD;ud, k \ k a&SUae½H;k cef; ESifh 1982 jrefrmEdkifiHom;Oya' (2013 ckESpf)?
wGif tvkyo f ifa&SUaetjzpfvnf;aumif;? txufwef; 'Drdku&ufwpfa&G;aumufyGJrsm;? rJvdrfrIrsm; ESifh
sm;ES
a&SUaetjzpfvnf;aumif; vkyfudkifcJhonf/ 1979 jynfot Yl cGit hf a&; (2015 ckEpS )f wdu Yk dk a&;om;
ckESpfwGif ta0;oifwuúodkvfenf;jyq&m tjzpfrS xkwaf 0cJNh y;D wpfygwDtmPm&Sipf epfaMumufv.Ykd ..
tem;,lcJhNyD; w&m;½Hk;csKyfa&SUae? trIvdkufa&SUae PR vm vm;; ? rSwyf w kH ifjyKvyk jf cif;ESihf 1982 Edik if o H m;
tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/ 1983 ckESpfrSpwifí Oya'pmtk y fwdkYwGif yg0ifa&;om;cJhonf/
tvkyfoifa&SUaersm;udk avhusio hf ifMum;ay;cJhNyD; OD;udkeDonf jrefrmEdkifiHpma&;q&mtoif;
Oya'oifwef;rsm;ü arwåmjzifha[majymydkYcsrIrsm; \ tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D vnf; jzpfonf/ zGUJ pnf;yHktajccH

148
udkeD? OD;
Oya'jyifqifa&;qGJa&;tygt0if Oya'a&;&m
udp&ö yfrsm;ESiphf yfvsO;f Ny;D pifumyl? tdE,´d ? b*Fvm;a'h&?S f
MopaMw;vs? tar&duefjynfaxmifp?k e,fomvef?
Oa&myor*¾? aemfa0? tif'dkeD;&Sm; tp&dSonfh
Ed k i f i H r sm;rS zd w f M um;aomtpnf ; ta0;rsm;?
aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;odkY wufa&mufaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
OD;udkeDonf a*gufoD;½dkufNydKifyGJrsm; wGif
qkwHqdyfrsm;vnf;&&dScJhNyD; jrefrma*gufoD;½dkuf
toif;wGif 2003 ckEpS rf S 2005 ckEpS t f xd *kPx f ;l
aqmif twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJhonf/
2017 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (22) &ufrS (29) &uf
txd tif'ekd ;D &Sm;Ekid if w H iG u
f si;f yonfh tpnf;ta0;
odYk jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D a'gufwmazjrifh OD;aqmif
onft h zGUJ wGif tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D tjzpf vdu k yf gaqG;aEG;
cJhonf/ tqdkygc&D;pOfrStjyef Zefe0g&Dv (29)
&ufaeY nae 5 em&DcefYwGif &efukeftjynfjynf
qkdif&mavqdyfü aoewform;wpfOD;\ vkyfMuH
owfjzwfrIaMumifh uG,fvGefonf/ uG,fvGefcsdef
wGif ZeD; a':wifwifat;ESihf orD; 2 OD;? om; 1 OD;
usef&pfonf/
atmif a usmf
9 Budrfajrmufta&SUawmiftm&S roefpGrf;
tm;upm;NydKify/GJ / 9 Burd af jrmufta&SUawmif
tm&S roefpGrf;tm;upm;NydKifyGJukd pufwifbmv
(17) &ufrS (23) &ufxd rav;&Sm;Edik if ?H uGmvmvrfyNlrKdU
&Sd blupf*smvDtrsK;d om;tm;upm;uGi;f ü usi;f y&m
ta&SUawmiftm&S 11 EdkifiH 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif
Muonf/ NyKd iyf w
JG iG f tm;upm;enf; 16 rsK;d xnho
f iG ;f
usif;y&m jrefrmEdkifiHu tm;upm;enf; 12 rsKd;
twGuf roefpGrf;tm;upm;orm; 120 yg0if
,SOfNydKifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHu yg0if,SOfNydKifonhf
tm;upm;enf;rsm;rSm jrm;ypf? ajy;ckeyf pf? bdpk , D m?
rsurf jrif ppfw&k if? ckepfa,muf abmvH;k ? Goal ball?
tav;r? a&ul ; ? bdk;vif;? pm;yGJwifwif;epf?
149
9 Budrfajrmufta&SUawmiftm&S ...
xdkifvsuf abmfvDabmESifh bwfpuufabmwdkY
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NydKifyGJzGihfyGJtcrf;tem;ukd pufwifbmv
(17) &uf nyd k i f ; wG i f bl u pf * smvD t rsKd ; om;
tm;upm;uGif;ü usif;yonf/ trsKd;om;a&ul;
NyKd iyf rJG sm;ukd pufwifbmv (18) &uf eHeufyikd ;f wGif
National Aquatic Center Bukit Jalil a&ul;uefü
usif;y&m trsKd;om;rDwm 100 tvGwful;NydKifyGJü
atmifjrihfjrwfu a&Twpfck? rDwm 50 yufvuful;
Nyd Kif y G J ü Ed k i f p pf atmif u a&T w pf c k ? rD w m 50
yufvufu;l NyKd iyf üJG atmifNird ;f OD;u aiGwpfc?k rDwm
50 yufvuful;NydKifyGJü &JxGef;u aMu;wpfck?
eE´pkd;rif;u aMu;wpfck? oHvHk;ypfNydKifyGJü wifndKu
aMu;wpfck &&SdMuonf/
pufwifbmv (19) &ufwGif trsKd;om;
rDwm 200 tvGwful;NydKifyGJü atmifjrihfjrwfu
a&Twpfck? atmifNidrf;OD;u aMu;wpfck &&Sdonf/
rD w m 50 vd y f j ymul ; Nyd K if y G J ü Ed k i f p pf a tmif u
a&Twpfck? rDwm 100 &ifaygifwef;ul;NydKifyGJü
atmifzek ;f u a&Twpfc?k rDwm 100 &ifaygifwef;ul;
NydKifyGJü pkd;0if;u aiGwpfck? rDwm 50 vdyfjymul;
NyKd iyf üJG armifarmifp;dk u aiGwpfc?k rDwm 50 vdyjf ym
ul;NydKifyGJü ausmfxl;u aiGwpfck? rDwm 100
&ifaygifwef;ul;NydKifyGJü &JxGef;u aMu;wpfck? rDwm
50 &ifaygifwef;ul;NyKd iyf üJG eE´p;kd rif;u aMu;wpfc?k
vSw H yH pfNyKd iyf üJG wifnKd u a&Twpfc?k oHv;kH ypf NyKd iyf üJG
atmifzek ;f jrwfu aiGwpfc?k rDwm 400 tajy;NyKd iyf üJG
ausmfausmf0if;u aiGwpfck? rDwm 200 tajy;
NydKifyGJü reE´mvif;u aMu;wpfck &&SdMuonf/
pufwifbmv (20) &ufwGif a&ul;rDwm
400 tvGwu f ;l NyKd iyf üJG atmifjrihjf rwfu a&Twpfc?k
oHvHk;ypfNydKifyGJü atmifcGefu a&Twpfck? tav;r
79 uDvdkwef;NydKifyGJü rNidrf;pE´matmifu aiGwpfck?
trsK;d om;toif;vdu k pf pfw&k if B1 NyKd iyf üJG jrefrm
toif;u aiGwpfck? vSHwHypfNydKifyGJü pkd;oef;u
aMu;wpfck? oHjym;ypfNydKifyGJü wifndKu aMu;wpfck?
9 Budrfajrmufta&SUawmiftm&S ... Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ (2017)

rDwm 400 tvGwu f ;l NyKd iyf üJG eE´p;dk rif;u aMu;wpfck Mum;jzwf a &G ; aumuf y G J (2017) / /
&&SdMuonf/ 2017 ck E S p f ? {NyDv (1) &ufwGifusif;yonfh
pufwifbmv (21) &ufwiG f trsKd;om; Mum;jzwf a &G ; aumuf y G Jü vpf v yf v suf & S d o nf h
oH v H k ; ypf F44 Nyd K if y G J ü rsKd ; aqG u a&T w pf c k ? jynfov Yl w
T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f ud;k ae&m? trsK;d om;
trsKd;orD; rDwm 400 T 47 NydKifyGJü reE´vif;u vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f oH;k ae&mESihf wdik ;f a'oBu;D
aiGwpfck? a&ul; rDwm 50 tvGwful; S 10 NydKifyGJü odrYk [kwf jynfe,fvw T af wmfu,kd pf m;vS,f ckepfae&m
atmifzkef;u aiGwpfck? trsKd;orD; oHjym;ypf F 55 pkpak ygif; 19 ae&mtwGuf Edik if aH &;ygwD 24 ygwDrS
NydKifyGJü xufxufat;u aiGwpfck &&SdMuonf/ udk,fpm;vS,favmif; 87 OD;ES i f h wpf o D ; yk * ¾ v
pufwifbmv (22) &ufwGif xdkifvsuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; ckepfOD; pkpkaygif; 94 OD;wdkYu
abmfvDabmNydKifyGJü jrefrmxdkifvsuf abmfvDabm 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuonf/
toif;u uarÇm'D;,m;xdkifvsuf abmfvDabm
toif;ukd oHk;yGJwpfyGJjzihf tEdkif&um a&Twpfck &&Sd
onf/ a&ul;rDwm 200 tpHkul;aq;tqihf SM 6
NydKifyGJü Edkifppfatmifu a&Twpfck? ausmfxl;u aiG
wpf c k &&S d o nf / aq;tqih f SM 10 Nyd K if y G J ü
atmifzkef;u aiGwpfck &&Sdonf/ oHvHk;ypfaq;
tqihf F 55 NydKifyGJü xufxufat;u aiGwpfck
&&Sdonf/ ajy;ckefypfrDwm 200 aq;tqihf T 42/
43/44 NydKifyGJ ü ausmfausmf0if;u aiGwpfck&&Sdonf/
pufwifbmv (23) &ufwGif trsKd;om;
pm;yGJwifwif;epf wpfOD;csif;NydKifyGJü apmazmxl;u Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ&v'frsm;ukd jynfaxmifpk
aMu;wpfck&&Sdonf/ NydKifyGJyGJpOfrsm;tNyD;wGif jrefrm a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifu xkwfjyefaMunmpOf
EdkifiHroefpGrf;tm;upm;tzGJUu a&ul;NydKifyGJrS
a&TwHqdyf ckepfck? aiGwHqdyfckepfck? aMu;wHqdyf 2017 ckEpS f Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufy&JG v'frsm;
ajcmufck? ajy;ckefypfNydKifyGJrS a&TwHqdyf oHk;ck? aiG ud k aejynf a wmf & d S jynf a xmif p k a &G ; aumuf y G J
wHqdyf ajcmufck? aMu;wHqdyf av;ck? xdkifvsuf aumfr&Siu f {Nyv D (2) &uf eHeuf (9) em&DrS pwif
abmvDabmNydKifyGJrS a&TwHqdyfwpfck? ppfwk&if í xkwjf yefaMunm&m trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyf
NydKifyGJrS aiGwHqdyfwpfck? aMu;wHqdyfajcmufck? ygwDu jynfov Yl w
T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f ig;OD;? trsK;d om;
tav;r NydKifyGJrS aiGwHqdyf wpfck? pm;yGJwif vTwaf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,o f ;kH OD;ESihf jynfe,fvw T af wmf
wif;epfNyKd iyf rJG S aMu;wHqyd w f pfck pkpak ygif; qkwq H yd f ud,k pf m;vS,f wpfO;D ? &Sr;f wkid ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pD
43 ckjzihf EdkifiH tvdkuf tqihf 6 wGif &yfwnf tzGJUcsKyfygwDu jynfolYvTwfawmfu, kd pf m;vS,f
vsuf&Sdonf/ 9 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S ESpOf ;D ESihf jynfe,fvw T af wmfu, dk pf m;vS,f av;OD;?
roefprG ;f tm;upm;NydKifyGJwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHu jynfaxmifpkBuHhcdkifa&;ESifhzGHYNzKd;a&;ygwDu jynfolY
a&TwHqdyf 126 ck? aiGwHqdyf 75 ck? aMu;wHqdyf vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,w f pfO;D ESihf jynfe,fvw T af wmf
50 jzihf yxr &&Sdonf/ udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;? &cdik t f rsK;d om;ygwDu jynfoYl
pkd;atmif vT w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f w pf O D ; ? vl r sKd ; aygif ; pH k

150
 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ (2017)

'Druk d a&pDygwD (u,m;jynfe,f) u jynfe,fvw T af wmf udk;OD;u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh

udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;wdkY a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sif Ouú|
OD;vSodef;u eHeuf 9 em&D? rGef;wnfh 12 em&DESifh
nae 4 em&D rdepf 50 wGif oufqikd &f m rJqE´e,f
tvdu k f Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufy&JG v'frsm;udk xkwjf yef
aMunmonf/ &efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; '*HkNrdKUopf
(ta&SUydkif;) NrdKUe,fü jynfolYvw T af wmfu, k d pf m;vS,f
twGuf vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f a vmif ; ig;OD ; u
yg0if,OS Nf yKd iMf uNy;D qE´raJ y;ydik cf iG hf &do S l 99,631 OD;
teuf 41,504 OD;wdkY vma&mufqE´rJay;&m
cdkifvHkaom qE´rJ 40,320 &&dSonf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf
jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf trsKd;om;
'Dru kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyyf gwDrS OD;aeausmu f qE´raJ ygif;
27,357 rJ (67 'or 85 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,f
cH&onf/
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; vdIifom,mNrdKUe,fü
jynfov Yl wT af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f wGuf ud, k pf m;vS,f
avmif; &SpOf ;D u yg0if,OS Nf yKd iMf uNy;D qE´raJ y;ydik cf iG hf
&dSol 378,516 OD;teuf 46,418 OD;wdkY vma&muf
qE´rJay;&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 44,989 rJ &&dSonf/
¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfov Yl wT af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,t
trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwDrS OD;0if;rif;u
qE´raJ ygif; 31,369 rJ (69 'or 73 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ) jzifh
a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; '*HkNrdKUopf (qdyfurf;)
NrdKUe,fü jynfolYvTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftwGuf
udk,fpm;vS,favmif; ig;OD;u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKif
MuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSol 89,807 OD;teuf
26,250 wdkY vma&mufqE´rJay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaom
qE´rJ 25,271 rJ &&dSonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf jynfolY
vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpf trsK;d om;'Dru kd a&pD
tzGJUcsKyfygwDrS OD;jrpdefu qE´rJaygif; 15,756 rJ
(62 'or 35 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
&efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D aumhrLS ;NrKd Ue,fü jynfoYl
vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f wGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;
&dSol 94,698 OD;teuf 56,141 wdkY vma&muf
qE´rJay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 54,348 rJ &&dS
onf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfov Yl w T af wmf ud, k pf m;vS,f
tjzpf trsK;d om;'Dru k d a&pDtzGUJ csKyyf gwDrS OD;ausmaf qG0if;
(c) OD;tmvl;u qE´rJaygif; 38,028 rJ (69 'or
97 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD; rHk&GmNrdKUe,fü jynfolY
vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,ftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,f
avmif; ig;OD;u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJ
ay;ydkifcGifh&dSol 250,040 OD;teuf 119,272 wdkY
vma&mufqE´raJ y;Mu&m cdik v f akH omqE´rJ 117,428
rJ &&doS nf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfov Yl w T af wmfu, kd pf m;
vS,ftjzpf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwDrS
OD;nGefYatmifu qE´rJaygif; 95,923 rJ (81 'or
69 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
rGejf ynfe,f acsmif;qHNk rKd Ue,fü jynfov Yl w T af wmf
udk,fpm;vS,ftwGuf udk,fpm;vS,favmif; ig;OD;
u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSol
126,225 OD;teuf 48,535 wdkY vma&mufqE´rJ
ay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 47,167 rJ &&dSonf/
f jzpf ¤if ; wd k Y t euf jynf o l Y vT wf awmf ud k ,f p m;vS ,f
tjzpf jynfaxmifpkBuchH dkifa&;ESifhzGHUNzdK;a&;ygwDrS
OD;atmifMunfodef; u qE´rJaygif; 19,667 rJ
(41 'or 70 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
&cdik jf ynfe,f trf;NrKd Ue,fü jynfov Yl w T af wmf
ud,k pf m;vS,t f wGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; av;OD;
u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSol
76,086 OD;teuf 46,669 wdkY vma&mufqE´rJ
ay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 44,304 rJ &&dSonf/
¤if;wdkYteuf jynfolYvw T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,t f jzpf
&cdkiftrsKd;om;ygwDrS a'gufwmat;armifu qE´
rJaygif; 21,794 rJ (49 'or 19 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh
a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
&Sr;f jynfe,f rdik ;f ½SL;NrKd Ue,fü jynfov Yl w T af wmf
ud,k pf m;vS,t f wGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; av;OD;

151
 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ (2017)

u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSol
43,964 OD;teuf 21,109 wdYk vma&mufqE´rJ ay;Mu
&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 17,758 rJ &&dSonf/ ¤if;wdkY
teuf jynfolYvw T af wmfu, kd pf m;vS,tf jzpf &Srf;
wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyyf gwDrS pdik ;f 0if;at;
(c) pdik ;f xGe;f at;u qE´raJ ygif; 10,216 rJ (57
'or 53 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
&Srf;jynfe,f aus;oD;NrdKUü jynfov Yl w T af wmf
ud, k pf m;vS,t f wGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; av;OD;
u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ
2017 Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJü qE´rJay;&ef
24,521 rJ &&do S nf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfov Yl w T af wmf
rJvufrSwf xkwf,laeonhf jynfolwpfOD;ukd
ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Dru kd a&pD
awGU&pOf
tzGJUcsKyfygwDrS pkdif;atmifausmfu qE´rJaygif;
18,882 rJ (77 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ vma&muf qE´ r J a y;Mu&m cd k i f v H k a omqE´ r J
csi;f jynfe,f trsK;d om;vTwaf wmf rJqE´e,f 92,161 rJ &&dSonf/ ¤if;wdt Y k euf trsK;d om;vTwaf wmf
trS w f (3) twG u f vT w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f ud,k pf m;vS,f tjzpf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf
avmif;oHk;OD;u yg0if,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay; ygwDrS a'gufwmarmifarmifu qE´raJ ygif; 75,299
ydkifcGifh&dSol 28,027 OD;teuf 21,124 OD;wdkY rJ (81 'or 70 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
vma&mufqE´raJ y;Mu&m cdik v f akH omqE´rJ 20,674 u,m;jynfe,f z½lqdkNrdKUe,f rJqE´e,f
rJ &&dSonf/ ¤if;wdkYteuf trsKd;om;vTwfawmf trSwf (1) ü jynfe,fvw T af wmf udk,fpm;vS,f
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; oHk;OD;u 0ifa&muf
ygwDrS OD;bGUJ cde;f u qE´raJ ygif; 9,242 rJ (44 'or ,SONf yKd iMf uNy;D qE´raJ y;ydik cf iG &hf o Sd l 9,570 OD;teuf
70 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ 6,710 wdkY vma&mufqE´rJay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaom
yJ c l ; wd k i f ; a'oBuD ; trsKd ; om;vT w f a wmf qE´rJ 6,286 rJ &&do S nf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfe,f
rJqE´e,ftrSwf (4) twGuf udk,fpm;vS,af vmif; vTwfawmf u d k , f p m;vS , f t jzpf vl r sKd ; aygif ; pH k
ajcmufO;D u 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd iMf uNy;D qE´raJ y;ydik cf iG hf 'Drdkua&pDygwD (u,m;jynfe,f) rS OD;oJ&,fu
&dSol 320,338 OD;teuf 129,187 OD;wdYk vma&muf qE´raJ ygif; 3,351 rJ (53 'or 31 &mcdkifEIef;)
qE´rJ ay;Mu&m cdik v f ak H omqE´rJ 123,960 rJ &&do S nf/ jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
¤if;wdt Yk euf trsKd;om;vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f &Srf;jynfe,f anmifa&TNrdKUe,f rJqE´e,f
tjzpf trsK;d om;'Dru k d a&pDtzGUJ csKyyf gwDrS a':pef;pef;jrifh trSwf (1) ü jynfe,fvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
u qE´raJ ygif; 71,042 rJ (57 'or 31 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ) twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; oH;k OD;u 0ifa&muf
jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ Sd l 62,705 OD;teuf
,SONf yKd iMf uNy;D qE´raJ y;ydik cf iG &hf o
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD; trsKd;om;vTwfawmf 35,077 OD;wdYk vma&mufqE´raJ y;Mu&m cdik v f akH om
rJqE´e,ftrSwf (6) twGuf vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,f qE´rJ 33,640 rJ &&do S nf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfe,f
avmif; ajcmufOD;u yg0if,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay; vTwaf wmfu, kd pf m;vS,tf jzpf trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD
ydkifcGifh&dSol 343,600 OD;teuf 93,279 OD;wdkY tzG J U csKyf y gwD r S OD ; cif a rmif 0 if ; u qE´rJaygif;

152
Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyGJ (2017) urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;bmomaygif;pHknDvmcH

17,204 rJ (51 'or 14 &mcdik Ef eI ;f ) jzifh a&G;cs,cf H &Srf;jynfe,f aus;oD ; Nrd K Ue,fü jynfe,f
&onf/ vTwaf wmfrq J E´e,f trSwf (2) twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,f
&Sr;f jynfe,f usKid ;f wHNkrKdUe,fü jynfe,fvw T af wmf avmif; ig;OD;u 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd iMf u&m cdik v f akH om
rJqE´e,f trSwf (2) twGuf vTwfawmfu, kd pf m; qE´rJ 11,836 rJ &&do S nf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfe,f
vS,af vmif; ajcmufO;D u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; vTwaf wmf ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf &Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;
qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh&dSol 56,136 OD;teuf 22,762 OD; 'D r d k u a&pD tzG J U csKyf y gwD r S OD ; cif a rmif n G e f Y u
wdkY vma&mufqE´rJay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ qE´raJ ygif; 7,832 rJ (66 'or 17 &mcdkifEIef;)
20,628 rJ &&do S nf/ ¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfe,fvw T af wmf jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf jynfaxmifpkMuHYcdkifa&;ESifh jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJaumfr&SifOuú|
zGHUNzdK;a&;ygwDrS OD;&SmarGv&SJefu qE´raJ ygif; 7,026 u 2017 ckEpS f Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyJG atmifjrifpmG
rJ (34 'or 16 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ usi;f yEdik af &;twGuf jynforl sm;ESihf yg0ifaqmif&u G f
&Sr;f jynfe,f rdik ;f ½SL;NrKd Ue,fü jynfe,fvw T af wmf Muolrsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&dSygaMumif;ESifh Mum;jzwf
rJqE´e,f trSwf (1) twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; a&G;aumufyGJ atmifjrifpGmusif;yNyD;pD;aMumif;
av;OD;u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh aMunmonf/
&dSol 24,008 OD;teuf 10,765 OD;wdkY vma&muf pd k ; atmif
qE´rJay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 8,236 rJ &&do S nf/
¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfe,fvw T af wmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;bmomaygif;pHknDvmcH/ /
&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwDrS jrwfAk'¨onf rdrd&SmazGawGU&dScJhaom opö"r®ESifh
pdkif;vif;jrwfu qE´raJ ygif; 4,764 rJ (57 'or oEdo Å ck udk owå0grsm; od&cSd pH m;Edik &f ef ppfreS af om
84 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ Nidrf;csrf;enf;jzihf trSefwu,fNidrf;csrf;rI&&Sdap&ef
&Sr;f jynfe,f rdik ;f ½SL;NrKd Ue,fü jynfe,fvw T af wmf rZÑdry#dy'genf;us r*¾iv f rf;udk ñTejf yawmfrcl \ hJ /
rJqE´e,f trSwf (2) twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif; ,aeY acwfopfvlom;wdkY &SmazGaeaom jyóem
ig;OD;u 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuNyD; qE´rJay;ydkifcGifh aygif;rsm;pGmajz&Si;f enf;ESihf oHo,twm;tqD;Bu;D
&dSol 19,956 OD;teuf 10,344 OD;wdkY vma&muf ausmfjzwfenf;tajzukd twdtus yg&SdaMumif;
qE´rJay;Mu&m cdkifvHkaomqE´rJ 8,605 rJ &&do S nf/ jrwfAk'¨\ "r®pmayrsm;wGif awGUEdkifayonf/
¤if;wdt Yk euf jynfe,fvw T af wmfudk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
&Srf;wdkif;&if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwDrS bmomaygif ; pH k y g0if r I E S i f h ae&ma&G ; cs,f r I -
a':eef;aumifcrf;u qE´raJ ygif; 5,753 rJ (66 'or jrwf A k ' ¨ \ w&m;awmf t ajcjyK Ak ' ¨ b momü
86 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ &Sr;f jynfe,f ,if;jyóemajz&Sif;enf;? twm;tqD;ausmfjzwf
aus;oD;NrdKUe,fü jynfe,fvTwfawmf rJ q E´ e ,f enf;rsm;&dSaomfvnf; þurÇmavmuBuD;wpfckvHk;
trSwf (1) twGuf ud, k pf m;vS,af vmif;av;OD;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;? nDnGwfa&;ESifh vHkjcHKa&;twGuf
0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd iMf u&m cdik v f akH om qE´rJ 13,406 OD;wnfcsux f m;ojzihf ,if;OD;wnfcsuu f kd Ak'b
¨ mom
rJ & &d S o nf / ¤if ; wd k Y t euf jynf e ,f v T w f a wmf wpf c k w nf ; jzih f rnf o d k Y r Qtaumif t xnf a zmf
ud, k pf m;vS,t f jzpf &Sr;f wdik ;f &if;om;rsm; 'Drdkua&pD Ed k i f r nf r[k w f a y/ wpf u rÇ m vH k ; wG i f & d S a om
tzGJUcsKyfygwDrS pdkif;pHrdkif;u qE´rJaygif; 11,542 bmomaygif;pH\ k tm;udk ,lzv Ykd t
dk yfonft h avsmuf
rJ (86 'or 10 &mcdkifEIef;) jzifh a&G;cs,f cH&onf/ bmomaygif;pHyk g0ifaom nDvmcHBu;D jzpfajrmufa&;

153
 urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;bmomaygif;pHknDvmcH

pnf;½Hk;aqmif&GufcJhjcif; jzpf\/ ]]urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;? um pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;cJh\/ pnf;vHk;nDnGwfrIwGif

nDnGwfa&;ESifh vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&m bmomaygif;pHk
nDvmcH}} [k nDvmcH\ trnfemra0g[m&udk
oHk;EIef;&jcif;jzpf\/
þnDvmcHBuD;udk oDw*lurÇmhAk'¨omoemjyK
tzGJU? tdEd´,EdkifiHtjynfjynfqdkif&m 0da0umeE´
azmifa';&Si;f ? jrefrmEdik if H r[mAsL[mESihf Edik if w H um
avhvma&;tzGUJ wdu Yk *syefazmifa';&Si;f ESiyhf ;l aygif;
Ny;D urÇmEh ikd if aH ygif; (30) wkrYd S Ak'b
¨ mom? [dEL´ bmom?
ryg0ifbJ ykeu f eforl sm;udv
k nf; rdrad emufyg wdik ;f om;
jynfol &[ef;&Sifvlrsm;\ vuf½Hk;&nfESvHk;&nf
pGrf;tm;jzihf pkpnf;EdkifcJh\/ &efoltaygif;wdkYudk
atmifjrif&m tajcjyKonfah jrudv k nf; &efuek [ f k
trnfowfrw S f orkwt f yfcahJ y\/ þurÇmNh ird ;f csr;f
a&;bmomaygif;pHk nDvmcHBuD;udk oDw*lurÇmh
wuúodkvfwnf&dS&m &efukefNrdKUü usif;yjcif;onf
þuJo h aYkd v;eufaomt"dymÜ ,fukd azmfaqmifay\/

urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;bmomaygif;pHknDvmcHü
oDw*lq&mawmfb'´EÅ&SifÓPdó&tzGihfMo0g'pum;>rufMum;pOf

c&pf,mefbmom? tpövmrfbmom? qpfcfbmom nDvmcHtwGif; rdefYMum;jcif;rsm; - 2017 ckESpf?

