HANDBOOK OF ORIENTAL STUDIES HANDBUCH DER ORIENTALISTIK SECTION EIGHT CENTRAL ASIA edited by DENIS SINOR - NICOLA DI COSMO VOLUME FIVE SOURCES ON THE ALANS EG? e ths aac) fy Tae 1683 SOURCES ON THE ALANS A Critical Compilation BY AGUST{ ALEMANY EGY, s Pe Ths, art Sy s, bras 1683 BRILL LEIDEN: BOSTON -KOLN 2000)‘This books printed on acid-fee paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alemany, Agus, ‘Sourceson the Alans: acrtical compilation / Agus Alemany, P._cm.— (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section eight. Central Asi) Updated version of author's thesis, writen in Catalan, under ttle Recull critic de fonts ppera studi de a hiséria cultura illengua dels alans, submitted to the Universiat Aucénoma de Barcelona in 1997, Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 90041 14424 alk paper) | Alani—Origin—Sources. I. Tide. IL Handbuch der Orientalisik. Achte Abteilung, Handbook of Uralc studies D90.A4As4 2000 990094915 —de21 0.04143 cP Die Deutsche Bibliothek — CIP-Kinheitsaufaahme Alemany, Agusti: Sources onthe Alans: a critical compilation / by Agust Alemany. ~ Leiden ; Boston ; Koln : Be i, 2000 (Bch des Orient: Abe. 8, Zentralasien 2) SBN90-08-11942-4 ISSN o150.8524 ISBN 9004114424 © Copyright 2000 by Keio Brill NY, Lede, Te Neerands Allright reseed. No arto is pabictn may be erodacd, sated, rain ‘artisal syste, or ance nam form orb ay mass, cto, ‘mechanical, phatcpying, cording or thera, without rie rita ‘ermsion ro the publisher Autriaton to potooty tems for internal opesnal ui granted by EJ. Bl vided that ‘he opropriat is ae paid dicts The Copyright (Charance Coney 222 Reseed Driv, Ste 91 Dancers MA 01925, USA. Pes arabe to change. PRINTED IN THE NETHER S Als meus pares, ‘Agustt i Jiilia, iana Marta, per llur paciéncia i afecteCONTENTS Foreword, by Rudiger Schmitt wil Preface . xvii 1, Introduction 1 il. The Ethnic Name *alflJan- 1.2. The Ethnic Name *as- 13. Easly Alanie Tribes 14. Old Ossetic Tribes 2. Latin Sources .. n Latin Literary Sources (Ist-4th ¢) . oul 2.1. Introduction 2.2, Avienus 2.3. (Hegesippus) 24. Lucan 2.5. Martial 216, Pliny 2.7. Pompeius Trogus 2.8 Scriptores Historiae Augustae 2.9. Seneca 2.10, Suetonius 2.11. Tabula Peutingeriana 2.12. Tecitus 2.13. Valerius Flaccus Latin Literary Sources (4th-Sth c.). 30 2.14, Introduction 2.15. Additamenta Africana 2.16. Ambrose 2.17, ‘Ammianus Marcellinus 2.18, [Aurelius Victox} 2.19. Ausonius 2.20 Claudius Marius Vietor 2.21. Claudian 2.22. Constantius of Lyons 2.23, Consularia Constantinopolitana 2.24. Dracontius 2.25. Fasti Vindobo- nenses Priores 2.26. Honorius 2.27. Hydatius 228. Jerome 2.29. Liber Genealogus 2.30. Martinus Capella 2.31, Notitia Dignitatum 2.32, Orosius 2.33. Pacatus 2.34. Paulinus 2.35. Paulinus of Nola 2.36. Pauli- nus of Pella 2.37. Possidius 2.38. Prosper 2.39. Salvianus 2:40, Sido- nius Apollinaris 2.41, Vegetius 2.42. Victor of Vita Latin Epigraphical Sources .. 5 2.43, Varia Epigraphica nomasticon| 6 2.44, Abeba 2.45. Addac 2.46, Beorgor 2.47. Eochar 2.48. Eunones 2149, Rasparaganus 2.50. Saphrax 3. Greek Sources .. oe wo 79 3.1. The Alans and the Hllenized Roman East was Greek Literary Sources . 9 32, Arrian 3.3, Candidvs 34, Cassius Dio 3.5. Dionysius Peviegetes 3.6. Eusebius 3.7. Herodian 3.8. Iamblichus 39. John the Lydian 3.10 Josephus 3.11. Lucian 3.12. Marcianus 3.13. Olympiodorus 3.14 Periplus Ponti Euxini 3.15. Ptolemy 3.16. Sozomen 3.17. Stephanus of Byzantium 3.18. Strabo 3.19, Themisiius 3.20. Zosimos Greck Epigraphical Sources . MW 3.21. Varia Epigraphicaviii CONTENTS Onomasticon E pee 3.22, Adavixos 323. ‘ApSaPoupios 324."Aonap 3.25, hap 3.26. Epuevdptxos 3.27. Hpaxas 3.28. Ma¢ata 3.29. Mdareipa 3.30 Tarpixos 3.31. Pevowahos 3.32. Enasivng 3.33, Tdovos 4. Medieval Latin Sources. ‘Medieval Latin Literary Sources (6th-Sth c) .. 4.1, Introduction 4.2. Bede 4.3, Berengaudus 44. Cassiodorus 45. Chronica Gallica 4.6. Compilatio cod. Matr. F 85.4.7. Continuatio Pros- eri Hlavniensis 48. Cosmographia Anonyma 4. Discriptio Terrarum 4.10, Ermenticus 4.11. [Fredegarius] 4.12. Gesta episcoporam Neapoli- fanorum 4.13. Gregory of Tours 4.14. Heiric 4.15. Historia Langobardo- rum 4.16. Isidore 4.17. Jordanes 4.18. Julii Valerié epitome 4.19, Liber Historiae Francorum 4.20. Mappa mundi 4.21. Marcellinus 4.22. Martin (of Braga 4.23. Origo Francorum Bonnensis 4.24, Origo gentis Langobar- dorum 25. Paul the Deacon 4.26. Priscian 4.27, [Venantius Fortunatus) 4.28, Versus de Asia et de universi mundi rora 4.29. Vita Sadalbergae Medieval Latin Literary Sources (13th-14th ¢.) ..... 430. Introduction 4.31, [Friar Benedict the Pole] 4.32. Friar C. de Bridia 4.33, Friar John of Pian di Carpine 4.34. Friar William of Rubrick 4.35. John III of Soltzniye 4.36. Simon of Kéza 4.37. Appendix I: the Alans (Jasses) in Hungary 4.38, Appendix Il: Alan Slaves (13th-Idth c,) 4.39. Appendix II: the Franciscan mission in China (Ith e.) 440, Appendix TV: Marco Polo and the Alans Onoriasticon 4.41, Alanoviamuthis 442. Candac 443. Dula 4/44, Micheas 448 Paria 4.46. Respendial 4.47. Sambida 448. Sangibanus 449, Thogay 5, Byzantine Sources .. Byzantine Literary Soures (610th) 5.1 intoduction 5.2. Agthiss 53. Consaniine Porpiyropenis $4 Tobi of Amtoch 5, Jobn of Epiplaia 26, Joep Ootstn 37. Leo the Whe 58 [Mauris] 59, Menapder 3.10. Nicholas Mysicus $11 Novellas Justinan! 