once hia Subject- Tie Construction and Cost Estimation -Topic- Method of Building : Estimate Er. Y.N.Shrivastava Scanned with CamScanner4-10. Different Methods for Estimating Building Works :— The quantities of various items such as earthwork in excavation, foundation concrete, brickwork in foundation and plinth, brickwork in superstructure, etc. can be-estimated by any of the following three methods:— @) Long and Short wall or ‘out-to out’ & ‘in-to-in' method or P.W.D. method, (2) Centre line method. (3) Crossing method. method : — In this method }) are considered as long walls and measured in a perpendicular direction of the long walls, are 0-in for a particular layer of work. These lengths of from out-to-out; and the shorter or partition walls, considered as short walls and are measured from in-t long and short walls are multiplied separately by the breadth and height of the corresponding layer and are added to get the quantity. Such lengths of long and short walls vary in every layer of footing, To calculate the lengths of long and short walls determine first their centre to ‘centre lengths individually from the plan. Then the length of the long wall, out-to-out may be calculated after adding half breadth of wall at each end to its centre to centre length. Thus the length of the short wall measured in-to-in ‘Tay be found out after subtraction of half breadth at each end from its centre to centre length. The length of the long wall generally decreases from earthwork to brickwork in superstructure and in the case of the short wall, its length increases (see Fig. 4-12). Thus the length of long wall is found out by adding one breadth of the footing to the centre to centre length of that footing, The length of short wall is found out by subtracting one breadth of the footing from the centre to centre length. In some of the working examples it may be noticed that a wall is considered as a short wall at one end and as a long wall at the other end. Such a case arises in a wall which joins as a long wall with another long wall previously considered. The joining end of the wall later considered as long wall is actually treated as short end, such a wall is termed a Long-Short wall in this book. (2) Centre line method : In this method calculate the total centre line length of walls ina building and multiply the same by the breadth and depth of the respective item to get the total quantity at a time. For different sections of walls in a building, the centre line length for each type shall be worked out separately. In case of partition or verandah walls joining the main walls, the centre line length shall be reduced by half of the breadth of the layer of main wall that joins with the partition or verandah wall at the same level Number of such joints are studied first to calculate the centre line length. . By this method estimates may be prepared more quickly and this method is as accurate as the other methods. Only in the case of an unsymmetrical wall which is generally rare. no advantage may be claimed by this method over others as the centre line length varies at every layer. But to estimate circular, hexagonal octagonal, etc. shaped building this method is specially useful. (3) Crossing Method :~ In this method calculate the overall perimeter of the building and subtract from this, four times the thickness of the wall to obtain the centre line length. Internal walls are grouped separately to their sections and measured in between the internal faces of the main wall at that level. Principally this method is the same as the centre line method but differs in the process of calculation to find the centre line lengths. English Method of taking out quantities :- The dimension sheet used for taking-off is a “foolscap sheet divided into main sections each section having four columns. Column (1) is termed timesting and is used for setting the number of the item. Column (2) is known ‘dimension column’. In this