BIOSTATISTICS MCQ and ESSENTIALS INDRANIL SAHA & BOBBY PAUL id 0BIOSTATSTICS MOQ ANG ESSENTIALS Roservod by tha auinors Firs} Pubsehad Agel 2010 SBN © S70-$0-00599-05-60 Frce > Fupons Ore hunsired arty. AD rights erered. No pact of this pubbewdon may be raproducal, stared kev a icarand eyatarn, ae cWanseninos in any [orn oF by arty means, aiocironic, mecharicn’, chcincopyieg of ccherwine, wehoul ‘Ta peor permission of the copynpst hotdors. Published by 8, K. Deur of Asstomic Pubtahan, SA, Senmed Outta Lane, Kateeia-700 O75), lan tp ra] Sy Sluco Michaoingels, SA, Brawn Datla Lang, Kolines-7OO O73 and crinted ot Flsjencha . 11 Panchanan Cheah Lane, Kolkwta-T0 008, 72 toTable of Contents Chapter One DIFFERENT SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS Chapter Tw DATA AND (TS PRESENTATION Chapter Three ‘CENTRAL TENDENCY Chapter Four NOAMAL DESTAIBUTION AND MEASLES OF DISPERSION Chapter Five SAMPLE SIZt AND SAMPLING Chapter Sr PROBABILITY Chapter Seven SAMPUNG ERROF AND NULL HYPOTHESES Chaplor Eight CHI-SQUARE TEST Chapter vine DIFPERESCE BETWEEN MEANS Chapter Ter CORRELATION Chapter Bevan REGABSHON INDEX tip a 5Sfetta aring amsChapter 7 DIFFERENT SCALES OF MEASUREMENTS INTRODUCTION Bralvtiea is a acioncn Mal & soled vith figura, Ag wo cbsosn ab dilleeent charactieliten, wo Tied thi, # takes on difwent valees in ctllemet parses, places or chinga, Wee label the Shinacleiite at vanable, Some variables are capable cl being measued like weighl, height etc, whereas some vatabies carnal oe measured in usual gorse, lke ope, reigion, birth ete Mostuemant is tie assignment of numbors to avenis or cbjects ascarding le a sat el rulan. During mozaurorweni, wo devise seme toen of scale in the tangs and ther tecctoem oe map the Propels of ebjacta Ham Mab domain cee thin gemle That ant four typhi af rritaumtesrtet srales according 1p naiuee of messureram. In this chagier ws fave checuered tha diferent tyoan of meneuremont ensine, alnvg with ther applications, b additen, the cifeent mlerences hal can be dare trom these scales and the rsfavant siatetcal iesls thet are applicable ere alse given in decals, 1, Resuite ef a teat wore given aa very enifalion, antisfind and dimentiniierd It raprenerts = (a0 er) in} Heminw sents fe) Ordinal scove ie} Intaree? asain fs) Ratio orale 2, The maponss which is graded by an cbsonor on an ageoo of dleegrag contiewum Ip on: fA) 2003) ja) Yieual onelogua ecote te) Guttman scale te] Livert scale ic) Adjactvn soaks 3. AM of tha following ara axompies of neminsl scale except : {4 i808) ja} Face fe Sax je) is ealeur i} Bod grestone , cinealtinn te 4. A physteion, after examining = group of pabiante of a pertain dieea tordillon ef aach one ax: normal’, ‘mete, ‘modorate’, and ‘sevore’, Which ona ol te Jallaming seala la being adopind tor ciagetiicabion of tha dlesaas condiiion? (AWS 2008, 95, 4) Gay tu) Maine fh) Interven (=) Fler. fa) Orcinal & When froquonoy is given os mild, moderate and severe, scala weed to represent im: fades rei, ary ju] Rominel tb) intone {el Fate in) Cretna’ 1 4is BIGSTATISTICS MOG AND ESSENTIALS Ween aed standard deviation can bo worked aut only, A alana ia em = [AWS 2008. 03) a} feetorval J Plutia seata yh) Ceehenamoes sali In} Homing scale fd) Ordeal scale ‘When the variabées are non-massurable, which of the ftoltowing eoals Ie used te eeprogant the daw? JAIMS 19547 ia} Nominal {b) Grdinal ie} intareal id} Rata 4,(8) Ordinal seala Theta are four diluent easunament seals, Each is dasigned lar spaciie pumase, fa) Nominal {Np fb] Crested 105) fe) Intecwmt tIp (a) Ante (Rj Ihe aay % romember by the meemonic NDIA. a. Nominal geato © 8 Es sdinpty a eyateen cf wanigring numbers ta enemies io order io Isbalidenity ther io. assignmant cl rumbors io exickn! players in order In Idomity them, * Maina! satus