ESi*hf sed ;f bmom acgif;aqmiftoD;oD;ESihf uRr;f usio f l Mo*kwfv (5) &uf? (6) &ufwdkYwGif usif;ycJhonfh
ynm&Sif (100) ausmfwdkYtiftm;jzihf usif;ycJhjcif; nDvmcHwiG f oDw*lq&mawmfBu;D t*¾r[my@dw
jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiH? tjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm; b'´EÅ&SifÓPdó&u BudKqdkEIwfcGef;qufrdefYcGef;
wnf&&Sd m tjcm;NrKd UwdüYk rusi;f ybJ oDw*lA'k w ¨ uúov kd f rdefYMum;&mwGif udk;uG,f&mbmomw&m;tm;vHk;\
wnf&&Sd m &efuek Nf rKd Uü usi;f yjcif;onf av;eufaom &nf&G,fcsufrSm vlom;tm;vHk;wdkY\ b0wnfNidrf
t"dyÜm,fudk aqmif\/ a&;? vH k N cH K a&;ES i f h N id r f ; csrf ; a&;yif j zpf a Mumif ; ?
tavmif;rif;w&m; OD;atmifaZ,sonf rsuf a rS m uf u rÇ m BuD ; wG i f vl o m;trsm;pk [ m
tpdwpf w d ft`rmT `rmT uGaJ eaom jrefrmEdik if aH wmfBu;D udk Nird ;f csr;f a&;vnf; r&? vHkNcHKrIvnf; r&dS? wnfNidrfrI
wpfpnf;wpfvHk;wnf;jzpfap&ef BudK;yrf;tm;xkwf vnf; r&dS? trsKd;rsKd;aom EdkifiHa&;? vlrsKd;a&;?
cJh\/ aemifwiG f &efuek jf zpfvmrnfh '*Hak jrudt k ajc bmoma&; y#d y u© r sm;aMumif h urÇ m BuD ; wG i f
jyKíwdik ;f &if;om;pnf;vH;k nDñw G af &;udk wnfaqmuf acsmif;ajrmif; vkyBf urH ?I qlyal omif;use;f rI? e,fajr

154
 urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;bmomaygif;pHknDvmcH

usL;ausmfrI ponfwdkYjzifh wkefvIyfacsmufcsm;vsuf xif&mS ;vmcJah Mumif;? tcsKUd wm0ef&Sd bmom0ifrsm;

&dSaMumif;? tqdkyg ted|m½Hk tm;vHk;wdkY\ t&if;
tjrpf r S m ,aeY E d k i f i H w k d i f ; ? bmomwd k i f ; wG i f
ud;k uG,&f m bmomrJt h a&twGurf sm; wpfaeYwjcm;
wkd;yGm;vmjcif;aMumifh[k ,HkMunfaMumif;? uREykf w
bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf ta&;BuD;qHk;
vk y f a qmif & rnf h t &mrS m rd r d w d k Y o uf q d k i f & m
bmom0ifrsm;taeeJY bmomw&m;\ tESpo f m&udk
em;vnfoabmaygufNyD; trSefwu,f vkdufem
usifhoHk;wwfatmif oifMum;ay;zdkYyifjzpfaMumif;?
uREfkyfwdkY bmoma&;acgif;aqmifawG tm;vHk;
rwlnDaom? uGJjym;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk
ab;z,fxm;í Nird ;f csr;f a&;? vHNk cKH a&;? wnfNird af &;
[laom wlnDaomvrf;ay:wGif vufwGJavQmuf
vSrf;MuygpdkY[k t"d|mefjyKtyfygaMumif; xnfhoGif;
rdefYMum;awmfrlcJh\/
tqdkygnDvmcHwGif tdEd´,EdkifiH0efBuD;csKyf
oQ&Dem&dE´&mrdk'D? *syefEdkifiH0efBuD;csKyf rpöwm
&SiZf tkd mab;wdu Yk nDvmcHziG yhf oJG Ykd AD',
D jkdzihf o0PfvmT
rsm;ay;ydcYk MhJ uNy;D jynfaxmifpo k r®wjrefrmEdik if aH wmf
omoema&;ESi, hf Ofaus;rI0efBu;D Xme jynfaxmifpk
0efBu;D ol&OD;atmifu?kd trsK;d om;vHNk cHKa&; tBuaH y;
yk*Kd¾ vf OD;aomif;xGe;f ? tdE, ´d Edik if H Owå&my&m'uf&Sf
jynfe,ftyk cf sKyaf &;rSL; H.E. Shri Ram Naik? *syefEikd if H
'kwd,EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD; H.E. Nobuo Kishi wdkYu
nDvmcHtzGifhrdefYcGef;rsm; ajymMum;cJhMu\/
jynfaxmifp0k efBu;D ol&OD;atmifu\ kd tzGifh
rdecYf eG ;f wGif ud;k uG,&f mbmomwdik ;f tNyKd ijf zpfaom
enf;vrf; 2 rsKd;jzifh urÇmay:wGif taumif;wumh
taumif;qHk;wdkYudk oifMum;jyoay;ygaMumif;?
wpfenf;rSm aumif;rGejf ynfph ak H om b0aeenf;oifMum;
ay;jcif; t,ltqoabmw&m;jzpfNyD; tjcm;
wpfenf;rSm xdkoabmw&m;t,ltqESifhtnD
vufawGUusus usiahf qmiftm;xkwjf cif; jzpfygaMumif;?
tusKd;quftaejzihf ,Ofaus;odrfarGUí tusifh
odum© jrifrh m;aom vlrt I odik ;f t0dik ;f rsm; ay:vGif
rSm ¤if;wdbYk momw&m;u nTejf yaomrl&if; a'oem
oif M um;csuf r sm;ud k xyf q if h o if M um;ay;&ef
pdwrf 0ifpm;awmhaMumif;? tcsKUd qdvk Qif bmomtrnf
f Ykd cH,lNyD; r½dk;om;aom twkta,mifbmoma&;
oifMum;csurf sm;jzihf ¤if;bmom0ifrsm;udk vrf;rSm;
odkY ydkYaqmifMuaMumif;? þenf;tm;jzihf bmom0if
trsm;pkrSm ¤if;wdkY\bmoma&;ausmif;rsm;ESifh
uif;uGmvmNy;D wjznf;jznf; ¤if;wd\ Yk bmomtay:
rSm ,HkMunfcsufuif;rJhvmaMumif;? tusKd;qufrSm
bk&m;rJh0g'Drsm;? bmomrJhrsm;? r,HkMunfolrsm;?
t"duud;k uG,rf b I momrS tjcm;t,l0g' ouf0ifol
Am[d&0g'Drsm;? rdpmä 'd|rd sm;rSm ,cifumvrsm;xuf
ta&twGuftm;jzihf ydkíydkí BuD;xGm;vmjcif;
jzpfaMumif;? tajccHudk,fusifhpm&dwårsm;ESifh jynfhpHk
apNy;D bmom0ifrsm;udk oifMum;ay;jcif;? vufawGU
usihfoHk;apjcif;wdkYudk OD;aqmifvrf;jyay;&rnf
jzpfygaMumif; xnfhoGif;ajymMum;cJh\/
xk w f j yef a Munmcsuf
nDvmcHusif;yonfh 2 &ufwmumvtwGif;
wufa&mufvmonfh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;?
uRr;f usiyf nm&Sirf sm;? okawoDrsm;u Nird ;f csr;f a&;?
nDnw G af &;ESihf vHNk cKH a&;qdik &f mpmwrf;rsm; zwfMum;
wifoGif;jcif;? tjyeftvSefaqG;aEG;jcif;rsm; jyKvyk f
cJMh u\/ bmomaygif;pHrk S acgif;aqmifrsm;ESihf okawoD
rsm;onf nDvmcHwiG f wuf<upGmyg0if aqG;aEG;cJMh u
NyD; (6-8-2017) &ufwGif atmufygtcsurf sm;udk
wnDwñGww f nf; oabmwlxw k jf yefaMunmcJhMu\-
(1) urÇmjh ynfot l aygif; pd;k &GUH xdwvf efrY I uif;&Si;f
pGm twlwuGvufwGJyl;aygif; aqmif&Guf
jcif;jzifh b0vHkjcHKrItmrcHcsuf tjynfht0
&dSEdkifrnfh nDnGwfonfh vlrIb0zefwD;
azmfaqmifoGm;rnf/
(2) bmoma&;udkckwHk;vkyfvsuf trkef;pum;
ajymMum;jcif ; ? r[k w f r rS e f 0 g'jzef Y j cif ; ?

155
urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;bmomaygif;pHknDvmcH
,if;wdkYtay:tajcwnfí cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;
jcif;? qlylaomif;usef;jcif;? ppfrufjzpfyGm;
jcif;rSeforQudk vnf;aumif;? ,if;vkyf&yf
rsm;twGuf axmufyHhulnDolrsm;udkvnf;
aumif; jyif;xefpGmjypfwif½Iwfcsonf/
(3) urÇmay:&dS bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;
tm;vHk; bmomw&m;\ tqHk;trrsm;udk
vdkufemcH,lNyD; nDnGwfaomvlYabmifb0
wnf a qmuf o l r sm;tjzpf urÇ m h N id r f ;
csrf;a&;ESifh vHkNcHKa&; ydkrdkwdk;wufcdkifrm
apa&;udk BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufoGm;Murnf/
(4) rwl u G J j ym;onf h bmom0if r sm;tMum;
tjyef t vS e f e m;vnf r I ? av;pm;rI E S i f h
,HMk unfrw I nfaqmufNy;D Nird ;f csr;f vHjk cKH onfh
om,maomvlYabmifb0 wnfaqmuf
oGm;&ef vdktyfonf/
(5) tjcm;ud;k uG,&f mrsm;\ ta&;udprö sm;wGif
0ifa&mufpGufzuf aESmifh,Sufjcif;rjyKa&;
udk xdef;odrf;aqmif&GufNyD; Nidrf;csrf;a&;
twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;Murnf/
(6) vlom;xk qufvuf&Sifoef&yfwnfa&;
twGuf rsm;pGmaemufusjcif;rjzpfrD obm0
ywf0ef;usifumuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;udk
bmomaygif;pHk\ tarGcHwm0ef0wå&m;
tjzpf aqmif&GufoGm;Murnf/
(7) bmomaygif;pHk nDvmcH (SAMVAD II) odkY
wufa&mufcMh u J onfh tdE, ´ d Edik if rH S bmoma&;
acgif ; aqmif r sm;u ud k ; uG , f & mbmom
rsm;tMum; nDnGwfcspfMunfrI&&dSapa&;
twGuf vkt d yfygu 2017 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv
(4) &ufrS pwifí (4) v wpfBurd f awGUqHk
aqG;aEG;oGm;&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/
(8) obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,af pmifah &Smuf
a&;todpw d "f mwf wk;d jri§ rhf t
I pDtpOfrsm;udk
pkaygif;csrSwfNyD; vufawGUaqmif&GufoGm;
rnf/
156
uG,fvGefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;
(9) tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSeef m;vnfr?I ,HMk unfrI
wdk;jr§ifha&;twGuf bmomaygif;pHkw&m;
pcef; (Meditation Camp) wpfck zGJUpnf;
wnfaxmifoGm;rnf/
(10) bmomtoD;oD;\vrf;pOfEiS hf tpOftvm
rsm;udk wef;wlnrD QpmG todtrSwjf yK&rnf/
nDvmcHBuD;odkY wufa&mufvmMuonfh
bmoma&;acgif ; aqmif r sm;? Ed k i f i H t oD ; oD ; rS
udk,fpm;vS,fawmfBuD;rsm;? urÇmay:&dS bmom0if
rsm;tMum; tjyeftvSefem;vnfrI? av;pm;rI?
ud,
k cf si;f pmw&m;xm;rI? ,HMk unfrw I nfaqmufEikd f
MuNyD; Nidrf;csrf;vHkjcHKonfh om,maomvlYabmif
avmuBu;D udk xlaxmifEikd of nfEiS t
hf rQ? þnDvmcHBu;D
u csrSwfcJhaomaMunmcsuftwkdif; qufvuf
taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufEdkifonfESifhtrQ
þurÇmavmuBuD; Nidrf;csrf;om,m&dSvdrfhrnf[k
,HkMunfrdayonf/
yxrausmf O D ; pH o if ; vd I i f
uG , f v G e f x if & S m ;yk * ¾ d K vf r sm;
&[ef ; awmf r sm;
uvsmP? b'´EÅ
oufawmf 100? odu©mawmf 80 0g
EdkifiHawmfMo0g'gp&d,? bk&m;eDjrwfpGmbk&m;ESifh
&wemrOÆLjrwfpGmbk&m; a*gyutzGJUwdkY\ Mo0g'g
p&d,? rEÅav;atmifajrompHNrKd Ue,f a&T'g;y&d,wdå
pmoifwdkuf y"mer[mem,u
(1379 ckESpf? uqkefvqef; (1) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/)
u0d E ´ ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 79 ESpf? odu©mawmf 60
r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? omoe"Z od&Dy0& "r®m
 uG,fvGefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;

p&d,? L.L.B ? EdkifiHawmfA[dk oHCmh0efaqmif? ausmif;wdkY\ y"meem,u

ppfuikd ;f NrKd U r[modraf wmfausmif;wdu
k f y"me em,u (1379 ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhausmf (10) &ufwGif
(1379 ckESpf? e,kefvqef; (14) &ufwGif ysHvGef ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
awmfrlonf/)
acrm0H o ? b'´ E Å
ukov? b'´EÅ oufawmf 80 ESpf? odu©mawmf 60 0g
oufawmf 71 ESpf? odu©mawmf 50 r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z? "r®0de,Elavmr rlv'Gg&?
t*¾r[m*E¦0gpu y@dw? jynfNrdKU rif;zl;y&d,wdå &rf;NAJNrdKUe,f oHCem,utzGJUOuú|? omauw
pmoifwdkuf y"meem,u NrKd Ue,f r[mapwDwukd f &efuek af usmif; q&mawmf
(1379 ckESpf? e,kefvqef; (14) &ufwGif ysHvGef (1379 ckESpf? 0gacgifvqef; (14) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/) awmfrlonf/)

auo&d E ´ ? b'´ E Å *Pao|d ? b'´ E Å

oufawmf 82 ESpf? odu©mawmf 62 0g oufawmf 98 ESpf? odu©mawmf 78 0g
EdkifiHawmfA[dkoHCmh0efaqmif? jynfe,f0denf;"dk&f? t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z? "r®0de,mEkavmr
omomemh"Z"r®mp&d,? bDat? oHwNJG rKd Ue,f uif;armf rl v 'G g &ed u m, omoemyd k i f ? &cd k i f j ynf e ,f
aus;&Gm "r®m&udw© (&Gmv,f)ausmif; y"me em,u awmifukwfNrdKUqkawmif;jynfhy&d,wdå pmoifwdkuf
(1379 ckESpf? uqkefvqef; (1) &ufwGif ysHvGef y"meem,u
awmfrlonf/) (1379 ckESpf? 0gqdkvuG,faeYwGif ysHvGefawmfrl
onf / )
aum0d ' om&? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 66 ESpf? odu©mawmf 46 0g pE´ 0 H o ? b'´ E Å
r[m*E¦ 0 gpuy@d w ? omoe"Z "r® m p&d , ? oufawmf 94 ESpf? odu©mawmf 74 0g
NrdKUe,foHCem,utzGJU Mo0g'gp&d,? rEÅav; tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k? t*¾r[my@dw? EdkifiHawmf
atmifajrompHNrdKUe,f csrf;omBuD;ajrmufwdkuf Mo0g'gp&d,? *P0drw k u
f ;l wd*Yk P
kd ;f 'kw,
d *dP
k ;f csKyf
oD&drmvmausmif; y"meem,u q&mawmf? xm;0,fNrdKU aZ,s0wDpmoifwdkuf
(1379 ckESpf? uqkefvuG,faeYwGif ysHvGefawmfrl wkduftkyfq&mawmf
onf/) (1379 ckESpf? ewfawmfvqef; (5) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/)
aum0d ' gbd 0 H o ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 74 ESpf? odu©mawmf 53 0g pE´ m vuF m &? b'´ E Å
t*¾ r [m*E¦ 0 gpuy@d w ? yOö e d u m,PÖ 0 - oufawmf 74 ESpf? odu©mawmf 53 0g
yd#uwå,yg&*l? apwd,*FP omoe"Z od&yD 0& r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? &cdkifjynfe,f oHCem,u
"r® m p&d , ? yJ c l ; Nrd K U omoemh v if ; a&mif M unf tzGJUOuú| (a&Tusif)? *dkPf;vHk;0efaqmif? ppfawG
pmoif w d k u f E S i f h cif O D ; Nrd K Ue,f rl ; omaus;&G m NrdKUe,f Muufudkif;wefaus;&Gm pE´m&mry&d,wdå
Owå & m½H k a usmif ; ? uk e f ; ausmif ; a&xG u f a pwD ausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u

157
 uG,fvGefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;

(1379 ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvqef; (10) &ufwiG f ysv H eG f ÓPm0H o mbd 0 H o ? b'´ E Å

awmfrlonf/) oufawmf 80 ESpf? odu©mawmf 60 0g
Edik if aH wmfA[do k C
H mh0efaqmif? omoe"Z od&yD 0&
paE´ m bmo? b'´ E Å "r®mp&d,? yd#uwåyg&*l? weoFm&Dwkdif;a'oBuD;
oufawmf 69 ESpf? odu©mawmf 32 0g avmif;vHNk rKd Ue,f? armif;ruefpjH yaus;&Gm? armif;ruef
r[m*E¦ 0 gpuy@d w ? omoe"Z "r® m p&d , ? a0VK0efausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u
Edik if aH wmfor®Kwd wdik ;f oHCmh0efaqmif? oeyfyifNrKd U (1379 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (11) &ufwGif ysHvGef
"r®&ud©wpmoifwdkuf y"meem,u awmfrlonf/)
(1379 ckESpf? e,kefvqef; (11) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/) "r® o mrd ? b'´ E Å (aZ,sausmfxif AdkvfrSL;BuD;
xGef;aemif-Nidrf;)
aZmwdu? b'´EÅ oufawmf 94 ESpf? odu©mawmf 30 0g
oufawmf 68 ESpf? odu©mawmf 48 0g vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if ('kw,
d qif)h ? ol&aJ umif;
r[m*E¦ 0 gpuy@d w ? omoe"Z "r® m p&d , ? rSwfwrf;0if? Adkvfoifwef;tywfpOf (2)
Oyawm0db*f"&? rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD; anmifOD; (1379 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (2) &ufwGif
NrdKU aZ,s0wDpmoifwdkuf y"meem,u ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
(1379 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (3) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/) "r® m eE´ ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 98 ESpf? odu©mawmf 78 0g
ÓP? b'´EÅ t*¾r[my@dw? Edik if aH wmfMo0g'gp&d,? awmifBu;D NrKd U
oufawmf 94 ESpf? odu©mawmf 74 0g atmifajrompnf (a&Tusif) ausmif;wdkuf OD;pD;
t*¾ r [mur® | memp&d , ? omoe"Zod & D y 0& y"meem,u
"r®mp&d,? 'DCedum, ygVdyg&*l? A[ef;NrdKUe,f (1378 ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef; (6) &ufwGif ysHvGef
rif;uGif;awm&ausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u awmfrlonf/)
(1379 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (7) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/) "r® d u ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 86 ESpf? odu©mawmf 66 0g
ÓPrÍÆ L ? b'´ E Å t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu"Z? *E¦0gpu y@dw?
oufawmf 90 ESpf? odu©mawmf 70 0g a&Tusif e d u m, &wå n Lr[mem,u? Nrd K Ue,f
t*¾r[my@dw q|od*Ð wdum&u? q|o*Ðwd oHCem,u tzGJUOuú| (a&Tusif)? oHCor®Kwd&?
ygax,s ygVdbmPu? omoe"Z od&Dy0& "r®m a&Trka|m apwDawmfMo0g'gp&d,? yknukov
p&d, EdkifiHawmfA[kdoHCmh0efaqmif (a[mif;) tEk & ud © w Avig;wefvlrIulnDapmifha&Smufa&;
wmarGNrKd Ue,f r*FvokcygVdwuúov dk af usmif;wdu
k f toif ; OD ; pD ; y"me? rEÅ a v;wk d i f ; a'oBuD ;
y"meem,u rvd I i f N rd K U omoea0ykv’ av;rsufESmy&d,wdå
(1378 ckESpf? waygif;vjynhfausmf (2) &ufwGif pmoifwdkufESifh &SpfrsufESm y&d,wdåpmoifwdkuf
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/) OD;pD;y"meem,u

158
 uG,fvGefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;

(1378 ckESpf? wydkYwGJvqef; (4) &ufwGif ysHvGef oH C ud k , f p m;vS , f ? Nrd K Ue,f M o0g'gp&d , ?
awmfrlonf/) rEÅ a v;wd k i f ; a'oBuD ; pOf h u d k i f N rd K U zm;vif y d k ;
y&d,wdåpmoifwdkuf y"meem,u
em*? b'´ E Å (1379 ckESpf? e,kefvqef; (8) &ufwGif ysHvGef
oufawmf 73 ESpf? odu©mawmf 54 0g awmfrlonf/)
*E¦0gpu y@dw? Edik if aH wmfoCH or®Kw&d ud,
k pf m;vS,?f
anmifav;yifNrdKUe,f >yefwefqmNrdKU unifESpfyif ynm0H o ? b'´ E Å
aus;&Gm [HompHkausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u oufawmf 90 ESpf? odu©mawmf 70 0g
(1379 ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhausmf (8) &ufwGif t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z? urÇmh
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/) Ak'¨omoemjyK yDeefq&mawmf? wmarGNrdKUe,f
r[moEdÅokc Ak'¨omoemjyKausmif;q&mawmf
em*d E ´ ? b'´ E Å (1379 ckESpf? ewfawmfvqef; (6) &ufwGif ysHvGef
oufawmf 103 ESpf? odu©mawmf 83 0g awmfrlonf/)
t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu"Z? rGefjynfe,fESifh u&if
jynfe,f a&Tusif*dkPf;csKyfq&mawmf? acsmif;qHk ynm0H o ? b'´ E Å
NrdKUe,f usKduf'dk;awm&ausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u oufawmf 81 ESpf? odu©mawmf 64 0g
(1379 ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef; (6) &ufwGif ysHvGef r[m*E¦ 0 gpuy@d w ? omoe"Z"r® m p&d , ?
awmfrlonf/) a&TapwDy0g&Pm*dkPf;*Pmp&d,? &cdkifjynfe,f
ausmufawmfNrdKUe,f 'kuúefacsmif;ausmif;wdkufESifh
eE´ 0 H o ? b'´ E Å r*Fvm'HkNrdKUe,f teEÅ*kPf&nfausmif;wdkuf y"me
oufawmf 89 ESpf? odu©mawmf 70 0g em,u
t*¾r[my@dw? yJc;l wdik ;f a'oBu;D aygufacgif;NrKd U (1379 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (4) &ufwGif ysHvGef
ynmaZmwm½Hkpmoifwdkuf y"meem,u awmfrlonf/)
(1379 ckESpf? ewfawmfvqef; (7) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/) ynmomrd ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 86 ESpf? odu©mawmf 65 0g
ynmpuú ? b'´ E Å EdkifiHawmfMo0g'gp&d,? oJukef;NrdKUe,f tif;r
oufawmf 96 ESpf? odu©mawmf 70 wdkufe,f xef;yifarSmftkyfpk aus;om;aus;&Gm
t*¾r[mur®|memp&d,? awmifiNl rKd Ue,f ig;z,ftif; aus;om;ausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u
aus;&Gmtkypf k aomifuek ;f omoemh&yd o
f mr[mem,u (1379 ckESpf? uqkefvqef; (11) &ufwGif ysHvGef
(1379 ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynfah usmf (1) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG f awmfrlonf/)
awmfrlonf/)
ynmom&? b'´ E Å
ynmAv? b'´ E Å oufawmf 94 ESpf? odu©mawmf 74 0g
oufawmf 80? odu©mawmf 60 t*¾r[my@dw? Edik if aH wmfMo0g'gp&d,? taemuf
t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? Edik if aH wmfoC H or®Kw&d acsmif;'Gg&*Pm "dywdomoemydkif? {&m0wDwdkif;