column measurements are written. Column(3) is called ‘squaring column’. Quantities worked out Scanned with CamScannerare entered in this column, Column (4) is called ‘description column’. Descriptions of the items of works are stated in this column, This is a lengthy process of recording measurements and not followed here, So further details are not described, gxample - 1. Fig. 4-9 represents plan and section of a trench which is 80 cm wide and 60 cm deep. Its required to calculate the volume of earthwork for the trench, Long and Short wall method :~ Following Fig. 4-9. the two longer sides of the proposed excavation 6m in length on plan and parallel to cach other are named Long walls. The other two sides at right angles to the Long walls 4m in length on plan and parallel to each other are named as short walls. Centre to centre length of excavation for a Long wall = 6m — 1/2 of trench width from each side = 6m — 1/2 x 80cm — 1/2 x 80cm ic, 6m - 2 x 1/2 x 80cm = 5.2m. Similarly, centre to centre length of excavation for a Short wall = 4m — 2 x 1/2x80cm = 3.2m. Quantity of earthwork for Long walls = 2 x (c/c length + 1/2 width at each side) x Breadth x Depth = 2(5.2m + 2 x 1/2 x 80cm) x 80cm x 60cm = 5:76 cu m. Thus, Quantity for Short walls = 2 x (c/c length - 2 x 1/2 width at each side) x Breadth x Depth 22x (3.2m ~ 2x 1/2 x 80cm) x 80cm x 60cm = 2.304 cu m. <+ Total quantity of earthwork in excavation = 5.76 cu m + 2.304 cu m = 8.064 cu m. For a clear conception let us investigate what are the physical characters of Long and Short walls? What is the necessity to calculate the centre to centre distance in the estimate ? 6M LONG WALL [+] —— 5.2m 16 ———at ay 3.2M C/G 4M be “| = 3.2-2adx = 80cm —o} SECTION ON A-A PLAN. OF EXCAVATION FIG. 4-9 ‘The shaded aréa on the plan of excavation shown in Fig. 4-9 measuring out-to-out is the area of excavation for the two Long sides and unshaded area measures In-to-In from the inner borders of excavation of long walls represents the area of excavation for two Short walls. Thus the whole area of the trench have been excavated and no area left out unexcavated or considered twice. The process of estimating by this method are the following steps :- For Long walls (i) Calculate the centre to Centre lengt., (ii) add with this length half the width of work at each side, (iii) multiply the length by the width and depth’to find the quantity. For short walls : (i) Calculate the centre to centre length, (ii) subtract from this half the width of long wall with which it joins (iii) multiply the length by the width and depth to find the quantity. Scanned with CamScannerI ; hea Bee Se en concrete, masonrywork with different footings or for superstructure walls illustrated in the ac inet es conistant, provided the section of the wall is symmetrical (as le). But for unsymmetric i ja to centre lengths are t be calculated for each footing individually. trical sectioned wiall the centre igths are to Centre line the method :- Fi ; j - Fig, 4-10 represents plan and section of the same tr method whic plan at section of th method which is 80 em wide and 60 em deep. It is required to caleulat the volum Centre line for long wall = 6m — half trench width from each side = 6m — 40cm - 40cm = 5.20m ‘ench as in the previous 1 of earthwork for the ZLBRAS Lie o SECTION A-A CENTRE LINE (ENLARGED) PLAN FIG. 4-10 Centre line for short wall = 4m - 40cm - 40cm = 3.20m . . Total length of centre line of all walls = 2(5.20 + 3.20) = 16.8m . Earthwork in excavation = Sum of centre line x width x depth = 16.8m x 80cm x 60cm = 8.064 cum Mathematically the.same result as in previous method of 8.064 cu m is obtained. But for a clear ~ conception let us investigate how the whole earthwork is considered by the centre line method if work preceeds along the centre lines by means of a diagram as shown by shaded lines in the above figure. Following the Fig. 4-10 line ab + be + cd + da = total length of centre