only eenvide & eomvuriuet way ol Reaping tack ol pascde, obymets ane genet. One pannel do mich with the numbers ineoteed (2. player having jormey num bur 23 ig nol nhways going fe sere big rune Pan the cthor players hang dersay eumber lege than 83 + Hong data bs sivided ints quadinen calngeriog or rouge (us ecuried alata}. br othad words nominal data can bo prouped but not rerked For arampla, manaviamala, uibaey’ rurtl, blacktwhhe, righifali, yasine and OM are azamplas of nomingi dais, ard such dala consists af numbers used only In eleasily an objvct, parker, or charackettc. + ominal scale ia the least powertul amorg thar scans of magasramet f.n., onfnal, oval aed malig scale. © iscicaing No onder oF aieant folttiogtip and hae No anthmetic origin. 8 Trane bs no gennraby used mansune of dispecsion tor nominal soalo, Ampeg the mantures of cectal lendency, onty modo can bo applied in nominal aaala, + Chiequam tues is thn: most common fost of slatston! signilicanca that eae ia uilhinedd in this sent, Oveinal weate : + Amocg tha threo ordered sculns, a. ordinal, inlurval and ratios sowie, ordinal scala oncupias tha lowes! bevel ag. eroinal < inianwal < rfc, So highest ondoved acale ia fa robo scale, © This eeaty places evecs ino meaningiul oder (ARI may ba casdiied ng co pnoume- dla, pneumonia, severe pneumonia and vory sever clseaneh.OIFFERENT SCALES TO MEASUREMENTS: ® © But the site of the interval is not defined, io. no conclusion about whether fhe ciller- Gece batmber Teel Aid second gride ls dame Ab Oe diferanca batwean second and thied grace, We cannot shy [very arore denne — emane poumsria = pres mania = no praumeniay. © Ordinal scale onlp peerrite rackeng of items from feghen! to Sows, Thue wee af thie ‘acale implies atalemant of greake shan or loss Pan without Being abiy lo alate how much gratin er lea, © Oniinal dain can be both grouped and ranked. Examples inckade good'bed. poor! avecageemolent acd lower clas! middle clans ‘upper clas ceapestivaly, . trmterwad era: + Similar to ofdinal ecole, hare Gata can ba placed in maaningtul order, and in addon, Pay have mosringhal intowals between them. The intervals can also be mansured. © ih Cobtiza scate, difference batwean 100° & 90° is the same aa the cilferance beoween 20" 6 SO", However because interval eoaiee do net hewe sbeotule germ (an artitarye 20ro point is assigned). Ratios of scores. aro not meaningful Le. 100°C is nat bwice as, Ret as S0°C, because O°C dova not indicate complowe abaence al heat rather it ia the ‘eeszing point cf water. Inieiligam Quotient zane does not indicala coenpiet atsence e810, tut incieams a aarious iniatectual probhemn, O. fara seate ; * Some properiies os an interral soalo; bet because it has an absoluie zor, meaningful ewSere do euiat, ® Weight in grams or pounds, time in seconds of days, BP in mm cf Hg A pulse mits aro all ratio pale dete, © Gly dempersiure scale that follows interval scale is Kalvin seals in which 2are depron indioates an absolute absence of haat (whara mokeulas have stsepad vibrating), just a9 2070 pulze malo indicewes an wbacute lack of putes, Teairafors it i enirect bp kay thal @ pulse daw ol 120 is twice we last as pulse rate of 6, 2.fe) Likert ecalo Likert scale (also knoe os Summumted acetal : = fis a most iequaniy usod acale to etude attitude ol poops.4 BIQSTATISTICS NGG AND ESSENTIALS + tere ie coaporcunt is asked tn msgend each stalnment in tars of several dogtens, walk 5 dapress (may be 3 ar 7) al agement af dliaginamanl, such aa alranaty grea, agren, undncided, Hisagren, strengy dieagioe. _———E—— | voegly dhagee — Dkagree lined foe Sooegiy agra tt ra mt ‘a 8 Each point on te scale caries @ soore: sirongly disagrea having 2 score of 1 and tho meet Invourabia i given tha Fighost scom (5). In Tis way the instrument yields total