Integration Techniques, L’Hôpital’s Rule, and

8 Improper Integrals

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

8.2 Integration by Parts

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Integration by Parts

3
 Integration by Parts
In this section you will study an important integration technique
called integration by parts. This technique can be applied to a wide
variety of functions and is particularly useful for integrands involving
products of algebraic and transcendental functions.
Every differentiation rule has a corresponding integration rule. For
instance, the Substitution Rule for integration corresponds to the
Chain Rule for differentiation. The rule that corresponds to the Product
Rule for differentiation is called the rule for integration by parts.
The Product Rule states that if f and g are differentiable functions,
then [f(x)g(x)] = f(x)g(x) + g(x)f(x) 4
Integration by Parts
In the notation for indefinite integrals this equation becomes

 [f(x)g(x) + g(x)f(x)] dx = f(x)g(x)

or  f(x)g(x) dx +  g(x)f(x) dx = f(x)g(x)

We can rearrange this equation as

Formula 1 is called the formula for integration by parts. 5

Integration by Parts
It is perhaps easier to remember in the following notation.

Let u = f(x) and v = g(x). Then the differentials are du = f(x) dx

and dv = g(x) dx, so, by the Substitution Rule, the formula for
integration by parts becomes

6
Integration by Parts

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Example 1 – Integrating by Parts
Find  x cos x dx.

Solution Using Formula 1:

Suppose we choose f(x) = x and g(x) = cos x. Then f(x) = 1 and
g(x) = sin x. (For g we can choose any antiderivative of g.) Thus,
using Formula 1, we have
 x cos x dx = f(x)g(x) –  g(x)f(x) dx
= x(sin x) –  (sin x) dx
= xsin x –  sin x dx 8

= xsin x + cos x + C
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

It’s wise to check the answer by differentiating it. If we do so, we

get x cos x, as expected.
Solution Using Formula 2:
Let
u=x dv = cos x dx
Then du = dx v = sin x
and so u dv

 x cos x dx =  x cos x dx 9
Example 1 – Solution cont’d

u v v du

= x (sin x) –  (sin x) dx

= xsin x –  sin x dx

= xsin x + cos x + C

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Example 2 – Integration by Parts
Find

Solution:
To apply integration by parts, you need to write the integral in the
form
There are several ways to do this.

The guidelines suggest the first option because the derivative of

x
u = x is simpler than x, and dv = e dx is the most complicated
portion of the integrand that fits a basic integration formula. 11
 Example 2 – Solution cont'd

Now, integration by parts produces

To check this, differentiate

xe x – e x + C to see that you
obtain the original integrand. 12
Example 3 – Integration by Parts

2
Because the derivative of u = is simpler than u, and dv = sin 4x
x
dx is the most complicated portion of the integrand, then
let
u=x 2 dv = sin 4x dx.
1
Then du = 2xdx v =  cos4x
4
and so
 1   1 

2
 x   cos 4 x     cos 4 x 2xdx
 4  4  13
Example 3 – Solution
 1   1 

2
 x   cos 4 x     cos 4 x 2xdx
 4  4 
1 2 1
4 2
  x cos 4 x  x cos 4 xdx
By parts again

Let u=x dv = cos 4x dx.

Then du = dx 1
v = sin 4x
4
1 2 1 1 1 
  x cos 4 x   x sin 4 x   sin 4 xdx 
4 2 4 4 
1 2 1 1
  x cos 4x  x sin 4x  cos 4x  C 14
4 8 32
Tabular Method

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Tabular Method
In problems involving repeated applications of integration by parts,
a tabular method, illustrated in Example 3, can help to organize
the work. This method works well for integrals of the form

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Example 4 - Using the Tabular Method
Find
Solution:
2
Begin as usual by letting u = x and dv = v' dx = sin 4x dx. Next,
create a table consisting of three columns, as shown.

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Example 7 – Solution cont'd

The solution is obtained by adding the signed products of the

diagonal entries:

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Integration by Parts

Note: use IBP two times 19

Exercises:

2
x cos 3x dx 1 2 2 2
1. Ans. x sin3x  x cos 3x  sin3x  C
3 9 27
ln 2x ln2x 1
2.  x 3
dx 
2x 2

4x 2
C

5
 1 1 π

1  ln3 
3. arc tan ( 1 / x ) dx 5 tan
2 4
5
1
x
 e 2 cos 3x dx 3 2x 2 2x
4. e sin 3 x  e cos 3 x  C
13 13
1 2 1
x cosh x  sinh x  C

2 2
3 2
x sinh x dx
5. 2 2
20
 1/2

 sin 1 x dx 1
6 . Ans. ( π  12  6 3 )
12
0
2

2
(ln x ) dx 2
2(ln2 )  4 ln2  2
7.
1
xe x
x
8.  ( x  1 )2 dx  xe
x 1
x
e C

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