CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PAPER

Participle functions as verb, adjective and adverb. There are two kinds of
participle, namely present participle (verb-ing) and past participle (verb-3), a phrase
consisting of participle and its complement or modifier.
Participatory forms can be divided into several types according to their
functions and duties. Therefore, in order to find out more about the material and be
able to provide examples, this paper is compiled to the maximum extent possible.

1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION

1. What is Participles ?
2. What is Present participles ?
3. What is Past participles ?
4. What is Adjectival participles and gerunds ?

1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPER

1. To know what is Present participles.
2. To know what is Past participles.
3. To know what is Adjectival participles and gerunds.

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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 PARTICIPLE
Participle is a form of verb that has been categorized and functions as
adjectives that give properties or information to nouns. Participle can be formed
from Continuous Tense and Perfect Tense which still have functions as verbs.
Besides that, in general Participles can be used together with auxiliary verbs which
can form Progressive (Continuous) Tense, Perfect Tense, or Passive Voice.
a. Example sentences of Progressive Tense:
- It is raining when mother arrives home.
b. Example sentences of Perfect Tense:
- He has written a novel.
c. Example sentences of Passive Voice:
- You will be followed by your father.
In English grammar, the types of participles (participative verbs) are divided into 2
types with different functions and uses, namely:
1. Present Participle
2. Past Participle

2.2 PRESENT PARTICIPLE

Present Participle is a verb that gets an additional letter -ing that functions as a
verb, adjectives or adverbs.
Usually these verbs contain active meanings and indicate the present tense.
For example: reading, speaking, listening, writing, waiting, walking, etc.

The Functions of Present Participle

In the structure of sentence usage, Present Participle usage and functions can be
used as follows:
1. Subject of Sentence
Example of sentences:
- Cleaning her house. she is healthy.

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 - Browsing the internet, he knows about anything.

2. Subjective Complement
Subjective Complement which serves as a verb like the example below.
Example of sentences:
- My friend is running.
- She is cooking now.

3. Head (words or sentences that are located as described)

Head which functions as an adjective (adjective) that can be placed behind the
word “be” (noun).
Example of sentences:
- The girl waving her hand is my friend.
- The girl who waves her hand is my friend.
- I saw the man hitting him.
- I saw the man who hits him.

4. Used as compound nouns or modifiers (words that determine nature)

Present Participle function that is used as compound nouns or modifiers (words
that determine nature), which is placed in front of a noun in the form of a person
or animal that gets a description of the nature of the activity (something that
does the activity).
For example:
- smilling girl – girl who smiles
- singing student – student who sings
- crying baby – baby who cries
Example of sentences:
- The smilling girl is my sister.
- That is a singing student.

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5. If there are 2 that have the same subject and occur at the same time (almost),
usually one of the two can be stated with the Present Participle.
Example of sentences:
- When I was walking to school, I saw him there.
- They were happy, they were traveling to Italy.
to be:
- Walking to school, I saw him there.
- They were happy traveling to Italy.

6. If there is an event that is immediately followed by another event, and it is done

by the same subject, then the first event is often stated by Present Participle.
Example of sentences:
- He opened the wardrobe and took a tie.
- We take magazines and read the whole pages.
To be:
- Opening the wardrobe he took a tie.
- Taking magazines we read the whole pages.

7. If the second event is part of the first event or is the result of a previous event,
then we can state the second event with the Present Participle.
Example of sentences:
- She went out, slamming the door.
- He tried, wounding one of the bandits.

8. Present Participle can also replace the pattern of words as follows: As / Since /
Because + Subject + Verb
Example of sentences:
- Because I didn't know what to do, I telephoned the police.
- Because / since / as she is alone, she is to be careful.
- Because / as he feared that the police recognized him, he never went out in
day light.

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 To Be:
- Not knowing what to do, I telephoned the police.
- Being alone, she is to be careful.
- Fearing that the police recognizes him, he never goes out in daylight.