159
 uG,fvGefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;
a'oBuD; ig;odkif;acsmif;NrdKU bk&m;BuD; y&d,wdå
pmoifwdkuf y"meem,u
(1379 ckESpf? 0gacgifvjynfhaeYwGif ysHvGefawmfrl
onf/)
ynmod & D b d 0 H o ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 88 ESpf? odu©mawmf 68 0g
t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? a&Tusif
edum,&wånLr[mem,u? rEÅav;NrdKU r[m
atmifajrNrdKUe,f r[m0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopf r*Fvm
Adrmefausmif;q&mawmf
(1378 ckEpS ?f wydw Yk v
JG qef; (12) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG f
awmfrlonf/)
y'k r mbd 0 H o ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 82 ESpf? odu©mawmf 62 0g
tbd " Zr[m&|*k ½ k ? Ed k i f i H a wmf M o0g'gp&d , ?
rEÅav;NrdKU r[matmifajrNrdKUe,f rpdk;&drfausmif;
wdkuf r[mem,u o'¨r® e,lya'oausmif;
q&mawmfBuD;
(1378 ckEpS ?f waygif;vqef; (2) &ufwiG f ysv H eG f
awmfrlonf/)
y@0H o ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 90? odu©mawmf 70
t*¾ r [my@d w ? t*¾ r [mo'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z?
q|rtBudrf EdkifiHawmfoHCem,utzGJU 'kwd,
Ouú|? awmifiNl rKd U jrpnf;cHpk moifwu
kd f y"meem,u
(1379 ckESpf? e,kefvqef; (11) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/)
y@d w ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 66 ESpf? odu©mawmf 46 0g
t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? omoe"Z"r®mp&d,? 0g,r? b'´ E Å
LL.B? EdkifiHawmfA[dkoHCmh0efaqmif? aZ,smbkrd® oufawmf 82 ESpf? odu©mawmf 62 0g
a&Tay:uRe;f apwDawmfjrwfBu;D a*gyutzGUJ Mo0g'g "r®uxdu A[kZe[dw"&? 'DCbmPu? omoemh
160
p&d,? ygVdyxrjyefqrG ;f auR;toif; Mo0g'gp&d,?
ucsifjynfe,f a&TulNrdKUr*Fvmy&d,wdåpmoifwdkuf
y"meem,u
(1379 ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef; (13) &ufwGif ysHvGef
awmfrlonf/)
y@d w mbd 0 H o ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 80 ESpf? odu©mawmf 60 0g
t*¾ r [my@d w ? t*¾ r [m*E¦ 0 gpuy@d w ?
a&T u sif e d u m, *d k P f ; vH k ; 0ef a qmif em,u?
&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;? &efuif;NrdKUe,f? 14 &yfuGuf?
rdk;aumif;vrf;? r[maAm"d y&d,wdåpmoifwdkuf
OD;pD;y"me em,u
(1378 ckESpf? aESmif;wefcl;vqef; (3) &ufwGif
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
rmP0? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 94 ESpf? odu©mawmf 74 0g
EdkifiHawmfA[dkoHCmh0efaqmif? omoemh"Z "r®m
p&d,? 0de,yg&*l? u&ifjynfe,f aumhu&dwfNrdKU
a&TMuufrif;ausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u
(1379 ckEpS ?f jymodv
k qef; (2) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG af wmfrl
onf/)
a&0w? b'´EÅ
oufawmf 84 ESpf? odu©mawmf 64 0g
t*¾r[my@dw? EdkifiHawmfMo0g'gp&d,? a&Twd*Hk
apwDawmfESifh OuúvmyapwDawmfwdkY\ Mo0g'g
p&d,? awmifOuúvmyNrdKUe,f aiGMum&Hy&d,wdå
pmoifwdkuf y"meem,u
(1379 ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvqef; (15) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG f
awmfrlonf/)
 uG,fvGefxif&Sm;yk*¾dKvfrsm;

"Z"r®mp&d,? A[ef;NrdKUe,f ig;xyfBuD;ausmif; (1378 ckESpf? waygif;vjynhfausmf (12) &ufwGif

wdkuf em,u ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
(1379 ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvqef; (10) &ufwiG f ysv H eG f
awmfrlonf/) oD v 0H o ? b'´ E Å
oufawmf 92 ESpf? odu©mawmf 72 0g
0d p d w å Ó P? b'´ E Å tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k? t*¾r[my@dw? tbd"Z
oufawmf 90? odu©mawmf 70 0g t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu t*¾r[mo'¨r® aZmwdu
t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z? omoe"Z "r®mp&d,? "Z? Edik if aH wmfMo0g'gp&d,? jrpfBu;D em;NrKd U "r®&udw ©
EdkifiHawmfMo0g'gp&d, awmifwGif;BuD;NrdKUe,f 0ef;odkausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u
a&Ta&mifawmf bk&m;BuD;ausmif;q&mawmf (1379 ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynfah usmf (9) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG f
(1379 ckEpS ?f aESmif;wefc;l vjynhaf usmf (5) &ufwiG f awmfrlonf/)
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
oD v 0H o ? b'´ E Å
0d Z ,? b'´ E Å oufawmf 49 ESpf? odu©mawmf 29 0g
oufawmf 80? odu©mawmf 60 0g *E¦0gpuy@dw? oHCkw¬edum,0d'lbGJU? omoe
t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? r[m*E¦ "Z"r®mp&d,bGJU? t*Fkwå&edum,0d'lbGJU? rZdÑr
0gpuy@dw? &Sr;f yd#uwfbmomjyef oHCem,u edum,0d'lbGJU? 'DCedum,0d'lbGJU? 0de,0d'lbGJU?
tzGUJ csKyt f Ekem,u? usr;f jyK*E¦um&u? 0de,*½ku? &Srf;jynfe,foHCem,utzGJU tzGJU0if? erfhcrf;NrdKU
awmifBuD;NrdKU a0VK0efy&d,wdå pmoifwdkuf y"me omoemh0dykv’ y&d,wdåpmoifwdkuf wdkuftkyf
em,u (1379 ckEpS ?f e,kev f jynfah usmf (8) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG f
(1378 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (8) &ufwGif ysHvGef awmfrlonf/)
awmfrlonf/)
ok p d w å ? b'´ E Å
0d Z ,? b'´ E Å oufawmf 86 ESpf? odu©mawmf 66 0g
oufawmf 91 ESpf? odu©mawmf 72 0g tbd"Zt*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu? t*¾r[mo'¨r®
t*¾r[mo'¨ra® Zmwdu"Z? {&m0wDwikd ;f a'oBu;D aZmwdu"Z? t*¾r[mur®|memp&d,? omoe"Z
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awmfrlonf/) (1379 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vqef; (2) &ufwGif
ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
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oufawmf 89 ESpf? odu©mawmf 69 0g ok r emeE´ ? b'´ E Å
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v,f 0 ef y &d , wd å p moif w d k u f E S i h f rl v rif ; uG e f ; t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? r[m*E¦
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161
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y"mer[mem,u (1378 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (14) &ufwGif ysHvGef
(1378 ckESpf? jymodkvjynfhausmf (10) &ufwGif awmfrlonf/)
ysHvGef awmfrlonf/)
tm'd p ö ? b'´ E Å
aombP? b'´EÅ oufawmf 90? odu©mawmf 71 0g
oufawmf 95 ESpf? odu©mawmf 73 0g t*¾r[mur®|memp&d,? omoe"Zod&yD 0& "r®m
t*¾r[mo'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z? tar&d u ef E d k i f i H p&d,? armfvNrdKifNrdKU awmif0dkif;uav; r[mpnf
u,fvDzdk;eD;,m;jynfe,f [mhzfrGef;ab;NrdKU "r®meE´ omoemh&dyfom y"meem,u
0d[m&ausmif;q&mawmfBuD; (1378 ckESpf? jymodkvjynfhausmf (11) &ufwGif
(1378 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (13) &ufwGif ysHvGef ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
awmfrlonf/)
t*d ¢ , ? b'´ E Å
aombP? b'´EÅ oufawmf 100? odu©mawmf 81 0g
oufawmf 83 ESpf? odu©mawmf 63 0g tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k? t*¾r[my@dw? tbd"Z
t*¾r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? jrif;NcNH rKd U ud;k aqmifwu dk f t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu? EdkifiHawmfMo0g'gp&d,?
yckuúLausmif;opf y"meem,u r[mjrwf r k e d b k & m; a*gyutzG J U Mo0g'gp&d , ?
(1379 ckESpf? wefaqmifrkef;vuG,faeYwGif ysHvGef pk'´ór a&Tusifomoemydkif? rEÅav;NrdKU r[m
awmfrlonf/) atmifajrNrdKUe,f r[m0dok'¨g½Hkwdkufopf r[m
em,u? Z,ar'eD0gqdkausmif;q&mawmfBuD;
tmaZ,s? b'´EÅ (1378 ckESpf? wydkYwGJvjynfhausmf (3) &ufwGif
oufawmf 91 ESpf? odu©mawmf 71 0g ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
tbd"Zr[m&|*k½?k t*¾r[my@dw? t*¾r[mo'¨r®
aZmwdu"Z? &Sr;f jynfe,fv;kH qdik &f m oHCr[mem,u £`Ed ´ ,mob? b'´ E Å
tzGUJ Ouú|? q|rajrmuf q&mawmfBu;D ? &Sr;f jynfe,f oufawmf 101 ESpf? odu©mawmf 81 0g
(ta&SUydik ;f ) a&Tusief u d m, Mo0g'gp&d,? usKid ;f wHNk rKd U tbd " Zr[m&|*k ½ k ? tbd " Zt*¾ r [mo'¨ r ®
"ar®m',y&d,wdåpmoifwdkuf y"meem,u aZmwdu? r[m'Gg&edum,aw&or omoemydkif?
(1379 ckESpf? 0gqdkvjynfhausmf (3) &ufwGif ysHvGef "r®mEl"r® r[m'Gg&edum,*dP k ;f y"mer[mem,u?
awmfrlonf/) [oFmwNrKd U r[dwm½kPaf usmif;wdu k f y"meem,u
(1379 ckESpf? 0gacgifvjynfhausmf (8) &ufwGif
tm'd p ö ? b'´ E Å ysHvGefawmfrlonf/)
oufawmf 99 ESpf? odu©mawmf 80 0g
tbd"Zr[m&|*k½k? t*¾r[my@dw? tbd"Z oD v &S i f q &mBuD ; rsm;
t*¾r[mo'¨r®aZmwdu? EdkifiHawmfMo0g'gp&d,?
"r® , k w d å u ed u m,-r[m&if * d k P f ; *Pm"d y wd ? acrmpm&D? a':
armf v Nrd K if N rd K Ue,f uwd k ; pH j yaus;&G m r[m&if oufawmf 62 ESpf? odu©mawmf 48 0g

162
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r[mo'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z? oCF e f ; uRef ; Nrd K Ue,f ud k e D ? OD ;

omoemh*kPf&nf oDv&Sifoifynma&; y&[dw touf 64 ESpf
ausmif;wdkuf y"meem,u pma&;q&m armifudkeD (w&m;½Hk;csKyfa&SUae)? w&m;
(1379 ckEpS ?f e,kev
f jynfah usmf (5) &ufwiG f ysv
H eG f vT w f a wmf a &S U aeES i f h Ed k B wD y AÁ v pf ? trsKd ; om;
awmfrlonf/) 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyf Oya'tMuHay;
(2017 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (29) &ufwGif uG,fvGef
ÓaPoD? a': onf/)
oufawmf 62 ESpf? odu©mawmf 38 0g
r[m*E¦0gpuy@dw? omoe"Z"r®mp&d,? yxr uHnGefY? a'gufwm? ygarmu©
ausmf? ynma&;bGJU (B.Ed) tywfpOf 13? ucsif touf 72 ESpf
jynfe,f oDv&Sit f rIaqmiftzGUJ Ouú|? jrpfBu;D em;NrKd U? pma&;q&m armifrsupf ?d a'gufwm uHñeG ?Yf aq;ynm
orda'¨g',oDv&Sifpmoifwdkuf y"meem,u? qdkif&mowif;qef;rsm; tygt0if usef;rma&;ESifh
orda'¨g', or*¾'g,DtzGJUem,u aq;ynmqdik &f maqmif;yg;rsm; yifwikd af qmif;yg;&Sif
(1378 ckEpS ?f jymodv
k qef; (7) &ufwiG f ysv H eG af wmf (2017 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (13) &ufwGif uG,fvGef
rlonf/) onf/)

edrvÓPD? a': ausmfqef;? OD; (okcdatmif)

oufawmf 65 ESpf? odu©mawmf 43 0g touf 95 ESpf
*E¦0gpuy@dw? rEÅav;atmifajrompHNrdKUe,f jrefrmhtoHñeT Mf um;a&;0ef (Nird ;f )? 'kw,
d Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D
oDv&Sifpmoifwdkuf 'kwd,y"meem,u (Nidrf;)? okcdatmifuavmifemrnfjzifh pmtkyfrsm;?
(1379 ckESpf? 0gqdkvqef; (9) &ufwGif ysHvGefawmf jyZmwfESifh ½kyf&SifZmwfvrf;rsm;? aw;oDcsif;rsm;
rlonf/) a&;om;ol
(2017 ckEpS ?f {Nyv
D (29) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG o
f nf/)
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ausmfxGef;? OD; (tazsmufajr armifaqGrGef)
udkudkNrdKif? OD; (wuúodkvf oQifoD&d) touf 75 ESpf
touf 76 ESpf ]]jcaoFhqDESifhod*Ða&TcGuf}} uAsmrsm;pmrljzifh 1993
r[mo'¨ r ® a Zmwd u "Z? "r® m p&d , ? bD a t? ckESpf pmayAdrmefpmrlqk uAsmaygif;csKyfwwd,qk?
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wGJzufygarmu©? oHCwuúodkvf (a&ul;) uxdu pmayqk uAsmaygif;csKy'f w k ,
d qk? ]]a&csr;f wpfcuG f
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OD;pD;Xme 'kwd,nTefMum;a&;rSL; (Nidrf;) uAsmaygif;csKyf wwd,qk&&dSol
(2017 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (19) &ufwGif uG,fvGef (2017 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv (23) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG f
onf/) onf/)

163
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ausmfrif;? OD; (rif;ausmfrif;) pnfol? vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxrqifh)?

touf 82 ESpf tNidrf;pm;oHtrwfBuD;
uefawmhco H ufBu;D pmayynm&Si?f jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D (2017 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (9) &ufwiG f uG,v
f eG f
Xme? The New Light of Myanmar pmwnf;rSL;csKyf (Nidrf;) onf/)
(2017 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv 30 &ufwiG f uG,v
f eG o
f nf/)
cspfvdIif? AdkvfcsKyf (Nidrf;) (a&^3011)
ausmfaomif;? AdkvfBuD; (Nidrf;) touf 93 ESpf
touf 81 ESpf Edik if *hH P
k &f nfbUJG (yxrtqif)h ? ppfrIxrf;aumif;
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vufa&G;pifabmvHk;orm;? wyfrawmf (Munf;) 0efBuD;XmeESit hf vkyo f rm;0efBu;D Xme 0efBu;D (Nird ;f )?
abmvHk;toif;enf;jy Edik if jH cm;a&;0ef B uD ; Xme 0ef B uD ; (Nid r f ; )? 'k w d ,
(2017 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (10) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG f umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf (a&) (Nidrf;)
onf/) (2017 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv (28) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG f
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0efBuD; (Nidrf;) vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if 'kw, d tqif?h 1963 ckEpS f
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EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mpmay yxrqkudk ]abm*aA'
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M.B.B.S &efukefaq;wuúodkvf (1)? 0w¬Kwdkrsm;ESifh onf/)
a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;ol? jynfaxmifpk
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(2017 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (26) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG o f nf/) touf 76 ESpf
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touf 61 ESpf uAsmrsm;} jzif&h &do S ?l ausmif;q&m (Nird ;f )? txufwef;
Phoenix aw;*D w tzG J U wnf a xmif o l ? pwD & D , d k a&SUae? B.A, B.L, LL.M
aw;oH&Sif (2017 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (18) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG o
f nf/)
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touf 96 ESpf vQyfppfESifhpGrf;tif0efBuD;Xme M.E.P.E 'kwd,

164
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D mcsKyf (Nird ;f )? B.E (E.P)? jrefrmhvufa&G;pif

tif*sief , wifjrifh? OD; (pma&;q&m aersKd;oefY)
abmvHk;orm;a[mif; touf 77 ESpf
(2017 ckESpf? ZGefv (6) &ufwGif uG,fvGefonf/) pmayAdrmefpmrlqEk iS fh trsK;d om;pmayqk&iS ?f trSwf
(2) tajccHynmOD;pD;Xme 'kwd,ñTefMum;a&;rSL;
pd k ; od r f ; ? OD ; ('g½d k u f w mpd k ; od r f ; xG # f ) (Nidrf;)
touf 71 ESpf (2017 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (31) &ufwiG f uG,v
f eG of nf/)
½kyf&Sifo½kyfaqmif qdk;ay? 1999 ckESpftwGuf
jrefrmh½yk &f iS xf ;l cReq
f k taumif;qH;k ½ky&f iS 'f g½du k w
f mqk wif 0 if ; ? OD ; (ysOf ; rem;-armif e D o if ; )
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'g½du k wf m cifarmifO;D (½ky&f iS o f ½kyaf qmif armifr)J trsK;d om;pmayqk&iS f jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;okawoe
ESifh yl;wGJ&&dS? 2010 jynfhESpftwGuf jrefrmh½kyf&Sif tzGJU OD;pD;Xme vufaxmufñTefMum;a&;rSL; (Nidrf;)?
xl ; cRef q k taumif ; qH k ; ½k y f & S i f Z mwf ñ T e f ; qk (2017 ckESpf? ZGefv (2) &ufwGif uG,fvGefonf/)
(tu,f'rD) ESifh taumif;qHk;½kyf&Sif'g½dkufwmqk
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touf 76 ESpf
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o½kyfaqmif armifrJ) ESifhyl;wGJ&&dSol 2001 ckEpS f trsK;d om;pmay okwya'om (toH;k cs
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onf/) vnf;aumif;? 2010 jynhfESpf yckuúLOD;tHk;az
pmayqk usr;f pmay 'kw, d qkudk jrefrmhausmufacwf
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f uúov kd f
touf 68 ESpf blrdaA'Xme ygarmu©XmerSL; (Nidrf;)? odyÜHynm
jrefrmhtoHEiS hf ½kyjf rifoMH um; t*Fvyd yf ikd ;f tpDtpOf? xl;cRefqk? Ph.D (Sorbonne University Paris )
Local Talents u@ü taemufwi kd ;f aw;oDcsi;f rsm; (2017 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (29) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG f
oDqdkcJhol? jrefrmhtoHacwfay:aw;*DwtzGJU\ onf/)
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wifarmif? OD; (wuúodkvf aZmfrif;) Edik if *hH P
k &f nf (yxrqif)h ? vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if
touf 94 ESpf ('k w d , qif h ) ? *syef a cwf a ,meif ; wwd , ywf
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f nf/)
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uG,v f eG o
f nf/) touf 97 ESpf

165
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Zmwfum;jzihf &&dSol onf / )
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onf/) jrwfol? OD; (pma&;q&m Bio rif;opf)
touf 72 ESpf
b0if;? OD; (yef;csDq&mBuD;) odyÜHbGJU (ZD0aA')? txufwef;jyq&m? tvGwf
touf 91 ESpf ynmoifq&m? ½ky&f iS f ZmwfñeT ;f a&;om;ol? oDcsi;f
yef;cseD nf;jy? jrefrmEdik if yH nma&; okawoetzGJUwGif a&;om;ol
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(2017 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v
f (31) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG o
f nf/) onf/)

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touf 90 ESpf touf 95 ESpf
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f eG o
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f nf/) a&Tzkef;? AdkvfBuD; (Nidrf;)
touf 92 ESpf
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f (30) &ufwiG f uG,v
f eG o
f nf/)
trsK;d om;ynma&;rl0g' aumfr&SiOf uú|? Edik if jH cm;a&;
0efBuD;Xme 'kwd,0efBuD; (Nidrf;)? ynma&;0efBuD; vScif? a':? ocifrBuD;
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f eG f
rsKd ; 0if ; nG e f Y ? OD ; onf/)
touf 72 ESpf
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(Nidrf;)? jrefrmhvufa&G;pif abmvHk;orm;a[mif; touf 78 ESpf
(2017 ckEpS ?f arv (31) &ufwiG f uG,v f eG of nf/) uAsmq&m? pma&;q&m? ydawmufyGifhopfr*¾Zif;
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jrif h p d k ; ? OD ; (eE´ m pd k ; -qif j zLuRef ; ) (2017 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (1) &ufwGif uG,fvGef
touf 55 ESpf onf/)

166
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ynmudk oHk;ESpfMum oif,latmifjrifonf/ 1942
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(20) &ufwiG f wyfrawmfa&wyfoYkd Adkvt f qifhjzifh
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ppfOD;pD;rSL;wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmif&onf/ 1959
ckESpfwGif jynfwGif;a&aMumif; o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;
tzGJUü 'kwd,rif;BuD;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&
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jynfaxmifpkü zGifhvSpfaom EdkifiHjcm;a&wyft&m&dS
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tjyKtrlESifhywfoufNyD; pl;prf;&SmazGcJhaMumif;
Edkb,fqka&G;cs,fa&;tzGJUu ajymMum;onf/
td c d k i f
EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvfESifh aus;vuf
awm&Gmaevl
maevli,frsm;pum;0dik ;f (Nidrf;csrf;a&;
pum;0dkif;) / / Edik if aH wmf\ twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf
ESifh aus;vufawm&Gmae vli,frsm;pum;0dkif;
(Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;) udk {NyDv (11) &ufu
aejynfawmf&dS jrefrmtjynfjynfqidk &f m uGeAf if;&Si;f
A[dXk me (2) üusi;f y&m Edik if aH wmf\twkid yf ifcyH *k Kd¾vf
a':atmifqef;pk M unf E S i f h jynf a xmif p k 0 ef B uD ;
a'gufwmazjrif?h a'gufwm0if;jrwfat;? aejynfawmf
aumifpDOuú| a'gufwmrsK;d atmif? 'kw, d 0efBu;D
rsm;ESihf Nird ;f csr;f a&;aumfr&Sit f zGUJ 0ifrsm;? Xmeqkid &f m
wm0ef&dSolrsm;? ppfudkif;wkdif;a'oBuD; uefYbvl
NrKd Ue,frS udak xG;yd?k &Sr;f jynfe,fajrmufyikd ;f yavmif
ud, k yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'o erfq h efNrKd Ue,frS rjzLpifyiG ?hf
ucsijf ynfe,f jrpfBu;D em;NrKd Ue,frS rvktrd ?f rauG;wdik ;f
a'oBu;D atmifvNrH KUd e,frS udx k ed v f if;atmif? rEÅav;wkid ;f
a'oBu;D tr&yl&NrKd Ue,frS udck ikd rf if;xuf? rGejf ynfe,f
usKdufra&mNrdKUe,frS rrdat;armf? ucsifjynfe,f
zm;uefYNrdKUe,frS reef;jzLESif;ouf? {&m0wDwkdif;
a'oBu;D tdrrf NJ rKd Ue,frS udv k idI rf if;pd;k ? &Sr;f jynfe,f
ajrmufydkif; udk;uefYudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o
avmufudkifNrdKUe,frS udkomarmif? rEÅav;wdkif;
a'oBu;D 0rf;wGi;f NrKd Ue,frS r0if;rmcdik ?f u&ifjynfe,f
Mumtif;qdyBf u;D NrKd Ue,frS rode;f ode;f tdEiS hf &Sr;f jynfe,f
awmifBuD;NrdKUe,frS udkcGefpdk;armifwdkY wufa&muf
aqG;aEG;Muonf/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;wGif EdkifiHawmf\
twkid yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vu f jrefrmEdik if wH iG f aus;vufawm&Gm
212
Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vEf iS hf aus;vuf...
aejynfov l x
l rk mS 70 &mcdik Ef eI ;f cef&Y aSd Mumif;? tqdyk g
aus;vufawm&GmaeolwdkYrSm EdkifiH\ausm½dk;jzpf
aMumif;? xdkYaMumifh aus;vufawm&GmaejynfolwdkY
\ tcef;u@rSm ta&;BuD;ygaMumif;? Nidrf;csrf;ae
onfh a'oaeyk*¾dKvfrsm;taejzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh
ywfoufí pdwf0ifpm;rIESifh A[kow k enf;aMumif;?
ppfyGJrsm;r&dSojzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;onf ¤if ; wd k Y E S i f h
rqdkif[k ,lqMuaMumif;? pifppf Nird ;f csr;f a&;onf
tm;vHk;ESifhoufqdkifaMumif;? vlwpfa,mufESifh
Ed I i f ; ,S O f v Qif tpd w f t yd k i f ; tm;vH k ; aumif ; rS
aumif;rGerf nfjzpfaMumif;? Nird ;f csr;f a&;&rS wd;k wuf
rnfjzpf&m Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&dS&ef vlwdkif;udk,fpDwGif
rnfodkYwm0ef&dSonf? rnfodkYvkyfay;Edkifonfudk
pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;apvdkaMumif; ajymMum;onf/
xdkYaemuf aus;vufawm&Gmaevli,frsm;
pum;0dkif;odkYwufa&mufvmonfh vli,frsm;u
aqG;aEG;Mu&m ppfuikd ;f wkid ;f a'oBu;D uefb Y vlNrKd Ue,f
rS udkaxG;ydku rdrdwdkYEdkifiH rNidrf;csrf;onfhtwGuf
urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;tMum; aemufususefae&aMumif;?
a'otoD;oD;&dS wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k u tem*wf
wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&dS&ef 0dkif;0ef;aqmif&Gufapvdk
aMumif;? rdrdwdkYa'owGif Nidrf;csrf;onfhtwGuf
vrf ; yef ; quf o G , f a &;rS m vnf ; aumif ; rG e f N yD ;
Nird ;f csr;f a&;\t&om cHpm;ae&aMumif;? &Sr;f jynfe,f
ajrmufydkif; yavmifudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o
erfq h efNrKd Ue,frS rjzLpifyiG u hf rdrdwdkY wtmif;a'o
wGif ppfyrJG sm;jzpfymG ;aeonft h wGuf xdcu kd ef pfemrI
&daS Mumif;? Nird ;f csr;f a&;&&d&S ef rnfov Ykd yk af qmifrnf?
rnfodkYazmfaqmifrnf? vufeufuikd t f zGUJ rsm;tae
jzifh rnfonfhtajctaersKd ; usrS oabmwlNyD;
wyfrawmftaejzifv h nf; vufeufuikd ftzGJUrsm;udk
rnfonfhtajctaersKd;usrS vufrSwfxdk;cGifhjyK
rnfudk od&dSvdkygaMumif;? ucsijf ynfe,f jrpfBu;D em;
NrKd Ue,frS rvktrd u f rdrdwdkYjynfe,fwGif ppfyGJrsm;
jzpfyGm;aeonfhtwGuf wkdif;&if;om;trsm;pkrSm
'kuo © nfpcef;odaYk &mufaeaMumif;? rdrad e&ma'oodYk
 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vEf iS hf aus;vufawm&G
awm&Gmae vli,frsm;pum;0dkif; (Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;)

jyefvmumaexdik pf m;aomufEik d af &; aqmif&u G af y;ap tcsKUd ae&mrsm;wGif vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; cufcaJ eNy;D
vdkaMumif;? rauG;wdik ;f a'oBu;D atmifvNH rKd Ue,frS vQyfppfrD;r&&dSao;aMumif;? ynma&;taejzifh
udkxdefvif;atmifu rdrdwdkYa'orSm Nidrf;csrf;rI ausmif;om;ESihf q&m^q&mr ta&twGuf rrQw
&do
S nft h wGuf pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f mudok m jyKjyifajymif;vJ ao;aMumif;? jynfe,f0efBu;D csKyu f tqdyk gvkyif ef;
&efvrkd nfxifaMumif;? xdo k Ydk jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef w&m; rsm;udk aqmif&u G af y;rnfqo kd nft
h wGuf 0rf;ajrmuf
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh xm0&Nidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmuf ygaMumif;? Nird ;f csr;f a&;[lonf wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf
&efvdkygaMumif;? xm0&Nidrf;csrf;a&;rSm wpfaoG; aqG;aEG;ajymqdrk ?I tay;t,lnE§d iId ;f rIrmS eHygwfwpf
wpfoH? wpfpdwfwnf; pnf;pnf;½H;k ½H;k nDnn D w G nf w
G f jzpfNy;D vufeufEiS rhf ajz&Si;f bJ aqG;aEG;rIjzifh ,HMk unfrI
oGm;&rnfxifygaMumif;? rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD; wnfaqmufum EdkifiHawmf\twkdifyifcH y*k Kd¾ vf

EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvfa':atmifqef;pkMunfESihf
aus;vufawm&Gmaejynfolrsm; pum;0dkif; usif;yaepOf

tr&yl&NrKd Ue,frS udck ikd rf if;xufu &efuek -f rEÅav; OD;aqmifum aqmif&u G v

wGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfoufí jyóemr&dSaomf
vnf; avmufudkifa'owGif wdkufyGJrsm;jzpfyGm;
aeonfhtwGuf Nidrf;csrf;rIr&dSaMumif;? rEÅav;wGif
vn;f vk,ufrIrsm;jzpfyGm;aeNyD; ta&;,lrIydkif;
twGuf &JwyfzUJG tiftm;enf;yg;aeaMumif;? &JwyfzUJG
taejzifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;atmif aqmif&GufEdkif
rnfqdkygu rIcif;rsm;avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifrnf[kjrifyg
aMumif;? rGejf ynfe,f usKu d rf a&mNrKd Ue,frS rrdat;rGef
u rdrw d rYkd eG jf ynfe,frmS ,cifu teufa&mife,fajr
jzpfcahJ Mumif;? ,cktcg ynma&;? vlraI &;? pD;yGm;a&;
ponfh vlrItqifhtwef;rsm; wdk;wufvmaMumif;?
f su&f aSd om Nird ;f csr;f a&;
nDvmcH tjrefqHk;atmifjrifap&ef qkawmif;yg
aMumif;? ucsijfynfe,f zm;uefNY rKd Ue,frS reef;jzLESi;f ouf
u rdrdtaejzifh jynfolxJujzpfonfhtavsmuf
Nird ;f csr;f a&;tjref&vdyk gaMumif;? Nird ;f csr;f rIr&do
S nfh
twGuf rdrw d aYkd 'owGif vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;cufcu J m
pD;yGm;a&;aemufusaeaMumif;? ynma&;taejzifh
KG uav;rsm;twGuf vdt k yfaomaxmufyyhH pön;f
rsm;onff vrf;yef;qufo, G af &; tcuftcJaMumifh
ra&muf&dSao;aMumif;? {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;
tdrfrJNrdKUe,frS udkvdIifrif;pdk;u rdrdwdkYwkdif;a'oBuD;
wGif a&Bu;D epfjrKyrf rI sm;jzpfay:cJNh y;D v,f{ursm;pGm

213
 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vEf iS hf aus;vufawm&G
awm&Gmae vli,frsm;pum;0dkif; (Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;)
ysufpD;cJhum pdkufysKd;a&;acs;aiGjyefqyf&ef cufcJae
aMumif;? e,fpyfa'o rNird ;f csr;f rIrsm;aMumifh pyg;aps;
rSmvnf; usqif;vmum vlaerIb0 pD;yGm;a&;
usyw f nf;vmaMumif;? awmiforl sm;b0jri§ w hf if&ef
pyg;aps;udk EIef;xm;owfrSwfay;ygu awmifol
rsm;b0 wkd;wufvmEdkifaMumif;? &Srf;jynfe,f
ajrmufydkif; udk;uefYudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh& a'o
avmufudkifNrdKUe,frS udkomarmifu wkdif;&if;om;
tcsif;csif;txifvGJrI? em;rvnfrIrsm; &dSaeonfh
twGuf vufeufudkifwkdufcdkufrIrsm; jzpfyGm;ae
aMumif;? wdkif;&if;om;tcsif;csif; Nidrf;csrf;csif
pdwfjzifh EdkifiHa&;enf;vrf;t& ajz&Sif;zdkYvdkaMumif;?
ud;k uefaY 'owGif wku d yf rJG sm; rMumcPjzpfymG ;onfh
twGuf pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief; vkyfudkifvsuf&dSaom
aus;&Gmaejynfolrsm;taejzifh tcuftcJrsm;&dSyg
aMumif;? 21 &mpk yifvn kH v D mcHukd BuKd qykd gaMumif;?
rEÅav;wkid ;f a'oBu;D 0rf;wGi;f NrKd Ue,frS r0if;rmcdik f
u rdrw d &Ykd mG wGif tdraf jc 1300 ausm&f NSd y;D txufwef;
ausmif; wpfausmif;&dyS gaMumif;? vQypf pfr;D r&ao;bJ
rdk;aumif;qnfa&aomufr&dSí qnfajrmif;ESifh
a&avSmifuefrsm;vdt k yfaMumif;? ,cifu ajrcGeo f m
aumufNy;D ,cka&TceG af umufonf[k Mum;&aMumif;?
[kw?f r[kwf odvykd gaMumif;? u&ifjynfe,f Mumtif;
qdyBf u;D NrKd Ue,frS rode;f ode;f tdu u&ifjynfe,frSm
ppfab;udk ESpf 60 ausmfcHpm;cJh&aMumif;? ,cktcg
Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;ud k twl v uf w G J a zmf a qmif c J h
jcif;aMumifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;toD;tyGifhrsm; cHpm;cJh&
aMumif;? use;f rma&;? ynma&;? vrf;yef;qufo, G af &;?
vlrIa&;zGHUNzdK;rI toD;tyGifhrsm;cHpm;&aMumif;?
wpfcsKdUaus;&Gmrsm;wGif pmoifausmif;r&dSonfh
twGuf bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;wGif oifMum;ae&
aMumif;? q&m q&mrrsm;rSmvnf; a'obmom
pum;tcuftcJ&dSaMumif;? vQyfppfrD;vnf; r&&dS
ao;aMumif;? &Srf;jynfe,f awmifBuD;NrdKUe,frS
udkcGefpdk;armifu EdkifiHawmf\twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf
OD;aqmifNy;D vlpY rG ;f tm;t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
214
&ef ? Nrd KUjyES i f h aus;vuf uG m[rI e nf ; yg;ap&ef
aus;vufukd OD;pm;ay;vkyaf pvdak Mumif;? tmrcHrI
&daS om aps;uGuv f nf;vdyk gaMumif;? tmrcHaps;uGuf
r&dSonfhtwGuf awmifolrsm; tcuftcJ&ifqdkif
ae&aMumif;? bGUJ &wdik ;f &if;om;vli,frsm;udk tpd;k &
Xmersm;wGif cefYtyfjcif;jzifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;vkyfief;
pOfrsm;wGif yg0ifvmEdkifygaMumif; aqG;aEG;Mu
onf/
vli,frsm;\aqG;aEG;csufrsm;ESifhywfouf
í Edik if aH wmf\twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;
pkMunfu vufrSwfrxdk;&ao;onfh vufeufudkif
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;twGuf tjrJwHcg;zGifhxm;aMumif;?
'kwd,yifvt kH pnf;ta0;twGuf vufrw S x f ;kd rnfh
tcsdefudkapmifhraebJ vkyfaqmifrnfjzpfaMumif;?
aus;vufawm&Gmaejynfolrsm;rSm EdkifiH\trsm;pk
jzpf o nf h t wG u f Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;vd k t yf a Mumif ; ?
aus;vufaejynfow l \
Ykd toHrxGub f J vufeufudkif
wyfwdkY\ aoewfoHrsm;u toHxGufaMumif;?
Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;vdkygu Nidrf;csrf;a&;r&rD
pyfMum; Nird ;f csr;f a&;r&jcif;aMumifh jzpfay:aeonfh
jyóemrsm;? 'kur© sm;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;ajz&Si;f apvdak Mumif;?
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf pm;yGJ0dkif;wGifaqG;aEG;&rnfjzpf
NyD ; vuf e uf u tajzay;rnf r [k w f a Mumif ; ?
Nird ;f csr;f a&;ESiyhf nma&; qufE, T af eonft h avsmuf
'kuo © nfpcef;rSuav;rsm;udk ynma&;rjywfatmif
BudK;pm;aeaMumif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;vrf;udk avQmuf
onfhtcg wjznf;jznf;qdkaomfvnf; t&rf;aES;í
rjzpfaMumif;? tcsdefMumav EdkifiHemavjzpfí
'Pf&m'Pfcsuftjrefaysmufum Nidrf;csrf;a&;
tjref&atmif vkyfzdkYvdkaMumif; jyefvnfaqG;aEG;
ajymMum;NyD;aemuf Online rSar;jref;onfh ar;cGef;
oHk;ckukd jyefvnfajzMum;onf/
xdkYaemuf EdkifiHawmf\ twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf
a':atmifqef;pkMunfEiS hf pum;0dik ;f odkYwufa&muf
vmonfhvli,frsm; rSwfwrf;wif "mwfyHk½dkuful;
Muonf/
 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vEf iS hf aus;vufawm&G
awm&Gmae vli,frsm;pum;0dkif; (Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;)
EdkifiHawmf\ twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvfESifh aus;vuf
awm&Gmae vli,frsm; pum;0dkif; - Edik if aH wmf\
sm;pum;0d
twd k i f y if c H y k * ¾ d K vf a':atmif q ef ; pk M unf E S i f h
aus;vuf a wm&G m ae vl i ,f r sm;pum;0d k i f ;
(Nird ;f csr;f a&;pum;0dik ;f ) udk {Nyv D (11) &uf rGe;f vGJ
2 em&DwiG f aejynfawmf&Sd jrefrm tjynfjynfqikd &f m
uGefAif;&Sif;A[dkXme-2 ü usif;yonf/
EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunf 0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,f a&wdkifuefaus;&GmrS
tbdk;tbGm;rsm;ESihf awGUqHkpOf
Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vf a':atmifqef;
pkMunfu tzGit hf rSmpum;ajymMum;&mwGif ,ckvkd
aqG;aEG;Muonfq&kd mü wpfa,mufEiS hf wpfa,muf
em;axmifay;&efvdkaMumif;? aqG;aEG;yGJqdkonfrSm
olrsm;bmajymovJqo kd nfukd em;axmif&efvakd Mumif;?
t"dyÜm,frSm aqG;aEG;yGJwGifygonfh tjcm;yg0ifol
rsm;udk av;pm;&efvakd Mumif;? av;pm;aomtm;jzihf
em;axmif&rnf? em;axmifNyD; udk,fu wHkYjyefonfh
tcg ½dk;½dk;om;om; wHkYjyefapcsifaMumif;? ½dk;½dk;
om;om; ajzmifah jzmifrh wfrwf wHjYk yefapcsiaf Mumif;?
odkYrSom 'DaqG;aEG;yGJonf wu,ftESpfom& &&dS
rnfjzpfygaMumif;? þEdkifiHwdk;wuf&ef rm;rm;
rwfrwf &yfwnfEdkif&efqdkvQif aus;vufawm&Gm
ae jynfolvlxk\b0rsm; cdkifrmrS wdk;wufrS
215
aumif ; rG e f r S jzpf r nf j zpf a Mumif ; ? xd k Y a Mumif h
aus;vufawm&Gm jynfolvlxk\tcef;u@u
ta&;BuD;aMumif;? ,ckaqG;aEG;yGJonf Nidrf;csrf;a&;
ESifh ywfoufaMumif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifhywfoufí
jynfolvlxk\tcef;u@u b,fvdkta&;BuD;
onfudk ,ckaqG;aEG;yGJu tajzwpfckay:atmif
BudK;pm;&efjzpfygaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh rdrdwdkYEdkifiH\
ESvHk;om;qdkonfrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh oufqkdifonf
udk owdjyKapcsifaMumif;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;&rS wdk;wuf
rnfjzpfaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh tm;vHk;u 0dkif;NyD;
Nid r f ; csrf ; a&;&&ef t wG u f vl w d k i f ; vl w d k i f ; wG i f
b,fvdkwm0ef&dSovJ? bmvkyfay;EdkifovJqdkonf
udk pOf;pm;NyD; aqG;aEG;apcsifaMumif; EdkifiHawmf\
twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvfu ajymMum;onf/
xdkYaemuf aus;vufawm&Gmae vli,frsm;
pum;0dkif;odkY wufa&mufvmMuonfh vli,frsm;u
aqG;aEG;Mu&m ppfudkif;wkdif;a'oBuD; uefYbvl
NrdKUe,frS udkaxG;ydk? &Srf;jynfe,f (ajrmufydkif;)
yavmifu, kd yf ikd t
f yk cf sKycf iG &hf a'o erfq
h efNrKd Ue,fae
rjzLpifyGifh? ucsifjynfe,f jrpfBuD;em;NrdKUe,fae
rvktdef? rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD; atmifvHNrdKUae
 Edik if aH wmf\twdik yf ifcyH *k Kd¾ vEf iS hf aus;vufawm&G
awm&Gmae vli,frsm;pum;0dkif; (Nidrf;csrf;a&;pum;0dkif;)
udkxdefvif;atmif? rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD; tr&yl&
NrdKUe,fae udkcdkifrif;xuf? rGefjynfe,f usKdufra&m
NrdKUe,fae rrdat;rGef? ucsifjynfe,f zm;uefY
NrKd Ue,fae reef;jzLESi;f ouf? {&m0wDwidk ;f a'oBu;D
td r f r J N rd K Ue,f a e ud k v I d i f r if ; pd k ; ? &S r f ; jynf e ,f
(ajrmufydkif;) udk;uefYudk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o
avmufudkifNrdKUe,fae udkomarmif? rEÅav;wdkif;
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rsm;ESifh Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfr&SiftzGJU0ifrsm;? Xme
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0rf;wGif;NrdKUe,f? ajrwkdifuefaus;&Gm oD[m&mr
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217
29 Burd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
tm&Stm;upm;
tm;upm; NydKifyGJ
29 Burd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S tm&Stm;upm;
t m;upm;
Nyd K if y G J/ / 29 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
tm;upm;NydKifyGJudk Mo*kwfv (19) &ufrS (30)
&uftxd rav;&Sm;EdkifiH? uGmvmvrfylNrdKU&dS blupf
*smvD t rsKd ; om;tm;upm;uG i f ; ü usif ; y&m
ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&dS b½lEdkif;'g½lqvrfEdkifiH?
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jynfolY'Drdku&ufwpfor®wEdkifiH? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH?
jrefrmEdkifiH? zdvpfydkifor®wEdkifiH? pifumylor®w
Edik if ?H xdik ;f Edik if ?H wDarmvufpawEdik if EH iS hf AD,uferf
qdk&S,fvpfor®wEdkifiHwdkY yg0if,SOfNydKifMuonf/
NydKifyGJwGif tm;upm;enf; 38 rsKd;udk tm;upm;
orm;aygif; 4900 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifMuonf/
NyKd iyf zJG iG yhf t
JG crf;tem;udk Mo*kwv f (19) &uf
naeydik ;f wGif blupf*smvDtrsK;d om;tm;upm;uGi;f
üusi;f y&m a&S;OD;pGm 29 TH SEA GAME pmvH;k udk yHak zmf
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orm;rsm;u oufqidk &f mEdik if t H vHEiS hf ta&SUawmif
tm&Stm;upm;NydKifyGJtvHwdkYudk udkifaqmif u m
tm;upm;uGif;twGif; csDwufae&m,lMuonf/
rav;&Sm;vufa&G;pif tm;upm;orm;a[mif;rsm;
u ta&SUawmiftm&S tm;upm;NydKifyGJtvHESifh
rD;&SL;wkdifwdkYudko,faqmifvmMuNyD; ta&SUawmif
tm&S tm;upm;NyKd iyf t JG vHEiS hf rav;&Sm;tm;upm;
NyKd iyf tJG vHwu Ykd kd vTix hf Ml uonf/ xdaYk emuf rav;&Sm;
Edik if H tdv k yH pfaumifpOD uú|ESihf vli,fEiS t hf m;upm;
0ef B uD ; wd k Y u EI w f q uf p um;ajymMum;MuNyD ;
rav;&S m ;bk & if u Nyd K if y G J u d k zG i f h v S p f a y;onf /
tm;upm;orm;rsm;u tm;upm;opömt"d|mef
&GwfqdkMuNyD; vSyonfhrD;a&mifpHkrsm; xGef;nd§jcif;?
aw;*Dwrsm;jzifh wifqufazsmfajzjcif;wdkYjzifh zGifhyGJ
tcrf;tem;NyD;qHk;onf/
29 Burd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&Stm;upm;
NydKifyGJwGif jrefrmEdkifiHu tm;upm;enf; 29 rsKd;ü
tm;upm;orm; 384 OD; yg0if,SOfNydKifonf/
tqdkyg tm;upm;enf;rsm;rSm abmvHk; (usm;^r)
 29 Burd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
tm&Stm;upm;
tm;upm; NydKifyGJ
^zlq,f? a&ul;^'dkifAif? jrm;ypf? ajy;ckefypf?
Muuf a wmif ? bwf p uuf a bm? bd v d , uf E S i f h
pElum? bdk;vif;? vufa0SY? c&pfuuf? pufbD;?
a*gufoD;? uRrf;bm;? a[mfuD? *sL'dk? u&maw;?
yD w ef ; ? &G u f a vS ? yd k u f a usmf j cif ; ^jcif ; vH k ; ?
aoewfypf? Squash? pmyGJwif wif;epf? wdkufuGrf'dk?
wif;epf? oHk;rsKd;pHk? abmfvDabm? "m;a&;? tav;r
ESifh0l&SL;wdkYjzpfonf/
jcif;vHk;NydKifyGJudk Mo*kwfv (16) &ufwGif
uG m vmvrf y l N rd K U&d S wD w D 0 rf q mtm;upm;½H k ü
usif;y&m jrefrmtoif;u Event - 2 NydKifyGJ Adkvfvk
yGJü xdkif;toif;udk 317-303 rSwfjzihf 14 rSwf
tom&umAdkvfpGJí a&TwHqdyf&&dSonf/ 29 Budrf
ajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&Stm;upm;NydKifyGJwGif
jrefrmtm;upm;tzGUJ &&do S nfh yxrqH;k a&Twq H yd qf k
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ta&SUawmiftm&Stm;upm;NydKifyGJ zGifhyGJ
txdrf;trSwfrD;½SL;wdkifudk xGef;nd§aepOf
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yl;wGaJ Mu;wHqyd &f &do S nf/ Mo*kwv f (17) &ufwGif
jrefrmtoif;u Event - 4 NydKifyGJ AdkvfvkyGJü vmtdk
toif;udk 149-148 rSwfjzifh wpfrSwftom&um
Ad k v f p G J í a&T w H q d y f & &d S o nf / vmtd k t oif ; u
aiGwHqdyf&&dSNyD; uarÇm'D;,m;toif;ESifh tdrf&Sif
rav;&Sm;toif;wdkYu yl;wGJaMu;wHqdyf&&dSonf/
218
ydkufausmfjcif;NydKifyGJudk Mo*kwfv (22) &uf
wGif uGmvmvrfylNrdKUüusif;y&m jrefrmtoif;u
trsK;d om; ESpfa,mufwGJtoif;vkdufNydKifyGJ Adkvfvk
yGJü xdkif;toif;udk ESpfyGJjywfjzifh½HI;edrfhNyD; aiGwHqdyf
&&doS nf/ Mo*kwv f (25) &ufwiG f jrefrmtoif;u
trsKd;om;av;a,mufwJG toif;vdu k Nf yKd iyf JG Adv
k vf yk üJG
xdik ;f toif;udk ESpfyGJjywfjzifh½HI;edrfhNyD; aiGwHqdyf
&&dSonf/ jrefrmtoif;u trsK;d orD;av;a,mufwJG
toif;vdu k f N yd K if y G J aemuf q H k ; yG J w G i f AD , uf e rf
toif;udk ESpyf jJG ywftEkid &f Ny;D trSwt f rsm;qH;k &&dSum
a&TwHqdyf&&dSonf/ Mo*kwfv (27) &ufwGif jrefrm
toif;u trsKd;om;ESpfa,mufwGJtkyfpk aemufqHk;
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AD,uferftoif;udk ESpfyGJjywf½HI;edrfhum AdkvfvkyGJESifh
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vrfylNrdKU&dS KLCC cef;rüusif;y&m at;opömjrifhu
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63 rSwfjzifh aMu;wHqdyf&&dSonf/ Mo*kwfv (21)
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onfh cse;f pkNydKiyf JGü AD,uferfu 9 'or 67 jzihf
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9 'or 67 rSwf? eef;uGefYNydKifyGJü 9 'or 67
rSwfjzihf ESpf&ufaygif; 19 'or 34 rSwfjzifh
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tdr&f iS rf av;&Sm; upm;orm;u aMu;wHqyd &f &do S nf/
Mo*kwv f (22) &ufwiG u f si;f yonhf xdkufcsdcRrfNydKifyGJü
cefYrif;xufu 9 'or 63 rSwfjzifh aMu;wHqdyf
&&dSNyD; tdrf&Sifrav;&Sm; upm;orm;u a&TwHqdyf?
 29 Burd af jrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
tm&Stm;upm;
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pifumylupm;orm;u aiG wHqyd &f &do S nf/ csef;cRrf

NydKifyGJü jrwfoufqak 0NzKd ;u 9 'or 67 rSwfjzihf
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aiGwHqdyf &&dSonf/
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10 rDwm avypöwdkNydKifyGJü arydk;0gu 234 'or
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ausmfpGm0if;u aMu;wHqdyf&&dSonf/ 155 rSwfjzifhtEdkif&NyD; aMu;wHqdyf&&dSonf/
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usr;f *efrsm; oifMum;ydcYk sco
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t*Fvdyfbmomjzihf a&;om;jyKpkawmfrlcJhonf/
q&mawmfa&;om;jyKpkcJhonfh usrf;*efrsm;rSm-
1. Psycho Psysicel Insight Meditation
2. Yen Perfections
224
3. The Buddha Teachings
4. History of Dhammikarama Buddhist Temple
5. Hand book of Buddhist Reciation
6. Dhammikarama Pali Chanting
7. Dhammikarama Abhidhamma Pali Chant
8. The Book of Pairs (Yamaka) vol
9. Manual of The Buddhist Ordination
10. The Life of Buddha In Picture
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225
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227
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(NCA) vufrw S rf xd;k &ao;onhf ]]0}} jynf aoG;pnf;
nDñGwfa&;ygwD? ]]0} jynf aoG;pnf;nDñGwfa&;
wyfrawmf (UWSP/UWSA)? &cdkifhwyfrawmf (AA)
wtmif ; trsKd ; om;vG w f a jrmuf a &;wyf r awmf
(TNLA)? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pD r[mrdwfwyfrawmf
(NDAA)? jrefrmtrsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwf
wyfrawmf (MNDAA)? &Srf;jynfwkd;wufa&;ygwD
(SSPP/SSA)? ucsifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJU? ucsif
trsKd ;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;tzGUJ (KIO/KIA)? Ekid if jH cm;
oH½Hk;rsm;rSoHwrefrsm;? ukvor*¾ vufatmufcH
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;? jynfwGif;
jynf y rS t pk d ; &r[k w f a omtzG J U tpnf ; rsm;ES i f h
zdwfMum;xm;olrsm;wufa&mufMuonf/
nDvmcHzGifhyGJtcrf;tem;wGif jynfaxmifpk
Nidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-(21) &mpkyifvHkusif;ya&;
 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH (21) &mpk yifvHk ('kwd,tpnf;ta0;)
A[dkaumfrwDOuú| EdkifiHawmf\twkdifyifcHyk*¾dKvf
a':atmifqef;pkMunfu tzGifhrdefYcGef;ajymMum;
onf/ xkaYd emuf jynfolYvTwfawmfOuú|OD;0if;jrifh?
trsKd;om;vTwaf wmfOuú|ref;0if;ckid o f ef;? wyfrawmf
umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Akv d cf sKyrf LS ;Bu;D rif;atmifvidI ?f
wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk,fpm;
Edik if aH &;ygwDrsm;ud, k pf m; jynfaxmifpBk uchH ikd af &;ESifh
zG H U Nzd K ;a&;ygwD O uú | OD ; oef ; aX;wk d Y u Bud K qk d
EIwfcGef;qufpum; ajymMum;onf/
xdaYk emuf rGe;f vGyJ ikd ;f wGif yxraeYqn kH D nDvmcH
tpnf ; ta0;usif ; y&m obmywd r sm;tjzpf
a'gufwmwifrsK;d 0if; OD;aqmifum OD;ÓPf0if;? 'kw,
Ad k v f c sKyf B uD ; wif a rmif 0 if ; ? cd k i f p k d ; Ed k i f a tmif ?
OD;apmwif0if;wdkYu aqmif&GufMuNyD; obmywd
a'gufwmwifrsKd;0if;u tzGihftrSmpum;ajymMum;
onf/ xdaYk emuf jynfaxmifpNk ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;rI
yl;wGJaumfrwD (UPDJC) twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJU0if
a'gufwmvserf eI ;f qmacgif;? OD;rsK;d 0if;? OD;cifaZmfO;D ?
OD;vSarmifaqG? OD;EdkifiHvif;? cGefjrihfxGef;? AdkvfcsKyf
pkd;EdkifOD;ESihf wmvSazwdkYu nDvmcHusif;yrnhf
yHpk rH sm; &Si;f vif;jcif;ESifh rl0g'rsm; wifoiG ;f jcif;wdu
aqmif&GufMuNyD; obmywdtzGJU0if OD;ÓPf0if;u
ed*;kH csKyt f rSmpum;ajymMum;onf/ xdaYk emuf nDvmcH
wufa&mufvmonhf tpktzGJUtoD;oD;u tpk
tzGUJ vdu k f aqmif&u G rf nht f pDtpOfrsm;ukd aqG;aEG;
onf/
'kwd,aeYtpnf;ta0;ukd arv 25 &uf
eHeuf 9 em&Du aejynfawmf&Sd jrefrmtjynfjynf
qdkif&muGefAif;&Sif;A[kdXme-2 ü usif;yonf/
Edik if aH &;u@aqG;aEG;yGw J iG f OD;aqmifobmywd
tjzpf eHeufyikd ;f wGif OD;ausmw f ihaf qGEiS hf rGe;f vGyJ ikd ;f
wG i f y'd k a pmuG , f x l ; 0if ; wd k Y u aqmif & G u f N yD ;
obmywdtzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;oHc?J a':csKcd sKad usmNf ird ;f
ESifh EdkifcspfOD;wdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ xdkYaemuf
OD;aqmifobmywdO;D ausmw f ihaf qGEiS yfh 'dak pmuG,f
xl ; 0if ; wd k Y u tzG i h f t rS m pum;ajymMum;um
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vdkufem&rnhf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;ukd zwfMum;NyD; EdkifiHa&;u@rl0g'tqdkjyKvTm
rsm;uk d twG i f ; a&;rS L ;tzG J U u &S i f ; vif ; onf /
xdaYk emuf wufa&mufvmonhf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u
0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
pD ; yG m ;a&;u@aqG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f OD ; aqmif
obmywdtjzpf eHeufydkif;wGif OD;xGef;EdkifESifh
rGef;vGJydkif;wGif cGefwifa&TwdkYu aqmif&GufNyD;
obmywdtzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf pdkif;,Dwdyfh? rduGefcsrf;?
OD;vDay:&JEiS fh Adv k rf LS ;csKyo
f ufatmifwu Ykd aqmif&uG f
onf/ xdkYaemuf OD;aqmifobmywdOD;xGef;EdkifESihf
d cGefwifa&TOD;wdkYu tzGihftrSmpum;ajymMum;um
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;vdkufem&rnhf pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;ukd zwfMum;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;u@rl0g'tqdkjyKvTm
rsm;uk d twG i f ; a&;rS L ;tzG J U u &S i f ; vif ; onf /
xdaYk emuf wufa&mufvmonhf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u
0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
vlraI &;u@aqG;aEG;yGw J iG f OD;aqmifobmywd
tjzpf eHeufydkif;wGif OD;odef;aqGESifh rGef;vGJydkif;wGif
a'gufwmaemfuay:xl;wdu Yk aqmif&u G Nf y;D obmywd
Yk dk tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf yl;abGvsHref? a':eef;0if;Munf?
a':ZifrmatmifEiS fh OD;ae0if;wdu Yk aqmif&u G o
f nf/
xd k Y a emuf OD ; aqmif o bmywd O D ; od e f ; aqG E S i h f
a'gufwmaemfuay:xl;wdkYu tzGihftrSmpum;
ajymMum;um ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;vd k u f e m&rnh f
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ukd zwfMum;Ny;D vlraI &;u@
rl 0 g'tqd k j yKvT m rsm;uk d twG i f ; a&;rS L ;tzG J U u
&Sif;vif;onf/ xdkYaemuf wufa&mufvmonhf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
ajr,mESihfobm0ywf0ef;usifu@ aqG;aEG;
yGJwGif OD;aqmifobmywdtjzpf eHeufydkif;wGif
OD;xGef;xGef;[defESihf rGef;vGJydkif;wGif yl;vm;vf,rf
avmfrmwdkYu aqmif&GufNyD; obmywdtzGUJ 0ifrsm;
tjzpf apm'JeD,,fvf? OD;aZmfrif;vwf? pdkif;,DESifh
Ad k vf r S L;csKyf jrih f armif O D ; wd k Y u aqmif & G uf onf /
xdkYaemuf OD;aqmifobmywdOD;xGef;xGef;[defESihf
233
 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH (21) &mpk yifvHk ('kwd,tpnf;ta0;)