line. Let us first excavate the line 'a’ to 'D with 40 cm width on cach side, but not beyond ‘a’ or 'b'. Similarly excavate lines bc, cd and da. Investigating the excavation following the shaded lines it is observed that "blocks in which the letters a, b, C and d are marked have not been considered at all i.e. it appears that these blocks are remaining unexcavated, whereas blocks opposite to them have been considered twice (as ‘shown by double hatched lines). Now, the adjacent block of ‘a’ which has been considered twice may lock 'a', Similarly the Blocks 'b’, 'c’ and ‘d’ are to be represented represent once its equal and opposite bl Therefore, by centre line method the entire work has been ‘by their respective adjacent and equal blocks. e considered and no portion has been left out without excavation or considered twice. It is important to ‘note that at corners of trench or walls no addition or subtraction of the centre line is required. Scanned with CamScannerExample—2. Single Room building :— Fig. 4-11 represents the plan and section of the foundation wall (after removal of earth) of a building internally measuring 3m x 2.5 m. Estimate the quantities of (1) Earthwork in excavation in foundation, (2) Lime concrete in foundation, (3) Brickwork in foundation and plinth, = { q 3.74 3 2 Tm Se a AE A cree Se ELEVATION OF LONG” WALL SEEVATION OF LONG” WALL SECTION ON ‘aa’ il 23m—————] 2.4m {2.5m ————-] ELEVATION OF SHORT WALL |+_____3.30m eve «i PLAN OF FOUNDATION 8 FOOTING AFTER REMOVING EARTH PLAN AFTER REMOVING EARTH FIG. 4-11 SECTION ON A-A Centre line method :-To estimatethe quantities, calculate first the total length of centre line which remains constant for varying widths of works, and multiply this constant length of the centre {ine with the respective breadth and height. Thus quantitites of all items may be.calculated easily. Total length of centre line= 2[(3m + 2 x 30cm ) + (2.5m + 2 x 30cmy : 2 2 \ Scanned with CamScannerte Demin oe No.) Lengh | Breadth | Height ‘Quantity 1 | Earthwork in excavation Pa fraam | 070m [075m ioe 2. {Lime conerets in foundation ve | 1 | 122m 0.70m een tee 3. Brickwork in foundation & plinth @) Sem tayer 1} 122m | 050m | 0.20m re (©) 40 cm layer 1} 122m | 040m | 100m is 6.10 cum Long and Short wall method: Centre to centre length of long walls = 3 +2 x30 = 3.30m Centre to centre length of short walls = 2.5 + 2 x2302 2.80m The lengths of long walls out-lo-out in-to-in vary in every layer of footing, To calculate the lengths of long walls add half the trade tates ‘cach end to the centre to cenire length and for short walls subtract half the breadth of the layer from each end. Lengths thus obtained may also be verified from the plan as shown in the Fig. 4-12. Thus the length of long wall gradually decreases from earthwork to brickwork in superstructure and in the case of a short wall, its length increases. DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND QUANTITIES ltem| Description of Item No.| Dimensions in metre [Quantity | Explanatory notes Ro. Length | Breadth] Heighe| 1. | Earthwork in excavation Long walls, 21400 |070 -|075 | 420 4,00=3.30+2x 9.20 Short walls ~ .., 2/210 -[o701° }o7s | 221 |2:10-2.80-2x20 ; 6.41 cu my 2.. | Lime concrete in le foundation Width of concrete Long walls, 2 |400 .)0.70 | 015 | 084 — is same as earthwork Short walls... |. 2/210 0.70 | 0.15. |.0.44 {so tengths are same 1.28cu mas excavation. Brickwork in foundation and plinth Long walls ‘ . Ist. footing 50cm ... 2 | 3.80 | 0.50 |0.20. | 0.76 3.80=3.30+2x 0.50/2 2nd. footing 40.cm ... 2-13.70 |040 |1.00. | 2.96 3.70=3,30+2x 0.40/2 Short walls Ist. footing 50cm... 2. | 2.30 | 0.50 020 | 0.46 2.30=2.80-2x 0.50/2 2nd. footing 40cm... 2}240 }040 1.00 | 1.92 |2.40-2.80-2x 0.402 6.10 cu ny Scanned with CamScannerNoe PLAN OF SUPERSTRUGTURE, Isometric views of plans for earthwork with foundation concrete, Ist. footing, 2nd. footing and superstructure walls are shown one above another. The following observations may be made from the plans. (1) Centre to centre distance of a Long wall AC or BD Temains constant 3.3 m for all works. | Q) Centre to centre distance | for a short wall AB or CD also remains same 2.8m for PLAN OF different works. 