soars lor aach cespondoni. which would measure ine: respondent's favour toward tha piven point of wiew. © Limitation of the scale: The intend! Baten mn maponses ia not dobned (Sarna a edna! sralel. Gther ditteront ecales tor massioment of Arttiude of people > O} itiHferential scale f Thovelone scale: «This seals has bose witaly used Ie mawsura altituda towards varied ieaues, © Setecton of items is made by penal ct judged using cansengus method. © This scale is considered most appiopsaie and refable when wsed tor measuring, single: alliterdi, 41) Guttman's acalogran: / Cumufatier scales / Scale analyets : + Itoomvsis of sarios of slalomants 0 which a respondam oxpreasas hi agroomant of Mauageemoes. © Tho mesponcos form a cumulstive series. HL Fisctor scaten : = This type of scale la basad on incer-torelation of Qoms whieh ieaticaine that a, fommen factor arcounts dor the relationship beewaon items, This scat ia being weed to uscever lateen alituie cimensions & approach. © Thor aro to types of fnclor scales io, Semantic differentia! scale & Multich manalons! eceting. = Semantic differenilal scale: This scaie is being used le magaum the paytholog? al meaning of an object to ne inthaidual = Mullidienenaional scaling - |i is malatvely complemted, Chjects, indeviguals o both can be sorted cut with ts scala. Visual analogue erate : + The respondent rates the mageituc al u lling, apinior, or attics by placing a mark cna fine thal is usually 100 mm. long. The measurad loeasion of tha erark then be- comes conatiod 30 an apparenity dimnewional eving. For acamgiu, comecea might be maka to Mark tha lodlevidng line in saeparae Ne A qbEbCR buch a& "How bad in your pair No pain Saerare pain,DIFFERENT SCALES 10 WEASUAEMENTS: 5 Isha mark is placed as toltows - fo pi, SS | Sowere pain. The masurod distansy cxuit miprasant 73 "pein weit", Cesgin tor atrrnescorta! ax prorsicn, cuch scales are col culy ntarey coale because adic calegeriey — such ws 71, 72.and 72 — in the arbeery graphic rajings are ret accemeaniad by critecia that demarcate equal interns. ‘3.{d) Biced pressure Race, sea ged ide CofoUT ase Ail GunilaEye yariabias, while bed pressure i a yoanttativ~n data Soe ola anwwar 1 fer details, 4 8. (@) Ordinal acale by thy home cecered seal among ha ordered teal ag, Ordinal < Inteval < Gatin. This sow places events in meaningtul onder, but he size ot intervals between tham is not dotined. Seo mot okplanalicn in anzwer 1. - fa) Inteevail f Fuuilo scale Maas & SD can te calculated tem intone oe rate seals Exemese of Ordinal ecaie : Mid, modersin, sewees typo a! derydmition. From hore i i possibie to celuulaie moar nnd sebsequectly sisndatd deviation (SD) [aemple of Nomined scale; Mate / lemale or rund furkan, Fram hoes, ie ales nol pomsitte Jo Guloule Niean and $0. ‘Example of cichotomous cutagorical varlebies 3 ¥accingled ve. nocrwoocinated, curcd vs. [aduna, mao ws Tomala, yea va. mo, In which the mossumd antty is pigood into eno af So [iichosemevs) drat calagedas, When Une mnnsuted entity ib placed ing ong gf one da fret calyyorig, than # ie known 6 selyeeotemeus exegetical variaoe Example being 2 dehycralion, deoydragen and severe oetydraion, Boe answer 1 dor dolls of interval and ralic scale, (a) Nominal i Nominal scale, examples ace male / lemale, nital Y urban inese enbies are nol measur wale), Hiedu ¢ Magi Chrietion. lloed group Ag BL) ABLE Gor jersey numbers tho assign number for idecilicalion). Nominal sealo only provides oneweniont way of keaping track of Reapia, object ard mania,E BIOSTATISTICS MOQ AND ESSENTIALS 18. Seater Aageum rapeuments : (Remake 1097) (a) Flegresciices ih) Gomalatens fe) Constants {dy Cheraeteciati en 1%. All of tho Following wm methods cf proeentstion cf alatistical dais paces! IWPSG tae) (a) Bar chart ib} Pig dhagtere