Fermentation

Lecture 1
Muhammad Irfan Masood
Pharm D 4th Semester
 Fermentation-introduction
• Energy metabolism process in which the
endogeneous substance pyruvate serves as a
final electron acceptor.
• Takes place in: Bacteria, fungi and O2 deficient
muscles.
• Take place when aerobic and aerobic
respiration fail.
• Less energy is produced as Compared to
respiration
 Fermentation-Introduction
• 10000 years old history
• (Production of wine, yogurt, beers)
• Principle was defines by Lewis Pasture
• Expert in fermentation is known as Zymurgist
• Sewage treatment
• Waste mangement
• Food production
• Pharmaceuticals production
 Fermentation-Introduction
• Fermentation does not involve
• e-transport-chain

• Types:
• Lactic acid fermentation
• Alcohol fermentation
• Mixed fermentation
 Fermentation-introduction
• Now used in industry
Alcohol fermentation
Lactic acid-fermentation
Lab scale fermentation
Fermentation of alcohol
Industrial fermenter
Stirrer type
Industrial fermenter
Air lift type
 Industrial fermentation
• A)-Upstreaming Processes
• 1)- Pre-fermentation
– a). Isolation
– b). Improvement
– c). Biomass
– d). Qualty testing of Microorganism
2)- Media formulation
a). Growth media
Carbon sources, nitrogeneous sources, inorganic salts, trace element,
Vitamins
 Upstreaming processes
– b). Production Media
– Mainly carbon sorces, nitrogeneous sources
– Cheap and readily available sources
– (Corn steep liquor, molasses, Soybean, sugar beet, Malt extracts)
3) Fermentation Stages
Sterilization of air
Sterilization of Fermenter
Sterilization of production media
 Down streaming
• B) Down streaming processes
• 1) Disintegration of cells
• Mechanical methods (Shear force)
• Physical methods (freez thaw, osmotic shock)
• Chemical methods (surfactants, solvents)
• Enzymatic methods (Isoenzyme)
• 2) Clarification
• Solid-liquid extraction,
• Dialysis
 Down streaming
• Precipitation
• Membrane filteration
• Distillation
• Adsorption
• 3). Purification
• Chromatography
• 4). Formulation
• Drying, lyophilization, compounding
 Ethanol fermentation
• Principle:
• Glycolysis 2ATP+2Pyruvate
• 2Pyruvate 2 Acetaldehyde +2CO
• 2 acetaldehyde Reduction NADH 2 Ethanol

• Bacteria, Saccharomyces
Ethanol fermentation