2.3 PAST PARTICIPLE

Past Participle is a verb that gets an extra letter -ed suffix for regular verbs
and for irregular verbs can be seen in articles that discuss Irregular Verbs.
This form of verb is often abbreviated as V-3 (Verb-3). Usually this verb
contains active meanings and shows the past tense.
For example: listened, waited, walked, etc.
The Functions of Past Participles (The Functions of Past Participles) function
In the sentence usage structure, the Past Participles function can be used as follows:

1. Head (words or sentences that are located as described)

The Past Participles Verbs as Head (words or sentences domiciled as described)
have an adjective function that can be placed behind the noun (noun) when
expressing an action.
Example of sentences:
- The girl who smilled was my friend.
- Many of the people questioned refused to answer.
- Can you tell me the number of men killed?
-
2. Serves as a compound word (compound nouns) or modifier (words that
determine the nature)
Past Participles Verbs that Serve as compound nouns or modifiers (words that
determine nature) are placed in front of nouns in the form of people or animals
who get a description of the nature of the activity (something that does the
activity).
Example words:
- smilled girl / girl who smiled = girl who smiles
- flooded field / fields that flooded = watery fields

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 Example of sentences:
- I can hardly move my tired legs.
- Rice must be grown on flooded fields.

3. Functioning as an adjective (adjective) in the title of the predicate that uses to

be.
In this case the Past Participle function states the nature (adjective) or usually
followed by certain prepositions (prepositions) that explain the cause.
Example of sentences:
- I am excited about the possibility of going to Bali.
- I am annoyed with you.

4. Past Participle can also be used as adverbs (adverbs / additions)

The Past Participle function used as adverbs is used to explain how or why
something happened.
Example of sentences:
- Having lost my wallet, I went home. (Because my wallet has disappeared,
I'm going home.)
- Having failed to qualify as a teacher, I took up teaching. (Because I failed
to qualify as a teacher, I studied teaching.)
- Rejected by all his friends, he decided to move to another town.
Or it can also be used in sentence patterns like the one below which contain
passive meaning.
Example of sentences:
- Having been warned by the bandits, he left his valuables goods at home.
- Having been bitten twice by the dog, the postman refused to deliver my
letter.

5. Past Participle functions that are used after the following verbs, which have a
passive meaning, namely: have, get, wish, want see, see, prefer like (find), find
(find / get), make (make / make), and so on.

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 Example of sentences:
- I found the car covered with dried leaves.
- She wants her hair cut.
Note:
There are some Past Participle whose basic words are intransitive verbs which do
not have a passive meaning, and only state an action or event that has happened or
is finished.

For example:
boiled water = water that has boiled.
faded flower = flower that has withered.
fallen heaves = leaves that have fallen.

2.4 PARTICIPLES FORM

Participle has two different forms, namely:
- Negative Participle
- Passive Participle
For more details on the Participle form, you can read the explanation below:

1. The Form of Negative Participles

In English grammar, Participles (participatory verbs) can be in the negative
form with 1 formula as follows: Not + Participle, called the Negative Participle
form.
Example of sentences:
- Not knowing anyone in the new town, she felt homesick. ((Because) doesn't
know anyone in the new city, he misses his house.)
- Not having seen you before, he won't recognize you. ((Because) hasn't seen
you before, he won't recognize you.)
- Not wishing to continue their studies, they decided to be come farmers.
((Because) they didn't want to continue their study, they decided to become
farmers.)

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 - Not having finished my work, I didn't want to go home. ((Because) has not
finished my work, I don't want to go home.)

2. The Form of Passive Participle.

There are 2 (two) forms of Passive Participle, namely:

a. Present Passive Participle

This Passive Participle form uses the following sentence formula: Being + Past
Participle.
Example of sentences:
- The work being done will soon be finished. (This work in progress will be
finished soon)
- The house being built is my house. (This house under construction is my
house.)
b. Past Passive Participle
Past Passive Participle uses the following sentence formula: Having been + Past
Participle
Example of sentences:
- Having been asked to help, I couldn't go home earlier. ((Because) has been
asked to help, I can't go home early.)
- Having been bought the magazine, I should thank her. ((Because) I bought
a magazine, I should thank him.)

Note:
1. Participle is usually used after words, such as: after, before, since, when, while,
as, when ever , once, until, on, and so on.
Example of sentences:
- After talking to my mother, I always feel better.
- He has been quite different since recovering from his illness.

