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Cloud Computing

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud Computing is a general term used to describe a new class
of network based computing that takes place over the Internet,
◦ basically a step on from Utility Computing
◦ a collection/group of integrated and networked hardware,
software and Internet infrastructure (called a platform).
◦ Using the Internet for communication and transport provides
hardware, software and networking services to clients
These platforms hide the complexity and details of the underlying
infrastructure from users and applications by providing very
simple graphical interface or API (Applications Programming
Interface).

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What is Cloud Computing?

In addition, the platform provides on demand services, that are always
on, anywhere, anytime and any place.
Pay for use and as needed, elastic
◦ scale up and down in capacity and functionalities

The hardware and software services are available to

◦ general public, enterprises, corporations and businesses markets

What is Cloud Computing?

Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-
demand network access to a shared pool of configurable
computing resources.
It can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort.
It provides high level abstraction of computation and storage
model.
It has some essential characteristics, service models, and
deployment models.

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Essential Characteristics
On-Demand Self Service:
◦ A consumer can unilaterally provision computing
capabilities, automatically without requiring human
interaction with each service’s provider.
Heterogeneous Access:
◦ Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms.
Rapid Elasticity: the degree to which a system is able to adapt
to workload changes by provisioning and de-provisioning
resources in an autonomic manner, such that at each point in
time the available resources match the current demand as
closely as possible
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Essential Characteristics (cont.)

Resource Pooling:
◦ The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve
multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model.
◦ Different physical and virtual resources dynamically
assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand.
Measured Service:
◦ Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resources
used by leveraging a metering capability at some level of
abstraction appropriate to the type of service.
◦ It will provide analyzable and predictable computing
platform.

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The Cloud Requires

An Internet connection
An account - Created with a user name and a password
Agree to Terms

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Types of Cloud Service

Terms that are used in this sphere include
◦ Software as a Service (SaaS)
◦ Platform as a Service (PaaS) and
◦ Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

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Cloud Service Models

Software as a Platform as a Infrastructure as a
Service (SaaS) Service (PaaS) Service (IaaS)

SalesForce CRM

LotusLive

Google
App
Engine

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Type of service

Software as a Service (SaaS) is a software distribution

model in which applications are hosted by a vendor or service
provider and made available to customers over a network, typically
the Internet.
http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Software-as-a-Service

Service Models
Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS):
◦ The capability provided to the consumer is to use the
provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure.
◦ The applications are accessible from various client devices
such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email).
◦ The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating
systems, storage,…
◦ Examples: Salesforce, LotusLive

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Types of service
Platform as a Service (PaaS) is a way to rent hardware, operating
systems, storage and network capacity over the Internet. The service
delivery model allows the customer to rent virtualized servers and
associated services for running existing applications or developing
and testing new ones.
http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Platform-as-
a-Service-PaaS

Service Models (cont.)

Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS):

◦ The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto
the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired
applications created using programming languages and
tools supported by the provider.
◦ The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure.
◦ Consumer has control over the deployed applications and
possibly application hosting environment configurations.
◦ Examples: Windows Azure, Google App.

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Types of service
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a provision model in which an
organization outsources the equipment used to support
operations, including storage, hardware, servers and networking
components. The service provider owns the equipment and is
responsible for housing, running and maintaining it. The client
typically pays on a per-use basis.
http://searchcloudcomputing.techtarget.com/definition/Infrastru
cture-as-a-Service-IaaS

Service Models (cont.)

Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
◦ The capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental
computing resources.
◦ The consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary
software, which can include operating systems and
applications.
◦ The consumer does not manage or control the underlying
cloud infrastructure but has control over operating
systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly
limited control of select networking components (e.g., host
firewalls).
◦ Examples: Amazon EC2, GoGrid, iland, Rackspace Cloud
Servers, ReliaCloud.
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Service Models (cont.)

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Deployment Models
 Private Cloud:

 The cloud is operated solely for an organization. It may

be managed by the organization or a third party and may
exist on premise or off premise.

 Community Cloud:

 The cloud infrastructure is shared by several

organizations and supports a specific community that
has shared concerns.

 It may be managed by the organizations or a third party

and may exist on premise or off premise

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 Public Cloud:
 The cloud infrastructure is made available to
the general public or a large industry group
and it is owned by an organization selling
cloud services.
 Hybrid cloud:
 The cloud infrastructure is a composition of
two or more clouds (private, community, or
public).

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Cloud Computing Service Layers

Services Description

Services Services – Complete business services such as

PayPal, OpenID, OAuth, Google Maps, Alexa

Application Application – Cloud based software that eliminates

Application the need for local installation such as Google Apps,
Focused Microsoft Online
Development – Software development platforms used
Development to build custom cloud based applications (PAAS &
SAAS) such as SalesForce

Platform – Cloud based platforms, typically provided

Platform using virtualization, such as Amazon ECC, Sun Grid

Infrastructure Storage
Storage – Data storage or cloud based NAS such
as CTERA, iDisk, CloudNAS
Focused
Hosting – Physical data centers such as those run
Hosting by IBM, HP, NaviSite, etc.

