Institute of Tropical Ecology and Environmental Management

College of Forestry and Environmental Science

Visayas State University

Coastal Geomorphology: Its Current Statuses in

Villaba and Libagon Southern Leyte
A Term Paper Review in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
Envi 112n – Environmental Geomorphology and Geography

Prepared and Submitted by:

Naldo, Diane Pearl

Pepito, Marrian Mae N.

Submitted to:

Dr. Deejay Maranguit-Lumanao

June/25/2021

S.Y. 2020-2021
 Introduction

Coastal Geomorphology

Coastal geomorphology centers around the areas associated with the huge waterways like the
oceans, seas, and lakes. The coastal zone turns out to be all the more geomorphically critical for
having the majority of the population connected to the coastal zone. Especially in the Philippines
which is considered as an archipelago consisting 7,641 islands, the coastal zone gives generally
provincial and metropolitan regions the hotspot for fishing, transportation, diversion, waste
disposal, seaside mining, and more different exercises that compromise the physical and
biological highlights of the coastal frameworks (Arnott, 2010). Coastal geomorphology manages
the morphological development and advancement of the coast as influenced by different
components that cause its progressions like the wave activity, streak floods, storm flood, seaside
erosion, sedimentation, current, and ocean level rise that in some way or another could reshape
or shape new beach front landforms like stone cliffs and sandy sea shores (Arnott, 2010;
Leatherman et al, 1994).

The following terminologies in the coastal processes and systems are defined in adaptation to the
book Introduction of Coastal Processes and Geomorphology by Robin Davidson-Arnott of 2010.

Coastal Processes

Sea Level Fluctuation and Changes

The dynamic changes in ocean level show reactions on the water surface that causes wave
activities and flat developments of the water to happen. These then, at that point cause coastal
disintegration, transportation, and deposition which in later periods, contribute to advancement
of the landforms just as of the other seaside systems.

Wind-Generated Waves
Along with wind-produced current, they are additionally liable for the seaside erosion and
transportation of sediments. They are normally considered as the essential power that does
coastal change and seaside land arrangements.

Waves

The continuous motion of the waves moving toward the beach is the most visible of all coastal
processes. Waves vary greatly in size over time at any given location and also significantly from
one location to the next. As waves travel into shallow water, they interact with the ocean bottom,
causing sediment to become temporarily suspended and available for movement by coastal
currents. The greater the size of the wave, the deeper the water in which this process occurs, and
the larger the particle that can be moved. Even small waves only a few tens of centimeters high
can transport sand to the shore. Larger waves can move boulder-sized cobbles and rock material.

Surf-Zone Circulation

The surf-zone circulation because of set-up of wave shoaling and breaking that prompts the
expansion in water level which drives back and afterward a seaward coordinated stream and
transports a mass of water that goes over the level of the wave trough which returning stream
takes either two-dimensional undertow or three-dimensional tear cell dissemination, is
significant in the transportation of sediments and of the morphological improvement of the
nearshore and sea shore regions which streams are likewise essential to the living marine
creatures.

Coastal Sediment Transport

Generally, waves and currents, surf zones, and sea-level fluctuation and changes add to seaside
adjustment through disintegration, transportation, and deposition of materials. Most fine dregs in
silt and clay size range are frequently positioned in suspension and afterward eliminated seaward
or alongshore settling them out of suspension in profound water, or they might be brought to
estuaries, bays, and tidal ponds keeping them in the calm water related with vegetation like in
seagrass beds and mangrove forest.
Coastal Systems

Beach and Nearshore Systems

The sea shore and nearshore systems are considered as the most dynamic among the other
coastal systems which have a consistent trade of sediments particularly adjusted by storm and
reasonable climate conditions. Its profile is all the more frequently portrayed by the presence of
shoals whose number, morphology, and dynamic development consistently rely upon the
components that control them like the waves, environment, nearshore incline, and residue size.