1ST FOOTING (3) For earthwork in excavation and foundation: concrete lengths of Long walls 4.0 m and Short walls 2.1m remain same for the same width of 70 cm for both the works, * PLAN OF EARTHWORK AND (4) The length’ of Long wall * een gradually decreases as the width of brickwork decreases from Ist. footing to superstructure wall. On the otherhand the length of a Shortwall increases for. the same reason. Scanned with CamScanner(A) Partition wall having the same section as that of main wall. Example t+ Two roomed building Fig. 4-14 shows the plan and cross section of foundation of a building after removal of earth. Let us calculate the quantity of earthwork in excavation and quantities of concrete and brickworks in foundation and plinth. (a) Centre Line Method. — In the previous example it has been observed that centre line length for main outer walls remains constant for different layers of work. But the centre line length for the partition wall will vary due to influence of main walls. Scanned with CamScannerLength.of centre line for main outer walls, = 2{(6.90m - 0.3 m) + (4.60m — 0.3 m)] = 21.80 m This length of 21.80m ‘remains constant for all works from earthwork to brickwork in superstructure . i te ey aa = sic ; Salli Sk evnsirion wate, netunen IE] itt: sere [4 ment ° [7 eee arene 4 sent) 2 | I o_o ran E a ee E ne ee rlhm —citlime Concrete of Partition Wallh— Tocm —3 = 3.608 —————— 4300 — B (ENLARGED) AFTER REMOVING EARTH jo PLAN AT PLINTH. AFTER REMOVING EARTH SECTION ON FIG. 4-14 Length of centre line for partition wall = 4m + half of wall thickness at each end = 4m + 2 x 0.20 m = 4,30 m For earthwork = 4.30 m - half of trench width at each end = 4.30 m ~ 2 x939m = 3.60 m -. For earthwork total length of centre line = 21.80 + 3.60m = 25.40m ‘Now, the question may arise as to why the actual length of the centre line for the partition wall has been reduced by half the trench width from both ends where this wall joints the main wall. Following the Fig. 4-14 (see section) for explanation of the above question it is observed that, when a 70 cm wide trench has been excavated for the main wall, a portion measuring half of the trench width has already been excavated from the original length of centre line of the partition wall 4.30 m at each end and therefore’ this portion shall not be taken into account during earthwork in excavation of this partition wall. In working out examples a number of such joints shall be studied first and deduction by half width of work for the number of joints be made without any explanation. Thus calculate the total centre to centre lengths of all walls having the same section and then deduct half the width of the work for the number of junctions with which the partition wall joins. Note that there will be a junction when three walls meet at a place. Thus total length of centre line = 21.80 + 4.30 = 26.10 m For earthwork 26.10 m-2 x 97° m=25.40 m. Centre line for concrete work :- This remains same as that for earthwork (25.40m) because concrete work for the partition wall joins at the same level with concrete work for the main wall and width of earth and concrete works are the same. Centre line for brickwork 1st. footing 50 cm wide = 26.10 -2 x a7 25.60 m. ‘The question of reducing half of 50 cm width of brick layer from both ends of the partition wall wher this joins along with the main wall is the same as that for earthwork explained above. ‘Thus, centre line for brickwork 2nd. footing 40 cm wide = 26.10 -2 x ose =25.70 m. Centre for brickwork plinth wall 30 cm wide = 26.10 -2.x 93° = 25.80 m. Scanned with CamScannerPLAN OF PLINTH WALL Long walls 2 nos. = 6.60 m Sc +2xa0cm = 690m Short walls 3 nos. = 430 %e-2 