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Purpose and Benefits

The “no-need-to-know” in terms of the underlying
details of infrastructure, applications interface with
the infrastructure via the APIs.
The “flexibility and elasticity” allows these systems
to scale up and down at will
◦ utilising the resources of all kinds
◦ CPU, storage, server capacity, load balancing, and databases

The “pay as much as used and needed” type of

utility computing and the “always on!, anywhere
and any place” type of network-based computing.

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Purpose and Benefits

Cloud are transparent to users and applications, they can be
built in multiple ways
◦ branded products, proprietary open source, hardware or
software, or just off-the-shelf PCs.
In general, they are built on clusters of PC servers and off-
the-shelf components plus Open Source software combined
with in-house applications and/or system software.

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Purpose and Benefits

Cloud computing enables companies and applications,
which are system infrastructure dependent, to be
infrastructure-less.
By using the Cloud infrastructure on “pay as used and
on demand”, all of us can save in capital and
operational investment!
Clients can:
◦ Put their data on the platform instead of on their own desktop
PCs and/or on their own servers.
◦ They can put their applications on the cloud and use the
servers within the cloud to do processing and data
manipulations etc.

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Some Commercial Cloud Offerings

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Cloud Storage
Several large Web companies are now exploiting
the fact that they have data storage capacity that
can be hired out to others.
◦ allows data stored remotely to be temporarily cached on
desktop computers, mobile phones or other Internet-
linked devices.

Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) and Simple

Storage Solution (S3) are well known examples

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Opportunities and Challenges

The use of the cloud provides a number of
opportunities:
◦ It enables services to be used without any understanding of
their infrastructure.
◦ Cloud computing works using economies of scale:
◦ It potentially lowers the outlay expense for start up companies, as they
would no longer need to buy their own software or servers.
◦ Cost would be by on-demand pricing.
◦ Vendors and Service providers claim costs by establishing an ongoing
revenue stream.
◦ Data and services are stored remotely but accessible from
“anywhere”.

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Opportunities and Challenges

In parallel there has been backlash against cloud computing:
◦ Use of cloud computing means dependence on others and that
could possibly limit flexibility and innovation:
◦ Security could prove to be a big issue:
◦ It is still unclear how safe out-sourced data is and when using
these services ownership of data is not always clear.
◦ There are also issues relating to policy and access:
◦ If your data is stored abroad whose policy do you adhere to?
◦ What happens if the remote server goes down?
◦ How will you then access files?
◦ There have been cases of users being locked out of accounts
and losing access to data.

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Cloud and Other Similar

Configurations
Application Service Provider (ASP)
 Precursor to SaaS

Autonomic Computing
 Set of self-managing characteristics of distributed computing resources

Cluster
 Group of networked system sharing the same set of resources

Distributed Computing
 Grid Computing, P2P, Client-Server architecture

High Performance Computing

 Parallel Processing

Utility Computing
 Used by Mainframe manufacturers for time-sharing
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Components of Cloud
Computing
Comprises of virtualized pool of infrastructure
resources
For end user, CC consists of following components:
Client
 Mobile Clients
 Thin Clients
 Thick Clients
 EX: Computers, Mobiles, Smart Phones, tablets and Servers
Cloud network
Cloud APIs
Set of Programming instruction and tool that provides abstraction over a specific
cloud provider

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Advantages of Cloud Computing

1. Lower computer costs:
◦ You do not need a high-powered and high-priced computer to
run cloud computing's web-based applications.
◦ Since applications run in the cloud, not on the desktop PC, your
desktop PC does not need the processing power or hard disk
space demanded by traditional desktop software.
2. Instant software updates:
◦ Another advantage to cloud computing is that you are no longer faced with
choosing between obsolete software and high upgrade costs.
◦ Automatic Updates

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Advantages of Cloud Computing

3. Improved performance:
◦ With few large programs hogging your computer's
memory, you will see better performance from your PC.
4. Reduced software costs:
◦ Instead of purchasing expensive software applications,
you can get most of what you need for free

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Advantages of Cloud Computing

5. Improved document format compatibility.
◦ There are potentially no format incompatibilities when everyone is
sharing documents and applications in the cloud.

6. Unlimited storage capacity:

◦ Cloud computing offers virtually limitless storage.
7. Increased data reliability:
◦ Unlike desktop computing, in which if a hard disk crashes
and destroy all your valuable data, a computer crashing in
the cloud should not affect the storage of your data.