yl ; vm;vf , rf a vmf r mwd k Y u tzG i h f t rS m pum;
ajymMum;um ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;vd k u f e m&rnh f
pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ukd zwfMum;NyD; ajrm,mESihf
obm0ywf0ef;usif u@rl0g'tqdkjyKvTmrsm;ukd
twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJUu &Sif;vif;NyD; wufa&mufvm
onhf ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;u 0dik ;f 0ef;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
vH k N cH K a&;u@aqG ; aEG ; yG J w G i f OD ; aqmif
obmywd t jzpf eH e uf y d k i f ; wG i f A d k v f r S L ;csKyf
pdefxGef;vSESifh rGef;vGJydkif;wGif jzm;wefcGefOuúmwdkYu
aqmif & G u f N yD ; obmywd t zG J U 0if r sm;tjzpf
p0fabmifac;ESihf yl;Zifcefq Y eG ?f OD;tifxckH g;aemfqrfEiS fh
OD ; apmxG e f ; atmif j rih f w d k Y u aqmif & G u f o nf /
xd k Y a emuf OD ; aqmif o bmywd A d k v f r S L ;csKyf
pdefxGef;vSESifh jzm;wefcGefOuúmwdkYu tzGihftrSm
pum; ajymMum;um ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;vdu k ef m&rnhf
pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;rsm;ukd zwfMum;Ny;D vHNk cKH a&;u@
rl 0 g'tqd k j yKvT m rsm;uk d twG i f ; a&;rS L ;tzG J U u
&Sif;vif;onf/ xdkYaemuf wufa&mufvmonhf
udk,fpm;vS,frsm;u 0dkif;0ef;aqG;aEG;Muonf/
'kwd,tpnf;ta0; wwd,aeYukd arv 26
&ufu jrefrmtjynfjynfqikd &f muGeAf if;&Si;f A[kXd me
-2 &Sd owfrw S af e&mtoD;oD;üusi;f yonf/ wwd,
aeYwGif EdkifiHa&;u@? pD;yGm;a&;u@? vlrIa&;
u@? ajr,mESio fh bm0ywf0ef;usiu f @ESif h vHNk cKH a&;
u@aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;ukd qufvufusif;yMuonf/
arv 27 &ufwGif jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;rIyl;wGJaumfrwD (UPDJC) twGif;a&;rSL;
tzGJU tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmtjynfjynfqdkif&m
uGefAif;&Sif;A[kdXme -2 ü usif;yNyD; u@tvdkuf?
tpktzGJUtvdkuf aqG;aEG;cJhonhftaMumif;t&m
rsm;ukd jyefvnfoHk;oyfaqG;aEG;Muonf/
arv 28 &ufwiG f 11 Burd af jrmuf jynfaxmifpk
Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;rIyl;wGJaumfrwD (UPDJC)
tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmtjynfjynfqikd &f m uGeAf if;&Si;f
A[kXd me -2 ü usi;f y&m (UPDJC) Ouú|? Edik if aH wmf\
twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf a':atmifqef;pkMunfwuf
a&muftrSmpum;ajymMum;onf/ xdaYk emuf tpnf;
ta0;wGif jynfaxmifpNk ird ;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;rI yl;wGJ
aumfrwD (UPDJC) tzGJU0ifrsm;u u@tvdkuf
toD;oD; aqG;aEG;Muonf/
jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-(21) &mpk
yifvkH 'kw, d tpnf;ta0;\ jynfaxmifpk oabmwl

jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH - (21) &mpkyifvHk ('kwd,tpnf;ta0;)

jynfaxmifpkoabmwlpmcsKyf tpdwftydkif; (1) tjzpf vufrSwfa&;xdk;MupOf

234
 jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH (21) &mpk yifvHk ('kwd,tpnf;ta0;)

jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcH-(21) &mpkyifvHk ('kwd,tpnf;ta0;) wGif

EdkifiHawmfor®w? EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcHyk*¾dKvf? 'kwd,or®wrsm;ESihf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ukdawGU&pOf

pmcsKyf tpdwftydkif; (1) vufrSwfa&;xdk;yGJtcrf; udk,fpm;vS,fOD;EdkifaqGOD;? vTwfawmftpktzGJU

tem;ukd arv 29 &uf eHeuf 10 em&DwGif
aejynfawmf&dS jrefrmtjynfjynfqikd &f m uGeAf if;&Si;f
A[kdXme -2 ü usif;y&m EdkifiHawmf\twdkifyifcH
yk*Kd¾vf a':atmifqef;pkMunf wufa&mufaus;Zl;wif
pum;ajymMum;onf/
tpnf;ta0;okdY jynfaxmifpkNidrf;csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;rIy;l wGaJ umfrwD (UPDJC) 'kw, d Ouú|rsm;?
tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh twGif;a&;rSL;tzGJU tzGJU0ifrsm;?
tpkd;&tpktzGJU? vTwfawmftpktzGJU? wyfrawmf
tpktzGUJ ? wdik ;f &if;om;vufeufuikd t f zGUJ tpnf;rsm;
tpktzGJU? EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tpktzGJU? tpktzGJU
toD;oD;rS yg0ifoihfyg0ifxdkufolrsm;? avhvm
olrsm;? zdwfMum;xm;olrsm;ESihf wm0ef&Sdolrsm;
wufa&mufMuonf/
nD v mcH w G i f OD ; aqmif o bmywd t jzpf
jzm;wefceG Of uúmuaqmif&u G Nf y;D obmywdtzGUJ 0if
rsm;tjzpf obmywd? jynfaxmifpk0efBuD; OD;ausmf
wihaf qG? cGeo f ed ;f azESihf OD;ÓPf0if;wdu Yk aqmif&u G f
Muonf/ xdkYaemuf u@tvdkuf rl0g'oabm
wl n D c suf r sm;uk d wif o G i f ; MuNyD ; tpk d ; &tzG J U
udk,fpm;vS,f OD;aX;0if;atmif (c) OD;NyHK;csKd?
wyf r awmf t pk t zG J U ud k , f p m;vS , f Ad k v f r S L ;BuD ;
atmifcifodef;? wdkif;&if;om;vufeufudkif tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;tpktzGUJ ud, k pf m;vS,?f y'drk ef;Nird ;f armif
ES i h f Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD r sm;tpk t zG J U ud k , f p m;vS , f
OD ; od e f ; xG e f ; wd k Y u u@tvd k u f w if o G i f ; onh f
tcsuf 37 csufudk axmufcHaqG;aEG;Muonf/
,if;aemuf obmywdjzm;wHcGefOuúm u@
tvdu k w f ifjyvmaom rl0g'tqdjk yKcsurf sm;jzpfonhf
Ed k i f i H a &;u@rl 0 g' tqd k j yKcsuf (12) csuf ?
pD;yGm;a&;u@rl0g' tqdkjyKcsuf (11) csuf?
vl r I a &;u@rl 0 g' tqd k j yKcsuf (4) csuf ?
ajr,mESihfobm0ywf0ef;usif u@rl0g' tqdkjyK
csuf (10) csuf pkpak ygif; (37) csut f ay: waygif;
wpnf;wnf; twnfjyKaMumif; aMunmonf/
xdkYaemuf tpnf;ta0;rS twnfjyKxm;aom
oabmwlnDcsuf (37) csufukd jynfaxmifpk
oabmwlpmcsKy\ f tpdwt f ydik ;f tjzpf vufrSwf
a&;xdk;Muonf/
ausmf E d k i f p k d ;

235
 b0if ;? OD;
b0if ; ? OD ; ((yef
yef ; csD q &mBuD ; ) (19
(192626
26-- OD;b0if;onf rlvwef;ausmif;om;rsm;rS
2017)/ / yef;csq D &mBu;D OD;b0if;udk OD;b&ifEiS hf txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;txd yef;csDoabm
a':Zd r f w d k Y u 1926 ck E S p f w G i f {&m0wD w d k i f ;
usKHaysmfNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/
i,fpOfuwnf;u yef;csDynmudk pdwf0ifpm;
NyD; pmoifMum;&m &GmOD;bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;&dS
ausmif;xdkifbkef;BuD;xHwGif cJyef;csDa&;qGJjcif;udk
wpfOD;wnf; avhvmoif,lonf/
OD;b0if;
OD;b0if;onf 1948 ckESpfwGif &efukefNrdKUodkY
ajymif;a&TUNyD; xdkESpfrSmyif a':wif&DESifh tdrfaxmif
usum vTqGJjcif;jzifh 0ifaiG&Sm&onf/ wpf&ufwGif
aps;odyYk pön;f oGm;ydpYk Of ½ky&f iS ½f akH &SUu jzwfomG ;cJ&h mrS
½ky&f iS Zf mwfum;ydpk wmudk awGUjrifc&hJ Ny;D aemuf ydpk wm
yef;csaD &;enf;udk yef;csOD ;D bvGix f H oif,lonf/
OD;b0if;onf 1952 ckESpfwGif &efukefyef;csD
yef;ykausmif;udk *sLAvDa[mü jyefvnfzGifhvSpf&m
yxrqHk;oifwef;tywfpOfodkY wufa&mufoif,l
onf/ OD;trfwifat;? OD;jrwfausmf? OD;cifarmif
(bPf)? OD;cifarmif? OD;odef;[ef? OD;pHazwdkYxHwGif
yef;csDynmudk oif,lonf/ txl;ojzihf yef;csD?
ausmif;wufcsdefu rdom;pkpm;0wfaea&;twGuf
pufcsKyfoif&if; BudK;pm;½kef;uefcJh&oljzpfonf/
1955 ck E S p f w G i f &ef u k e f y ef ; csD y ef ; yk a usmif ; rS
'Dyvdkrm &&dSonf/
236
w&m;? ta&mifrsm;\oabmw&m;? rsOf;rsm;\
oabmw&m;rsm;udk tajccHtm;jzifh oifjyay;onf/
pmayAdrmefyef;csjD yyGüJ yxrqH;k pwifyg0ifco hJ nf/
OD;b0if;onf 1956 ckEpS rf S 1967 ckEpS t f xd
ynma&;0ef B uD ; Xmeü yef ; csD e nf ; jytjzpf
aqmif&Gufonf/ 1967 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd
ynma&;0efBu;D Xme jrefrmEdik if yH nma&;okawoe
tzGJUwGif okawoevufaxmuftjzpf wm0ef
xrf;aqmifonf/ xdkumvrsm;wGif OD;b0if;onf
ydkpwmyef;csDrsm;a&;om;NyD; yef;csDjyyGJrsm;twGuf
yef ; csD a &;jc,f j yonf / ynma&;0ef B uD ; Xme\
yef;csED iS yhf ef;yk jyyGNJ yKd iyf rJG sm; jzpfay:vma&;udv k nf;
OD;pm;ay;aqmif&Gufonf/ 1978 ckESpfwGif jrefrm
EdkifiH ynma&;okawoetzGJUrS tNidrf;pm;,lNyD;
yef;cs'D ZD idk ;f ynm&Sit f jzpf tcsed jf ynfv h yk u
f ikd cf o hJ nf/
OD;b0if;onf 1973 ckESpfwGif yef;csDyef;yk
aumifpD (&efukefwkdif;) Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1982 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH½dk;&myef;ynm&Sifrsm;
tpnf;t½Hk; ('*HkNrdKUe,f) Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;?
1992 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH ½dk;&myef;ynm&Sifrsm;
tpnf;t½Hk; (A[dk) em,utjzpfvnf;aumif;?
2008 ck E S p f w G i f '*H k N rd K Ue,f yef ; ynm&S i f r sm;
tpnf;t½Hk;Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&Guf
onf/
xdkYjyif 1992 ckESpfwGif New Zero Art Space
'kwd,Ouú|tjzpfvnf;aumif;? 2008 ckESpfwGif
New Zero Art Space em,utjzpfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&Gufonf/
OD ; b0if ; onf touf 70 ausmf o nf h
wkid af tmif atmuf';kd yef;csu D m;rsm;udk a&;qGo J nf/
yef;csrD w d af qGrsm; pkpnf;umvwpfv\ aemufq;kH
paeaeYwiG f atmuf';kd yef;csu D m; a&;qGaJ vh&h o Sd nf/
1999 ckEpS o f nf OD;b0if;\yef;csu D m;rsm; ta&mif;
&qHk;ESpftjzpf rSwfwrf;wif&rnfjzpfonf/ 2008
b0if ;? OD; bmomjyefpmaypmwrf;zwfyGJESifh aEG&moD...

ckEpS f 'DZifbmvwGif yxrqH;k wpfu, kd af wmfyef;csD tqdkygtcrf;tem;odkY jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;

jyyGJudkvnf;aumif;? 2010 jynfhESpf atmufwdkbm
vwGif 'kwd,tBudrf wpfudk,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJudk
vnf;aumif;? 2011 ckESpfwGif wwd,tBudrf
wpfudk,fawmfyef;csDjyyGJudkvnf;aumif; &efukefNrdKU
Trish Gallery ü jyoonf/ OD;b0if;onf avmuewf
yef;csDjycef;\ tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfonfhtjyif em*pf
&efyakH iGyef;csjD yyGw J iG f yef;csu
D m; ig;um;rS &&daS iGrsm;
udk vSL'gef;onf/ wpfu, kd af wmfyef;csjD yyGJ av;Burd f
ESit
hf yk pf jk yyGaJ ygif; 100 ausmüf yg0ifjyocJNh y;D jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHyef;csDyef;yk tpnf;t½Hk; (A[dk)
em,u yef;csDq&mBuD;OD;b0if;onf 2017 ckESpf?
Zlvikd vf (31) &ufwiG f &efuek Nf rKd Uü uG,v f eG o
f nf/
pd k ; atmif
bmomjyefpmaypmwrf;zwfyGJESifh aEG & moD
pmtkyfaps;a&mif;yGJawmf / / bmomjyefpmay
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245
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ence (December 2001). '' A Century and a Half of
Experience and Experimentatin'' Engligh Language
Teaching in East Asia, Trends of ENT in Myanmar
Higher Education Institutions, Myanmar in Pro-
ceeding of ELT Conference : New Paradigms for
Teaching and Learning English in Myanmar (2002).
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ü awGUqHkonf/
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a'opHawmfcsdef rGef;vGJ 12 em&DdcGJwGif vef'efNrdKU&dS
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Edik if jH cm;a&;ESihf "eo[m,a&;&m0efBu;D Xme tm&S
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[dw k ,fü awGUqHkonf/
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264
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onf/ One Belt and One Road nDvmcHziG yhf JG tcrf;tem;
odYk ½k&mS ;or®w Vladimir Putin? wl&uDor®w Recep
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Tayyip Erdogan ESifh ukvor*¾twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf
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for International Cooperation)\ Edi k if ^H tpd;k &tBu;D tuJ

265
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266
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274
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275
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276
 &cdik jfynfe,ftwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo
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rdepf 20 wGif ypfcwfwkdufcdkufonf/ a&T&ifat;
pcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&DwiG f vltyk rf sm; wufvmonf
[k owif;&&dScJhNyD; oa&ukef;abmifuif;pcef;udk
eH e uf 5 em&D 15 rd e pf w G i f tpG e f ; a&muf
tMurf;zuform; 100 cefY0ifa&muf v monf h
owif ; t& vl ? vuf e uf r sm; &G m twG i f ; od k Y
a&TUajymif;&onf/
pcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&D 45 rdepfwGif tpGef;a&muf
tMurf;zuform; 1000 cefu Y vma&muf 0dik ;f 0ef;
wdkufcdkufojzifh &JrSL;[def;xufausmf? &Jwyfom;
0if;xdkufwdkY ESpfOD;usqHk;NyD; bDat 94 wpfvuf?
ydGKifh 38 ajcmufvHk;jyL;wpfvuf qHk;½IH;cJhonf/
tv,foHausmfpcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&D rdepf
50 wGif tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;rsm;u
0if a &muf y pf c wf w d k u f c d k u f o jzif h 'k - v0urS L ;
Zmarmif; usq;kH Ny;D wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;u jyefvnfypfcwf
&m tMurf;zuform;rsm; jyefvnfqkwfcGmoGm;
onf/ Oa'gif; (ewv) pcef; udk eHeuf 5 em&D 10
rdepfwiG f tpGe;f a&muf tMurf;zuform; 100 u
vma&mufypfcwfwkdufcdkufojzifh wyfzGJU0ifrsm;u
jyefvnfypfcwf&m tMurf;zuform;rsm;rSm eHeuf
6 em&DwGif jyefvnfqkwfcGmoGm;onf/ ESmacgif;wkd

&cdkifjynfe,ftwGif; vHkNcHKa&;&,laeonhf wyfzGJU0ifwpfOD;ukd awGU&pOf

csed cf gvDpcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&DwiG f tpGe;f a&muf acsmif;0uif;pcef;udk eHeuf 7 em&D 25 rdepfwGif
tMurf ; zuf o rm;rsm;u vma&muf y pf c wf tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;rsm;u vma&muf
wdkufcdkufojzihf wyfzGJU0ifrsm;u jyefvnfypfcwf&m ypfcwf wdkufcdkufonf/