512. Pals of gin 5.13. Phys 318. Pocopas 5.15. Thcophans 5.16. Theopbanes of BYzanium $17. Theophylat Sinccata 18. Via Alenondr Regis Macedonum 5-19. Append the Massage question Byzantine Literary Sources (Llt-15th€) 520, Inrodution $.21. Anna Cohinens 3.2. Ducas $33. Ephraim 5.24, Eusathue 523. George Padiymeres $26 John Centacizemut 5.27. John Cinnamus 5.28. John Séylitzes 5.29. John Xiphilinus 5.30, Jotn Zonaras 531. Leoneus Chalgocondjes 332 | Michael Pelot 5.33, Neephorus Baslaes 5.34, Ncephors Bryennut 5.35, Niccas Chonites 5.36, Theodore of Alnia 537. Appendix the mevopoitan seco Ania. 112 16 116 147 167 170 170 207 ‘CONTENTS ix ‘Onomasticon 240 5.38, “ANBY 5.39. “Apapdrns 5.40. Flpyvn Sal. Tragas 542. Trlans 5.43, “ludvvns 5.44, t Kupotrns 5.45.Mapta 546. Puautkns 547. Zaodh 5.48, Dapding 5.49, Tewrfons 5.50. Xaoxdens 6. Arabic Sources ...... 244 6.1. The Alans and Islam Arabic Literary Sources sesesees 245 6.2. Alans in the Arabic geographical tradition of the 3rd-4i/9th-10th e. 63. Aba L-Fidz" 6.4, Aba Himid al-Garnatl 6.5. Al-Balagort 6.6. Baybars al-Mangiet 6.7. Al-Bictni 6.8. Al-Dahabi 6.9. Al-Dimasqi 6.10. Ibn ‘Abd al-Zahir 6.11, Ton al-Atie 6.12. Tbn al-Azreq 6.13. fon Battoia 6.14. Ton Balddn 6.15. Ton Rustah 6.16. Al-Marwazt 6.17. Mas'ad b. Namdar 6.18, Al-Mas'tdi 6.19. Al-Nadim 6.20. Al-Qazwinl 621. ALTabarl 6.22, Ta'rlt Bab al-Abwab 6.23. Al-‘Umari 6.24. Arabica Christiana 6.25. Appendix: Alan MamlOks in Egypt Onomasticon 216 6.26. Ahmad b. Kayeh 627. B.gay. 6.28 Krk-ndad 7, Armenian Sources . 7.1. The Alans and Armenia Armenian Literary Sources . 72. Agat’angelos 7.3. ASsarhac‘oye’ 7.4. E80 7.3. Movses Xorensc’i 76, (Prawstos Bowzandac'i] 7.7. “Anonymous story-teller” 7.8. Ha- siographic Sources 7.9. Owfnayr, king of the Albanians 7.10. Atowank’ = Alank* 7.11. Sarmatac‘ik', Skiwiac'ik’ = Alank' 7.12. Haykakan Hamabarbar Onomasticon 7.13. Alanayozan 7.14. Ataweleank 7.15. Aéxadar 7.16. Aixén 7.17 Barlax 7.18, B&r 7.19. Sanésan 7.20. Sat‘inik 7.21. Skoher 278 279 299 8. Catalan Sources a0 8.1, The Alens and the Catalan Grand Company Medieval Catalan Literary Sources... 8.2. Ramon Muntaner Onomasticon as 5 83. Girgon a 307 9. Georgian Sources 308 9.1, The Alans and Georgia, ‘The Georgian Chronicles (K'art‘lis C'xovreba) 922 Introduction 9.3. History ofthe Kings of Iberia 94. History of King Vaxtang Gorgasali 9. Chronicle of Iberia 9.6. History of the King of Kings 9.1. Histories and Bulogies of the Sovereigns 9.8. History of the Mongol Invasions 309x CONTENTS Onomasticon ... 9.9. Agsar'an 9.10. Alun 9.11. Anbazuk 9.12. Aspagur 9.13, Avon 9.14, Bagatar 9.15. Bazuk 9.16. Borena 9.17. Burduxan 9.18. Davit* 9.19. Davit* Soslan 9.20. Demetre 9.21. Dorgoleli 9.22. Jedaron 9.23, Kavtia 9.24. Prarejan 9.25. PreroS 9.26. Sat'xis 9.27. Saurmag 9.28. ‘Tarjan 9.29. Uobos 9.30. Urdure 9.31. Uzurabeg 9.32. Vaxtang 9.33. Xuanxua 9.34, Xuddan 10. Hebrew Sources 10.1. The Alans and the Judeo-Khazar Empire Hebrew Sources .. 10.2. Benjamin of Tudela 10:3. The Khazar correspondence 10.4. The (Cambridge Document 11. Iranian Sources . Pahlavi and Parthian Epigraphical Sources. 11.1 Introduction 11.2. Bilingual Inseription of Armazi 11-3. Kivdte's Inscriptions at the Ka’be-ye ZardoSt, NagS-c Rostam and Ser Mashed 11.4, Sabuhr’s Inseciption at the Ka'be-ye Zardost 4 Bactrian Epigraphical Sources + « _ 1155. Introduction 11.6. The Legend Persian Literary Sources of the Islamic Period 11,7. Introduction 11.8. FerdOst 11.9. Budi al-‘aiam 11.10. Keikaas febn Eskandar 11.11 Ne#imt 11.12 Wigini 11.13 The Letter of Tansar 11.14. Persian Historiography of the Mongol period Onomasticon MAS. Znovaxou 11.16. labuavyaveu 11.17. sypapvouyou 11.18, Enpanernis 11.19. Farange 11.20. Garam 11.21. Q&tir Okile 12, Mongol Sources . 12.1, The Alans and the Mongo! pie Mongol Literary Sources 122, “The Secret History of the Mongol Chronicles of the 17h | Onomasticon 124, Aruytai 12 123] Alans in Mongol >. Nom Dara Qoloéi Noyan 13. Russian Sources 13.1. The Alas and anit asi Ota asian Chronicles . seve 132, Invduation 133. The flo la Webs 068) 134 Jarosin's Alen expen (102) 35, Jaopll’s Cuman canpign (1116) 3.6 The asasinaton of Andie) Bopljbsi (1179) (3. The Mongol stom (1223) 138. Mengu Tesi alan eampeign (1277-78) 139, the fate of Mihail of Tver (1319) 1940. Alans in Malas ery (1380) ISIN The Rusan Ii of cites (138792) 304 330 330 338 338 345; 347 369 372 373 3a 378 379 CONTENTS Onomasticon 13.12, AusGant 13.13. Enewa 14. Syriac Sources . 14.1. The Alans and the Syriae world Syriac Literary Sources. 14.2, [Bardesanes] 14.3. Barhebracus 14.4. Chronicle of Avbela 14. Chronicon ad annum 1234 14.6. [Methodius] 14.7. Michael the Great 14,8. [Zacharias Rhetor] 149. Alans in Tabulae Populorum Onomasticon . : 7 14,10, Kiza 15. Chinese Sources Chinese Literary Sources of the Hian Period » 15.1, Introduction 15.2. Yuezhi 15.3. Wusun 15.4. Yaneai 15-5. The Wusun = Alans hypothesis 15.6. The Yancai = Alans hypothesis 15.7. Summing-up: the Alan = Alans hypothesis 15.8, Chinese Glossary (Han sourees) Chinese Literary Sources of the Yuan Period 15.9. Introduction 15.10. The Alans and the Yuan Military Establish- ‘ment 15.11. Niegule 15.12. Aersilan 15.13. Hanghusi 15.14. Yuwashi 15.15 Baduer 15.16. Kouerji 15.17. Adachi 15.18. Shila Baduer 15.19, Chel 15.20. Chinese Glossary (Yuan sources) Onomasticon .. 1521, Adachi 1522. Aersilan 15.23. Asanzhen 15.24. Atachi 1525 Anfapu 15.26. Anghesi 15.27. Baduer 15.28. Baidaer 15.29, Baizhu 15.30. Biejiba 15.31. Biejlian 15.32, Cheli 15.33. Dimidier 15.34. Du- dan 15.35. Fudelaici 15,36. Fu Ding 15.37. Hanghusi 15.38, Huda ‘Tiemuer. 