Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Sampling Methods

    Uploaded by

    Kumail Ahmad
    8 views7 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    8 views7 pages

    Sampling Methods

    Uploaded by

    Kumail Ahmad

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 7
    A ei 6.1. Introduction to Sampling Sn sample a small piece of cheese b Shoppers oft ore pure ‘ene piece what the lagerchunk wil asic like Achsmis does sample of alcohol frm a sill, determines that is 90 prof fol in the stills 90 proof the chemist tests ll the alcohol or th cheese, there will be none to sel. Testing al of the product often desto Grou, To determine the characteristics of the whole we have to sample only ‘Suppose thats the personnel director of a large bank. you need io writes cep scribing all the employees who have voluntarily left the would have a difficult tsk locating ll these thousands of people. T cessible a8 a ex0up—many have died, moved from the community, left the Guited a new rame by mariage. How do you writ the report? The best representative sample and interview them inorder to generalize about the entire group. Time is also a faclor when managers nee information quickly in order to adjust a ‘eration orchange a poley, Consider an automatic machine that sons thousands of pieces of mail daily, Why wai for an entire day's output to check whether the machine is work! yoo es ion character by the postal se accurately (whether the popul vice)? Instead. sainples can be taken at specific intervals, and if necessary be adjusted night away Ceowscrsamle ‘Sometimes its possible and practical to examine every person or item in the population ‘ae wish to describe. We call thisa complete enumeration, or census snp ee itis not possible to count or measure every item pul fampesslppbton sndsemls Statisticians use the word population to refer not onl to people but toa items that have sare all the cheese Deen chosen for stu Inthe eases we have jut mentioned, the pop the chunk, all the whiskey in the vat al the employees ofthe large bunk in the last 10 years and all mail sorted by the automatic machine since Check. Statisticians use the word sample to describe a portion chosen from the population. voluntarily Tet Statistics and Parameters Fcond sii ‘Mathematically. we can describe samples and pop: anépoones mean, median, mode, and standard deviation, which we i these terms describe the characteristics of a sample, they are called statistics. When they describe the characteristics of a population. they are called parameters. A statistic Is & ci characteristic ofa sample; a parameter isa characteristic of a population, lations by using measures such as the joduced in Chapter 3. When 296 — chapteré sampling and Sampling Distributions. gw me ae Beas erciennine ore peas, shed. At its \e president of PSE, snplications PE er ha on ih paises tsiner al ge eee Tae creeat ese ean pars eievall sasionte bo ities ipulbntotdare whan hey appro ofthe eal Shy pce ae ere ere eR are aes os jennion, id Jean oward the upcoming union vote, met with some difficulty after re PEN oe treater ting her findings omen and from the epinning datay it was clear (oro Jean though) hak samp joes were favoring a unionized shop. Jean's eport was shrugged toe ettk the comment, “This is no g004. Nobody can make statements about etree sentiments when she talks to only a itl over 15 percent of our srr ofees. Everyone knows you have to check SO percent to have any Wea ero hpe outcome of the union vote will be, We didn’t hire you to make guesses." Is there any defense for Jean's position? gg 67, Aconsumer protection organization is conducting a census of people who. a were injured by a particular brand of space heater. Each victim js asked ques- Tons about the behavior of the heater just before its malfunction; this infor- ilable only from the victim, because the heater in tself upon malfunction. Early in the census, itis mation generally is availabl question tends to incinerate itself sees ered that several of the victims were elderly and have died. \s any cen- je? Explain. sus of the victims now possibl 5.2 Random Sampling Ina random or probability sample, we know what the chances are that an element of the ca willor will not be included in the sample. As a result, we can assess objectively the estimates of the population characteristics that result from our sample; that is, we can | Cup Siping and sampling Disibtons pening te ane vnmpbcerot anininte population ed et cr) pened Ped Cetra rs Simple random sampling Systematic sampli Stratified sampling, Cluster sampling, Simple Random Sampling Jecis samples by methods that sllow each possible somple Simple random sampling s\ aaaee reaual probability of being picked and each Item inthe entire popula ded tn the sample, We ean iusrae These te ‘infos of four students in a semitar and we nen Tale 6-2 Wisirtes fan equal chance of being in iwernente ‘vith an example. Suppose we have a popul Want samples of two students ata time for interviewing purpe# Uf the possible combinations of samples of two students in = Po or seaity of each sample being picked and the probability hat each seen a sample ATP: ape illustrated in Table 6-2 uses ait population of tow mens Oy FE Feet sc pepuasion has sated rite sie hat isto sy ek a Se re mean ne Patou many ers here aren he poplin Cosas we SE Tee ea seeing te sudent we shall soon exhaust our stall paises Tes Sa ee fre ocerce (oat a CS relees Be UR eee a eae eae ceo eee ‘could appear twice in the sample ly to help vs think about sampling from an infiite pops ‘We have used this example onl in which its theoretically impossible to ob- lation, An infinite population is 2 population i serve all the elements. Although many ‘populations appear to be