277
 &cdik jfynfe,ftwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh tMurf;zu
o0efacsmif;pcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&D rdepf 50
wGif tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform; 100 cefu
vma&mufypfcwfwkdufcdkufcJhNyD; udk;wefaumuf
pcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&D rdepf 50 wGif tpGef;a&muf
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u aoewfjzihf vma&muf
ypfcwfwdkufcdkuf&m eHeuf 5 em&D 15 rdepfwGif
wyfrawmfppfaMumif;rsm; a&muf&v Sd mNy;D wyfzUJG 0if
rsm;u jyefvnfypfcwfojzihf tMurf;zuform;
tavmif; ajcmufavmif;&&dSonf/
awmifbZm&Juif;pcef;udk eHeuf 3 em&D rdepf
40 wGif tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform; 10 OD;
cefYu vma&mufypfcwf wkdufcdkuo f jzihf wyfzUJG 0if
rsm;u jyef v nf y pf c wf & m tMurf ; zuf o rm;
tavmif ; ig;avmif;&&dSNyD; eHeuf 5 em&D 15
rdepfwiG f jyefvnfqw k cf mG oGm;onf/ azmifawmfjyif
pcef;udk eHeuf 4 em&D 25 rdepfwiG f tpGe;f a&muf
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u aoewfjzifh vma&muf
ypfcwfwdkufcdkufojzihf 'k&JtkyfatmifjrihfOD;ES i f h
'kwyfMuyfpdk;0if;wdkY ESpfOD;usq;kH um wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;u
jyefvnfypfcwfwu kd cf u kd o
f jzihf tMurf;zuform;
ESpfOD; aoqHk;onf/
xdkYtwl armifawmNrdKUywfvnf&dS &Jpcef;?
&Juif;rsm;udk tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuf orm;
rsm;u aoewfjzifh vma&mufypfcwfwdkufcdkuf
rIrsm;ü &yfuGuf 5 &Juif;pcef;udk eHeuf 3 em&DcGJ
wG i f tpG e f ; a&muf tMurf ; zuf o rm;rsm;u
vufypfAHk;jzihf vnf;aumif;? eHeuf 3 em&D 35
rdepfwGif tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform; tiftm;
tvH;k t&if;jzihf atmf[pf0dkif;vmojzihf wyfzGJU0if
rsm;u xyfrHypfcwfcJh&onf/ &Gmopfau &Juif;
pcef;udk eHeuf 3 em&Dcw JG iG f tpGe;f a&muf tMurf;zuf
orm;ig;OD;u vufypfAHk;jzihf vma&mufwdkufcdkuf
cJhonf/ NrdKU0ifwHwm; &Juif;pcef;udk eHeuf 3
em&DcGJwGif tpGef;a&muftMurf;zuform; ig;OD;u
aoewfrsm;jzifh vma&mufypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf/
ewv&Juif;rsm;udk eHeuf 3 em&Dcw JG iG f tpGe;f a&muf
zuff wdu
k cf u
kd rf t
I ajctaersm; (2017)
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u tcsdefudkufvma&muf
Y wdu k cf u
kd &f m wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;u jyefvnfypfcwfojzihf
jyefvnf qkwcf mG oGm;onf/ ,mOfxed ;f &J½;kH ESifhrl;,pf
&J w yf z G J U ½H k ; rsm;twG i f ; od k Y eH e uf 3 em&D c G J w G i f
tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;rsm;u "mwfqD
ykvif; (vufvkyfAHk;) jzihf ypfcwfwkdufcdkuf&m
,mOfxdef;&J½Hk; a&SUjrufcif;rD;avmifoGm;onf/
ausmufyEÅK&mG teD;&dS t&Snf &Spaf y? tus,f 10 ay
&dS uGefu&pfwHwm;a[mif;udk eHeuf 8 em&D 5
rdepfwGif tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;u rdkif;cGJ
zsufqD;cJhonf/
xdo k Ykd tpGe;f a&muftMurf;zuform;rsm;\
ypfcwfwdkufcdkufrIrsm;aMumifh &JwyfzGJU0if &SpfOD;? 'k-
v0urS L ;wpf O D ; pk p k a ygif ; ud k ; OD ; aoqH k ; NyD ;
vufeufi,fajcmufvuf? vufuikd q f ufo, G af &;
pufwpfvHk;qHk;½H I ; um vma&mufwkdufcdkufonfh
tMurf;zuform; 16 OD; aoqHk;onf/
armifawmNrKd Ue,f ajrmufyikd ;f &dS vdy&f aus;&Gm
wGif Mo*kwfv (25) &uf nydkif;u acwåaus;&Gm
tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;? &mtdrfrSL;? aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;
½Hk;tulESifh tpdk;&owif;ay;[k oHo,&dSolwdkYudk
tpGef;a&muftMurf;zuform;rsm;u owfjzwf
cJhonf/ owfjzwfc&H olrsm;rSm vdy&f aus;&Gm acwå
tkycf sKyaf &;rSL; aqGwmavmif? &mtdrrf LS ; qdu k uf vl m?
aus;&Gmtkycf sKyaf &;rSL;½H;k ½H;k tul azmfwmwlvmESihf
tv,foHausmfaus;&Gmae Zm[dwfwlaqmif; (b)
qmav (37) ESpfwdkY jzpfonf/
armifawmNrdKUe,f? jrif;vGwNf rKd U? aus;&GmwGif
Mo*kwfv (26) &uf eHeuf 5 em&DcefYu tqdkyg
aus;&Gmae rsm;udk,fwdkif rdrdwdkY aetdrfrsm; udkrD;½dIU
cJh&m rD;avmifrIaMumifh jrif;vGwfNrdKU ta&SUydkif;
&yfuu G &f Sd tdr&f pS v f ;kH ? aps;qkid f 13 qkid ?f um;av;pD;?
tv,fydkif;&yfuGuf&dS tdrf 24 vHk;? qkdifcef; 51
cef;? AvDwpfck? tm&ADausmif; ajcmufausmif;?
taemufyikd ;f &yfuu G &f Sd tdrf 45 vH;k ? tm&ADausmif;
wpfausmif;? &SD'g&yfuGuf&dS tdrf 11 vHk;? aps;qkdif
278
 &cdik jfynfe,ftwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh tMurf;zu
41 qkdif? um;ig;pD;? AvDwpfck? tm&ADausmif;
wpfausmif;? qkdifu,fav;pD; pkpkaygif; tdrf 88
vHk;? aps;qkdif 54 qdkif? qkdifcef; 51 cef;? AvDESpfck?
tm&ADausmif; &Spfausmif;? um;udk;pD;ESihf qdkifu,f
av;pD; rD;avmifqHk;½IH;cJhonf/
vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf eHeuf 9 em&DcGJ
wGif w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u
armfawmf,mOfrsm;jzifh xGufcGmvm&m armifawm
NrdKUe,f? EGm;½Hkawmifaus;&GmteD;ta&mufwGif
tpG e f ; a&muf tMurf ; zuf o rm; 150 cef Y u
"m;&Snfrsm;udkifaqmifNyD; um;\ab;b,fnm
0dkif;0ef;wm;qD;ydwfqdkY tMurf;zufojzifh wm;qD;cJh
&onf/
vHNk cKH a&;wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;onf eHeuf 11 em&DcefY
wGif armifawmNrdKUe,f? NrdKUolBuD;aus;&GmtwGif;
w&m;Oya'pd k ; rd k ; a&;vk y f i ef ; rsm;aqmif & G u f & ef
xGufcGmvmpOf tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform;
rsm;u acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfjcif;? qGJrkdif;rsm;jzifh
ta0;rS rdkif;axmifazmufcGJtMurf;zufjcif;rsm;
jyKvk y f í tjyef t vS e f y pf c wf r I r sm;jzpf y G m ;NyD ;
tMurf;zuform;tavmif; wpfavmif;&&dS cJo
armifawmNrdKUe,f? uRef;aygufjyKpkacsmif;0
&Juif;pcef;udk eHeuf 11 em&DcGJwGif tpGef;a&muf
tMurf;zuform; 300 cefYu vma&muf 0dik ;f 0ef;
ojzif h vH k N cH K a&;wyf z G J U 0if r sm;u w&m;Oya'
pd k ; rd k ; a&;aqmif & G u f & NyD ; NrKd U ol B uD ; aus;&G m ü
tpGe;f a&muf tMurf;zuform;rsm;u vufvyk rf ikd ;f
rsm;qGí J tMurf;zufazmufcJG wku d cf u
kd frIrsm; jyKvkyf
cJhonf/
xdaY k emuf vHNk cKHa&;wyfzUJ G 0ifrsm;onf us;D uef;jyif
e,fjcm;apmifh&J uGyfuGJrIXmecsKyfodkY qufvuf
xGufcGm&m rGef;vGJ 12 em&D 5 rdepfwGif armifawm
NrdKUe,f? oD[dkVfjcHtvGef EGm;½Hkawmifaus;&Gmt0if
um;vrf;odaYk &muf&cSd sed w f iG f tpGe;f a&muftMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;u vuf v k y f r d k i f ; jzif h tMurf ; zuf
rdkif;axmifazmufcGJrIaMumifh tjyeftvSeyf pfcwfrI
zuff wdu
k cf u
kd rf t
I ajctaersm; (2017)
jzpfyGm;aomfvnf; ,mOfESifhwyfzGJU0ifrsm; xdcdkuf
'Pf&mr&aMumif; od&onf/
tpG e f ; a&muf t Murf ; zuf o rm;rsm;onf
rGef;vGJ 1 em&DwGif armifawmNrdKUrawmif &yfuGuf
q,ftdrfrSL; tAlac:bDbD (62) ESpfudk aetdrf
twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufowfjzwfoGm;onf/
G &f ef tpG e f ; a&muf t Murf ; zuf o rm;rsm;\
tMurf;zufvyk af qmifraI Mumifh armifawm NrKd Ue,f?
Zif y d k i f n mvrf ; qH k ü rG e f ; vG J 2 em&D w G i f rd k i f ;
ESpfvHk;aygufuGJNyD; rGef;vGJ 2 em&DcGJwGif aemufxyf
rdkif;ESpfvHk; xyfrHaygufuGJojzihf a'ocHjynfolrsm;
txdwfwvefYjzpf&aomfvnf; xdcdkuf'Pf&mr&
&dSaMumif; od&onf/
xdjYk yif rGe;f vGJ 2 em&DwiG f armifawmaq;½Hak &SU
aZmwdum½Hb k ek ;f awmfBu;D ausmif;teD;&dS [dEL´ bmom0if
rsm;aexdkifonfh aetdrftwGif;odkY tpGef;a&muf
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u vufeufi,fjzifh av;csuf
ypfcwfojzihf tjypfrt hJ &yfom; [dEL´ uav;i,f (usm;)
wpfOD;aoqHk;NyD; trsKd;om;wpfOD; 'Pf&m&&dSonf/
armifawmNrdKUe,f Zifydkifnmvrf;qHkteD;ü
h nf/ rGef;vGJ 1 em&DcGJwGif rdkif;ESpfvHk;? rGef;vGJ 2 em&D 15
rdepfwGif rdkif;ESpfvHk;? rGef;vGJ 2 em&D 45 rdepfwGif
rdik ;f wpfv;kH ? nae 3 em&D 10 rdepfwiG f rdik ;f wpfv;kH ?
nae 3 em&D rdepf 50 wGif rdkif;wpfvHk;? nae 4
em&D 5 rdepfwGif rdkif;wpfvHk;? nae 4 em&D 10
rdepfwGif rdkif;ESpfvHk;? nae 4 em&DcGJwGif rdkif;oHk;vHk;
ESifh nae 4 em&D 32 rdepfwGif aemufxyfrdkif;
wpfvHk; pkpkaygif; rdkif; 14 vHk; qufwdkufaygufuGJrI
jzpfymG ;Ny;D jzpfpOfwiG f a'ocHjynforl sm; xdcu kd 'f Pf&m
r&&dSaMumif; od&onf/
Mo*k wf v (27) &uf r S (28) &uf txd
tpGe;f a&muftMurf;zuform;rsm; axmifxm;onfh
vufvkyfrdkif; 45 vHk; aygufuGJNyD; aus;&Gmckepf&Gm?
uif;pcef;wpfckESifh armifawmNrdKUay:&yfuGuf
ESpaf e&mwdu Yk dk tMurf;zuform;rsm;u rD;½dUI zsuq f ;D
cJhonf/
279
 &cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh tMurf;zu
zuff wdu
vHNk cHKa&;wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;onf Mo*kwv f (30)
&uf eHeufydkif;wGif armifawmNrdKUe,f e,fajr 4
twGi;f w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
pOf ARSA tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform; 100
ausmfu wkwf? "m;rsm;jzihf 0dkif;0ef;wdu k cf ukd o
jyefvnfcck w H ukd cf u
kd &f m tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf
teD;&daS wmifuek ;f ay:odYk xGuaf jy;wdr;f a&SmifomG ;Ny;D
tMurf;zuform; ac:bD&marmuf (35) ES p f ?
tmEkaqmfbD (13) ESp?f aqGa,mh'al qmif; (54) ESpf
ESifh tDvD,mpf (24) ESpfwdkY av;OD;udk udkifaqmif
vmonfh "m;rsm;ESit hf wl zrf;qD;&rdojzifh oufqikd &f m
e,fajr&Jpcef;ü trIziG t hf a&;,l aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/
vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf nae 3 em&DcGJ
wGif a'ocHzsm;emvlemrsm;udk armifawmaq;½Hk
odyYk aYkd qmifpOf armifawmNrKd Ue,f? oD[Vkd af us;&GmteD;
EGm;½HkawmifauGUü ARSA tpGef;a&muftMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;u vufeufi,frsm;jzifh ypfcwfwu kd cf ukd f
ojzifh jyefvnfypfcwfcJh&NyD; nae 4 em&D cefYwGif
EGm;½Hak wmifvrf;qHük ARSA tpGe;f a&muf tMurf;zuf
orm;rsm;u vufvyk rf ikd ;f ESpv f ;kH azmufcGJcJhonf/
Mo*kwv f (31) &uf rGe;f vJyG ikd ;f wGif ar,kawmif
ajc? tif;'ifaus;&GmteD; vHkjcHKa&;wyfzGJU 0ifrsm;u
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&GufpOf ARSA
tpGef;a&muf tMurf;zuform; 150 ausmfu
"m;jzihf0ifa&muf wdkufcdkufojzifh jyefvnfckcH
ypfcwf&m tMurf;zuform; wpfOD;aoqHk;cJhNyD;
tMurf;zuform;rsm;u rkdif;ESpfvHk;azmufcGJojzihf
aetdrfESpfvHk; rD;avmifuRrf;cJhonf/
vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf rGef;vGJydkif;wGif
e,fajr 11? bl;oD;awmifNrKd Ue,f? pdr;f n§i;f jymaus;&Gm
tkyfpk? jyif&Snfaus;&Gmae rouFmol t'lwmvpf
(22) ESpfudkvnf;aumif;? e,fajr 6 armifawm
NrdKUe,f r*FvmBuD;acsmif;0pcef;teD;odkY a&muf&dS
vmaom rouFmolwpfOD;udkvnf;aumif; zrf;qD;
&rdojzihf ppfaq;&m xdEk pS Of ;D onf armifawma'o
twGif; tMurf;zufrIjzpfpOfrsm;wGif yg0ifaMumif;
k cf u
kd rf t
I ajctaersm; (2017)
od&ojzihf Oya'ESifhtnD ta&;,laqmif&Guf
cJhonf/
G f vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf pufwifbmv
(3) &uf noef;acgifcefYwGif armifawmNrdKUe,f?
f jzifh atmufjyL;raus;&GmESifh ig;cl&aus;&Gm qufoG,f
xm;onfh ig;cl&aps;xdyw f w H m;ü rouFmzG,v f yI &f mS ;rI
rsm;awGU&dSojzihf oGm;a&mufppfaq;pOf ARSA
tpGef;a&muftMurf;zuform;rsm;u vufeuf
i,frsm;jzihfypfcwfrIaMumifh jyefvnfypfcwf&m
tMurf;zuform;rsm;onf aetdrf 50 udk rD;½dIU
zsufqD;NyD; atmufjyL;raus;&GmbufodkY qkwfcGm
oGm;cJhNyD; vufvkyfrdkif;wpfvHk;ESifh qufpyfypönf;
rsm; odrf;qnf;&rdonf/
vHkjcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf pufwifbmv
(4) &uf eHeufyikd ;f wGif w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;vkyif ef;
aqmif & G u f p Of armif a wmNrd K Ue,f ? tk e f ; awm
taemufaus;&Gm&dS aetdrf 120 ausmu f dk ARSA
tpGe;f a&muftMurf;zuform;rsm;u rD;½dIUzsufqD;
xm;aMumif;awGU&onf/ xdjYk yif aZmfrwufaus;&Gm
tkyfpk? '*Fg;aus;&GmwGif aetdrf 30? aqmfuD;emr
aus;&GmwGif aetdrf 50? [oFm&aus;&GmwGif aetdrf
10 vH;k pkpak ygif; aetdrt f vH;k 90 rD;avmifuRr;f
aeaMumif; owif;t& oGm;a&muf p pf a q;&m
rGe;f wnfh 12 em&Dcefw Y iG f rD;Nird ;f oGm;aMumif; awGU&
onf/
vHkNcHKa&;wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf rGef;vGJydkif;wGif
armifawmNrdKUe,f? csed cf gvDaus;&GmtwGi;f w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&;vkyfief;aqmif&GufpOf aus;&GmtpGef&dS
aetdrfwpfvHk; rD;avmifuRrf;aeaMumif;awGU&NyD;
tqd k y gaetdrfwGif rdkif;ESpfvHk;aygufuGJc J h onf/
tjcm;vHkNcHKa&; tzGJUwpfzGJUonf rGef;vGJydkif;wGif
armifawmNrdKUe,f? oabFmauGUaus;&Gmwpf0dkuf
w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;vkyif ef;rsm;aqmif&u G pf Of tqdyk g
aus;&Gm&dS aetdrf 400 cefrY mS ARSA tpGe;f a&muf
tMurf;zuform;rsm;\ rD;½dIUzsufqD;rIaMumifh
rD;avmifysupf ;D aeaMumif; awGU&onf/
280
 &cdik jf ynfe,ftwGi;f jzpfymG ;cJo
h nfh tMurf;zu
zuff wdu
k cf u
kd rf t
I ajctaersm; (2017)

armifawmNrKdU? trSwf 5 &yfuu G ?f MPT wm0gwdik f &&doS nf/ aus;&Gmaygif; 59 &Gm? tdrf 6842 vHk;
teD;ü naeydkif;wGif rouFmolwpfOD;udk awGU&dS& rD;½dUI zsuq
f ;D cH&Ny;D wHwm;&Sppf if; rdik ;f axmifzsuqf ;D
ojzifh vHjk cKH a&;wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;u oGm;a&mufppfaq;pOf jcif;cH&onf/ xdo k Ykd tMurf;zufrv
I yk &f yfrsm;aMumifh
wm0gwdkif \ ta&SUbufjcHpnf;½dk;teD; tcsif; &cdkifjynfe,f? armifawma'owGif aexdkifolrsm;
ESpvf ufr? t&Snf ud;k vufr&dS oHyu kd v
f ;kH jzihf jyKvyk f onf ae&yfpeG cYf mG í e,fpyf{&d,mtygt0if vHNk cKH &m
xm;aom vufvkyfrdkif;wpf v H k ; ES i f h tjzLa&mif ae&mrsm;wGif cdkvIHaexdkifcJhMu&m pufwifbmv
0dkif,mBudK; t&Snfay 100 cefY wpfacsmif;ESihf teD? (4) &uftxd tMurf;zufrIaMumifh ae&yfpGefYcGm
teuf ESpyf ifvrd 0f ikd , f mBuKd ; t&Snf 45 aycefw Y uYkd kd wdrf;a&Smif&ol wdkif;&if;om; 26,747 OD; &dScJhonf/
vufvkyfrdkif;ESifh qufo, G xf m;onfuakd wGU&ojzifh tqdkygtajctaewGif EdkifiHawmftpdk;&
z,f&Sm;cJh&onf/ taejzifh vlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;rIqdkif&m

e,fpyfa'ownfNidrfat;csrf;a&;twGuf b*Fvm;a'h&Sf-jrefrm ESpfEdkifiHtMum;

uif;vSnhfppfaq;aeonhf jrefrme,fjcm;apmihfwyfzGJU0ifrsm;

ARSA tpGef; a&muftMurf;zuform;rsm;\ ulnDaxmufyHhrIrsm;udk ay;tyf&efwm0ef&dSonhf

wdkufcdkufzsufqD;rIaMumifh Mo*kwfv (25) &ufrS
pufwifbmv (5) &uftxd vHNk cKH a&;wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;
ESifh ARSA tpGef; a&muftMurf;zuftzGJUrsm;onf
xdawGUwdu k cf u
kd rf aI ygif; 97 Burd jf zpfymG ;&m vHjk cKH a&;
wyfzUJG 0if 13 OD;? Edik if 0hH efxrf;ESpOf ;D pkpak ygif; 15 OD;
usqHk;NyD; a'ocHwkdif;&if;om; 14 OD;? a'ocH[dE´L
bmom0if ckepfO;D ? tpGe;f a&muf tMurf;zuform;
ckepfOD; pkpkaygif; 28 OD; aoqHk;onf/ ARSA
tpGef;a&muftMurf;zuform; 371 OD; tao
&&dSum 38 OD; zrf;qD;&rdonf/ xdkYjyif vHkNcHKa&;
wyfzGJU0if 15 OD;? EdkifiHh0efxrf;oHk;OD;? a'ocH
wkid ;f &if;om;av;OD; pkpak ygif; 22 OD; xdcu kd 'f Pf&m
tavsmuf xda&mufaom tpDtrHrsm;csrSwfí
ulnDaxmufyHhrIrsm;udk MuufajceDvIyf&Sm;rI (Red
Cross Movement) ESifhtwl qufvufaqmif&Guf
vsu&f o
Sd nf/ xdo k aYdk qmif&uG &f mwGif ae&yfpeG cYf mG &
olrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;tyf&mü vlom;csif;
pmemaxmufxm;rI tultnDay;tyfjcif;qkdif&m
tajccHrrl sm;ESit
fh nD cGjJ cm;rIr&dbS J jynfwiG ;f ^jynfy
tvSL&Sifrsm;u yl;aygif;yg0ifulnDaxmufyHhEdkifa&;
twGuf xda&mufpmG aqmif&u G o f mG ;rnfjzpfaMumif;
owif;xkwfjyefxm;onf/
pd k ; atmif

281
 vDvDMumñGefeY?f a':
umñG

vD v D M um ñG efe fY ? a': (1928-2017)

umñG (1928-2017)// / oDqckd o
hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf ]0gOD;ur,fzh ;l pm? cspaf w;vTm?
yxrqHk; EdkifiHwumNydKifyGJ0iftrsKd;orD; tm;upm;
r,f a':vDvDMumñGefYudk puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;
OD;MumñGefY ESihf a':apmñGew Yf u
Ykd 1928 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D
(19) &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/
i,fpOfu &efuek Nf rKUd c&pfvrf; (Adv k jf rwfxeG ;f
vrf;) &dS pdefYzdvpf t*Fvdyftv,fwef;ausmif;ü
ynmoif,cl o hJ nf/ i,fpOfuyif ausmif;ESpyf wfvnf
tm;upm;NyKd iyf rJG sm;ü 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd icf Jhonf/
a':vDvDMumñGefY
1948 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if üH yxrqH;k usi;f y
aom trsK;d orD; bm;uRr;f NyKd iyf w JG iG f 0ifa&muf,OS f
NydKifonf/ ajrjyifuRrf;? aowåmbm;? wef;bm;
oHk;rsKd;,SOfNydKif&m a':vDvDMumñGefYu yxrqk
&cJNh y;D aemufyikd ;f 1948? 1949? 1950 ckEpS rf sm;wGif
oH;k ESpq f ufwu dk f Adv
k pf o JG jzifh bm;uRr;f qkaiGzvm;udk
&&dScJhonf/
a':vDvDMumñGefYonf aw;oDcsif;oDqdkrI
wGifvnf; 0goemygoljzpf&m ]wpf&GmpDae} oDcsif;
udk [,f&DpHwifhESifhwGJzufoDqdkcJhNyD; jrefrmhtoHu
xkwv f iT ahf y;cJo
h nf/ xdo k cD si;f onf a':vDvMDumñGe\
yxrqHk;toHvTifhoDcsif; jzpfonf/ a':vDv D
MumñGefYonf wD;0dkif;acgif;aqmif pE´&m;q&m
at0rf;cifarmif\zdwfac:rIjzihf acwå&mat;
a&;pyfaom ]cspw f if;qd}k oDcsi;f udk yxrqH;k ud,
arSmifxJucspfol? cspfaqG;oH? wpfa&mifwnf;jc,f}
ponfhoDcsif;rsm;oDqdk toHvTifhcJhonf/
a':vDvDMumñGefUonf zcifwm0efxrf;
aqmifonfjh ynfNrKd Uüaexdik cf &hJ m jynfNrdKUvGwfvyfa&;
tm;upm;NydKifyGJü vSHwHypfEiS hf rDwm 100 ajy;yGrJ sm;
wGif yxr&&do S nf/ xdak cwfu taumiftxnf
azmf a om jynf a wmf o mpD r H u d e f ; twG u f j yyG J
usif;y&m xdkyGJwGif jynfNrdKUrwl&d,mtzGJUESifhwGJí
oDcsif;ajcmufyk'f oDqdkcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf &efukefwdkif; trsKd;orD;udk,fvuf
BuHhcdkifa&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;cs,fcefx Y m;jcif;cH&Ny;D aemuf
ud k ,f vuf B uHhc d k i f a&;aumif p D ñT e f M um;a&;rS L ;
OD;armifarmifuav;? OD;aZmf0dwf? a':xGm;MuL?
a':MuifpD? q&m0efa':ydkydk? OD;EGJU (abmfvDabm)?
OD;oHacsmif; (bwfpuufabm)? OD;vSjrihf (bm;uRrf;)
wdkYxHwGif tm;upm;ynmrsm; oifwef;wufa&muf
oif,cl iG hf &cJo h nf/
e,fNrKd Ursm;odv Yk nS v h f nfum ajy;ckeyf pf? vufa0S?Y
abmfvaD bm? bwfpuufabm? abmvHk; ponfh
tm;upm;enf;rsm;udk &ufwdkoifwef;rsm;zGifhvSpf
ydkYcsay;cJhonf/ xdkoifwef;rsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiH\
tm;upm;orkid ;f wGif yxrqH;k tBurd t f jzpf Edik if tH ESHY
tjym; tm;upm; oifwef;rsm;ydcYk say;jcif; jzpfonf/
1954 ckESpf? azazmf0g&DvwGif &efukefNrdKU?
atmifqef;tm;upm;uGif;ü trsKd;om;wHcGefpdkuf
tm;upm;NydKifyGJ usif;y&m a':vDvDMumñGeo Yf nf
oHv;kH ypfEiS vhf wHS yH pfNydKiyf rJG sm;ü taumif;qH;k pHcsdefrsm;
&í tm&Stm;upm;yGJtwGuf yPmra&G;cs,fcH
cJh&NyD; jrefrmhtm;upm;orkdif;wGif EdkifiHudk,fpm;jyK
jynfyodkYoGm;a&muf ,SOfNydKif&aom yxrqHk;
Yf trsKd;orD; jzpfvmonf/
a':vDvMD umñGeo Yf nf udjk rBu;D \aw;Adrmef
tzGJUwGif udkrif;aemifa&;onfh ]we*FaEG}? pE´&m;
cspaf qGa&;onfh ]wcsp&f mS &Sm}? udjk rwfav;a&;onfh
k w
f ikd f ]vmao;w,f omat;&,f}? ],aeYygqd&k if}? ]arwåm

282
vDvDMumñGefeY?f a':
umñG
rd;k wpfayguf}? ][du k rÇmu BuKd yg}? ]armifBu;D Nird ;f csr;f }?
aomwarmif\ ]cGe;f MuLvSnu hf ,
G }f ? ]awG;&cufBu;D }
ponfo h cD si;f rsm;udk oDqt kd oHviT jhf zpfonf/ udrk sK;d vdiI f
\ ya'om"mwfjym;ukrÜPDwGif ]awG;&cufBuD;?
,aeYygqdk&if? vmao;w,fomat;&,f? cGef;MuL
vSnu hf , G ?f wcsp&f mS &Sm? arwåma&Tapmif;} ponfo h cD si;f
rsm;udk "mwfjym;oGi;f jzpfonf/ atmifvif;a&;onfh
]arwåma&Tapmif;} oDcsif;rSm a':vDvDMumnTefY\
tausmfMum;qHk;oDcsif; jzpfcJhonf/
a':vDvDMumñGefYonf at0rf;cifarmif
wD;0dkif;wGif ]rtdkao;wJhcspfol}? tdyfrufay;vdkY
cspfa&;qdkovm;}? ]yef;uav;aA'g} ponfhoDcsif;
rsm;udk oDqo k d nf/ xdaY k emuf &yfem;aeaom csKad w;quf
tzGJU jyefvnfvIyf&Sm;&m uAsmq&marmif,Ofarmf
u pmom;a&;NyD; udkatmifudk;u toHoGif;onfh
]tdu k ah H umfawm}? ]pHy,fyef;yefO;D r,f} ponfo h cD si;f wdkYrSm
xif&Sm;onf/
a':atmifMunf w k d Y x H r S oD c sif ; BuD ; rsm;
oif,o l nf/ oDcsi;f Bu;D tyk'f 30 cef&Y Ny;D jrefrmñGeYf
oDcsif;BuD;wl&d,mtzGJUu oDcsif;rsm;toHvTifh&m
"mwfjym; 10 csyf&onf/
1987 ckESpfwGif cifyGef;jzpfol tar&duef
jynfaxmifpk? 0g&Sifwef'DpD&dS AGDtdkat jrefrmydkif;
toH v T i f h X meod k Y oG m ;a&muf t rI x rf ; &ojzif h
a':vDvDMumñGefYvnf; vdkufygoGm;cJhonf/ 1991
ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiHodkY jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmNyD;
pE´&m;vSx#G f acgif;aqmifaomwD;0dik ;f ESihf Adv k u f av;
wifah tmif\ ]oeyfcg;uRerf b0yHjk yif} ESihf ]tEkynm
onfrsm;odkY}? pE´&m;vSxG#f\ ]cspfpdwf} ESifh ]tcspf
yHk&dyf}? pE´&m;cspfaqG\ ]ncspfol}? csKdaw;quf
atmifu;kd \ ]armifarmif}? armifarmifvwf\ ]rcspf
awmhypfaygh}? ]ta0;qH;k od}Yk ESihf ]aemufrsm;rS yefawmh
r,f&Sif} oDcsif;wdkYukd toHoGif;cJhonf/
1958 ckEpS w f Gif OD;atmifausmEf iS hf vufxyf
cJhNyD; om;ESpaf ,mufEiS hf orD;oH;k a,muf xGe;f um;
onf / a':vD v D M umñG e f Y o nf 2017 ck E S p f ?
283
vGwf
wNf idrf;oufommcGcGifh
Mo*kwfv (26) &ufwGif &efukefNrdKUü uG,fvGef
onf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif cifyGef;OD;atmifausmf
(b0opf) (pma&;q&marmifMumndK)? om;OD;rif;
acgifausm?f orD; a'gufwm&wemausm?f a':tmom
0wDausm?f om;OD;owd;k ausm?f orD;a':ykPrÖ aD usmEf iS hf
ajr;ckepfO;D wdkY usef&pfonf/
pd k ; atmif
vGwf
wNf idrf;ouf o mmcG
cG iYf/ / Edik if aH wmftpd;k &
taejzihf jypf'PfuscHaeaom tusOf;om;rsm;udk
jypf'PfuscaH epOf pnf;urf;vdu k ef mrI? aumif;rGepf mG
aexdkifrIwdkY tay:tajccHí tusOf;axmifvufpGJ
enf;Oya' tydk'f 847 ESifh 848 wdkYt& txl;
avQmh&ufrsm; cHpm;cGifhjyKay;vsuf&dSonf/ 2017
ckEpS f jrefrmh ESpo f pfu;l oMueF yf aJG wmfumvrwkid rf D
tusO;f axmif pcef;toD;oD;rS pnf;urf;vdu k ef mol?
aumif;rGepf mG aexdik o f l tusO;f om;? tusO;f olrsm;
udk ESpfopfwGif pdwfopfvlopfjzifh b0opfpwif
Edik &f ef&nf&, G íf txl;avQm&h ufjzihf vGwNf ird ;f cGijhf yK
vdkufNyD jzpfaMumif; 2017 ckESpf? {NyDv (12) &uf
wGif jynfaxmifpo k r®wjrefrmEdik if aH wmf Edik if aH wmf
twkdifyifcH½Hk;0efBuD;Xme owif;xkwfjyefcsufjzihf
xkwfjyefonf/
(u) &efukefwkdif;a'oBuD;OD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 391
OD;? r 62 OD;? pkpkaygif; 453 OD;
(c) rEÅav;wdkif;a'oBuD;OD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 356
OD;? r 48 OD;? pkpkaygif; 404 OD;
(*) ppfudkif;wdkif;a'oBuD;OD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 135
OD;? r 12 OD;? pkpkaygif; 147 OD;
(C) {&m0wDwdkif;a'oBuD;OD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 117
OD;? r 6 OD;? pkpkaygif; 123 OD;
(i) &Srf;jynfe,fOD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 101 OD;? r 7
OD;? pkpkaygif; 108 OD;
(p) yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;OD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 139 OD;?
r 37 OD;? pkpkaygif; 176 OD;
 vGwf
wNf idrf;oufommcGcGifh

(q) rGefjynfe,fOD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 30 OD;? r 7 OD;? twl wm0ef x rf ; aqmif Ed k i f a pa&;twG u f

pkpkaygif; 37 OD;
(Z) weoFm&Dwidk ;f a'oBu;D OD;pD;rSL;½H;k -usm; 25 OD;
(ps) ucsijf ynfe,fO;D pD;rSL;½H;k -usm; 53 OD;? r 7 OD;?
pkpkaygif; 60 OD;
(n) &cdik jf ynfe,fO;D pD;rSL;½H;k -usm; 86 OD;? r 20
OD;? pkpkaygif; 106 OD;
(#) rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;OD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 70 OD;?
r 11 OD;? pkpkaygif; 81 OD;
(X) u,m;jynfe,fOD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 6 OD;? r 1
OD;? pkpkaygif; 7 OD;
(!) u&ifjynfe,fOD;pD;rSL;½Hk;-usm; 30 OD;? r 3
OD;? pkpkaygif; 33 OD;
(¡) ukefxkwfvkyfief;Xme- usm; 111 OD;? r 12
OD;? pkpkaygif; 123 OD;
(pkpkaygif; - usm; 1650 OD;? r 233 OD;?
pkpkaygif; 1883 OD;)
vnf;aumif;? vl r I a &;t& iJ h n § m aomtm;jzifh
vnf;aumif; Edik if aH wmfor®wonf tusO;f axmif
toD ; oD ; wG i f tusOf ; uscH a eaom Ed k i f i H o m;
tusO;f om; 186 OD;udk zGUJ pnf;yHt k ajccHOya' yk'rf
204? yk'frcGJ (u) t& jypf'PfvGwfNidrf;cGiahf y;
vdkufaMumif; arv (23) &ufwGif jynfaxmifpk
or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf EdkifiHawmfor®w½Hk;\
trdefYtrSwf (8^2017) jzifh xkwfjyefonf/
jynfaxmifpNk ird ;f csr;f a&;nDvmcH -(21) &mpk
yifvHkudk BudKqdkaomtm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? EdkifiH
tcsi;f csi;f rdw0f wfrysuf qufqaH &;udk a&S;½Iaom
tm;jzifvh nf;aumif; Edik if aH wmfor®wonf tusO;f
axmiftoD;oD;wGif tusO;f uscaH eaom Edik if jH cm;om;
tusOf;om; 73 OD;udk zGJUpnf;yHktajccH Oya'yk'fr
204? yk ' f r cG J (u) t& jypf ' Pf v G w f N id r f ; cG i f h
ay;vdkufaMumif; arv (23) &ufwiG f jynfaxmifpk

vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGihfaMumihf tusOf;axmifrS vGwfajrmufvmolrsm;ukd

rdom;pk0ifrsm;u BudKqdkMupOf

jynfaxmifpk Nird ;f csr;f a&; nDvmcH-(21) &mpk or®wjrefrmEdik if aH wmf EdkifiaH wmfor®w½Hk;\ trdefY
yifvu
kH BkduKd qakd omtm;jzihf vnf;aumif;? Edik if aH wmf\ trSwf (9^2017) jzihf xkwfjyefonf/
arwåmESifhapwemudkem;vnfNyD; rdrdtusKd;? a'o rEÅav;tusO;f axmifEiS h f tif;pdet
f usO;f axmif
tusKd;? EdkifiHawmftusKd;twGuf trsm;jynfolESifh wdüYk tusO;f uscaH e&aom tusO;f om;? ausmif;om;?