Coastal Sand Dunes

The coastal sand dunes are those sedimentary deposits shaped from moving sand by wind
activity. Sand dunes are considered as the sink which have under 0.15 mm silt size while
thinking about the sea shore as the wellspring of the sediments. The sand helps in expanding
plant biodiversity by accumulating inside and behind plants which gives assurance against
remobilization by winds. Contrasted with sand fencing, plants constantly develop as the
deposition in the dunes likewise keeps catching more sand inside them. Beside this, dunes are
likewise acceptable at giving insurance nearby against storm flood and solid wave activity,
counteraction of saltwater from interrupting the coastal springs, and for human sporting
exercises.

Barrier Systems

The barrier system is another significant system in the coast which makes out of cobbles, rock, or
sand as it gives assurance to any lagoon or bay, intertidal flats, and marshes making them
profoundly useful along with seagrass beds for giving the base to food web to a wide reach
number of species; as a nursing ground for fishes; and environments for most birds and warm
blooded animals.

Salt Marshes and Mangroves

These coastal systems are portrayed as wetlands that are shaped in the intertidal zone. Despite
the fact that they are both vegetative frameworks, they vary in the sort of vegetation they have.
The salt bogs are made out of grasses and herbs while mangroves are tree species. Since they are
situated on the coast, their plants adjusted the development and improvement under anaerobic
conditions just as being salt-tolerant because of successive immersion by salt water.

Coral Reefs and Atolls

Coral reefs are known to be the most assorted, dynamic, and versatile among the other waterfront
frameworks as they have a huge number of various species which likewise develop and change
consistently on account of such a lot of aggravations particularly made and brought by human
activities. On the other hand, atolls are the more mind boggling type of a coral reef that are found
in mid sea away from continental shelves and enormous islands. They are for the most part found
in Indo-Pacific zone on Pacific plate, dissimilar to the ordinary limits where the volcanic action
was anticipated by plate tectonics theory.

Cliffed and Rocky Coasts

The cliffs and rocky coasts when contrasted with sandy coasts are created by solid union from
rocks or sediments which are profoundly impervious to wave activity and erosion.
Notwithstanding, dissimilar to the hard drifts which are very solid against waves and
disintegration, those that are created in cold till and shale or the delicate coasts are as yet
conceivable to harm and disintegration of the cliff's toe. Since the delicate coasts have a high
downturn rate, it has some difficulties in considering its control and advancement just as it
compromises frameworks close to them.

Coastal Landforms

Coastal landforms evolved over geologically short time periods as a result of the simultaneous
operation of erosion, transportation, and deposition processes, with several of them being almost
entirely the result of ocean wave action. Wave action creates the world's most spectacular and
dramatic erosional landforms, whereas wave energy reduction creates deposition landforms.

Sea cliffs are the most common landform on erosional coasts. Their verticality is caused by
wave-induced erosion near sea level and the subsequent collapse of rocks at higher elevation.
A wave-cut platform is a bench-like feature that can be found at the base of most cliffs. They are
formed by a wave action on the coast's bedrock. Multiple platforms of this type along a given
stretch of coast indicates different sea level positions.

Sea stack is an incomplete wave-cut platform that may leave erosional remnants on the
horizontal wave-cut surface. These remnants are known as Sea stack. They formed a spectacular
type of coastal landform. Some are several meters tall, forming isolated pinnacles.

Delta is an accumulation of sediment at the mouth of a river that extends beyond the trend of the
adjacent coast. A delta's shape is the result of the river's interaction with tidal and wave processes
along the coasts.

Spit is a narrow coastal land formation that is connected to the coast at one end. Spits form
frequently where the coast abruptly changes direction. Spits can be made of sand or shingle, and
are formed by longshore sediment movement.

Tombolo is a coastal formation that resembles a small island that has not completely separated
from the mainland.

Headland is a spit of land that juts out into a large body of water. It is typically a cliff or an
elevated landform that overlooks a sea or ocean.

Estuaries have numerous embayments on irregular coasts. Many of which are fed by streams.
Estuaries such embayments, and they receive sediments from runoff of an adjacent coastal plain.
Seaward of estuaries are elongate barrier islands that run parallel to the shore. They are mostly
made of sand and are formed by waves and longshore currents.

Bay is a sea inlet where the land curves inwards typically within a beach.

Lagoon is a shallow body of water that connects to a larger body of water but is shielded from it
by a sandbar of coral reef.