15.39. Huerduda 15.40, Jiao Hua 15.41. Kouerji 15.42, Matae sha 15.43. Nahaichan 15.44. Naiyaozhen 15.45. Niegula, Niegulsi 15.46, Shila Baduer 15.47. Shilimen 15.48. Waimasi 15.49, Woluosi 15.50. Wazuoer Buhan 15.51. Xiang Shan 15.52. Yeliya 15.53, Yeliandi 15.54. Yelie Baduer 15.55. Yesudaier 15.56. Yigilidai 15.57. Yuguashi, Yuwashi 15.58. Yueludamou 15.59, Zheyan Buhua 16. Chronological Table .. Bibliography ... Maps xi 386 387 387 395 396 396 403 428 435FOREWORD The Alans were a large group of nomadic tribes which is first mentioned far in the east in the 2nd century B.C. in the Chinese ‘Annals of the Han dynasty and in classical authors of the Ist cen- tury A.D. as belonging to the barbarians neighbouring the north- easter parts of the Roman Empire. In the 4th and Sth centuries ‘A.D., however, hordes of Alans expanded their raids more and more to the West and finally invaded Gaul, Northem Italy and even the Iberian peninsula. In part they went over to the Romans, and thus it came about that they had settled in many regions of these countries, as is attested by numerous toponyms surviving to the present day, which contain the name of the Alans or the Sar- matians. Here belong, e.g., in Gaul Alain, Alains, Allain, Allaines, Alaincourt, Allainville, Sermaise, Sermoise, and Sermaize(-les- Bains); in Northern Italy Alagna, Alano di Piave, and Sarmato; and in Spain Alanis and Alano. At the time when they first came in contact with the Romans, they had spread over the steppes to the North of the Black Sea, the Caspian and the Aral Seas. In those regions they were not only in close relation to the Scythians, Sarmatians, Aorsi or Roxolans, but they were also explicitly identified with some of these tribes by an- cient authors. This means that they were of Iranian origin and that their language belongs to the Iranian linguistic family. However, the evidence available for this Alanic language is very scanty, and consists only in a mediaeval tomb inscription found in the north- em Caucasus foothills, in two lines of text (and their translation) in a Byzantine Greek poem and in a large number of words and, still more, in names preserved in manifold sources in many languages. In addition to that, some conclusions may also be drawn from its moder continuation, which is present in the Ossetic language, re- garding Alanic or, as sometimes it is called, Old Ossetic language. For it is quite certain that under the pressure of peoples moving to the West (first the Huns, later the Mongols and others) in the course of time the Alans drew back more and more into the mountainous regions of the Caucasus, where they live on in the Ossetes on both sides of the central Caucasus ridge. In total, the available information we have regarding the Alans, their culture and history covers a rather long period and variousxiv FOREWORD areas from China in the East across the whole of Eurasia to the Atlantic coast and even to North Africa, where they had arrived in the Volkerwanderung together with the Vandals and where we hear of several kings bearing the title of rex Vandalorum et Alanorum in the 5th century. It is quite astonishing that comprehensive account of all the various aspects of the culture and history of the Alans both in the East and the West, based on all the material available from the old- est sources to the latest ones and in any language, has never been written, On the contrary, only some particular areas and periods of Alanic history have been dealt with until now in two monographs: Bernard S. Bachrach has written A History of the Alans in the West: From Their First Appearance in the Sources of Classical Antiquity through the Early Middle Ages (Minneapolis 1973); and about @ century ago Julian Jurij Kulakovskij had based his succinct outline of Alanic history only on the information recorded by classical and Byzantine authors (Alany po svedenijam klassiteskih i vizan- jskih pisatelej, Kijev 1899). But we can find a large amount of data also in numerous Oriental sources written in Arabic, Armenian, Chinese, Georgian, etc., and not least in several Iranian languages. And this diversity of sources in many languages may well be the reason why such an overall treatment has now been un- dertaken for the first time. It was only Agustf Alemany who in his thesis (in Catalan) with the title Recull critic de fonts per a l'estudi de la historia, cultura i Hengua dels alans (submitted to the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona early in 1997) aimed for such a comprehensive collec- tion of all the material which is at our disposal. He took as his aim not only to collect all the sources, but also to translate and com- ‘ment upon them and to put thein in their propér place within the whole of lanic history. Because on the one hand such a complete collection of the ma- terial is the necessary prerequisite for a historical outline and on the other hand the information given in those I¢ss-known (and not so easily understood) Oriental sources is of decisive importance particularly with regard to the original area of distribution of the Alan tribes, it is most welcome that now an updated version of Dr. Alemany's thesis is being published in English! Only on the basis of this collection of some 600 passages in the works of about 200 authors it will be possible for future scholars, to draw # historical overall view of the Alans and to treat all the| aspects of Alanic onomastics. For instance one must not overlook that there are clear connections between what we may call Eastem and Western Alans. FOREWORD xv ‘And that both groups indeed are parts of one and the same Alan people, becomes clear from onomastic relations. A well-known example of this kind is the name of Respendial rex Alanorum, who according to Gregory of Tours in A.D. 406 crossed the Rhine, since this is the same name as that of a strategist Phomvé.ahos which we find in an inscription from Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper. It is Dr. Alemany’s main achievement to have presented this introduction to the fascinating world of Alanic studies. I am quite sure that as its result many