284
vGwf
wNf idrf;oufommcGcGifh
ausmif ; ol ck e pf O D ; onf Mo*k w f v (7) &uf
eHeufydkif;wGif jyefvnfvw G af jrmufonf/ jyefvnf
vGwaf jrmufvmonfh ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;rSm
rEÅav;tusO;f axmifrS &Te;f vJah 0ausmf (c) rtjrL;?
[d e f ; xuf a tmif (c) vD&Sif;xuf? vdIifrif;OD;?
xG#af cgifrsK;d 0if;? atmifcsr;f rif;? tif;pdet
f usO;f axmif
rS &JxG#fatmif (c) xG#fxG#f? oif;EdkifNzdK; (c)
oufNzdK;Edkif (c) aemifuGJwdkY jzpfonf/ tqdkyg
tusOf;om;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfor®w½Hk;\ 2017
ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (4) &uf &ufpGJygpmtrSwf 102
(1)^8^or®w½Hk;t& &mZ0wfusifhxHk; Oya'yk'fr
401? yk'frcGJ (1) jzifh jypf'PfrS vGwfNidrf;oufom
cGifhjyKjcif; jzpfonf/
pd k ; atmif
vS j rif h? a'guf w m ((pDpD ; yG m ;a&;ynm&S i f )
(19
(192020
20-2 -2017)/ / pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Si?f abm*aA'
-2017)/
ynm&Sif a'gufwmvSjrihu f kd 1920 jynfEh pS ?f rwfv
(20) &ufwGif ykodrfNrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/ i,fpOfu
ykodrfNrdKU trsKd;om;txufwef;ausmif;ü 10 wef;
atmifonftxd ynmoif,lonf/
1936 ckESpfwGif wuúodkvf 'kwd,oydwf
arS m uf a omtcg a'guf w mvS j rif h o nf Oypm
txufwef;ausmif;ü ynmoif,laecsdefjzpfonf/
1937-38 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd o
f r*¾\td;k a0r*¾Zif;
ü t*Fvdyfpmu@pmwnf; jzpfvmonf/ 1939
ckESpfwGif abm*aA'*kPx f ;l wef;ü 0dZmÆ *kPx f ;l bGUJ
[ B.A(Hons)] udk yxrtqifhjzifh atmifjrifonf/
a'gufwmvSjrifo h nf 1939 ckEpS wf iG f t*Fvef
EdkifiHodkY ynmawmfoiftjzpf apvTwjf cif;cH&onf/
t*FvefEdkifiH&dS vef'efwuúodkvf\ emrnfBuD;
aumvdyfwpfckjzpfonfh vef'efpD;yGm;a&;aumvdyf
(London School of Economics) ü wufa&muf ynmoif
,l&m 1943 ckESpfwGif abm*aA'yg&*lbGJU «Ph.D
(Economics)» &&do S nf/ 1946 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if H
285
vSjrifh? a'gufwm ((pD
pD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif)
od k Y j yef v mNyD ; &ef u k e f w uú o d k v f ü abm*aA'
ygarmu©tjzpf vnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpfwGif
jref r mtpd k ; &pD ; yG m ;a&;tMuH a y;t&m&d S tjzpf
vnf;aumif; wm0ef,al qmif&u G o f nf/ a'gufwm
vSjrihfonf 1950 jynfhESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiHodkY
jyefvnfoGm;a&mufNyD; atmufpzdkY'fwuúodkvfü
topf z G i f h a om rzG H U Nzd K ;ao;aomEd k i f i H r sm;\
abm*aA'bmom&yfudk uxdutjzpf oifMum;
ay;onf/
a'gufwmvSjrifh
1958 ckEpS w f iG f tdraf pmift
h pd;k &u a'gufwm
vSjrifhudk jrefrmEdkifiHodkYjyefvm&ef zdwfac:cJhNyD;
&efukefwuúodkvfygarmu©csKyftjzpf cefYtyfonf/
1960 jynfhESpfwGif &mxl;rSEkwfxGufNyD; t*Fvef
EdkifiHodkY jyefoGm;cJhonf/
a'gufwmvSjriho f nf ud,
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294
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okremeE´? b'´EÅ
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*kPfxl;ESifhwuG atmifjrifawmfrlí omoe"Z
od&Dy0&"r®mp&d,bGJUudk &&dScJhonf/
q&mawmfonf r*FvmawmifnTefYNrdKUe,f?
qkawmif;jynfhausmif;wdkufü pmayy&d,wdårsm;
ydcYk scNhJ y;D y"meem,u q&mawmftjzpf aqmif&u G f
cJhonf/ q&mawmfonf NrdKUe,f0denf;"dk&f? wkdif;
0denf;"dk&f? NrdKUe,foHCmh0efaqmif EdkifiHawmf oHC
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q&mawmftjzpf omoemhwm0efxrf;aqmifcJh
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2005 ckESpfwGif t*¾r[m*E¦0gpu y@dwbGJU
wHqdyfawmf? 2011 ckESpfwGif t*¾r[my@dwbGJU
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295
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OD;tHk;armifxHwGif yef;csyD nm&yfukd pwifoifMum;
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yef;csDa&;enf;udk t"duxm;í oif,l a vh u sif h
cJhonf/
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usif;yaom vGwfvyfa&;aeYtxdrf;trSwf yef;csD
NyKd iyf üJG yxrOD;qH;k a&Twq H yd fudk qGwcf ;l &&dcS o
hJ nf/
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wGif&&dSaom yxrOD;qHk; qkwHqdyfjzpfonf/
OD;aomif;[efonf 1959 ckEpS w f iG f oxHNk rKd U
txufwef;ausmif;rS rufx&pfatmifjrifcJhonf/
od k Y a omf armif a omif ; [ef r S m wuú o d k v f
qufwuf&ef pdwfr0ifpm;bJ yef;csDynmudkom
oif,&l ef pdwt f m;xufoefco hJ nf/
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cef;rwGifzGifhvSpfaom yef;csDyef;ykoifwef;ausmif;
wGif pwifwufa&muf oifMum;cGifh&&dScJhonf/
armifaomif;[ef\ ausmif;aezufrsm;rSm okckr
tH;k cif? S wifa&T? pH&ifEiS phf ed wf ifaz (½ky&f iS 'f g½du
k w f m)
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enf;jyrsm;rSm OD; M wifat;u tajccHyq kH yJG nm
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onf/
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yef;csq D &mtjzpf ESpEf pS Mf umvkyu f ikd cf o

hJ nf/ pme,fZif;
yef;csDq&mtjzpf jr0wD? aoG;aomuf? ya'om?
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pmapmifrsm;wGiv f nf; o½kyaf zmfyef;csrD sm;udk a&;qGJ
cJo h nf/ urÇmu h se;f rma&;tzGJU\ taqmufttHk
opf B uD ; ü jref r mEd k i f i H r S v S L 'gef ; aom eH&Huyf
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wifat;ESit hf wl q&mOD;aomif;[ef vufprG ;f jycGihf
&cJhonf/
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0efBu;D XmerSusi;f yaom tvkyo f rm;aeY? awmifol
OD;aomif;[ef v,form;aeY? wyfrawmfaeY? jynfaxmifpkaeY?
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rS yef;csD ynmbG J U vuf r S w f u d k &&d S c J h o nf / 1970 jynfhESpfwGif OD;aomif;[ef\ ]]yef;csD
armifaomif;[efonf jyifyyef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;jzpf odyÜHoifwef;}} udk &efukefNrdKU? a&Twd*Hkbk&m;vrf;ESifh
aom OD;odef;[ef? OD;pH0if;? OD;aiGudkifwdkYxHwGif ukeo f nfvrf;axmifw h iG f pwifziG v fh pS cf o
hJ nf/ ,if;
vnf; ynmoif,lcJhonf/ yef;cso D ifwef;ü tajccHyq k H yJ G nmrSpNy;D (water colour) (oil
1953 ckESpfrSmyif ynma&;0efBuD;XmewGif colour) txd oifMum;ay;onf/ xd& k ufyikd ;f wGif
ausmif;oifyef;cseD nf;jyq&mtjzpf pwiftrIxrf; &efuek Nf rKd UodYk vma&mufrwufa&mufEdkifolrsm; \
onf/ 1954 ckEpS w f iG f a':cifvv S ES iS hf awmifiNl rKd Uü awmif ; qd k c suf t & ]]yef ; csD o d y Ü H p may;pm,l
vufxyfonf/ xdkYaemuf 1953-56 ckESpftxd? ta0;oifwef;ausmif;}} udkyg xyfrHzGifhvSpfay;cJh
jzL;NrKd Ue,f txufwef;ausmif;wGif vnf;aumif;? onf/
&efukefwdkif;? r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f&dS jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if wH iG f wpfBurd w f pfcgrQ xkwaf 0cJjh cif;
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urm&GwfNrdKUe,f vlrI0efxrf;usm;ausmif;wGif udk 1970 jynfEh pS w f iG f xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ xdjYkyif ]]tajccH
vnf;aumif; ausmif;oifyef;csq D &mtjzpf trIxrf; yef;csyD nm}} pmtkyEf iS hf ]]ta&mifa&G;cs,ef nf;pmtky}f }
cJhonf/ rsm;udk ESpfpOfqufwdkuf xkwfa0a&mif;cscJo h nf/
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b0rSEw k xf u G Nf y;D aemuf rdom;pkEiS t hf wl &efuek w f ikd ;f ? yef;csDum;csyfrsm;}} ESifh ]]jyu©'def}} rsm;udkvnf;
wmarGNrdKUe,f? 167 vrf;wGif ajymif;a&TUaexdkifcJh xkwfa0cJhonf/
onf/ xdkESpfrSmyif ½Ir0r*¾Zif;wdkufrS OD;ausmfu 1971 ckESpfumvrsm;wGif A[ef;NrdKUe,f
yifwdkifo½kyfazmfyef;csDa&;qGJ&ef OD;aomif;[efudk ud, k rhf if;ud, k chf si;f vrf;&dS (yef;csyD ef;ykausmif;) wGif
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f ½kyaf zmf jyifyyef;csDq&mBuD;rsm;jzpfMuaom OD;bMunf?

296
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OD;bvHkav;? OD;aiGudkif? OD;tHk;vGif? OD;aomif;[ef

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&Sifrsm; tkypf rk u S ,kd pf m;jyKí wufa&mufcJhonf/
1992 ckEpS rf pS í jrefrmEdik if H ½d;k &myef;ynm&Sirf sm;
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"r®mp&d,bGJU&NyD;aemuf 1960 jynfhESpfwGif NrdKUe,f oHCem,utzGJU\tpDtpOfjzifh 1986
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onf/ bmom,Ofaus;rItqifjh riho f ifwef;rsm;? tbd"r®m?
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297
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udk,fawGUjzpf&yfrSef opömwefcdk;awmfrsm; (1993)?
arT;&eHYoif;xHkjrwfoDv*kPf (1995)? Ak'¨,Ofaus;
rIvmjrefrmh"avh oma&;ema&;xHk;pHrsm; (1997)?
r[mvlom;usipfh Of (2001)? jynfyodYk Ak'o ¨ moem
xGef;um;jyefYyGm;atmifBudK;yrf;cJhMuolrsm; (2005)?
igESifhigomEIdif;p&m (2006)? aorif;ac:awmh
tm;Mu&NyD (2009)? oDv*kPf&nf\aumif;usKd;
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311
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aMunmcsuftay: aqG;aEG;jcif;? jyifqifjznfph u G f
jcif ; ES i f h tNyD ; owf a qG ; aEG ; jcif ; rsm;jyKvk y f N yD ;
oufqikd &f m ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;tvdkuf trSmpum;
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0efBu;D a'gufwmrsK;d odr;f Bu;D xH vTJajymif;ay;tyf
onf/ ,if;aemuf 8th Model ASEM tcrf;tem;
owif;pm&Sif;vif;yGJudk ASEM EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;
rsm; tpnf;ta0;uJhodkY yHkpHwljyKvkyfonf/
13 Budrfajrmuf tm&S-Oa&my EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;
rsm;tpnf;ta0;- tpnf;ta0;zGiyhf JG tcrf;tem;
udk Edk0ifbmv (20) &uf eHeuf 10 em&DwGif
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13 Budrfajrmuf tm&S-Oa&my EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;odkY
wufa&mufvmonfh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;rsm;
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onfha'owGif;ESifh EdkifiHwumqdkif&m y#dyu©rsm;?
trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk akH om tMurf;zufrEI iS hf tpGe;f a&muf
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312
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udk qufvufysKd;axmifum qufqHa&;opfrsm;
wnfaqmufMurnfjzpfygaMumif;? vli,frsm;onf
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tarGqufcH&rnfjzpf&m atqrf,EÅ&m;&dS yl;aygif;
aqmif&u G rf eI ,fy,ftm;vH;k wGif vli,frsm;\tcef;
u@onf r&drS jzpfvt kd yfygaMumif; ajymMum;onf/
,if;aemuf tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;qdkif&m aphpyf
nd§EIdif;a&;rSL; zdvpfykdifEdkifiHrS H.E.Jose Luis G.
Mantales? ta&SUajrmufESifh awmiftm&Sqkdif&m
aphpyfnE§d iId ;f a&;rSL; ygupöwefEikd if rH S H.E.Mr.IMTIA
Z AHMAD? Oa&myqkdif&m aphpyfnd§EdIif;a&;rSL;
tufpw f ;kd eD;,m;Edik if rH S H.E.Mr.Sven Mikser? tm&S-
Oa&myazmifa';&Si;f rS vli,fu, kd pf m;jyK jrefrmEdik if H
rS ra,hwdkifqdef;? tm&S-Oa&myazmifa';&Sif;rS
vli,fudk,fpm;jyK pydefEdkifiHrS Mr.Javier Baez wdkYu
ajymMum;Muonf/
tm&S-Oa&my aqG;aEG;yGJ? (13) Budrfajrmuf ...
tpnf;ta0;udk qufvufusi;f y&m eHeufyikd ;f
wGif Synergizing Peace and Sustainable Development
h nf;aumif;? naeykid ;f wGif 3rd Decade
acgif;pOfjzifv
of ASEM : Making ASEM Partnership more Dynamic
and Connected acgif;pOfjzifh vnf;aumif; aqG;aEG;
Muonf/
tpnf;ta0;'kw, d aeYukd Ed0k ifbmv (21)
&ufwGif jrefrmtjynfjynfqdkif&m uGefAif;&Sif;
A[dkXme (1) ywåjrm;cef;rüusi;f y&m tm&S-Oa&my
Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBuD;rsm;u taxGaxGudpö&yfrsm;udk
aqG;aEG; onf/ xdaY k emuf Edik if aH wmf\twkid yf ifcyH *k Kdv
¾ f
EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef B uD ; Xme jynf a xmif p k 0 ef B uD ;
a':atmif q ef ; pk M unf ? Oa&myor*¾ \ txl ;
udk,fpm;vS,f tufpfwdk;eD;,m;EdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;a&;
0efBuD; H.E.Mr.Sven Mikser ESifh 14 Budrfajrmuf
tm&S-Oa&my Edik if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D rsm; tpnf;ta0;
udkvufcHusif;yrnfh pydefEdkifiHrS Secretary of State
H.E. Mr. IIdefonso Castro wdkYu EIwfcGef;qufpum;
ajymMum;MuNy;D tpnf;ta0;udk ½kyo f rd ;f vdu
k o
f nf/
tpnf;ta0;tNyD;wGif obmywdaMunmcsufudk
xkwfjyefonf/ xdkYaemuf jrefrmtjynfjynfqdkif&m
uGefAif;&Sif;A[dkXme (1) oEÅmcef;rü owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJjyKvkyfonf/
at;armif a v;? Ad k v f B uD ; (Nid r f ; ) (jref r mh
vufa&G;pif abmvH;k orm;a[mif;) (1947-
2017)
2017)// / jrefrmhvufa&G;pifabmvH;k orm;a[mif;
AdkvfBuD; at;armifav; (Nidrf;) udk OD;bdkeD? a':NrdKif
wdkYu 1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (16) &ufwGif
rEÅav;wkdif;a'oBuD; tr&yl&NrdKU? w½kwfwef;
&yf u G u f ü arG ; zG m ;onf / arG ; csif ; av;a,muf
teuf wwd,ajrmufjzpfonf/
i,fpOfuwnf;u abmvHk;upm;enf;udk
pdwf0ifpm;onf/ touf 13 ESpft&G,frSpí
abmvH;k upm;enf;udk avhusio hf if,o l nf/ abmvH;k
313
at;armifav;? AdkvfBuD;
AdkvfBuD;at;armifav;
xdef;odrf;rIuRrf;usifrIwpf&yftjzpf abmvHk;udk
acgif;wdkufjy&m acgif;wdkufpHcsdef 1000 ausmf&dS
onf/ Adv k Bf u;D at;armifav; (Nird ;f ) onf vsijf refrI
ESifhuRrf;usifrIudk aygif;pyfupm;Edkifonfh abmvHk;
orm;rsKd;jzpfonf/ abmvHk;toif;wpfoif;\
tv,fwef;onf rdrdtoif;\cHppfwdkufppfrsm;udk
yHyh ;kd ulnED ikd u
f m tEdik t
f ½H;I udk yHak zmfay;onf/ a&Tacwf
jrefrmhvufa&G;pifabmvHk;toif;\ tv,fwef;
trmcHupm;orm;jzpfol AkdvfBuD;at;armifav;
(Nird ;f ) onf cHppfu?l wku d pf pfjznf?h tjzwftawmuf?
tay;tydrYk sm;wGif b,fajcaxmufESifh abmvHk;xd
awGUrItm;vHk;onf vufjzifhaqmif&GufouJhodkY
wdusaocsmrI&dSol jzpfonf/
OD;at;armifav;onf 1965 ckEpS f jynfe,f
ESifhwkdif; abmvHk;NydKifyGJwGif &efukefwkdif;udk,fpm;
jyKNyD; yg0if,SOfNydKifcGifh&&dSonf/ 1967 ckEpS w f iG f
wyfrawmf (av) odYk wyfom;tqifhjzifh0ifa&muf
cJNh y;D &mxl;tqifq h ifw h ;dk jri§ u
hf m ppfrx
I rf;ouf 30
jynfhonfhtcg AdkvfBuD;tqifhodkY wkd;jr§ifhjcif;cH&
onf/ 1967 ckESpfwGif wyfrawmf (av) abmvHk;
toif;okdYa&muf&dSNyD; 1969 ckESpf tm&Svli,f
abmvHk;NydKifyGJrSpí atmifjrifrIrsm;&&dSum jrefrmh
vufa&G;pifjzpfvmonf/
jrefrmhvufa&G;pif jzpfvmNyD;aemuf 1970
jynfhESpfwGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiHü usif;yaom 12 Budrf
 at;armifav;? AdkvfBuD;
ajrmuf tm&Svli,fabmvHk;NydKifyGJ? xdkif;EdkifiHü
usif;yaom ajcmufBudrfajrmuf tm&Stm;upm;
NydKifyGJ? 1971 ckESpfwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHüusif;yaom
14 Budrfajrmuf rma';um;zvm;abmvHk;NydKifyGJESifh
ajcmufBudrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S tm;upm;
NydKifyGJ? tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü usif;yaom'kwd,tBudrf
*sumwmzvm;abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1972 ckESpfwGif
awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHüusif;yaom ywfcsKH[D;zvm;
abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1973 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü
usif ; yaom av;Bud r f a jrmuf *sumwmzvm;
abmvH;k NyKd iyf ?JG pifumylEikd if üH usi;f yaom ckepfBurd f
ajrmuf ta&S U awmif t m&S tm;upm;Nyd K if y G J ?
awmifudk&D;,m;EdkifiHüusif;yaom ywfcsKH[D;zvm;
abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1975 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü
usif;yaom ajcmufBudrfajrmuf *sumwmzvm;
abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1978 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;Edik if üH
vufcHusif;yaom rm&m[mvif zvm;abmvHk;
NydKifyGJrsm;rS pkpkaygif; a&TwHqdyf 12 ck? 1970 jynfh
ESpfwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHü usif;yaom 13 Budrf
ajrmuf rma';um;zvm;abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1975
ck E S p f w G i f awmif u d k & D ; ,m;Ed k i f i H ü usif ; yaom
ywf c sKH [ D ; zvm;abmvk H ; Nyd K if y G J ? xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H ü
usif;yaom xdkif;bk&ifhzvm;abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1976
ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü usif;yaom ckepfBudrf
ajrmuf *sumwmzvm; abmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1977 ckESpf
wGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHüusif;yaom udk;Budrfajrmuf
ta&SU awmiftm&Stm;upm;NydKifyGJ? 1980 jynhfESpf
wGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü usif;yaom rm&m[mvif
zvm; abmvHk;NydKifyGJrsm;rS pkpkaygif; aiGwHqdyf
ajcmufck? 1971 ckESpfwGif *syefEdkifiHüusif;yaom
13 Budrfajrmuf tm&Svli,fabmvHk;NydKifyGJ? 1975
ckESpfwGif xkdif;EdkifiHüusif;yaom &SpfBudrfajrmuf
ta&SUawmif tm&Stm;upm;NyKd iyf ?JG 1976 ckEpS w f iG f
tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHüusif;yaom rm&m[mvifzvm;
abmvHk;NydKifyGJrsm;rS pkpkaygif; aMu;wHqdyf okH;ck&&dS
onf/
314
1972 ckESpf &efukefNrdKUüusif;yaom jrL;epf
tdkvHypfajcppfyGJwGif AdkvfBuD;at;armifav; (Nidrf;)
yg0ifaom jrefrmhvufa&G;pifabmvHk;toif;u
yxrqk&&dSNyD; *smreDEdkifiHüusif;yaom jrL;epf
tdv k yH pfNyKd iyf w JG iG f toef&Y iS ;f qH;k qk&&do S nf/ 1974-
75 ckEpS w f iG f wpfEpS w f mtaumif;qH;k abmvH;k orm;
qkudkvnf;aumif;? 1976 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;
EdkifiHüusif;yaom rm&m[mvifzvm;abmvHk;
Nyd K if y G J w G i f taumif ; qH k ; abmvH k ; orm;qk u d k
vnf;aumif;? 1978 ckESpfwGif tif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHü
usif;yaom rm&m[mvifzvm;abmvHk;NydKifyGJwGif
taumif;qH;k abmvH;k orm;qkuv kd nf;aumif; &&dS
onf/
AdkvfBuD;at;armifav; (Nidrf;) onf jrefrmh
vufa&G;pifabmvHk;orm;tjzpfrS tem;,lNyD;
aemuf jrefrmhvufa&G;pif (trsKd;om;? trsKd;orD;)
abmvH;k toif;wGif enf;jytjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
onf/ enf;jytjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf pkpak ygif;
a&TwHqdyfESpfqk? aiGwHqdyfav;ck? aMu;wHqdyfoHk;ck
&&dSonf/ 2004 ckESpfwGif AD,uferfEdkifiHü usif;y
aom yxrtBurd f tmqD,t H rsK;d orD;abmvH;k NyKd iyf JG
rS a&Twq H yd w f pfc?k 2006 ckEpS w f iG f rav;&Sm;Edik if üH
usi;f yaom 38 Burd af jrmuf rma';um;zvm; (tMuaH y;)
rS a&Twq H yd wf pfc?k 1993 ckEpS w f iG f pifumylEdkifiHü
usif;yaom 17 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
tm;upm;NydKifyGJ (trsKd;om;abmvHk;) rS aiGwHqdyf
wpfc?k 1996 ckEpS w f iG f rav;&Sm;Edik if üH usi;f yaom
(trsKd;orD;) NydKifyGJrS aiGwHqdyfwpfck? 2003 ckESpf
wGif AD,uferfEdkifiHü usif;yaom 22 Budrfajrmuf
ta&SUawmiftm&Stm;upm;NydKifyGJ (trsKd;orD;
abmvH;k ) rS aiGwq H yd wf pfc?k 2005 ckEpS w f iG f zdvpfyikd f
EdkifiHü usif;yaom 23 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmif
tm&S tm;upm;NydKifyGJ (trsKd;orD;abmvHk;) rS
aiGwHqdyfwpfck? 2001 ckESpfwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHü
usif;yaom 21 Budrfajrmuf ta&SUawmiftm&S
tm;upm;NyKd iyf JG (trsK;d orD;abmvH;k ) rS aMu;wHqyd f
at;armifav;? AdkvfBuD;
wpfck? 2006 ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHü usif;yaom
trsKd;orD;zlq,fNydKifyGJrS aMu;wHqdyfwpfck? 2007
ckESpfwGif xdkif;EdkifiHüusif;yaom trsKd;orD;zlq,f
NydKifyGJrS aMu;wHqdyfwpfck &&dSonf/
AdkvfBuD;at;armifav; (Nidrf;) onf 1984
ckEpS w f iG f *smreDEikd if üH usi;f yaom tm&S-tmz&du
abmvH;k enf;jyoifwef; (xl;cReaf tmif)? 1991 ckEpS f
wGif a[mifaumifüusif;yaom abmvHk;enf;jy
wpfvoifwef;? 1999 ckESpfwGif rav;&Sm;EdkifiHü
usi;f yaom 1st AFC Football Conditioning Course oifwef;?
2000 jynfEh pS w f iG f xdik ;f Edik if üH usi;f yaom zlq,f
abmvHk;enf;jyoifwef;wdkYudk wufa&mufonf/
1999 ckEpS w f iG f wyfrawmf (av) rS tm;upm;
ESiuh f m,ynmOD;pD;XmeodY k vufaxmufneT Mf um;a&;rSL;
tjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 2007
ckEpS w f iG f vufaxmufneT Mf um;a&;rSL;tjzpfrS tNird ;f pm;
,lonf/
AdkvfBuD;at;armifav; (Nidrf;) onf 2017
ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv (25) &ufwiG f &efuek Nf rKd Uü uG,v f eG f
onf/ uG,fvGefcsdefwGif ZeD;a':usifvdIif? om;
wpfO;D ? orD; ESpfOD;ESifh ajr; av;OD; usef&pfonf/
pd k ; atmif
at;jrih f? OD; (jref r mrI o k a woD ) (19 30
30--
(1930
2017)
2017)// / jrefrmrIyef;csyD nm&Sif q&mOD;at;jrifu
h kd
OD;ausmuf? a':pH (a':rrav;) wdu Yk 1930 jynfEh pS f
wGif rEÅav;NrKd Uü arG;zGm;onf/ arG;csi;f &Spaf ,muf
teuf wwd,ajrmuf jzpfonf/ i,fpOfu pdet f if'½l;
ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum;cJhNyD; 1947 ckESpfrpS wif
um yef;csyD nmudk OD;<u,fav;xHrS vnf;aumif;?
q&mOD;cifarmif (bPftaxGaxGrefae*smESihf yef;cs)D
xHrSvnf;aumif; tajccHrSpum oif,lavhvmcJh
onf/
1951 ckESpfrS 1961 ckESpfwdkYwGif q&m
OD;cifarmif (bPf) \tultnDjzihf ysOf;rem;OD;vS
315
at;jrihf? OD;
OD;at;jrihf
pmay;^pm,lyef;csDoifcef;pmESifh 0g&Sifwefyef;csD
ausmif; pmay;^pm,loifcef;pmudk oif,lcJhonf/
yef;cs'D ZD ikd ;f enf;jyq&mtjzpf tdrw f iG ;f pufrvI ufrI
XmecGJ tr&yl&aqmif;'g;&ufuef;ausmif;ü yef;csD
'DZdkif;enf;jytjzpf 1954 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpfxd
wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf/ 1962 ckEpS wf iG f tr&yl&ol
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1970 jynfEh pS ?f *syeftq kd mum EXPO 70 ukepf nfjyyGJ
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aqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfwGifyif t*FvefESifh
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1971 ckESpfwGif yk*H&dS oD&dypö,m[dkw,f? a&TZ0g
,Ge;f yef;csu D m;rsm; a&;qGjJ cif;? 1972 ckEpS rf S 1977
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yef;½dk;rjyu©'def? &mrjyu©'def? wHqdyfacgif;rsm;?
xDvufrw S rf sm;vnf; a&;qGcJ o hJ nf/ 1980 jynfEh pS f
rS 2015 ckEpS x f d &wemrGe?f opöma&mifjcnf? jrwfqrk eG f
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bDattoif;Bu;D rS OD;at;jriht f m; r[mr*Fv"r® q&mOD;at;jrihfonf BURMESE DESIGN