fs) Frequency pooygon I) Morhal curve: DO. Dody weight in kg Is beet tivstrated by (ands 199z) (a) Histogram ib} Bar dtagram (2) Fio chart Io} Senter diagram 21, Blood Sugar Ie whieh type of varablo © icy, OFM 2008) (a) Diecreta variable {hb} Goninucus woriacla fe) Quaiietve variable fo} Quantitative varistia, 32. Contivusue date ara roprasantad by + jar Bea (a) Simeta bar aagram Ik} Mulliptn bor eingeeen fe) Halagam ia Lisaar plat 24. Which diagram is suid to baa minturo of twhle amd diagresn 7 (a) Box ans Whisker pant ciegram (bh) Ggine fc) Stem ane Leal plot diagram (g) Propertional bar Geagram 4.06) Scatior dingram © Saher dagem is a diagram lor quantitative f continuous deta. " Pd n a a Ll 7 wesc + ea Scales dageam showy roialionehip batwaon moight and waightDATA AND ITS PRESENTATION B * Beatie dagen is tho enly diagram for quactilaive daia, whora refablon / assoclailon betes two continuous vurigdins én dnermined, Bene of tha other ciegeams Int quar Uiptive aisha slepich Uhea Ippin ef reletion Galina: bees eosteodus witiable. © Ins atin (abecissal — ona wwtiable i plotiad ated in y aris (ordinate) — ancchar seiabte (a plomad, In this Ivlewing diagram waight and hsight in x and y ae mspoctively, © Boon heige and waight ace quentilutve / continuses variables, © The pamers made by the plotted parte iidicetes paseitie pedatiqnstep, they tend ia fofow a straight ing, then Ther ralmionship os linear. I fap panties dowsn’t foelow straight! Ving, the relationship ix curedirerar. © Scaler dlageam ty aise known ns Got diagram / Gornletion diagrars, 2 [e) Continuees variable Weight i 2g ie centnusin yerlable because weigh! can take el possible valued in @ ceetsin forge and it can be expressed bh trection. intreduction ta some common terninciogy used in statiaticn ‘Statietics ; Sialstcs i a feld ol aluciy conceeead with collection, crganitntion, aucrmecire- ‘Pon ond analysis ol deta and (he chewing cf Infeesnees sboul.a body of data when oly a pert of ‘data a cbserepd. 0) Cescriptive slafistics - It relates io organization and summarizaiion ef dala OU) inferoneia! statistics : lolaies to mach decisions about a large body of dita by axam: icing ory a small pari ot data Bicatatalios (afc knows os blometry} : Slutistes volalod ip kistepica seunces und ewaddi- cing roftees ag biostatistics, ‘Yeriablo : The atribulns or evects thet aro monsurod in a research are called veeibtes, sings (hoy vary Irom parson to person (e.g. ago}, pace 2 plate fo.9. lamparatura), and chjont Jp object (e.g. shape, coloer eto.) ia. taka on allan value in afta aubjasts, Types ol warisbies = (A) Conlinveus variable (Quantitaten) : The varindla thal seo eapeosted im inegorn, (ram: Hora of decimals, (nm which equal gap onists between successive intervals are known at contiwous varable. Example: Glocd posure, Pulse rate, alc. (2) Categeriow variable (Qualitative) : The vaablo thal ar axpressad a@ihar in dichots- Tosa oF pelychotrmous category ara krewn as caingsees! variatta, Dicholenous : male Momaia, yas ina. lek! sight ot. Patpchmteenocus : Hinds Muslien # Ghrlstian, Mie pomee mosia / peaumenia /aavane pesumeria ale. Data : Data aro facts eaprosaod in nemovien! carms. 1 hae eto repaning unos if by poo DanEES of compiad. Information : When Cala undagoes Tomnegh sletséeal procassing, it Secomes intcrmation, Eeiemiganca ; ik ia far ihe decision makers ar pols makers, based on anstometion of ‘infannaers, Sata ———— Intonation ————— ininitiganoe.12 BIGETATISTICS MCO AND ESSENTIALS: Different dlagrams for Quantitative / Continuous data 0) Mistogram (also known as rectangular iefogram, block ollmgeam| = © Represents calegoces of coninnus and ordered date, the bars are adjacent in ench scthes, wilh na apace in between the bars, Variable characters en luliesea): number of sbeervalines on y