BIOL412

WET LAB 3 BLOOD TYPİNG

Nermin Türen
13/04/21
 Blood
• The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body,
which makes up 7-8% of their body weight

• Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the
body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the
lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal
• Blood also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can
stay healthy

• There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of
blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and
one white cell
Blood and Its components
Liquid fluid consisting of following components:
a. Cells (45%)
b. Plasma (55%)
c. Serum=plasma-fibrinogen
Blood Genetics
• The human ABO gene is on chromosome 9

• Everyone has two copies of chromosome 9 so you have two ABO

genes

• There are three versions (called “alleles”) of this blood type gene: A,
B, and O
Dominant vs Recessive Genes
• The “A” allele is dominant and so is the “B” allele

• Together though, the “A” and “B” alleles are co-dominant

• The “O” allele is recessive

 Blood types
• There are 3 alleles or genes for blood type: A, B, & O (IAIBi)

• Since we have 2 genes, there are 6 possible combinations

Blood Types
• AA or AO = Type A
BB or BO = Type B
OO = Type O
AB = Type AB
 Antigen-Antibody
• Antigen: The foreign substance that triggers the production of
antibodies

• Antibodies: The substances produced in response to antigens

Agglutination:
• The reaction between the antigen and antibody

• Clumping of red blood cells occur in some cases and in some cases
do not
Principle of Blood grouping
• Blood grouping is done on the basis of agglunation

• Agglunation is the collection of separate particles like RBCs into

clumps

• Agglunation occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding

antibody which is called isoagglutinin , i:e when A antigen is mixed
with anti A or when B antigen is mixed with B antigen
 Introduction to Blood Group Systems
• A blood group also called blood type

35 blood group systems are recognized

• Most important ABO blood group system and Rh system

• M-N system also has little importance

• Classification is based on inherited antigenic substances on the surface

of red blood cells
Antigens on the surface of RBCs
 ABO Blood group system
• The most important blood group system

• Discovered by Karl Land and Steiner (1900-1901)

•Determination OF ABO blood groups depends upon the immunological

reaction between antigen and antibody

Antigens are called agglutinogens because of their capacity to cause

agglutination of red blood cells
 ABO Blood Type
• Determined by the ABO gene, located on chromosome no . 9

• The gene has three allelic forms IA IB and i

• These determine four types of blood groups

ABO Blood Group Types
• If A antigen is present, blood group will be A
• If B antigen is present, blood group will be B
• If both A and B antigens are present, blood group will be AB
• If neither A nor B antigen is present, blood group will be O
Antigens-Antibodies
 Relative Abundance of Blood Types
A B AB 0
40-42% 10-15% 3-5% 43-45%
The importance of ABO blood group system
•Most importan test

Antibodies of ABO system present in every person

• Incompatible blood transfer causes the intravascular hemolysis of

RBCs leading to death
 Blood Transfusion
• It is important to carefully match the donor and recipient blood types

• If donor ‘s blood cells have antigen that are different from those
recipient, antibodies in the recipient’s blood recognize the donor blood
as foreign

• This triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting

Importance of ABO groups in blood transfusion
• During the blood transfusion, only compatible blood must be used

• The one who gives blood is called the donor and one who receives
blood is called recipient

• While transfusing blood, antigen of the donor and the antibody of the
recipient are considered
• Thus RBCs of 0 blood group has no antigen and so agglutination does not ocur
with any other blood group

• So 0 blood group can be given to any blood group persons and people with this
blood type are called universal donors

• Plasma of AB blood group has no antibody. This does not cause agglutination of
RBC from any other blood group

• People with AB blood group can receive blood from any blood group persons. So
people with this blood group are universal recipients
 RH blood group system
• This system also discovered by Karl Land Steiner(1940)

• Second important blood group system

• The main cause of hemolytic disease of new born(HDN)

• Most people (about 85%) have a positive Rh factor

• • RH blood group consists of 49 antigens

• Most significant are D,C,E,c and e

Rh blood group cont
• Commonly used term Rh factor refer to D antigen on RBCs surface

• Anyone who has this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive where a

person does not have type D antigen is said to be Rh negative

• Commonly used term Rh factor refer to D antigen on RBCs surface

• Anyone who has this type of antigen is said to be Rh positive, where a

person does have type D antigen is said to be Rh negative
Types of Rh blood group system
• Rh Positive: Posses Rh antigen on surface of RBCs
• Rh Negative: Lack Rh antigen on surface of RBCs
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
• Hemolytic disease of new born occurrence

• If a mother with Rh- have a fetus with Rh+

• Mother develop Rh antibodies against fetus Rh+

• These antibodies will react with subsequent Rh+ fetus

• Lead to bursting of RBC’s