aZmwdubGUJ jzihf cs;D jri§ *hf P k jf yKonf/ rif;uGe;f wdy#d u- THROUGH DRAWING pmtk y f E S i f h ANCIENT
edum, omoemjyKtzGUJ 0iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf/ MYANMAR DESIGNS pmtkyfrsm;udkvnf; jyKpk
1948 ckESpfwGif rif;uGef;wdyd#uwfapwD? xkwfa0cJhonf/
1991 ckESpfwGif urÇmat;&yfawmfrl 20? bufpHk OD;at;jriho
f nf touf 87 ESp?f 2017 ckEpS f
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apwD? 1994 ckEpS w f iG f wuúov kd "f r®m½H?k 1995 ckEpS f cif r d k ; yG i f h
wGif wyfrawmf"r®m½H?k Edik if aH wmfrS Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom
avSNydKifyGJrsm;? ukef;jrihfomaZ,soD&d? 1995 ckESpf atmfpumqk/ / 89 Burd af jrmuf atmfpumqk
wGif pG,fawmfjrwfapwD? (&efukef? rEÅav;) 1996 ay;yGJudk 2017 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (26) &ufwGif
ckESpfwGif a&Twd*Hkbk&m; awmifbufapmif;wef;? tar&duefjynfaxmifpk? avmhpftdef*svdp fNrdKU&dS
1996 ckEpS w f iG f ydaYk qmifa&;"r®m½H?k 1997 ckEpS w f iG f 'dv
k b f ikd f uZmwf½ükH usi;f yonf/ 2016 ckEpS t f wGi;f
wdavmu0dZ,apwD (vm;½dI;)? 1997 ckESpfwGif xGuf&dScJhaom ½kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;xJrS a&G;cs,f
usKu d af rSm0f ef;a&v,fausmufwef;? 1998 ckEpS w f iG f csD ; jr§ i f h j cif ; jzpfonf/ taumif;qHk; ½kyf&Sifqkudk
rEÅav;-jrausmuf bkef;BuD;ausmif; bufpHkrGrf;rH? vlrnf;a*;wpfOD;taMumif ; ½d k u f u l ; xm;aom
rEÅav; r[mjrwfrek b d &k m; xD;awmf'ZD idk ;f ? tr&yl&
rdk;ukwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;ausmif; rkcfOD;'DZdkif;
r[m*E¨m½Hb k ek ;f Bu;D ausmif; ponfww Ykd iG f 'DZdkif;rsm;
a&;qGJcJhonf/ txufjrefrmEdkifiH pma&;q&m
toif;\ *kPfxl;aqmiftoif;om;BuD;tjzpf
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avhvmcJhNyD; 1954 ckESpfrS uG,fvGefcsdeftxd
tcgtm;avsmpf mG jrefrmrIaqmif;yg;rsm;ESihf jrefrmrI
'DZikd ;f pmtkyrf sm; a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf/ a&;qGx J m;onfh 89 Budrfajrmuf atmfpumqkay;yGJü
vuf&mrsm;udk ]jrefrmrI c&D;onf (1)} jyyGt J rnfjzihf atmfpumqk&&Sdolrsm;ukd awGU&pOf
2000 jynfhESpf? rwfv (13) &ufrS (17) &ufxd
&efukefNrdKU? avmuewf yef;csDjycef;ü jyocJhonf/ Moonlight Zmwfum;? taumif;qH;k 'g½du k w f mqkukd
2015 ckEpS w f iG f &efuek f (65) *,fvm&Dyef;csjD ycef;ü *DwZmwfjrL;½kyf&Sif La La Land Zmwfum;½dkuful;ol
]jrefrmrI c&D;onf (2)} jyyGJtjzpf edygwfawmfyef;csD 'rfr,
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316
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taumif;qHk; trsKd;om;ZmwfydkYqkudk Moonlight

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ZmwfnTef;qk udk Manchester by the Sea Zmwfum;rS
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f nf;jzwfqk
(Hacksaw Ridge)? taumif;qH;k ½ky&f iS "f mwfyq kH k (La
La Land)? taumif;qHk;rSwfwrf;½kyf&Sifqk (OJ:Made
in America)? taumif;qHk; rSwfwrf;Zmwfvrf;wdkqk
(The White Helmets)? taumif;qH;k ud, k yf ikd f oHpOfaw;
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aw;oG m ;qk ( La La Land)? taumif ; qH k ; toH
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ar;&Si;f ½ky&f iS q
f k (Zootopia)? taumif;qH;k tefeaD r;&Si;f
Zmwfvrf;wdkqk ( Piper)? taumif;qHk;ouf0if
vIyf&Sm; Zmwfvrf;wdkqk (Sing)? taumif;qHk; toH
wnf;jzwfqk (Arrival)? taumif;qH;k jrifuiG ;f zefw;D rI
qk (The Jungle Book)? taumif;qH;k xkwv f yk rf I 'DZikd ;f
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zefw;D rIqk (Suicide Squad)? taumif;qH;k t0wftpm;
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tBurd f *dP k ;f aygif;pHk oHCmhtpnf;ta0;wGif oHC
or®Kw&d oHCmhu, kd pf m;vS,?f Edik if aH wmfA[do k C
H mh atmif a &T? Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf (Nid r f ; ) (19 17
17--
(1917
0efaqmif? 'kw, d tBurd w f iG f Edik if aH wmf oHCr[m 2017) / / OD ; atmif a &T u d k OD ; bd k ; uG e f ; ?
em,utzGUJ 0if? wwd,tBurd rf pS í ysHvGefawmfrlcsed f a':odef;wifwkdYu 1917 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;?
txd Edik if aH wmfMo0g'gp&d,? 1314 ckEpS w f iG f usi;f y oJukef;NrdKUü arG;zGm;onf/ 1940 jynfhESpfwGif
aom t|rtBurd af &Tusi*f P kd ;f oHCmhtpnf;ta0; &efuek w
f uúov kd rf S bDatbGUJ &&do
S nf/

319
 atmifa&T? AdkvfrSL;csKyf (Nidrf;)
AdkvfrSL;csKyf atmifa&T (Nidrf;)
AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&T (Nidrf;) onf 1942-
45 ckESpfwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf? Armh
umuG,fa&;wyfrawmfESifh ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf
wdkYwGifyg0ifcJhNyD; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUESifh zufqpf*syef
wdkYudk awmfvSefcJhonf/
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyaf tmifa&T (Nird ;f ) onf 1945 ckEpS ?f
'DZifbmv (15) &ufwGif umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme
ppfaq;a&;t&m&dScsKyf½Hk;ü OD;pD;t&m&dS (wwd,
wef;) tjzpf Adv k Bf u;D tqifjh zifv
h nf;aumif;? 1947
ckESpf arv (1) &ufwGif trSwf (98) ajcvsif
wyf r [mXmecsKyf ü OD;pD;AdkvfBuD; (a&;) tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? 1947 ckEpS f atmufwv kd (1) &ufrpS í
awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyüf OD;pD;AdkvfBuD; (axmuf)
tjzpf vnf;aumif;? 1947 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (15)
&uf w G i f Ad k v f r S L ;tqif h j zif h awmif y d k i f ; wk d i f ;
ppfXmecsKyüf 'kvufaxmuf ppfaxmufcsKyt f jzpfEiS hf
wyfr[m (2) vufaxmuf ppfa&;csKy^f vufaxmuf
ppfaxmufcsKyftjzpf yl;wGJívnf;aumif;? 1947
ckESpf 'DZifbmv (22) &ufwiG f 'kw, d Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D
tqifhjzifh ppf½Hk;ü vufaxmuf ppfaxmufcsKyf
tjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/
1950 jynfh ESp?f rwfv (16) &ufwiG f Adv k rf LS ;Bu;D
tqifjh zifh ppfaxmufcsKyt f jzpf wm0ef,l aqmif&u
onf/ 1951 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (25) &ufrSpí
'DZifbmv (5) &ufrpS í wyfr[m (11) wyfr[mrSL;
tjzpf vnf ; aumif ; wm0ef xrf ; aqmif onf /
1955 ckESpf pufwifbmv (21) &ufrSpwifí
awmifydkif;wkdif;ppfXmecsKyf wkdif;rSL;wm0efudkyg
xrf;aqmif&onf/
Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf tmifa&T (Nird ;f ) onf 1957 ckEpS f
azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufwiG f ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf
wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrS 1957 ckEpS ?f
rwf v (28) &uf w G i f Ad k v f r S L ;csKyf t qif h o d k Y
wkd;jr§ifhcefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&T
onf 1959 ckESpf azazmf0g&D (25) &ufrS 1961
ckESpf azazmf0g&D (15) &uftwGif; awmifydkif;wkdif;
ppfXmecsKyfü wkdif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
aepOf a&G;aumufyw J G iG f bufvu
k d cf ah J Mumif; pdppfawGU&dS
&ojzihf 1961 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv (13) &uf &mxl;
cefYxm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;ta0;u wyfrawmfü ppfrI
xrf;jcif;rStNird ;f pm;,lciG jhfyKonf/ odjYkzpfí Adv k rf LS ;csKyf
atmifa&Ttm; 1962 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv (4) &ufwiG f
tvkyf0wå&m;rsm;udk jyefvnftyfESHcGifhjyKonf/
xdkokdY ppfa&;csKyf½Hk;odkYajymif;a&TU tiftm;jy
xm;pOfumvtwGif; 1961 ckESpf arv (17) &uf
rS 1963 ckEpS f rwfv (27) &uftxd MopaMw;vs
Edik if q
H ikd &f m jrefrmoHtrwfBu;D tjzpf vnf;aumif;?
1963 ckEpS f pufwifbmv (27) &ufrS 1970 jynfh
ESpf azazmf0g&Dv (2) &uftxd tD*spfEdkifiHqdkif&m
jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? 1970
jynfhESpf azazmf0g&Dv (19) &ufrS 1975 ckESpf
Zlvdkifv (31) &uftxd jyifopfEdkifiHqdkif&m jrefrm
oHtrwfBu;D tjzpf vnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmif
NyD; tNidrf;pm;,lonf/ jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;tjzpf
wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; e,l;ZDvefEdkifiH
qdik &f m jrefrmoHtrwfBu;D tjzpf vnf;aumif;? pydef
Edik if qH ikd &f m jrefrmoHtrwfBu;D tjzpf vnf;aumif;?
,leufpudktzGJUqdkif&m jrefrmoHtrwfBuD;tjzpf
G f vnf;aumif; yl;wGJaqmif&Gufonf/
320
atmifa&T? AdkvfrSL;csKyf (Nidrf;) tdEd´,EdkifiH

Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf tmifa&T (Nird ;f ) onf 1988 ckEpS f Owmy&ma'h&jfSynfe,fwüYkd a&G;aumufyrJG sm; rusi;f yrD
wGif trsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzGJUcsKyfygwD pwif tdEd´,w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfu txufygtwdkif;
zGUJ pnf;csed u f tvkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0iftjzpf yg0if pD&ifcsufxkwfjyefvdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
NyD; 1989 ckESpf ygwDA[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU axmufcrH J&&d&S eftwGuf bmoma&;ESihf trsK;d
jyefvnfzUJG pnf;&mwGif A[dt k vkyt f rIaqmiftzGUJ 0if? Zmwftqift h wef;toH;k csjcif;rsm;udk t*wdvu kd pf m;rI
pnf;½H;k a&;rSL;wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ 1990 jynfh wpfrsKd;tjzpf rSwf,lrnfjzpfaMumif; tdEd´,w&m;
ESpf a&G;aumufyGJwGif r&rf;ukef;NrdKUe,f rJqE´e,f vTwfawmfcsKyf\ pD&ifcsufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
trSwf (1) rS vTwaf wmfu, k d pf m;vS,t f jzpf a&G;aumuf tdEd´,vlOD;a& 1 'or 25 bDvsH\ &mcdkifEIef; 80
cH&onf/ 1991 ckESpf? rwfvwGif ygwDtvkyf rSm [dE´Lbmom0ifrsm;jzpfonf/ 14 'or 2
trIaqmiftzGUJ ajymif;vJzUJG pnf;&mü ygwDOuú|jzpf &mcdkifEIef;rSm rGwfpvifrsm;jzpfonf/ tvm;wl
vmum 2010 jynfhESpftxd xrf;aqmifonf/ c&pf,mef? qpfcb f mom? Ak'b ¨ momESihf *sed ;f bmom
Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf tmifa&T (Nird ;f ) onf Edik if aH wmfu udk;uG,fol 6 &mcdkifEIef;&dSonf/
csD;jr§ifhaom pnfob l UJG ? Edik if *hH P
k &f nfbUJG (yxrqif)h ? xdkYaemuf tdEd́,EdkifiH\ or®wa&G;aumufyGJ
vGwv f yfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxrtqifh) wdkYudk &&dS udk 2017 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd f 17 &ufwiG f pwifusi;f ycJ&h m
onf/ tmPm& bDa*syyD gwDrS or®wavmif; &rfeufcu f Akd ifh
Adv
k rf LS ;csKyaf tmifa&T (Nird ;f ) onf a':wifwifa&T ESifh NydKifbufuGef*&ufygwDrS or®avmif;rdkif&m
ESifh vufxyfcJhNyD; om;oHk;OD;? orD;oHk;OD;? ajr; ulrm;wdkY tBudwfte,f,SOfNydKifMuonf/
ajcmuf O D ; ES i f h jrpf w pf O D ; xG e f ; um;onf / ZeD ; NyKd ib
f ufor®wavmif;ESpOf ;D teuf wpfO;D udk
a':wifwifa&Tonf uG,fvGefNyD;jzpfonf/ vTwaf wmftrwfrsm;ESijhf ynfe,fu, kd pf m;vS,rf sm;u
Edik if aH wmf vGwv f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rIEiS hf Edik if aH wmf qE´rJay;um a&G;cs,fMuonf/ EdkifiHwpf0ef;qE´rJ
umuG,fa&;wm0efrsm;udk BudK;yrf;xrf;aqmif ay;cGifh&dSol vTwfawmftrwfrsm;ESihf jynfe,f
cJah om Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf tmifa&T (Nird ;f ) onf &efuek Nf rKd U&dS ud, k pf m;vS,f pkpkaygif; 4896 OD;&dSonf/ tdEd´,
0dwdk&d,aq;½Hkü 2017 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv (13) &uf Edik if \
H vuf&o Sd r®wrlcg*so D nf 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;orm;
wGif uG,fvGefonf/ wpfOD;jzpfNyD; vGefcJhaom 2012 ckESpfrSpwifum
EdkifiH\or®wwm0efudk xrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf/
pd k ; atmif þodkYjzihf or®wa&G;aumufyGJ usif;y&mwGif
trsKd;om;'Drdku&ufwpf r[mrdwfygwDrS or®w
tdEd,Ed
´, Edk i f i H / / EdkifiHa&; - a&G;aumufyGJ0if a&G;cs,cf H &rfeufou H Akd if'h f udk 2017 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f
jynf o l Y u d k , f p m;vS , f r sm;taejzih f axmuf c H r J (20) &ufu tdEd´,EdkifiH\ or®wtjzpf a&G;cs,f
&&daS &;twGuf bmoma&;ESihf trsK;d Zmwfpepfwu Ykd dk wifajr§mufcJhMuonf/
toHk;cscGifhr&dSaMumif; tdE, ´d w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyu f or®wa&G;aumufyGJwGif udkAifh'fonf qE´rJ
2017 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (2) &ufwGif pD&ifqHk;jzwf &mcdik Ef eI ;f pkpak ygif; 65 'or 65 &&dcS NhJ y;D ¤if;\NyKd if
vdu
k o f nf/ buf ul;rm;u pkpkaygif;qE´rJ&mcdkifEIef; 34 'or
yef*syfjynfe,f? Owå&cef;jynfe,f? *dktm 35 &mcdik Ef eI ;f &&dcS ahJ Mumif;od&onf/ udAk ift h aejzifh
jynfe,f? rPdy&l jynfe,fEiS hf trsK;d Zmwftqift h wef; *l*sm&ufEiS hf *dt k mwGif cefrY eS ;f xm;onfxuf qE´rJ
jyóemrsm;? bmoma&;jyóemrsm; &ifqikd af e&onfh ydkrdk&&dScJhonf/

321
 tdEd´,EdkifiH

ar (4) &ufwGif cGJxGufa&;0g'D ppfaoG;<u tdEd´,0efBuD;csKyyfu Am*sD;eD;,m;ü tdEd´,EG,fzGm;

rsm;udk acsrIef;aeaom tdEd´,wyfzGJU0ifrsm;onf tar&duefEdkifiHom;ESifhawGUqHkpOf ajymMum;onf/
uuf&fSrD;,m;awmifydkif;a'o&dS aus;&Gm 20 udk 2017 ckESpftwGif; tdEd´,EdkifiHtaejzihf
0ef;&HydwfqdkYxm;onf/ tdEd´,EdkifiHu xdef;csKyf ESpEf ikd if o
H abmwlncD suu f kd tBurd af ygif; 542 Burd f
xm;aom uuf&rSf ;D ,m;a'oü olyek w f u kd cf u
kd rf rI sm;? csKd;azmufí ypfcwfwkdufcdkufrIjyKvkyfcJhaMumif;
tdE, ´d qefu
Y siaf &;qE´jyyGrJ sm; qufwu kd fay:ayguf ygupöwefEidk if jH cm;a&;0efBu;D Xme ajyma&;qdck iG &hf o
Sd l
cJNh y;D aemuf e,fajrvHjk cKH a&;ppfqifa&;onf ESpaf ygif; Zmum&d,mu ajymMum;onf/
rsm;pGmtwGi;f twkid ;f tq tus,jf yefq Y ;kH ppfqifa&; ygupöwefEdkifiHtaejzihf ESpfEdkifiHwif;rmrI
jzpfaMumif; uuf&rSf ;D ,m;&JwyfzUJG u ajymMum;onf/ tajctae ydrk rkd qd;k &Gm;apvdo k nfth wGuf xde;f odr;f

or®wa&G;aumufyGJü 0ifa&mufa&G;cs,fcHcJhonfh &rfeufcfudkAihfESifh rdkif&mul;rm;

cGJxGufa&;0g'D ppfaoG;<uppfqifa&;twGif; aqmif&GufcJhaMumif;? odkYaomfvnf; 2017 ckESpf

tcsKdUaomaus;&Gmrsm;rS &Gmol? &Gm;om;rsm;u ckcH Zlvdkifv (8) &ufujzpfyGm;cJhonfh ESpfEdkifiH tjyef
qefu Y sirf jI yKvyk cf &hJ mwGif y#dyu©rsm;jzpfymG ;cJah Mumif; tvSefypfcwfrIonf tdEd´,EdkifiH\ taMumif;rJh
tdEd´,&JwyfzGJUu ajymMum;onf/ ypf c wf r I u d k jyef v nf w H k Y j yef y pf c wf j cif ; omjzpf
ygupöwefEikd if rH S ppfaoG;<upcef;rsm;udk ppfa&; aMumif; qufvufajymMum;onf/
t& 0ifa&mufwu kd cf u
dk af csreI ;f pOfuyif tMurf;zuf 1947 ckEpS wf iG f ygupöwefonf tdE, ´d Edik if rH S
wduk zf suaf &;ESiyhf wfoufí tdE, ´d Edik if \
H oabmxm; cGJxGufNyD;aemuf uuf&fSrD;,m;a'oudk &&dS&ef
&yfwnfcsuu f kd urÇmodjYk yocJNh y;D jzpfaMumif; tdE, ´d wkdufyGJESpfBudrfjzpfyGm;cJhonf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif
0efBuD;csKyf em&if'&mrdk'Du ajymMum;vkdufonf/ ESpfEdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;taejzihf uuf&fSrD;,m;
¤if;jzpf&yfu tdE, ´d Edik if t
H aejzihf xde;f csKyf Edik f a'o ypfcwfwkdufcdkufrI&yfpJa&; oabmwlnDrI
pGr;f &daS Mumif;? odaY k omf vdt k yfonft h cgwGif oabmxm; &&dcS ahJ omfvnf; ESpEf ikd if pH vH;k u wpfzufEiS w hf pfzuf
&yfwnfcsufudk xkwfazmfjyovdkufjcif;jzpfaMumif; ypfcwfwkdufcdkufrI &yfpJa&;oabmwlnDcsufudk

322
 tdEd´,EdkifiH

csK;d azmufaMumif; tjyeftvSepf yG pf v JG suf jypfwifrI csKd;azmufvsuf&dSonfh ukrÜPDaygif; wpfodef;ausmf

rsm; jyKvkyfvsuf&dSaMumif; od&onf/ wdu Yk kd rSwyf w
kH ifjcif;rS y,fzsuv f u
kd af Mumif; tdE, ´d
e,l;a,mufüusi;f yonfh ukvor*¾taxGaxG 0efBu;D csKyf em&d`Em´ rd'k u D ajymMum;cJoh nf/ Ny;D cJah om
nDvmcHwGif ygupöwefESifhtdEd´,wdkYonf tMurf; 2016 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmtwGif;u wefzdk;jrifhaiGpuúL
zufrIrsm;udk wpfzufESifhwpfzuf tjyeftvSefpGyfpGJ rsm;udkydwfyif&ef 0efBuD;csKyf aMunmcJhNyD;aemuf
ajymqdkcJhMuonf/ ukvor*¾ü rdefYcGef;ajymMum; wGif tdEd´,EdkifiH\tcGefqdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI
&mwGif tdE, ´d u ygupöwefonf tMurf;zufvyk &f yf wpf&yfudk pwifaqmif&GufcJhNyD;aemuf em&Drsm;pGm
rsm;udk ulnDtm;ay;aeonf[k pGyfpGJajymMum;cJh&m tMumwGif pka0;a&muf&aSd eMuonfh pm&if;udik rf sm;
ygupöwefu tdEd´,\ajymqdkrIudk a'gowBuD; tm; rd'k u D rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;&mwGif ,ckq;kH jzwfcsuf
wkefYjyefcJhonf/ onf omrefqHk;jzwfcsufr[kwfaMumif; tav;
pufwifbmv (23) &ufu jyKvkyfcJhonfh teuf ajymqdkcJhonf/
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0ef B uD ; qyf q rmqG m &mh c sf u ygupö w ef o nf EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;- tdEd´,EdkifiHonf rdrd\
tMurf;zufvyk if ef;aqmif&u G o
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pwef;[k trnfay;vku d Nf y;D aemufwiG f ukvor*¾ u pGyfpGJojzihf ESpfEdkifiHqufqHa&; wif;rmvsuf&dS
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tBu;D tuJ Adv k cf sKyBf u;D bDyif&m0yfonf 2017 ckEpS f
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pGyfpGJcsufrsm;aMumifh zrf;qD;cHvdkuf&aMumif; od& ESihf vl0ifrBI u;D Muyfa&;udp&ö yfrsm;wGif oabmxm;
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wpfcku BudKwifaiGrsm;ay;acsNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; ESpfEdkifiH cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIudk jr§ifhwifonfhtaejzifh
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zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cH&jcif;jzpfonf/ wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
rpöwm*d&k ,fonf ¤if;ukrP Ü x D w k f prwfzek ;f Ny;D cJo
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323
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tmPmydik rf sm;u rSwcf sucf scMhJ uonf/ tar&duef aejynfawmf&dS EdkifiHawmfor®wtdrfawmfü *kPfjyK
jynfaxmifpu k kd xdyq
f ;kH ae&ma&muf&aSd tmif OD;pm; tcrf;tem;jzifh BudKqdkonf/
ay;aqmif&uG af eonfh x&efo Y nf tdE,
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347