axis (ordinate), Feequency in onch grap will fem @ Gefumm | reetangte. is an 2eva diagram; aren of rectangle varies with Irequency. Epidemic curve is an exemple of hisingrem, Po? ae On Re ee Wank of coved: propagation Hiningren showing ctstiutin of cases over the curation of fiéeen woes (8) Frequency polygon : = Raprosanis distribution of coniinucus and ordered data, so simfar io histogram. Ba it is a0 nn area diagram of Kequancy divibction, developed over a haigrart, by joining midpoint of class intervals 2: the Peight of frequencies by etaight lings. Fieqeancy polypse should be clas in cedar io porimay an aren, WM ghvte He 5 a gelygan with may angen. Us = to dlustrale mom than ane set of data on sama diagram, From point #9 eenight ne in dren to the baee of the graph in each 9 mannar that ‘Pe area designalad by ¥ will be aperesmately equal ia area Z, 1 sense 125 Cingras of frequency pelygen fut has bews devaiaced aver a bistogranOATA AND ITS PRESENTATION 1” (i) Frequency curve : = Whos nusber of abearvations ore large and clame Inteevals oro roduead, tha aqainey polygon ksas ia anguietons 3 give visa I a amacth curve, known aa Ineqarney cae, aa nO =o i* ~ = 10 ca “Ht ei HAY STRTHMB4SM RIA ESS IR tEM HNP e SAS SS SRA eS Le AR pega rag es wieght gh Froguangy Curva itv) Ling chert / diagram : + This is alsa 2 frequency potypor. a f= = a i: a ‘ v8" 1988 = 97a ee ‘ost Populaiion of a rogion during tho period thom i864 in 18846 BIOSTATISTICS MEG AND ESSENTIALS * & (0) & (b) Association and Correlation Roslation between two confnumos variables in kegem as corelation or asecciation. Detter 8 answar Te (ap Seater diagram Relation of heeght with woight is cone by scatter diagram, See also sneer 1. ‘B.(d) Population pyramid Age and sox distribution of 2 population is best depicted by population pyramid. See also ancwar 5. $.(b) Histograms Low birth weight sLatietcs af a heapetal i baat shown by Higlogenen, Since waight in quantitative data, we will censider only histogram and Kequancy felygon, Bar ard ictogram dowse't arise, since these are daguers for qualiusive dais. Why histogram 7 Low birt weight (LIM) statistics means how many babies are ines than 2.4 kg and how many have bieth weight 2.5 kg and mere i.e, normal birth meight, Again amaey LEW babies, how ray ane beteeren 1.6 — at kg, 101.5 bg [Mery low Girth menght) and < 1.0 bug (etrernety low are woh) reupociiaty, Sc 8 & ‘Total mame of intend, 1 85 80 35 38 36 Bib Mage (gt Hastngrest showing diatetston of infants acooring ts birth weight. ‘Since there Is only one sot of data, tequency polygon ceasn't arid. See aleg enrmer 4.OATA AND ITS PRESENTATION w 10. QB) Meabegram The averéce bith weight 6 a hospital & ta be decorated by statedcal rebeeseniston — by Mistagram. Bar and pis diagram ave ter quattates Semegercal dein. Gea also aeewer a and B 144 (6) Histogram Suamilateo data cao be bast mprosarted by hiingmm. See ano answer 4 and B Pie diagram, piciogram and bar diagram ave dor qualitative data. ‘Diagrams for Qualitative ! Casegoricol date () Bar diagrans : © Foe comparing calngerins of minaaly eetiurhn discrete date, «The cifloront calaganes af chatnstotisticn are indicated on one dios ether X or ¥ andl equancy of data Yio. number) of aoch oamgory is indicatnd on othar aia and eller: ent caingores are compared by length of bars alone, + Tha Rare can ba airanged is ay endnt, beacause to data aro deacrata. vanes Cempsnert Siar Bingmm aheeing major causes af Goan wmeng intone is two witagen20 OOSTATISTIOS WEG AND ESSENTIALS In a distil total accktsnts reported in a particular menth by Govamment scurce are 4 {85 + 3) and in camo district total accents moored by private sources ane St (¢5 + 6}. Beth souas hava rasened 45 common ncedanls; howevor Govammont ond pevets snuroe hie! recognized 3 and 6 