Beach ridges are relict, semi parallel, multiple wave and wind-built landforms that formed in the
intertidal and supratidal zones.
Sea cave is a cave formed on a cliff by the action of waves from an ocean or lake. Sea caves are
formed by mechanical erosion on almost every cliffed headland or coast where waves break
directly on a rock cliff.

Raised beach is a newly formed coastal landform. A raised beach is a relatively flat, horizontal or
gently inclined surface of marine origin, typically an old abrasion platform lifted out of the
sphere of wave activity.

Terrace is a landform that consists of steps. A terrace is made up of flat or gently sloping
geomorphic surface called tread that is usually bounded on one side by a steeper ascending slope.
Terraces can also be made up of a tread that is surrounded on all side of descending riser or
scarp.

Outcrop is also known as a rocky outcrop, is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial
deposits on the Earth's surface.

Coastal Development

Sevilla et al (2019) characterized coastal development as the human-instigated change of the

scene inside sight of the coastline. This incorporates building structures that are on or close to the
coast overall for assurance, business, correspondence, or entertainment. These designs support
financial and social exercises that can contribute with positive or adverse consequences on the
waterfront climate. DasGupta et al (2019) added that the historical backdrop of coastal
advancement in the Asian megadeltas transcendently portrays the recovery of damp marshes into
rural foundations, in this manner extending human settlements toward the coast. Furthermore,
Lirman et al (2019) stated that the rapid increase in human populace and coastal development are
compromising seagrass resource system through dredging and filling for development that
regularly prompts seagrass misfortune. The establishment of seawalls and docks in the shoreline
expands the reflection of wave energy just as expanding the pace of erosion. The extra front of
impenetrable surfaces and the developing populace can build the measure of stormwater runoff
and can prompt an expansion in nutrients, sediments, and poisonous synthetics like oils, lubes,
pesticides, and herbicides arriving at seagrass beds.
Coastal geomorphology is becoming more important as a result of a global migration of people
to the coasts, where there are variety of developments ranging from agricultural reclamation to
the sophisticated industrial operations. There is particular interest in tourist and holiday
activities, in which many necessitate large capital investments and ongoing cash infusions for
protective works. Beach nourishment is a common type of coastal engineering, but many other
developments aim to change coastal landforms to conform to a perceived optimal usage
[ CITATION Wil87 \l 1033 ]. The introduction of hard structures like seawalls within the coast, is to
stabilize and lessen the impact of waves along the coastal communities. The construction of
seawalls on the other hand, has also a factor in the increasing erosion within the coast. As wave
energy is reflected off seawalls, it also increases the erosion within the area. Beach erosion is the
primary coastal concern today and in the foreseeable future. According to estimates, 70% of the
world’s sand shorelines are eroding. Coastal erosion and flooding are frequently thought of as a
separate physical hazard, but they are inextricably linked and are both associated with high water
levels and energetic wave conditions during storms [ CITATION Lea94 \l 1033 ]. The transport of
sediments and currents and waves remains a major focus of coastal geomorphology and its
processes.

Rationale and Objectives

Rationale

Coastal geomorphology focuses on the development and the changes within the coasts through
the influence of wind, sea-level changes and waves. These influences are the driving force in the
formation of landforms and structures within the coastal area. Coastal geomorphology is an
important tool in understanding and evaluating the different changes and development through
different factors that contribute to the formation of coastal landforms. It has been a vital course
today, since the migration of people along the coastal areas has been increasing. Changes within
the coastal area may be solely through natural processes or it may be through human
interventions that drive these structures to occur along the coastal zone. The transport of
sediments through currents and waves remains a major focus of coastal geomorphology. This
paper focuses on the different processes that contribute to our understanding of the different
landforms that arise within the coasts of Villaba, Leyte and Libagon, Southern Leyte and how it
changes and develops into a spectacle landform over time.

Objectives

This term paper aims to provide readers a short description of the historical characteristics of the
coastal landforms that are accessible to site as well as of providing recent documentation that are
used in explaining the coastal processes and development that leads to the formation of the
coastal landforms in the towns of Villaba, Leyte and Libagon, Southern, Leyte.