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Advantages of Cloud Computing

8. Universal document access:
◦ Documents are instantly available from wherever you are
9. Latest version availability:
◦ The cloud always hosts the latest version of your documents
10. Easier group collaboration:
◦ Sharing documents leads directly to better collaboration.
11. Device independence.
◦ Move to a portable device, and your applications and
documents are still available.

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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

1. Requires a constant Internet connection:

◦ Cloud computing is impossible if you cannot connect to
the Internet.
2. Does not work well with low-speed connections:
◦ Similarly, a low-speed Internet connection, such as that
found with dial-up services, makes cloud computing
painful at best and often impossible.
3. Features might be limited:
◦ This situation is bound to change, but today many web-
based applications simply are not as full-featured as their
desktop-based applications.
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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

4. Can be slow:
◦ Even with a fast connection, web-based applications can
sometimes be slower than accessing a similar software
program on your desktop PC.
5. Stored data might not be secure:
◦ With cloud computing, all your data is stored on the
cloud.
6. Stored data can be lost:
◦ Theoretically, data stored in the cloud is safe, replicated
across multiple machines.

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Actors in Cloud Computing

Cloud Consumer A person or organization that maintains a business
relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers.
Cloud Provider A person, organization, or entity responsible for making
a service available to interested parties.
Cloud Auditor A party that can conduct independent assessment of
cloud services, information system operations, performance and
security of the cloud implementation.
Cloud Broker An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery
of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers
and Cloud Consumers.
Cloud Carrier An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport
of cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.

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Scenarios in Cloud: 1
1.Cloud consumer interacts with the cloud broker instead of contacting
a cloud provider directly.
2.The cloud broker may create a new service (mash up) by combining
multiple services or by enhancing an existing service.
3.Actual cloud providers are invisible to the cloud consumer.

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Scenarios in Cloud: 2
1.Cloud carriers provide the connectivity and transport of cloud services
from cloud providers to cloud consumers.
2.Cloud provider participates in and arranges for two unique service
level agreements (SLAs), one with a cloud carrier (e.g. SLA2) and one
with a cloud consumer (e.g. SLA1).
3.A cloud provider may request cloud carrier to provide dedicated and
encrypted connections to ensure the cloud services (SLA’s).

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Scenarios in Cloud: 3
1.Cloud auditor conducts independent assessments for the operation
and security of the cloud service.
2.The audit may involve interactions with both the Cloud Consumer and
the Cloud Provider.

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Cloud Consumer
Cloud consumer browses & uses the service.
Cloud consumer sets up contracts with the cloud provider.
Cloud consumers need SLAs to specify the technical performance
requirements fulfilled by a cloud provider.
SLAs cover the quality of service, security, remedies for performance
failures.
A cloud provider list some SLAs that limit and obligate the cloud
consumers by must acceptance.
Cloud consumer can freely choose a cloud provider with better pricing
with favorable conditions.
Pricing policy and SLAs are non-negotiable.

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SaaS consumers
SaaS consumers can be organizations that provide their members with
access to software applications, end users who directly use software
applications, or software application administrators who configure
applications for end users.
SaaS consumers can be billed based on the number of end users, the
time of use, the network bandwidth consumed, the amount of data
stored or duration of stored data.

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PaaS consumers
PaaS consumers can be application developers or administrators
1.who design and implement application software
2.application testers who run and test applications
3.who publish applications into the cloud
4.who configure and monitor application performance.
PaaS consumers can be billed according to, processing, database
storage and network resources consumed by the PaaS application, and
the duration of the platform usage.

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IaaS consumer
IaaS consumer can be system developers, system administrators and IT
managers who are interested in creating, installing, managing and
monitoring services for IT infrastructure operations.
IaaS consumer can be billed according to the amount or duration of the
resources consumed, such as CPU hours used by virtual computers,
volume and duration of data stored, network bandwidth consumed,
number of IP addresses used for certain intervals.

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Cloud Provider
Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing infrastructure
required for providing the services, runs the cloud software that
provides the services, and makes arrangement to deliver the cloud
services to the Cloud Consumers through network access.
◦ SaaS Providers
◦ PaaS Providers
◦ IaaS Providers

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Cloud Provider
Five major activities of Cloud Provider's
Service deployment
Service orchestration
Cloud service management
Security
Privacy

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Cloud Auditor
Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards.
Auditor evaluates the security controls, privacy impact, performance,
etc.
Auditing is especially important for federal agencies.

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Cloud Broker
Integration of cloud services can be complex for consumers. Hence
cloud broker, is needed.
Broker manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services
and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud
consumers.
In general, a cloud broker can provide services in various categories

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Cloud Carrier
Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network,
telecommunication and other access devices.
For example, cloud consumers can obtain cloud services through
network access devices, such as computers, laptops, mobile phones,
mobile internet devices (MIDs), etc.

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Cloud Conceptual Reference

Architecture

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