fruitful discussions about the Alans will take place in Oriental studies. RUDIGER SCHMITTPREFACE duros aeterni Martis Alanos Luc. Civ. 8, 223, 6... that bitter and hasty nation, who march through the breadth of the earth, to seize habitations not their own. 7 Dread and terrible are they: their justice and dignity proceed from themselves. ® Their horses are swifter than leopards, more fierce than the evening wolves; their horsemen press proudly on. Yea, their horsemen come from afar: they ly like an eagle swift to devour. ° They all come for violence; terror of them goes before them. ‘They gather captives like sand, Ar kings they scoff, and of rulers they make sport. They laugh at every fortress for they heap up earth and take it. "Then they sweep by like the wind and go on, guilty men, whose own might is their god! Hab. 1, 6-11 (RSV) The passage by the prophet Habakkuk which heads this preface, related to the Chaldeans, was used at one time by René Grousset to delight the readers of his L’Empire des Steppes (Paris 1939) with striking imagery right from the first page; and, in fact, if one did not know which people were alluded to in these verses, it would not be very difficult to imagine a terrifying cloud of northern nomads thirsty for blood and booty, suddeniy rushing upon the settlements of their sedentary neighbours like ravenous wolves. Scythians, Huns or Mongols, the name is not important, as each age has had the chance to see how new savage hordes came out of the steppes, which only time has mellowed until they have sunk into oblivion. The consequences, however, have always been the same, and the centaurs of the North became the worst nightmare of the Eurasian civilizations until the appearance and generalization of firearms. Far from the clichés, however, beyond the limits of the world as known by the ancients, there have spread countless peoples without any history who have forged empires ruled from horseback, which have hardly been of consequence as their area of influence did not lie within the sight of chroniclers; empires for a day, fruit of the sporadic success of a chieftain or the sudden amalgam of hetero-xvii PREFACE geneous elements which often have not survived the centrifugal forces heartening them for more than a generation, but which have at least left to posterity the memory of an intermittent name. This could be the case of the Alans: a name of atavistic reso- nance, which might have wanted to bring back the identity, or at least the cultural prestige of an “Aryan” community which had ceased to exist centuries before, and which went through mixed fortunes for one thousand five-hundred years from the waters of the Atlantic as far as the Sea of Japan, with the Caucasus and the Pontic Steppes as the nerve centre of a constant activity which, as Lucan’s verse could see in its day, always developed in the shadow of an eternal Mars. It is quite true that others achieved greater renown or exploits on a larger scale, but interest in the Alans lies precisely in the fact that, apart from specific episodes, they hardly evolved throughout their entire history, and that their culture, coming directly from the Scytho-Sarmatian, can illustrate different aspects of the life of a recent Indo-Iranian nomadic people, and thanks to its archaic character, help to understand more primitive stages of the Indo-European world in general, in the study of which we cannot count on the witness of written sources. ‘The main aim of the present work has been to collect, classify, translate -whenever possible~ or summarize, and commenton all the records on the Alans which have been accessible to us. Two monographic works on this subject have preceded our study, writ- ten by a Byzantinist and a Medievalist respectively: Asrazsr 110 cobuaniaws KnaccHvecknxs H BHSAHTINcKAX® mucaTeneHt (“The Alans as reported by Classical and Byzantine authors”, Kiev 1899), by Julian Ju. Kulakovskij and A History of the Alans in the West. by Bernard S. Bachrach (Minneapolis| 1973), Whereas the first was @ short summary in|seventy-two pages of the complete history of the Alans, based on a selection of sources mainly from Western tradition, the second was only interested in the period which went up to the great invasions and in|a series of doubtful cultural reminiscences, based on a framework of conjectures de- ducted from too scanty sourges, which made him devote fifty pages only to the assimilation of the European Alans. It is our opinion, however, that to write a history of the Alans is, for the time being, a task beyond our capabilities and of any scholar who ‘would wish to deal with the subject objectively, ‘The structure of the work has been devised fs follows:! 1 [A] Quoted, translated and commented (A?) Qugted and commented [B] ‘Summarized and commented [C] Summarized (Han Sources) or translated (Yuan Sources) and commented, PREFACE xix 1 Introduction I, Latin Sources [A] TL. Greek Sources (4] 1V. Medieval Latin Sources (A) V. Byzantine Sources (A] VL. Arabic Sources [B] ‘VIL. Armenian Sources [A] VIM. Catalan Sources [4%] TX. Georgian Sources [B] X. Hebrew Sources [4] XL Iranian Sources [A] Xi. Mongol Sources [B] 7XIIL Russian Sources (AJ XIV. Syriac Sources [B] XY. Chinese Sources (C] XVI Chronological Teble As can be seen from this, Latin and Greek sources (Ch. II-V), the most important ones, have been placed in chronological order, and the rest (Ch. VI-XV) in alphabetical order.? The methodology used for each chapter -some are very short and really intend only to show the range of possibilities available has depended on my ability to accede to each particular language; however, I have al- ways tried to acquire enough basic knowledge of