exceedingly large, no tly se population of physical objects actully exists, Aft 2 ‘given unlimited resources saryiige, we could endmeate ay Finite popolaion een He Be ‘of sand on the beaches are ith America, As practical mater. then, we wills he term infinite population when of Nom king about a population that could not be enumerated in ‘a reasonable period of ‘students A 8, and 0 Poo samples of two people: AB, AC AD, BG 80.9 Frebabiyof raving is same of Two pele must ia) =" jase ao spss clzwo peel) ple ust De probability ofthis student in thes aoe tasers _wosnes| \ oe o ton many closely spaced sampling The easiest way to select a sample randomly is 6956 dene an be generated either by a computer PrOBFTHME LOSE lon numbers. whieh should properly be called a rable of 7 Hove to Do Rando! down nurnbers: The ble numbers or by a table of ran random digits reece illustrates ponton of such able. Here we have, 1.150 random digits in SS of lO gio, These numbers have Been generated by a completely random proces. Te probability that any one digi from O through 9 wil appears the sane as that for any other seit andthe probability of one sequence of digits occurring i he same that for any ther sequence of the same length. “To see how to use this table. SUPP* wish to interview a randomly chosen sarny sample by assigning cvery employee # nue picking 2 systematic method of selecting tw following: Jose that we have 100 employees in acompany and ple of 10. We could get such a random ber of 00 to 99, consulting Table 6-3. and jo-digit numbers. In this ease, let's do the plrandom cigs Sampling and Sampling Distributions Go from the top to the bottom of tha columns beginning with the left-hand col sian nt ony the it wo dis ech fow Notis tatuOr a 4, rin Ns mati wou be he ond he hind At, and 80 07 -_Htwereh them of hat column on herp nd ae ort of oUF cred 10 twoetight nurbers of 9 and under, we can go beck othe bee i at hand column) and start reading, the third and fourth digits of each number, These would begin 81, 28, and 12 Another way to select our employees would be 10 write the name of each one om sip Seen apm he ac een Arig em Omori oe cul 1 Slips at random. This method works well with a small group of people but presents peob Jems ithe people inthe poputetion number in the thousands, There isthe added proiem for example, when capsules were drawn from a bow! to determine by bir the onder eer etter aredsrvien, Decens inhays wpe more fen ha pba weld abe oes As wna Decertber capes sd been placed in the bow! lst, and the eapsules had not been mixed proper on December €39 Re crceuaawe oe Systematic Sampling In systematic sampling, elements are selected from the population atau is measured in time, order, oF space. If we wanted to interview every t ‘acollege campus. we would choose a random starting point in the fin dent directory’ and then pick every twentieth name thereafter Systematic sampling differs from simple random sampling in that cach clemers equal chance of being selected but each sample does not have an equal chancs of Be ected, This would have been the case if, in our earlier example, we had as between 00 and 99 1 our employees and then had begun to choose a sample of ing every temth number beginning 1, 11,21, 31, and so fon. Employess = ‘and 5 would have had no chance of being selected together process. Suppose Pimple 100 households every Monday. Chances are high Wht o¥f sample would not be ar ative, because Monday"s trash would very likely include the Sunde nop Tre ampunt of waste would be biased opward by our choice ofthis samplnE Pros Systematic sampling has advantages, (00, howeves, ESRD though system soay be inappropriate when the elements lena sequential Dem this method may Tess time and sometimes results in low’ Stratified Sampling require awe use one of two approaches. Bither w € propo called strata. stratum a specified number of ele the population as a whole of we J give weight 10 the FesuTIs ae ther approach, stratified sampling guarantees thst ‘chance of being selected. ments corresponding (0 th ments from each strat Fs proportion of total populti every element in the pop 6.2 Random Sami on, With putation has & Te systematic sampling, there isthe problem of introducing an error ie Os SANE svc were sampling paper waste produced by households, ard we decides 9 er. Thus fer costs than the simple random-sample method. “To use stratified sampling, we divide the population 19 relatively homogencous 20U2% hi fe select at random from ea ans 301 compton snd iste wosg npn se dom sang 02 chapter 6 Sampling je akeady divided aie pooaion . ee 8 at Sug tT ysl na tof charac us iat the four a8 rors his ate roups and give Gre divided io FOO To owt hoe many ‘tthe pepain. he ou erento he samples cor sere of a stati ar sya of aie saps ecuately refet charac he pop ‘Siner kind of ame stake aad ing 1 He P= sare ox gatets that oHP-T ore self-C properly designed. they exer hen they a Se ele ey ee chee ae sstes oft Cluster Sampling Incluter sampling, w= dom sample of these closers ‘tite population asa whole pling tbe average number of Ey map to divide hee fe) for inleniewing wwelhdesigned cise 5 Shy less eos than that of Sr yes oe an acute sarmpling; he poelation is SA" spon We ue said sampling when e2ch SO SSE variation withi Nea Taser sampling inthe cops imo groups clters, and then sect that these individaat nica isalterping meena in a large city He retoose acertain number of IGE ose Hocks would be interviewed. A 4 fore precise sample at consier Basic ‘ it the popula a masket res television sts Pt nro blocks and th id in exch oft ring procedre ean posuee 3 ple random sampling determine by s- vy eould use 3 Soop ide saan betacen he groups. Weuse cle SMPTE saan nn winch ep ble TOURS a

    You might also like