Specifically, this paper aims to:

1. Provide some background of the coasts in Villaba, Leyte and Libagon, Southern, Leyte
2. Provide documentary pictures that will showcase both the beauty and disaster of the
coasts in the said localities; and
3. Interpret the coastal processes and development that molded the formation of the coastal
landforms.

Villaba, Leyte: Its Current Status on Coastal Geomorphology

Getting to Know the Town of Villaba

The town of Villaba is known for having both the beauty of "bugat" - bukid and dagat. With this,
the town has the bounty of both sources' yields. The town has numerous places to visit on the
hillsides like the ever known world war battle field called the Buga-Buga hill, wide rice plains,
and even have many wonderful falls like the Busay Uno, Dos, and Tres located in Brgy. Abijao.
However, they are not the focus of this paper as knowing the seaside beauty of Villaba will drive
this paper in focusing on its coastal geomorphological status.
Villaba has a long coastline situated from Brgy. Inangatan (North) before reaching Burabod to
Brgy. Tagbubunga (South) before reaching Tinabilan which are no longer part of the town. This
is also because Villaba is one of the towns in Leyte that are located on the sides of the region
which makes them too exposed to the open sea as well as on the hillside. This leads to having
many wonderful resorts namely:
BJB of Tagbubunga, Danmar beach
resort of Abijao, Lane beach of
Abijao, free beach of Balite,
Lapyahan beach resort of Suba, Sy
Breeze of Hinabuyan, Mangrove bay
resort of Hinabuyan, and many
more.

Just like other localities, Villaba was

once an empty place characterized
only by green and blue colors, and
just like the others, everything changes in the town
Figure 1. Free access beach in Brgy. Balite
because of civilization and its further development.
Starting off with so many river channels, extends the need
for the construction of bridges as well as the effect of growing population that enhances the need
for construction of proper road networks. These alone, contribute to the changes brought by
civilization on the coastline and the open sea as for being the main sink from any alterations on
the upland portion.

The Coastal Systems


Figure 2. Mangrove forest cover in Brgy. Suba
Figure 3. Cliffed coast“puting bato” in Brgy. Suba
Figure 4. Rocky coast “pulang bato” of Brgy. Libagong
this part of the coast because of its precipitous slope.
Villaba is enriched with a number of
coastal systems along its long coastline. On
the Northern part, mangroves are
commonly seen diverse to slightly diverse
especially on the Mangrove bay resort
going down to Brgy. Suba. In the Southern
part, starting from the "kuyabog" of Brgy.
Balite down to Brgy. Tagbubunga, large to
medium sized rocks are mostly seen on the
coast. Other than that, beaches whether
dominated by sand or pebbles can be
observed in the coastline which are mostly
converted and developed into resorts (e.g.
Danmar beach resort with ~ 5cm stone
sizes). These common wonderful places are
the “beach-friend” of most local individuals
as well as of the family tourists who came
to visit the beauty of the resorts in Villaba.
Moreover, most coastal areas in the town
has small to medium sea cliffs like the
one's located in the Kan-apog, part of
Brgy. Suba before Brgy. Silad called the
"puting bato" and rocky coast like in the
front side of Brgy. Silad called the "pulang
bato" of Brgy. Libagong. Nonetheless, the
“puting bato” was also once a beautiful
spot for diving and slides because of its
wonderful formation. Although it seemed
scary for others since miscellaneously
carnivorous sharks are mostly seen near
Having this paper in the midst of pandemic lessened the chance to capture more of the wonders
in the town especially the white sand beach near the location of “puting bato” and the other
beach resorts stated in this paper which closed down their operation until July of 2021. In spite of
this, there were still some more of the beautiful cliffs and rocky coast that were captured through
the use of the researcher’s own water vehicle.