them to be able to include at least some short quotations from the original text and to transliterate personal, place and ethnic names with the greatest care. Each chapter contains, as well as a short general introduction to each section, the authors and works studied in alphabetical order, and also’a final Onomasticon? with the personal names documented therein, always following a consecutive numbering (eg. 14, 1.2, 1.3, etc). The paragraphs devoted to each source are headed by a short literary note and followed by different passages from the works which are of interest to our study .with the appro- 7 Chapter XV is an exception tothe English alphabetical order because the strgture ofthe Catalan orginal (“Fonts Xinses") has been Kep "Ar regards the Onomastion atte end of eat chapter, es have adaptcd ft cour own needs the system used inthe Iransches Personennamenbuoh UPN, ef YM. Maythofer and Schmit) vith some minor changes Each entry fs healed by the form ofthe name we ave deemed to be more close to the orginal, and isd vied into three main sections: $ > “Source(s, P = “Prosepography” snd T “dinguiste) Invrpretation”, equivalent to TPNB B = “Belegstelle(y", P = “Prosopographie” and D = “(sprachliche) Deutung”. In addition to a vast majority of person names (PN) there is only one family name (FN: § 7.14 Araweleank') fand to tills (T: § 6.27 ply "Bagatar, § 628 class K.rkndag) Some Alan placenames ace dealt wit separately inthe comin) tothe Sours ~ Gr. ‘Apsdpba (§ 3.14); Arab. gate *Hagas, NPess. Se Mks, S-+ Maks/Myks, Mong. Meket/ hieger Sin waigat eee OY oie ithe as io Atm’ Ardoe/ Artz (8 73,753), Kaplandowrk' (§71A'~ Nes, sks Haylan § 1191), Sowtanet (78) * Georg, Cava ($9.51: = Rose: Cyrpons (615.5), Hesanoms / Termxons (§ 13.8), Beasts ( 13.9): ~ Syr. Barsaliya (§ 14.7).xx PREFACE priate subdivisions for each case (e.g. 1.1.1, 1-1.2; 1.1.1.a, 1.1.1.b, etc), followed by their commentary. Finally, the Chronological Table (Ch. XVI) and the maps allow the reader to have a full per- spective of the historical evolution of the Alans, referring him to the authors and passages dealing with each particular event. I do not deal with the three main monuments of the Alanic language -the inscription from the river Zelenéuk (10th—12th c.), the two lines in the epilogue of the Theogony by the Byzantine polymath Johannes Tzetzes (c. 1110-80) and the so-called “Jas- sische Wérterliste” (1422)- since they are the most widely known aspect of Alanic studies.* When in the summer of 1989, during a friendly conversation, Mr. Santiago Pérez. suggested this subject to me, I could aot have imagined that it would take up twelve years of my life. From the beginning my main support has been from my\ professor, director and friend, Dr. José Fortes, who encouraged me to take on a study, which in spite of its complexity, has often not been accepted as & serious alternative to other disciplines, Several times the Alans have taken me to Germany and, specifically to the libraries and univer- es of Mainz, Frankfurt, Koln, Bonn and Saarbriicken. My stay in Mainz (1990) was possible thanks to the kindness of Mrs. Sabine Schiffer. My research, however, only took a decisive tum when’ Dr. Javier Velaza put me in touch with Prof. Dr. Jurgen Untermann and he, in turn, with Prof. Dr. Ridiger Schmitt, for both of them helped me carry out my research, with means and advice I had never dreamt of, during four later stays in Koin (1991) and Saarbricken (1992, 1996, 1998). Prof. Mohammad Damadi and Mr. Mehdi (Bian) Fazliban helped me through the Jong quotations from Ferdasi’s Sahname; the chapter on Chinese sources was revised by Dr. Dolors Folch; those related to Oriens Christianus, by Dr. Sebastia Janeras; and in the same way Dr. Manuel Balasch and Dr. Jordi Cors were kind enough to read and correct the work in its last stage, while Dr. Adela Barreda and Mr. Raimon Blancafort helped me to put the finishing touches to the Chronological table and the Table of contents. The work was | Beas en eedeer ae meen ery ed 1993, p. 1-28; Gy. Németh, Zine Worterliste der Jassen, der ungarlindischen Alanen, Berlin 1959. The existence of a fourth monujnent ~a 13th century (Stay a ang ns Se |e ate ee pence ae melee PREFACE xxi submitted on 20 March 1997 as a Doctoral thesis to the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona with the title Recull critic de fonts per a Testudi de la historia, cultura i Uengua dels alans. After Brill ac- cepted for publication an updated version of the book, Mrs. Judith Holme and Mr. Michael Dixon took care of its translation into English and gave of their best to render it as close as possible to the original. The main improvement on the previous work has been the direct translation of most of the Chinese sources by Dr. Laureano Ramirez, as well as his Sinological advice on the whole of Chapter XV. I also am especially indebted to Dr. Pere Villalba, who has always supported me since the day that, because of him, I first ventured into the world of Classical Philology. To all these people I am extremely grateful. AGusT{ ALEMANYCHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION LL. The Ethnic Name *al{t}an- In the Ist c. A.D. classical sources began to mention with certain assiduity, beyond the north-eastern frontiers of the Roman Empire, a “barbarian” people called Alani" by Latin authors and ‘Anavot? by Greek ones, This human group, of which nothing seems to have been known previously in the West, although it has been con- nected to the Alan FJ) (§ 15.7) of the Chinese annals of the Han dynasty, was from then on constantly present in events of that area, taking part at the same time in great migrations which often took them to the boundaries of Europe and Asia. For this reason, in spite of the fact that their material culture was almost always unwritten and nd records have survived till now in “Alanic” lan- guage on their activities, we find traces of their contacts with vari- ous civilizations in many places. Classical sources often identify the Alans as Scythians (2xv8eu),+ Sarmatians (Zapydrai)® or Massagetae (Macaayéran);6 however, as from the last century scholars have agreed on considering them, at least in origin, as a Sarmatian group, predecessor of the present Ossetes of the Central Caucasus, who would have spoken, therefore, " Variant Halant in later authors (cf. TLE 11479 sw. Alani). 