ater accekant casas respectvuly, 13, fb) Pls digress Percentage of dala can be sateen in pie diagram See alec answar 11, 12. fo) Fle chert Proportional datibution of a discrete chametralic (a. religicn) of a poputation ip bast Pepreaenied tf da diagiam, & wenn diagrdin 18 ube to show hwo of old Charactnilaties wanes 4 popalaion of one charsctattalis willis tao of mete gopulation, Cumelatng Inequancy gerph in used For continucus data. A norma! curve ie 9 pymoalrical curve of conlinvcus and ordored Gala. Hislogrem Is used foe conanucus and oneed data. See a'so answer 11. 14. (0) Anlationship between two variables A scatiee Cage shows relatonshia borween beo variables. Trend of evanls wth passage of time cepreseniod by fine diagram, Properton of an event ip eepeesonied in ple chart. Sea ako ancwar 1. 15. (b} Sei-equary hese The lest of significarce used while icvesligaling qualitating variable ix by Chiequarn test. Skiodard error of diteronse boteoon two means And | test are mesened octy for quantitative / cprlinueus data. 18. {0} Slmplo bar ehart Sullabie diagram tm depict cloary me decadal total census ts by simelo bar char tar Soot AL ‘Simple Ber dingrare showing coreus populeon ef India torn 19771 io 2Oo1 8 Popvaten nian % §DATA AND ITS PRESENTATION a4 17. ga) 1&2. Hietogeom ond irequency cureo Hisingram and fraquercy curva aco graphic! methods of prosentatien of cata tar quantia. lien continueus dain, Bar and pia diagrame are tee qualitative data. S40 alee answare 4 ard TF, 18. (b} Corratetiana Scatter Gage mprmosents Cometeions, Gormation hes. been cescussed in chapter 10, 48. {al} Komal curve Expepl necmal curve, ail of ihe other apfons are ured lor prepectalion cf atwtstcal dav. ‘Soo sino answers 4 ared 11. Normal curve of normal distibullon cx Goumsian distributing or probability dlvtritu- ‘lon is o thecradosl, caniinwcus, eymmeiriogl, unimcdal diairibuiioe of ifinita range. It da. acribea the enpitical cieeDution of canain measwemants like inaligance quctians, weights 4nd heights of edividuile. spends ol funnees, and shesizal macion fad. The earmal dietibu- Sn is che moet importert diniioution eaconinmd” in statistical applicalions, & good mason for this Is thai many measuremonis hao cbenevod tmquency detibulions wilh email clase inion vais. Gaussian distibuticn was named in she honger of lomous enathamatican Johann Kari Gauss, te person who best doscrioad Tho seemal curve hes tho icllowing charsoiorisics: 0) Gontinuows. 00 Bllatecally symeretrical. (i}Smecth, Bel shaped or “cockehal” shaped. (WiMaan, moda, median all coincide and eoual (vp Waimedal, cove! part ia cerns and ita tee inflections ane tha hen Enea nina south the base ding, since bared on infiedia camber ol observations, Tha aquation ef renal cove 1 at The Gauetan sieruben har etme pac mathematical prepares fal toe Ine lamin ct many siobsiiew tests. ABhough no data lotows thal mathemalica! ideal exactly, many binds of ‘Whore ois Naporien base of logaritms.2 BIDETATISTICS UO AND ESSENTIALS 7. Humber of comes of malaria cedectad io 0 years im 100, 160, 100, 2 930) 920, 550, B40. How to calculein the avorage rumber of cesan par your: AMME 20087 {a} Ariinmetic monn [by Goomeinc moan fe} Made Id Madiies 4, Ceotral tendency le given by PGI Bao? 00, 98) {ay Moan [by Mocien {eh Mode (ny Waianee {a} Banga 9, Ho waive Ia chosen trom 8 community what is tho probabillty that Ht will bo obave the reaten fal 19977 {ap 6.23, iby 0.5 In} OG inh 1 10, What ir the mode in statintice : (AG FBO, AUS la} Votan of middio observation iby Arthmete aitcage ich Mast commonly occuring alue — (¢) Dftarenca between highest and lownst woua 11. The faquently seeurring volume In a date im: (Tey yoo77 {a} Meghan fey Mace [ep Standard deviation (a) Mean 42. Tho halght of 400 students totiow approwlmaiety