Figure 5. “Kuyabog” in Brgy. Balite Figure 8. Rocky coast before “ligating”

Figure 6. Rocky coast “ligating” in Brgy. Jordan Figure 9. Rocky coast in Brgy. Bangkal

Figure 7. Shark head-like rocky coast in Brgy. Jordan Figure 10. Cliffed coast “pampang” in Brgy. Suba
The Coastal Landforms and Development

Figure 11. Estuary resource system in Brgy. Suba
Figure 12. Diminishing “puting bato” in Brgy. Suba
Naturally brought coastal landforms are
mostly established by wind and wave
action. In Villaba, estuaries are largely seen
in Brgy. Suba and the Suba of Brgy. Abijao
where the deposition of sediments are very
visibly made through runoff, waves, and
current. Also, the "kuyabog" and "puting
bato" showcase the small cliffs formed in
the coastline because of timely change or
evolution brought by wave induced erosion
on the latter and the collapse of rocks that
happened long time ago and enhancement
by wave action on the "kuyabog". Way
back before the typhoon “Undang”, the
white cliff was once a huge cliff with more
vegetation on the top portion. But because
of several strong to moderate typhoons that
passed their way in Villaba associated with
strong storm surge and strong current, the
supposed huge cliff was slowly
deteriorating, hence the formation of small
remains beside the cliff.

Figure 13. Beach ridge in Brgy. Balite
Figure 14. Old shipping port in Brgy. Pob. Del Sur
Figure 15. New shipping port in Brgy. Silad
cleared out the coastal area with only few of the natural vegetation standing.
Most of the other coastal formations aside
from sea cliffs that are visible in the town
up to this date are no longer brought by
natural processes, but of the coastal
development instead. Very common among
all developments, is the construction of
seawall and docks to control waves from
directly hitting the land portion of the
town. However, the construction of these
encourages the reflection of wave energy
that could further the erosion which really
happens mostly and especially during high
tide and strong typhoon. In relation to this,
shipping ports located in Brgy. Poblacion
del Sur (old port) and in Brgy. Silad (new
port) also contribute to alterations in the
coastal geomorphic status of Villaba. The
extension of Brgy. Silad shipping port made
the way for mangrove forest cover to lessen
as well as its further development of the
near area for more tourism purposes and
road expansion alters largely the natural
vegetation present in the coastline. In
comparison to the old setting of Brgy.
Silad, the port is already built for so long
time as well as the coastal households.
However, just in 2020 the Silad port was
issued for extension and the rest of the
coastal settlements was issued for
demolition. The demolition activity literally
The further development in Villaba seeks to boost tourism and economy. However, it may also
bring both mis-and-fortune to the municipality’s coastal resource systems, reshape existing and
create new coastal landforms, and alter the intensity and frequency of any natural processes.

Libagon, Southern Leyte: Its Current status on Coastal Geomorphology

Getting to know Libagon, Southern Leyte

Figure 16. Natural vs. artificial wave buffer Libagon is a coastal municipality of
Southern Leyte. According to histories, it
was said that, Libagon got its name from a distorted word of the dialect, “Libaong” which
means, a small depression of the ground. The word “Libaong” was mistook by the Spanish
authorities, the reference to the
ground fault on land being tilled
as the name of the place. And
from that scenario, the place has
been known as “Libagon”. The
municipality is consisting of 14
barangays which also has two
Poblacion, Jubas and Talisay.
Exotic and unique natural areas
abound in Libagon, Southern
Leyte, making it an ideal for
ecotourism and adventure travel.
Libagon is the home of
province’s frontier mountain,
Mount Patag Daku, falls, springs, Figure 17. Malipayon Shore in Brgy. Jubas, Libagon
beaches, bulwark, old seaport and
park. In short, it is indeed a
municipality rich for tourist
attractions. Because it is a coastal municipality, it is expected that tourist spot along the coast
will exist.

There are known beach resorts that are located in Libagon, Southern Leyte. One of which is the
Bal’s Beach Resort or the “Malipayon Shore” which is situated within the Poblacion of Libagon,
Jubas. Another is the, “La Agueda Beach Resort” which is situated within the barangay Maguya,
Libagon, Embay Beach and the Pangi Black Beach of Barangay Pangi are also a well-known
hotspot for recreation and activities. An old seaport which is located within the Poblacion of the
town, it was been damaged by strong storm.

Due to the increasing population Figure 18. La Agueda Beach Resort Brgy. Mayuga

of the locality, development along

coastal areas arises. These
developments are one of the factor that drives changes within the coastal processes. Some coastal
development being done within the locality is the construction of seawalls, ports, and also the
making of boulevard for tourism purposes. These developments are also the drivers to the
degradation and the destruction of significant coastal and marine ecosystem such as mangroves,
seagrass, coral reefs and estuaries.