2 Variants: “AnaGvot (Ptolemy § 3.15), Adavatou (Eusebius § 3.6), “Anatvo ohn the Lydian § 3.9), “Akaves (Vita Alexandré§ 5.18), 2 Aso in the form Alanliao FET ($$ 15.6-7) = Alan + Liu. * Josephus (§ 3.10.2) 78 08 Tav “Ahavay doves dre nev clot Exi8an; Arrian ($32.1) of 08 Dacian /enchavvovras robs Baldas; Ptolemy (§ 3:15) “Adadvor Faxavot Zeveay; Lucian (§ 3.11) kovd yap Tadra [sceélothing and language) ‘Aravets wai Dedoais Marcianus (§ 3.12) v8 ray ‘Anavav Eapudruv E6vos; of. Tacitus (§ 2.12.1), who calls Sarmatae the Alans of Josephus, and Martial (§ 2.5) nec te Sarmatico transit Alanus equo. § Cassius Dio (§ 3.4.1) é¢ “ALavdv (elol 62 Magwayéra.); Ammianus Mar- cellinus (§ 2.17.1-2) Halanos ... veteres Massagetas. This name had a cerain acceptance in the Byzantine period (on the "Massagetic question” see § 5.19: for the Armenian form Mazk'owr'k', § 7.6.1), They are called Colchians or Lazi by John the Lydian (§ 3.9) Kéaxor ol kal Aacol heysuevot claw of ‘ANatvot and also Goths by Procopius (§ 5.14.3.a) ‘anavois ... Corducdy EOves: both confis sions can be explained by their participation in the Persian (for the domination of Lazica) and Vandal Wers ofthe 6th2 CHAPTER ONE a North-East Middle Iranian language.? As well as the aforemen- tioned Greek, Latin and Chinese forms, there is documentation of the name in the inscriptions of the Sasanian king Shapur I and his great magus Kirdir in Middle Persian ‘I’n'n BBA, Parthian ‘l'nn TROA /dar-i Alanan/ “Gate of the Alans” (Darial pass: §§ 11.3-4); in New Persian the plural form 3L°¥l Aland (§ 11.7) is kept, the singular of which, 9°! Aldn, was adopted by Arabic authors, who, trying to find the article, often gave it incorrectly as g0UI al-Lan (§ 6.1) finally, in Syriac we find Alandyé (§ 14.1), in Classical Armenian Alank‘ (nom. pl. § 7.1), in Georgian the place-name Alanet‘i (§ 9.1 . 1)? and in Hebrew 72X Alan, 0258 Alanim, etc (§ 10.2-4). The medieval chronicle of Ramon Muntaner (14th c.) still mentions the Catalan form los alans (< By2. 'Anavot: § 8.2).!9 Some ancient authors had already tried 10 establish the etymo- logy of the name of the Alans; thus Ammianus Marcellinus (§ 2.17.2 Halani ... ex montium appellatione cognominati) and Isidore (§ 4.16.3.8 Lanus fluvius ... a quo Alani dicti sunt). Start- ing with the conjecture of Ammienus, which seems to have its ori- gin in the “Alan Mounts” (ré 'Anava 8pn) of Ptolemy (§ 3.15.3), the etymology has been derived from the Turco-Mongolian word 7h a report regarding the peoples of the Caucasus presented by the Polish aristocrat in the service of Russia Jan Pococki in the year 1805 to prince Adam Jery Czartoryski, he writes: “les Oss8tes ont été chretions sous les empereurs recs et formaient Ia diocése d’Alanie” (Beauvois 1978:184). It was the very Potocki who, later on, gave instruction 9 Heinrich Julius von Klaproth (1783- 1835) for his ethnographic joumey to the Caucasus, which bore fruit in the work Reise in den Kaukasus und nach Georgien unternommen in den Jahren 1807 und 1808 (LIL, Halle and Berlin 1812-14); in an appendix, entiled Kaukasische Sprachen, we find for the frst time the hypothesis of the Scydho-Sarmatian ori fi of Owseic, and in» later worl, the “Mémoir dana lequel on prouve Tidentté des Ossbies, peuplade du Caucase, aver les Alains du moyen-dge” (Nowvelles lannaies des voyages 16, 1822, p. 243-56), he completed the sequence Seytho- Sermatians > Alans > Ossctes, which was ia time also demonstrated through the Inngunge of, 091139; O6 248; Bicimeier 1979-7476 Other later forms: (§ 11.6). INTRODUCTION 3 for “mountain”.!! From other etymologies now superseded are that which postulates an origin from Skt. drana- “foreign, dis- tant"? and that which goes back to an IE *elen (Olran. *alan), relying on Slav. *jelen’ > Russ. oxen “deer”.! Nowadays, how- ever, only two possibilities are admitted as regards this, both closely related: (a) the adjective *arydna- and (b) the gen. pl. *aryandm; in both cases the underlying Olran. adjective *arya- “Aryan” is found.'* It is worth mentioning that although it is not possible to give an unequivocal option because both forms pro- duce the same phonetic result, most researchers tend to favour the derivative *aryana-, because it has a more appropiate semantic value.!? ‘At the beginning this conjecture met with scepticism, as the Oss.L ir D. ira, adj. iron, the name of the Eastern Ossetes, had been previously seen as the result of an Olran. form *a(i)rya- “Aryan”, a theory influenced to a large extent by the NPers. Iran -I- and without epenthesis); (2) ifthe initial i vent back to an af Giphthong resulting from the epenthesis, in Digor dialect one would expect an ‘er form (ef the preverb Oss. TD. ev» < Olan. *aibi- and Ossi. mide D. rmedeg "inside < Olran. *maidyaka-); [8) if the inal f went back to an ai4 (CHAPTER ONE, problem of ethnogenesis, it seems obvious that the Alans were born as a heterogeneous tribal confederation, due to the unific tion of a series of North Iranian groups under the invocation of a common “Aryan” origin (“Ariertum”).t” Ossetic retains this, ancient ethnic name still today, but only in stories, in the form allon < Olran. *aryana-.! The Mingrelians call the Turkic Karachai alani, probably because today these people occupy an old Alan territory; in the same way, in Mingrelian alani k'ot'i means “heroic man” (cf. Ingush ala “prince”) and alanuroba, “tournament”.