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2. Participle or Participle Phrase is used to give information or explanation of time,
cause, result, manner, conditions, etc. to an action or event stated by the main
verb (main) verb) in a sentence.

a. Explain time
Example of sentences:
- Walking along the street, I met a friend whom I hadn't seen for a long time.
- Having finished all his work, he took a rest.
b. Explain causes
Example of sentences:
- Having worked hard the whole day, he decided to take a vacation.
- Being rejected by all his friends, he decided to move to another town.
c. Explain way (manner)
Example of sentences:
- Laughing and cheering, the students went camping.
- The man walked in the street, flourishing his stick.
d. Explain the conditions
Example of sentences:
- Driven carefully, the car will run fast.
- Weather permitting, we will go mount climbing.
e. Explain the result
Example of sentences:
- Having bitten twice by the dog, the postman refused to deliver my letter.
(Because he was bitten twice by the dog, the postman refused to deliver my
letter.)
- The plane crashed, its bombs exploded as it hit the ground. (The plane
crashed, the bomb exploded when it hit the ground.)

3. Participle phrases are often used to initiate a sentence or conversation to explain

or emphasize a particular purpose.

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 Example of sentences:
- Generally speaking, men can run faster than women.
- Granted that he did so, what harm can you see in it?
- Considering everything, it wasn't a bad show.

2.5 ADJECTIVAL PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS

Participles are one of the most flexible and useful word categories in our
language. When not being used to form finite verbs, they can serve as adjectives or
nouns. This expands our descriptive ability and enables us to vary sentence patterns
– a skill referred to by Dr Moore as lacking in the work of many PhD students at
the QIMR.
Grammar and spelling are improved with skilled use of participles, though
students are often quite unaware that words they are using are participles, formed
from verbs. Choose plain terms for each category and use them consistently so as
not to confuse.
Before studying participles as adjectives and nouns, students should:
- understand the use of nouns as subjects, objects and complements
- understand the function of adjectives
- recognise verb forms which include participles
- be able to name the present and past participles of any common verb

a) Participles as adjectives
These are sometimes referred to as adjectival participles or participial adjectives.
The former term is more easily recognisable. Both present and past participles can
be used as adjectives. Remember, the present participle always ends with ‘ing’.
For example:
- My sister has a talking doll – present
- The doll has a broken finger – past
b) Gerunds – participles as nouns
A participle used as a noun is called a gerund. Gerunds end with ‘ing’, being present
participles. They may serve as subjects, objects or even complements in sentences,
and they stand alone, that is without an auxiliary.

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For example:
- Subject: Rowing strengthens muscles.
- Object: My brother teaches rowing.
- Complement: My favourite sport is rowing.
Past participles are seldom used as nouns. They occur only in specialised or
formal contexts.
For example: The police published photos of their most wanted.

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 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION
Present Participles are often interpreted as Gerunds or vice versa, whereas
between the two have a clear difference, even though both have similarities in form.
This difference can be seen in each usage function in a sentence.

3.2 SUGGESTION
In writing this paper the author realizes that there are still many mistake and
errors. Therefore, the authors highly expect criticism and suggestions form readers
who are constructive for the perfection of this paper.

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 REFERENCES

https://www.grammarly.com/blog/participle/

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/intermediate-grammar/participle-clauses

https://www.intraxenglish.com/participle/

Grammar for everyone by Barbara Dykes

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE……………………………………………………………………...….ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………iii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PAPER………………………………………..1
1.2 PROBLEM FORMULATION…………………………………………….1
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE PAPER……………………………………………….1

CHAPTER II THEORY AND DISCUSSION

2.1 PARTICIPLE……………………………………………………………...2
2.2 PRESENT PARTICIPLE………………………………………………….2
2.3 PAST PARTICIPLE……………………………………………………….5
2.4 PARTICIPLES FORM…………………………………………………….7
2.5 ADJECTIVAL PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS……………………….10

CHAPTER III CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………..12
3.2 SUGGESTION…………………………………………………………...12

PREFERENCES…………………………………………………………………13

iii
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 PREFACE

All Praise for the presence of Allah SWT, for the pleasure and grace we can
complete the preparation of a paper entitled PARTICIPLES this well and on time,
we also thank to our lecturer in writing who have given assignments about this paper
so that our knowledge in writing this paper is growing.
There are no perfect humans. Therefore, we realize there are still many
mistakes that are accidentally made both word and grammar in this paper, hopefully
this paper is useful for us all.

Medan, 18 Desember 2019

Group 5

ii15
 PARTICIPLES
Subject : English Grammar 1
Lecturer : Dina Irmayanti Harahap, M.Hum

This Paper Arranged by:

Group 5
Fitria Diningrum (1932000009)
Khairun Nisa (1932000013)
Karo Harja (1932000012)

PBI A MORNING
ENGLISH EDUCATION PROGRAM
FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF POTENSI UTAMA
2019

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