Coastal Systems and Landforms

As a coastal municipality of Southern
Leyte, resources within the coastal zones
are expected to be abundant, in fact the
locality established a Marine Protected area
to halt illegal fishing method activities. One
of the important coastal system that we had
is, a mangrove forest. This mangrove forest
is located in Barangay Tigbao Libagon,
Southern Leyte. Wherein diverse species of
Figure 19. Mangrove forest in Tigbao, Libagon
mangroves can be observed within the
area. Another coastal system and landform
is, Estuaries. These systems are semi-enclosed coastal basin which is associated as, an area
where river mix’s the sea or the coast. Due to different developments and pollution, they are the
ones vulnerable to pollution and destruction of human interventions. Beaches are one of the
popular coastal landform in the locality.

Figure 20. Estuary in Brgy. Tigbao

Coastal Development
Geomorphological processes are
influenced by several external
factors includes, climatic factors
such as precipitation, rain and wind.
These processes are responsible for
the development of typical relief
forms and sediment supply along
the coastal areas. Anthropogenic
factors also contribute to the
changes within the coastal zones,
which includes, settlement,
Figure 21. Seawall situated in Brgy. Jubas (Poblacion), Libagon
industrial development and coastal
protection. Hard infrastructure or
gray infrastructures are often placed
in coastal environments to
counteract erosion in sediment –
deficient, areas such as inlets. These
modifications brought by human
interventions can alters the coastal
processes within the area. The
common gray infrastructure within
the locality are, seawall, boulevards,
and seaports in order to counteract
Figure 22. Damaged seaport in Poblacion (Jubas)
and protect the coastal communities for the sea-level rise, storms and strong waves. On the other
hand, the construction of boulevard and seaport (located within the Poblacion of Libagon) are for
economic purposes. When storms occur, strong winds and big waves splashes intensely within
the coastal areas which forces the seawalls and ports to be devastated.

Conclusion
This paper allows researchers to further know their respective localities through looking into
their coastal geomorphological statuses. The status of Villaba’s coastal geomorphology is
explained by various coastal processes, most common to all is the wave action that leads to
transport of sediments or change in the formation. Although Villaba still has a number of coastal
systems and landforms brought by natural coastal processes, it would be undeniable that the
town’s most changes are no longer perfectly shaped by natural setting. The coastal development
that is massively changing the natural setting of the coastline could bring both good and bad
returns to the overall environment. For instance, the construction of secondary road lanes starting
from the location of “puting bato” (seen in figure 16) could help cover it from any direct hit of
strong wave action which have slowly deteriorated it already for a long time. Having this said,
the further development of the road expansion will hopefully true to also cover the mangrove
forest instead of cutting them. This development can alter the natural capability of mangroves to
protect the coastline, although it would be a bit helpful in some uses, it will surely be dangerous
for the health and productivity of the seagrass resource systems as well as it encourages more
access to littering of waste materials directly to the open sea which could further harm the rest of
the coastal systems and the fishery resource. Furthermore, coastal geomorphology as a tool in
understanding how these morphological processes affects the physical characteristic of the coast.
Coastal landforms occur as one of the result of erosion, transportation and deposition processes
due to the forces of waves along the coast. One of the coastal landforms that can be observe in
Libagon, Southern Leyte are, beaches and estuaries. Coastal systems like, mangrove forest and
estuaries can also be observed in the area. Wherein these coastal systems are important habitats
for coastal and marine organisms. Some coastal systems like, mangroves and seagrass has the
ability to stabilize sediments that can lessen coastal erosions. An increasing population and the
continued coastal development can also alter the coastal processes and activities specifically on
waves and erosion. Coastal landforms and coastal systems has been facing threats due to coastal
developments and anthropogenic activities. The major coastal development that can be observe
in Libagon, Southern Leyte are, seawall structures, seaport and boulevard. Due to natural factors,
landforms emerges along the coastal areas develops into fantastic structures. Anthropogenic
factors also influence to the changes within the coastal zones, which includes settlement,
industrial development and coastal structures for protection. These coastal developments directly
affect the coastal systems and the crucial coastal and marine habitat which contributes to the
degradation of the coast.

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