xem =4m, PLAN OF 2nd. FOOTING Long walls 2 nos. = 6.60 Cc + 2 x40-0I0 = 7.00 m. Short walls 3 nos, = 4.30 m Se -2 0am. 3.90 m. PLAN OF Ist. FOOTING [Ts Long walls 2 nos. 26 = 6.60 m Se +2 xS0m = 7,10 m. oa Short walls 3 nos. LY —t = 4.30 %c-2x an. 3.80 m, 660m cic ————+l | eo 710M | PLAN OF EXCAVATION AND FOR LONG WALL \ FOUNDATION CONC, fo 8 Long walls 2 nos, : ez = 6.60 m Cfe + 2 x20-2m - 7.30 m, 285 2 1%. Short walls 3 nos. ad = 430e¢-2.x Mem = 3.60 m, NOTE : THE CENTRE LINE ree HN Wat fk Ce LENGTHS REMAIN CONSTANT 730M FOR ALL WORKS. Scanned with CamScannerDETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND QUANTITIES Item | Description of Item No|___Dimensions in metre _| Quantity Explanatory notes no. Length | Breadth [ Height| 1. | Barthwork in excavation 1 |25.40 | 0.70 | 090 | 16.00 cum 2, | Lime concrete in foundation {1 [2540 | 0.70 | 030 | 533 cum 3. | Brickwork in foundation and plinth (@) 50 cm layer 1 |25.60 | 0.50 | 020 () 40 cm layer 1 }25.70 | 0.40 | 0.20 (©) 30cm layer 1 |25.80 | 0.30 | 1.20 13.91 com Scanned with CamScanner(B) Partition and Verandah Walls having Cross section Different from the Fig. 4-17 shows plan at plinth and cross section of different walls of a building. We are now to calculate the quantities of (1) earthwork in excavation, (2) concrete work in foundation and brickwork in foundation and plinth. 5 Verandah Short Wall - > SECTION ON X-X PLAN AT PLINTH FIG. 4-17. (a) Centre line Method :- The method of calculation of centre lines is described below. Main Outer Walls :~ Back and front = 2(7.9 ~ 0.40) = 15m. Note : Back AB = front CD + EF Sides = 2(5.2 - 0.40) = 9.6m. Note : Side BC = sides DE + FA... Total length = 24.6m This centre line length of 24.6m remains constant for all works because at comers no addition or subtraction is required as illustrated previously in the example-I of article 4-10. Length of this centre line must not be amalgamated along with that of the centre line for the partition and verandah walls having a different section. For Partition & Verandah Walls : - Before starting calculations for centre line, attention should be paid to note at how many places these walls join with the main walls, since centre line varies according to such joints. A joint occurs when three walls meet at a place. In this problem there are altogether four such joints as marked by ‘stars' on the plan. To calculate the length of centre line — Partition wall inner to inner length = 5.2-1.0-2 x 0.40 = 3.4m Length of centre line for partition wall = (3.4 + 0.40) = 3.80m Thus, centre line for Verandah wall— Front = (3.4 + 0.30 + 0.40) - 239 - 0.40 ~ 3.75m, Side = (1.4 0,40 - 0.30) = 1.05m Total length of centre line for partition and Verandah walls = 3.8+3.75+1.05 = 8.60m =~ ___ Total length of centre line for earthwork =8.60 — 4 x0,80 7,00m and the total Iength of centre line for concrete work which joins with 60cm brick layer of main wall = 8.60 - 4 x0.60= 7.40 m NOTE - No beam has been shown in the plan. ae Scanned with CamScannerIn the previous article it has been found that the centre line for concrete work for the partition wall remains the same as that for earthwork. In this case a question, therefore, may arise as to why the centre line 1s increased over that of earthwork. The reason is that in the previous article, sections of the main and parti- tion walls were the same but here they differ. Because of such difference, concrete of partition wall joins with the 60 cm brickworks of the main wall as shwon inthe Fig. 4-18 While calculating centre line for earthwork of the partition wall, length up to the border of excavation for main wall was considered, Now, 10 meet 60cm brick layer of main wail an additional concretework (equal to the shift of 60cm thick layer towards centre from that of 80cm concrete work) is necessary. Thus, centre line for 40cm brick layer of Partition and verandah walls = 8,60 ~ 4 x0.50 = 7.60m and centre line for 30cm brick layer = 8%0 — 4x 040. 