novmal dleirBuilon curve. The mown boing 49.57", median 60.79", Calculmia mode In tia diutrIbutien : fap aay" ih ans (cp 4.7" to ae 4.42, fe) Medion Maiues aro amanged is gscending and descending aides to eaiectine the mesctians, Cancapt af caniral teaiasey Caner tedaney or cantral posliion of statlatienl averages fallects tha central poinl ie etna! chenasteisie vale of a set of mesauements — cenoied by Mean, Modian and Arithmatic mean / Magn : © Miner is moot winniy used galtsteal areca and useful in uralyic manicutations. © Gtnained iby surening up all the cbservations and dividing tha total by tha number of obaerathions, © Binca mean is caiculaled by using all absorvations, it % subjected im stmictics! inata {lest of sigcarce), Mean is tha ONLY ehalistca! avoraga, whara statiaiical analysia ‘pan fer unechartaiiss ori mesian ard moc, © The ony disadvantage is thet, moan is affocied by extreme waiues (outlier So in case ot Severne value if af obaiension, magn. is nol thy choline tor sinberical ovompns, insizadl mada is dene to know the geal vakeo, Sao arewar ro, 4,CENTRAL TEROEHOY a What fa art ceutiley ‘Wher analyzing data, somedmes if is sound thal one valve is tar hom the amor. Such 4 valoa is callid on outlier (also knows a5 oxtreme value or wild dtm pains), in othar wards eafiiee Js. an chsorvation thal ig distinc! from the main body ol the dats and is intomeatble wilh the most cé the data, Examgto: Waigtt fia kg) af 10 stacerts as Mofows: 48, 82. 25.58, 50, 55, 54, 104, 62, Sa, Here tod isan cullier, (9 there any fost fo detect callers in # series of observations 7 Yor, Grubbs’ test is ured lor aseaesicg ootiers ins aunties. The matin 8 Aso cabled te ESD matted foxtrome sidonized demain), Gther han this, outliers can seee chase kinetin on hislagram and seater dagnera. Dalsed decussion ip not necessary for Ms. Gan we sl carry out mean in a aertes with a presen of an cudiley / xtreme wale T Yer we can, and thal i: known ae Trimmed mean, Here tt arabes 100 n parent and largest 100 0 percent cf tha maxaisennny ane left aut, Raccmmendes waned al a is bates 1.0 an3. 02 Then arthmeds mean computed thom fhe remaining mesaremnt, What ts robust estimator ? Eslimaters tat are insensilive to outliers aro called robust estimators, Sa in presence of an astrema valon, moan eos 9 eoteningd by thwarting fs allact of culkars. The veut have hanes ach sa Temmed mean, Tukey's tismaan, Btudantzed aan alc whith use varus mnthodds: to Inke or ebeinonin ism ecrrecras vei What As remitted means 7 Ua modincation of aethmetic meen, obtained (by afacting weights 19 each value of the etabie in fae date dal, Avieagpe lings ol bespiul slay can be calculaiod by taking discharge Hime e&aching eights to wach vive Mecilne = 8 odin ts the valve bal dhvicies thee marie aio hao acest! group. 20 thant fusll af thaeal uae ane Greater than and bell are Wes than medion. © Defer indicator of suniral valed, when one or ciore aif Pw Kiivaet or Me Pighendl Gbadrete toca ore wide apan ov not so oventy distibumd, e.g. age of mamiaga, duran of sary in ‘hagpstal andl iaevbeton pared of laprogy,, ginen ft wide & variabis. © dediien dosear/T depend on inital and number of items, © AL ret dhaad os aecuryes i ascairding or dascancing coder cl enagnitade and then the vahie cof midkile obsorvation is lncnied, which is called median, = ease of avon rumor cf chtorators, weraga of wo middia values is taken © Waoight of 9 stedpois in ings is 50, 53, 76, 64, 68.59. 7, 70 and 65. Then, wo havo in tangs in serial order either ascending or desending Eke 56, 65, 58, 64, 68, 68, 68, 75, 7, woo bear: michelle met wine 6: bog ia orc, + Modan ir ie tidal ol the quartige (Zed quartile), dectes (teh decile} and percentiles {50th porconila). = Marian ia used in cumulative Inguency griph and survival anatyaii,