® The Oss. anthroponym Alan, on the other hand, Gipthong, the acenting of the word iron, according to the Ossetic prosody (the first long syllable is lays tonic), should be *fron; the fact thatthe accent falls ‘on the second syllable (i76n), however, leaves us in no|doubt thatthe intial f was ‘always short from time immemorial and eannot come’ from a diphthong; (4) the ‘roup -ry- gives if im Ossei, 80 that from *arya- one would expect an Os. l- find not ir; [5] the normal evolition of the Olean. *arydna isthe Oss. allon in Old Ossetie (erapooceraexoe”) "alfljan. Against the hypothesis *alflJan < *arydna we find Zgusta 1955:264 (the form "AhaGvat, bass of his critique, is @ hapax in Ptolemy [§ 3.15.1), who also talks of “Ahav6t, and could be influenced by the name of the Celi “shaGvox) and Harmatts 1970-79 & 105. A compromise solution is given by Gershevitch 1955:486 n. 1, who conjectures the survival of the old *arya, beside its “ala- development, in & Inter tra: evolution theough the Paltalizaton ofthe initial a after the -ry- > -l- change stopped being productive; Ef, Bailey 1959:98 “a diferent umlaut development or possibly a word from a different group of speakers” and Bielmeier 1977:12. 17's regards the documentation and the meaning of the word “Aryan”, see a recent statement of the question in Bailey lr Il [1987] 681-83 s.v. Arya (on the ‘Alans specifically on page 682s). The elhnie name “arya- underlying inthe name of the Alans has been linked to the Av. Airiianam Vaejo “the Aryan plain’, name of the frst country erested by Ahura Mazda, often compared withthe old Chores- mia, the region on the lower cousse of the Oxus-Ami-darya (Christensen 1543.75.76). Cershevitch 1955486 affirms, fllowing F.C. Andreas: it would even seem possible thatthe tribal lame Alani = Aryina reflects a connection of the tribe with inhabitants, of former inhabitants, of Aryana VaéJah. The fact is tat al-Biehat (§ 6.7) says that the Alans come from the lower course ofthe Amt- ddary8 and that thei language is a mixture of Choresmian and Pecheneg. Harmatia 1970:65 sill today can document the existence of a Turkman tribe named Alan in the South-East of Turkménistin, which has conserved the tradition of a primitive migration from the MangySlak peninsula (North-East of the Caspian sea), where there was a fortess known as Alan, perhaps Ferdlsl's Aiandndez (6 11.8.1). Cf. Om@ 245-47; HOCOS I 47-48 sw. allon; Gersheviteh 1955:486. The term is found in the words the mah-eating giant of Ossetic tales says, when he smells a hidden “Alan” heroin his house (e.g. 05s, an allon-billony smag caewy it smells of allon-billon hers"), a5 for Billon, this would be simply 8 variant crested from the same allan. | 19 zgusta 1955:54-55; HOCOA 47 sv. allon; Bailey 1959:99 & Bir [1985] 803 s.v. Alans. The Mingrelian (or Megrelian) language (margaluri nina) belongs to the Karwvelian (or South Caucasian) group hnd is spoken in Mingrlia Gamegrelo), the old Colchis, ie. the area between thé river Rioni (S.), Svanetia INTRODUCTION 5 hhas been reimported from Engl. Alan, Fr. Alain < Lat. Alanus, which goes back to the Volkenvanderungszeit.2° 1.2. The Ethnic Name as- In central Caucasus there still ives a singular people, the Ossetes, whom all the evidence points to as descending from the Medieval Alans. According to the 1979 census, about 480,000 of them speak a North East Iranian language —the last traces of ancient Scytho-Sarmatian- which has two main dialects, Digor or West Os- setic (Oss.D. Digoron aevzag) and Iron ot East Ossetic (Oss.1. Iron avzag). While Iron is the dialect of the majority, Digor is more ar- chaic and therefore the one most used in the reconstruction of the language of the Alans; both are found surrounded by Caucasian (Georgian in the South, Kabardian and Circassian in the North and West, Ingush and Chechen in the East) and Turkic (Nogai, Kara- chai and Balkar in the North and West) languages.”” The English ethnic name “Ossetian” has its origin in the Russ. Ocerus, ocerun and ocerunckmit (adj.), which goes back to the Georg. Oser'i, Osi, at the same time the evolution of some older forms Ovset‘i and Ovsi, documented in the chronicle K'art‘lis C'xovreba (§ 9.1); however, this does not seem to be more than a variant of an ethnic name *as-, profusely documented in Arab. NPers. As/As (§§ 6.1 & 11.7),3 in Mong. pl. Asud, adj. Asutai ($12.1), in Chin. Asw SARK (Yuan period: § 15.9) and in the MLat. forms As, Aas, Assi, Azzi (§ 4.30); in the same way the Old Russian chronicles show a pl. ethnic name Sloat, sg. scHH®, adj. ao(s)eKut, with the first vowel palatalized (§ 13.1), like the Hung. and Abkhasia (N.), the West of the river C*kenis-Cégali (E.) and the Black Sea (W.. The Turco-Tatar people of the Karachai live in the North of Svanctia, between Circassians and Kabardians, in the region of Mount El'brus, near to the Ossetes (on Alan influence on the ancestors of the Karachai and Balkars, see Pritsak 1959:341, 356-7). These are bordered on the East by the Ingush people, who speak a Nakhian language (from the Nakho-Daghestanic or North-East Caucasian group). * 20°Cf. Fritz 1983:10, who also documents the Oss. anthroponyms Alanbeg, Alanbi *Alanenfursten", with a second Turkic element -beg,-bi “chief of a clan or {ribe”; all these names would be “in direktem Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung tines gewissen “GeschichtsbewuStseins’ bei den Osseten’ 2 See Thordarson 1989:456-57 22 Cf. Tsehenkéli 1970:984 s.v. In Medieval Georgian sources, therefore, “Ossctelic i a synonym of “Alanic)”. . Bin Arabic sources ,~Vl al-ds (ADU'L-Fids* § 63, l-Birdni § 6.7) and ol al- Ag Baybars al-Mansori§ 6.6.2, Ton Baytva § 6.13, a-"Umari § 6.23); in Persian historians of the Mongol period .