7,80m, Estimate for quantities of works may be PLAN OF GROSS WALLS prepared without any illustration as described above. Ca rr rad FIG. 4-18. DETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND QUANTITIES tem] Description of item no. Earthwork in excavation ((@) Main outer walls () Partition & Verandah walls Concrete work in foundation (a) Main outer walls (b) Partition and Verandah walls Brickwork in foundation & plinth (a) Main outer walls 60cm brick layer 50cm brick layer 40cm brick layer (b) Partition & Verandah walls 40cm brick layer 30cm brick layer Scanned with CamScannerVerandah right Partiti (as short) wall (as short). wall , SECTION ON Y-Y FIG. 4-19 Long and Short wall method : Referring Fig. No. 4-19 to the plan of Fig. 4-17, centre to centre distances will be as follows:— r Entire back as Long wall = 7.9 - 0.40 = 7.5m Front big room -do- ve = 3.4-+0.40 = 3.80m Front small room = -do- fe wa = Gd + 0.30 + 0.40) — 2 x080= 3.70m Verandah front as Long and Short wall... = (3.4 + 0.30 + 0.40) -240 — 9.30 - 3.75m 3 0.30 , 0.40 _ 1 ¢ =10- 3 + > = 1.05m Verandah left as Short wall = 1.0 - 940 4 2.40 = 1.00m Verandah right -do- Right of big room -do- = 44 +040 = 4.80m Left of small room —do- = 52-10 -2x 20- 3.8m Partition wall. -do- va. 3.8m (same as left of small room) Note that :- (1) For back, the two rooms have not been considered separately because (a) the entire back being a continuous wall should not ordinarily be split into two parts, (b) the partition wall is different in section to that of the main wall. (2) Fronts of both the rooms are not being a continuous wall, the entire front can not be Considered simultaneously as in the case of the back wall. i i all at its right hand end previously 3) The Verandah front wall joins with another long wal nd ¢ : aia So this end of Verandah wall shall actually be treated as short wall, while its other end as Jong wall and accordingly this wall is named as long-short wall (as described in the article 4-10). Scanned with CamScannerDETAILS OF MEASUREMENT AND QUANTITIES Ten] Description of item No[ Dimensions in metre [Quantity | Explanatory notes Length | Breadth | Height L 5.97 | 8.30=7.5 +42 x 2:80 331 | 460=38+2x 80, 142 | 3.63 = 3.75 + 9:56 0.80 0.14 | 037 = 1.05 -0.86 — og 0.14 | 0.20 = 1.0 2'% 2.80 2 288 | 4.00=48-2x 4.20 3.00 = 3.8 - 2 x.0.80 2 Earthwork in excavation [Entire back as Long wall Front big room = -do- [Front small room — ~do= 1} 8.30 0.80 0.90 1 | 4,60 0.80 0.90 1 | 4.50 0.80 0.90 Ver. front as Long & Shon | 1 | 3.63 0.56 0.70 Verandah left as Short 1 | 0.37 0.56 0.70 Verandah right = -do-} 1 | 0.20 0.80 0.90 1 1 1 4.00 0.80 0.90 3.00 0.80 0.90 3.00 0.56 [Partition wall -do- Lime concrete in foundati Entire back as Long ... 1 Front big room — —do- Front small room = —do~ Ver. front as Long & Short } Verandah left asShort Verandah right = —do- 8.30 | 080 | 0.20 4.60 | 080 | 0.20 4.50 | 080 | 0.20 3.73 | 056 | 0.20 047 | 0.56 | 0.20 0.20 | cso | 0.20 4.00 | 080 | 0.20 3.00 | 080 3.20 | 056 0.42 | 3.73 = 3.75 260, 0:58 2 0.05 | 0.47 = 1.05 0.60. 0.36 3.20 = 3.8 - 2 x 9,60 0.96 0.80 3.16 1st footing 60 cm 2nd footing S0cm ... | 1 | 8.00 rd footing 40cm... | 1 | 7.90 Front big room as Long 0.50 0.20 0.40 1.00 a 0.43 | 43=384+2x ogo 1.68 0.53 44=384+2x 0.52 | 430 =3.70+2x 282 0.42 4.20 = 3.70+2x 00 1.64 v| h front as Long & Verandal front ig fst 0:40 are wall 030 [3723752924 9 Ist footing 40 cm 1 37 =375 ~0404 930 and footing 30 cm : - 2 te 0.50 0.40 Verandah left as Short Ist footing 40 cm land footing 30 cm c.0. 0.60 = 1.05 "3-3 0.70 = 1.05 -0.40- 0,40 Scanned with CamScannerF. B Verandah right as ist footing 60 lond footing 50 lard footing 40cm, Right big room as Short ist footing 60 cm jist footing 40 cm 0.40 0.50 0.60 4.20 4.30 440 3.20 3.30 3.40" 3.30 3.40 ae 0.40 = 1.00 -2x 2.50 0.50 0.40 0.60 4.20 =48-2x 280 0.50 0.40 0.60 0.50 0.40 3.20 = 3.8 - 2 x 2:60 0.40 0.50 330 =38-2x 3 0.30 Scanned with CamScanner