-I As (Goveini, Ra8id al-Din § 11.14); ef Vallers 1855{1):34 sv. Ay W. Barhold-[V. Minorsky) EF? 1 (1960) 3546 CHAPTER ONE Jdsz, pl. Jdszok.* This ethnit name seems to already occur in the Gr, forms “Acro, "Acator (Strabo § 3.18.3; Ptolemy § 3.15.2), Lat. Asiani (Pompeius Trogus § 2.7) and also in the compounds A3- Tigor (ASxarhac ‘oye’ § 7.3), D-Asas = *Rus-As and Tala: *Tuwal-As (lon Rusta § 6.15.2.c & Hudiid § 11.9.2.6),2 as it does in the name of the country of the &pxovres ‘ACCas (Constantine Porphyrogenitus § 5.3.2), in Heb. OX Asia (§ 10.4) and in the place-names Aslar (§ 4.37), Astraxan’ < *As-Tarxan.”” Still today, the Oss.l. asiag, Asy D. eesson, As(s)i “Balkar, Balkaria” go back to this ethnic name, as the Turco-Tatar people of the Balkars have occupied former Alan territories since the 13th-14th c.2# Various testimonies relate the ethnic name *ds- to the Alans:2° (@) according to the Georgian chronicle K‘art‘lis C'xovreba (§ 9.3.6), the Ossetian kings (Ovst‘a mep‘eni) Bazuk and Anbazuk became allies of the Arsacid kings of K‘att'lilberia Azork and Armazel (VaxuSt A.D. 87-103) against the Armenian king Artafan (Arm. Arta3és);, however, the “History of Armenia” by Movsés Xorenac'i (§ 7.5.2) speaks in this case of an incursion of Alans (Alank*) supported by “half the Iberian country” (kés Vrac‘ akxarhin); (b) the translation into Old Russian (12th-13th c.) of Ios. Bell Jud, 7, 244 18 88 TY "Ahavidv EBvos Sr wey eior EievGor mept Tv Tévatv kal Thy Madr Muvny karouKodvres (§ 3.10.2) is aBrKD 2Ke ACKCKMIt BBAOM ECTS, HKO OTS MeveHeKHcKorO pona PORHCA, okusyta noah Tan H Meorsckaro Mops, Where sicbckisit 7 See Németh 1959:10; often in the compoun Jése-unok “Jess and Comans"; from Jz eome alo the Hungarian Mat fons Zaz and Jassones (G43), as alo the place-name Jacrdg, a Hungaiahtegion West ofthe river Tisza. where the Alas sete Haifyay though the 1h e Tic ste name bes been explained as coring ffom thy Hung. "bow", és “archer the correct origin (< Russ. Sicsr “Alans”), however, had already been proposed by V.L Tampon ina paper atthe XIth Archaeological Congiess of Kiev (189). 25. W. Tamaschek RE ls (1896) 1605 sv. AsiotItis unlikely tobe found however, in Chin, Wusun ASf% (critique of this conjecture in §§ 15.5 & 7). 2 For the atker elements ofthese compounds sexl§ 1.3.4 (Rubs) and § 1.4 (Digor, Ta, : ‘Minorsky 19373451; Vernadsky 1956591 “Astraxan’ (As-Tarxan) ms have been orginally the headguaset of the commander ofthe AS (Alani oops in the Khazar hagas 2 99 Ill 7; Vest 19711132; O80 157; Hobo 179-80 sy, AryAe Assi: for a sinilar ease, of. the Mingelian Alan! (@ 1) The regions of Baltala and the area surounding the siver Karachai still compere todsy mary Ossie plage-names (ef 09 HL 7-11 29 09 Iil 40-42; Bleichsteiner 1918:8-9; Vasmer|1971[I]:127, 188; Zgusta 19855355; part ofthese connectbas had already ben observed by TL. von Klaproth INTRODUCTION 7 "Anavav) is an adjective derived from SIcst, a form of the ethnic name *as-; (©) John Scylitzes (§ 5.28.1) explains how the Alan princess "ANGr, widow of “king George of Abasgia” and mother of a cer: tain Demetrius, received the fortress of Anakop‘ia as a fief from the Byzantine emperor Romanus III Argyrus in 1033; according to the Kart'lis C’xovreba (8 9.5.4), the mother of this Demetrius (Georg. Demetre) was, however, a daughter of the king of the Os- setes and second wife of the Georgian king Giorgi I (1014-27); (@) to sum up, both “Alans and As” are profusely documented as a pair by al-Birini (§ 6.7) Yl, SUI ace Bins al-Lan wa'l-As, John of Pian di Carpine (§ 4.33.c) Alani sive Assi, William of Ru- bruck (§ 4.34.) Alani sive Aas, C. de Bridia (§ 4.32.1.c) Alani qui dicunt se Azzos, and Josafat Barbaro Alaniae nomen a populis descendit Alanis, qui lingua patria et vernacula dicti sunt As. The origin of the term *as- is obscure.’ The Georg. form os- could have the same origin as *ds-, although it goes back to ovs-, as the long length of the vowel in some forms (Arab, NPers. As/As, Lat. Aas) and the gemination of the sibilant in others (Lat. Assi, Azzi) suggest a development *aws-/*ows- > as-/os-; thus the Arm *Awsowrk* /Osur-/, name of an Alan tribe-which inhabited the present-day Mazran-Dvalet'i, near Georgia (Axarhac‘oye* § 7.3); cf. however the Abkhaz wags “Ossete”. As regards possible etymologies, the habitual recourse to the Av. dsu- “rapid” is, hardly convincing,” and even less the relationship with the Aesir, sg. Ass of the Nordic mythology (maybe a popular etymology by Snorri Sturluson);3> neither is the formula sg. As ergo pl. “Avtes, which tries to relate this ethnic name to that of the Eastern Slav tribe of the Antes, any better." 1.3. Early Alanic Tribes By “Early Alanic” we understand those Sarmatian groups which were contemporary with the first Alans and which are,named by ancient sources by means of ethnic names with the *aryana- (Rhoxolani, Alanorsi) and *arusa- (Aorsi) elements. 2 The testimony of Barbaro’s work (Iineris, quod ... ad Tanaim et in Persiam suscepit et perfecit, descriptio) has only been accessible to us through Zgusta 1955:53 31 Thus Abaev himself (HSCOL80 sv. Asya). 32 Vasmer 1971:125, 132; OA® 157; H9COMI 80; Ocr, 281 33 V. de St. Martin, quoted by Charpentier 1917:364; ef. Morgenstierne 1977, 24 Vernadsky 1943:83,